Unit 10

I’ve had this bike for three years.

现在完成时： 表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去开始一直延续到现在的动作或保存的状态。

结构： 主语 + have / has + 动词的过去分词

一般疑问句： have / has … ?

Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.

Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.

1. 现在完成时动词构成have /has + v 过去分词

助动词否定 haven’t

hasn’t

疑问Have you…?Has he…?

常与下列时间状语连用： just , already, yet,

ever, never, before, several times

现在完成时现在完成时

1. 过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。和 already ， never,ever,just,before,yet 等状语连用。2. 过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，常与 for 或 since 引起的一段时间状语连用。

动词构成： have/has+v过去分词

have breakfast

I have just had my breakfast. ( 现在我不饿 )

I’m not hungry nowmoved here

in 2004 I still live here

I have lived here for three years.I have lived here since 2004/three years ago.

nowpast

2. 现在完成时动词可以表示开始于过去持续 到现在 ( 也许还会继续进行下去 ) 的动作或状态。1) I have studied English since last year.

我从去年开始学习英语。2) She has lived in Beijing for five years.

她住在北京已经五年了。注意 : come, go , leave, arrive, buy, lose, receive,

join, die, bury 和 marry 等动词所表示的动作是一时的 , 不能延续的 , 故不能与 for …, since …

等开头的表示一段时间的状语连用。不过 , 这些词用于否定句则可以与表示持续的时间状语连用，即动作的不发生是可以持续的。

3. 现在完成时把过去的动作和现在的结果联系起来， 一般过去时只限于表示过去的动作本身 , 与现在 的结果无关。现在完成时与一般过去时在意义上 的区别举例如下： I have cleaned my room. (My room is clean now.) 我已经打扫过我的房间了。 I cleaned my room last week. (I did it in the past.) 我上周打扫了我的房间。 Father has gone to Amoy. (He went to Amoy and he is not here now.) 爸爸已经去厦门了。 They have bought a dictionary. (They bought a dictionary and they have it now.) 他们买了一本字典。

注意 : 现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语

( 如 : yesterday, last, year, in 1976, two days

ago, just now, when she came in 等 ) 连用，

但可以和不明确指出时间的状语 ( 如 : already,

yet, ever, never, sometimes, always, often,

before, once, twice, recently, lately 等 ) 连用；

也可以和表示包括现在在内的时间状语 ( 如：

today, this morning, this week, this year 等 ) 连用。

( 1).for+ 表示一段时间的短语 ( 2).since+ 表示过去时间点的词语 ( 3).since+ 表示过去时间的时间状语从句

eg.I have been a teacher ______ a year. He has been at this school _______ 1992. We have learned 1,000 English words _______ we came to this school.

forsince

since

现在完成时句中常见的时间状语A. 表示从过去一直持续到现在 , 不能是具体 的过去时间。

ever

just

already

yet

e.g. Have you _____been to Japan?

I have _____ finished my homework.

I have finished my homework ______.

I haven’t finished my homework ____.

B. just, already, yet, before/ ever, never 有此类副词时 , 常强调动作完成 , 不强调动作的持续 .

already “ 已经” ; yet “ 仍然 , 还” 这两个副词常常用于完成时态 , 其中 already

常用于肯定句 , yet 常用于否定句和疑问句中。如 : Jim has already finished his work.

Jim 已经把他的工作做完了。Mother hasn’t come home yet. 妈妈还没回来。Haven’t you read The Call of the Wild yet?

你还没读过《野性的呼唤》吗？

• 现在完成时：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去开始一直延续到现在的动作或保存的状态，强调的是现在的情况，不能和表示过去的时间状语连用（如： in 1990， last Sunday 等）。

• 一般过去时：一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系（即动作或状态在现在已经结束），它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。

现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：

have / has + V 过去分词

现在完成时表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。如： Have you read that story ？你读过那个故事吗？（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是：是否知道故事的内容。） I have bought two apples ． 我买了两个苹果。 （“买”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的结果是：拥有两个苹果。）

4. 在现在完成时中 ever, never, just, already, yet 在用法和意思上有什么区别？

在学习这一概念的同时，还应注意常与现在完成时连用的几个副词： already, just, ever, yet, never 等。 already, just 多用于肯定句中， ever, yet, never 多用于疑问句和否定句中。如： I have already finished my homework ． 我已经做完家庭作业了。 He has just had his meal ．他刚吃过饭。 Have you ever sung this English song ？ 你曾唱过这首英文歌吗？ They haven‘t started yet. 他们还没有身。 We have never heard of it ． 我们从来没有听说过这件事。

(1). Have (has) been in  意为“已经在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用。Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days.

  布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。 They have been in Canada for five years. 

他们到加拿大有五年了。

5. have been in, have been to  与have gone to  的用法

(2). Have (has) been to 意为“曾经去过某地”，表示现在已经不在那里了。可与 just, ever, 

never 等连用。如： I’ve just been to the post office. 

我刚才去邮局了。 Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 

你曾经去过杭州吗？ Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 

玛丽从未去过长城。

(3). Have (has) been to  后面可接次数， 表示去过某地几次。如： I've been to Beijing three times.  我去过北京三次。 They have been to that village several times.  他们去过那个村庄好几次了。(4). Have (has) gone to  意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、二人称代词作主语。如 : —Where is Tom?  汤姆在哪里？ —He has gone to the bookshop. 他到书店去了。

例如：

He has gone to Hong Kong.

他到香港去了。 ( 他已前往香港 , 或在途中 ,

或已到达。说话人暗示他现在不在现场 )

He has been to Hong Kong. 他曾到过香港。

( 说话人认为他过去到过香港 , 现在已不在该地。

言外之意他对香港有所了解 )

for 和 since 在现在完成时中的应用

for 与 since都能与现在完成时连用，但区别较大：（ 1 ） for 后须接“时间段” He has studied English for five years.

他学英语 5 年了。（ 2 ） since 后须接“时间点” He has studied English since 1999.

他从 1999 年开始学英语。

（ 3 ）二者可以转换 for + 一段时间 = since + 一段时间 +

ago

He has been here for five weeks.

= He has been here since five weeks ago.

他到这儿已经有五个星期了。

如：He has taught here since he came to China.

自从他来到中国就在这儿教书。We have been friends since we met in school.

我们从在学校见面起就成为了好朋友。

(4) since 能引导时间状语从句 ( 主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时 ) ，而 for 则不能。

（ 5 ）现在完成时常用句型：①It is (has been) + 时间段 + since + 时间状语或从句It is four days since last Friday.

从上周五到现在已经四天了。It has been two years since Jim came to

Beijing.

吉姆来北京已经两年了。

②This is the first (second…) time that + 从句 句型中的 that 从句通常使用现在完成时。如：This is the first time that Jenny and Danny

have been to China.

这是珍妮和丹妮第一次来屮国。This is the third time that I have seen Karen.

这是我第三次见到 Karen 。

（ 6 ）均须与延续性动词连用，也可以与非延 续性动词的否定式连用。如 :

I have bought this computer since four years

ago. (×)

I have had this computer since four years ago. (√)

I haven’t bought anything for two months.(√ )

I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks. (√)

非延续性动词和延续性动词的转换leave — be away

borrow — keep

buy — have

begin/start — be on

die — be dead

finish --- be over

open sth — keep sth open

fall ill — be ill

get up—be up,

come here — be here,

join — be on +组织机构

/be a member 组织机构 ,

go there — be there,

become — be,

come back—be back,

fall asleep — be asleep,

get to/ arrive/reach — be (in),

leave — be away from,

get to know — know,

go (get) out —tie out ， put on—wear,

catch a cold —have a cold,

get married—be married 等。

• The old man died 4 years ago.

— The old man has been dead for 4 years.

• It is 4 years since the old man died.

—Four years has passed since the old man died.

• He joined the Party 2 years ago.

—He has been in the Party for 2 years.

•I bought the book 5 days ago.

—I have had the book for 5 days.

如：

（ 7 ）二者引出的时间状语往往用 how long提问。

—How long have you had this book?

这本书你买多久了 ?

—For a week./Since a week ago.

买一周了。

1.Jim is in Japan. He arrived there three

days ago.

__________________________________

2. They are very hungry. Their last meal was

ten hours ago.

_______________________________________

_________________________

4a Rewrite the sentences using for or since.

Jim has been in Japan for three days.

They are very hungry because they haven’t

had their meal for ten hours.

3. I have a camera. I bought it in 2009.

_______________________________

4. I know Anna. I first met her three years ago.

___________________________________

5. Linda is ill. She became ill on Monday.

____________________________________

I have had a camera since 2009.

I have known Anna for three years .

Linda has been ill since Monday .

1. I ______________ (never be) to the water park before. I want to ____ (go) next month before the weather gets too cold.2. They_______________ (never own) any pets, but they ____________ (always want) to have a dog.3. We__________ (have) a piano since last November. We _________ (buy) it from the Li family when they moved to the US last year.

4b Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

have never beengo

have never ownedalways want

have hadbought

4. Cathy and Amy _____________ (not be)

back to their hometown for two years.

They ______ (miss) their hometown a

lot and hope to visit the place next year.

5. This museum __________ (be) here for

over 20 years. It _____ (be) one of the

oldest buildings in this small town.

haven’t been

miss

has been

is

4c Fill in the questions and ask two students. Then complete the chart.

1. Do you have a (n)_________? How long have you had it?2. Do you own a (n)__________? How long have you owned it?

Things How long

Tony favorite book for two years

basketball since he was 10 years old

student 1

student 2

选择 for 或 since 填空：1.I have been here _____five months ago.2. He has been a soldier ____ about two

months.3. Great changes have taken place _____ you

left.4. His grandpa has been dead ____ ten years.5. I have studied English ______ I was 12

years old.6. It is two years _________ I became a

postgraduate student.

sincefor

since

forsince

since

练习题 : 

1. It's a long time since we ____ (meet) last, isn’t it?            

2. --I know you ___________ (choose) a picture book

among these.  

--Yes, Have a look at it, please.                

3. So far, spaceships without people ___________ (reach)

the moon and some other parts of the universe.               

4. My father____ home for nearly three weeks.A. has gone away from   B. has leftC. has been away from   D. went away                

5. Mr. and Mrs. Green have_____ in China for a week. A. been   B. got   C. arrived   D. reached

met

have chosen

have reached

C

A

Homework

Practice more exercises about since and for.

Preview the next part.