Unit 2 Deer and the Energy Cycle

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New wordsNew words

Warming upWarming up

Global readingGlobal reading

Text analysisText analysis

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22

33

44

Teaching PlanTeaching Plan

Exercise & AssignmentExercise & Assignment55

Proverbs & SayingsProverbs & Sayings66

Warming up Kinds of energy

wind

flowing water

chemical reaction

nuclear

fossil

solar

How to warm?

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Global reading Listen to the following passage ， write down the words you think important, then retell the story according to what you’ve heard.

There are about 100 different kinds of deer. Some live in grasslands. Others live in forests. The female deer becomes pregnant annually in late autumn, producing one to three young in late spring or early summer. The normal lifespan is 15 to 20 years.

Deer and the Energy Cycle Aaron N. Moen

Some persons say that love makes the world go round. Others of a less romantic and more practical turn of mind say that it isn’t love; it’s money. But the truth is that it is energy that makes the world go round. Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy, which in turn is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive. On this cycle all life depends.

It is fairly well known that wild animals survive from year to year by eating as much as they can during times of plenty, the summer and fall, storing the excess, usually in the form of fat, and then using these reserves of fat to survive during the hard times in winter when food is scarce. But, it is probably less well known

A good case in point is the white-tailed deer. Like most wildlife, deer reproduce, grow, and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body’s needs but also to produce milk for her fawns. The best milk production occurs at the same time that new plant growth is available. This is good timing, because milk production is an energy consuming process — it requires a lot of food. The cost can not be met unless the region has ample food resources.

that even with their stored fat, wild animals spend less energy to live in winter than in summer.

As the summer progresses and the fawns grow, they become less dependent on their mother’s milk and more dependent on growing plants as food sources. The adult males spend the summer growing antlers and getting fat. Both males and females continue to eat high quality food in the fall in order to deposit body fat for the winter. In the case of does and fawns, a great deal of energy is expended either in milk production or in growing, and fat is not accumulated as quickly as it is in full grown males. Fat reserves are like bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when food supplies are limited and sometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow.

As fall turns into winter, other changes take place. Fawns lose their spotted coat. Hair on all the deer becomes darker and thicker. The change in the hair coats is usually complete by September and maximum hair depths are reached by November or December when the weather becomes cold.

But in addition, nature provides a further safeguard to help deer survive the winter — an internal physiological response which lowers their metabolism, or rate of bodily functioning, and hence slows down their expenditure of energy. The deer become somewhat slow and drowsy. The heart rate drops. Animals that hibernate practice energy conservation to a greater extreme than deer do. Although deer don’t hibernate, they do the same thing with their seasonal rhythms in metabolism. Deer spend more energy and store fat in the summer and fall when food is abundant, and spend less energy and use stored fat in the winter when food is less available. When the “energy crisis” first came in 1973 －1974, I was living with my family in a cabin on the edge of an area where deer spend the winter in northern Minnesota, observing the deer as their behavior changed from more activity in summer and fall to less as winter progressed, followed by an increase again

in the spring as the snow melted. It was interesting and rather amusing to listen to the advice given on the radio: “Drive only when necessary,” we were told. “Put on more clothes to stay warm, and turn the thermostat on your furnace down.” Meanwhile we watched the deer reduce their activity, grow a winter coat of hair, and reduce their metabolism as they have for thousands of years. It is biologically reasonable for deer to reduce their cost of living to increase their chances of surviving in winter. Not every winter is critical for deer of course. If the winter has light snow, survival and productivity next spring will be high. But if deep snows come and the weather remains cold for several weeks, then the deer must spend more energy to move about, food will be harder to find, and they must then depend more on their fat reserves to pull them through. If such conditions go on for too long some will die, and only the largest and strongest are likely to survive. That is a fundamental rule of life for wild, free wandering animals such as deer.

Yes, life — and death, too — is a cycle that goes round and round, and when animals die their bodies become food for other life forms to use by converting them into energy.

And the cycle continues.

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Text analysis structure analysis

Part 1 Para.1 Energy makes the world go round.

Part 2 Paras.2-9 Take the deer as an example to explain the life of wild animals round the year and how they can survive during the hard times in winter.

Part 3 Paras.10-11 Life depends on energy, thus the cycle continues.

1) According to the author, what makes the world go round?

2) What is the cycle on which all life depends?

Q&A-I

(sing. or pl.) general word

• buck （鹿、鼠、兔等）雄性动物• doe （同上）雌性动物• fawn （同上）年幼动物

(Para.1) turn (Para.1) turn n. 禀性 , 倾向• She’s got an artistic turn and she is going to

art college.

• John Keats is of a literary turn of mind.

(Para.1) convert vt. / vi.(Para.1) convert vt. / vi.

Phr. convert sb. / sth. from sth. / to (into) sth.

• Water is converted into vapor to heat the house.

• At what rate does the dollar convert into pounds?

( 使 ) 改变信仰 ( 或态度 )• He was converted from Buddhism

to Christianity.

• Patient explanation converted her to our point of view.

3) How do wild animals survive the hard times in winter?

4) What is the best time for milk production?

5) What is the use of fat deer accumulate in summer and fall?

Q&A-II

(Para.3) consume(Para.3) consume• Picking out clothes in fashion shops is time-consuming .

Phr. be consumed with / by... 使着迷，充满• He was consumed with envy.

Cf consumer

consumption

consumptive a. / n.

(Para.4) account (Para.4) account n.

叙述，说明• To begin with, I want to give a brief

account of the general situation.

理由，根据 Phr. on account of...

• On account of the present conditions, it is not the time to attack the enemy now.

Phr. take ... into account

• You must take the weight of the carton into account.

v. Phr. account for...

• You are asked to account for the delay.

• Peace-loving people account for the majority of the world population.

Phr. on no account 决不 of no account 不重要的

Cf accountant

accountable

Para 3. in point 相关的 ----- a case in point

• These two paragraphs may as well be left out because they are not at all in point.

Sentence structure (Page.39)

Para 4. in the case of : concerning, as regards 就…而言，至于

• Most difficulties will be met with in the case of beginners.

Cf in case of, in case (that)

in any case, in no case

6) What changes take place in deer when winter draws near?

7) What further safeguard does nature provide to help deer survive the winter?

8) What changes take place in deer’s behavior when they lower their metabolism?

(Para.5) depth (Para.5) depth ( 感情等 ) 深切，强烈• No words can express the depth of her love.

• She is a writer of great depth.

Phr. in the depth(s) of sth.

在最深处 ; 在最严峻的时刻• They enjoy diving in the depths of the ocean.

in depth

完全地，彻底地，深入地• You are to study a subject in depth.

(Para.6) rate(Para.6) rate

Phr. at the rate of ...

• He travels at the rate of 100 km an hour by car.

Phr. at any rate = in any case

at this (that) rate = in this (that) case

(Para.6) extreme(Para.6) extreme

Phr. go to extremes to do sth.

• He often goes to extremes to deliver his view.

Phr. in the extreme

• He has been generous in the extreme.

Life of Deer in Four Seasons

eat much, storing the excess in the form of fat; active in growing, reproducing or storing fatadult males: grow antlers and get fatadult females: give birth to young; produce milkfawns: become less dependent on their mother’s milk begin to search for growing plants as food

continue the high quality food to deposit fat for the winter

2. Fall :

reduce their activitygrow a winter coat of hairlower their metabolismuse the reserves of fat to survive the cold winter

3. Winter :

become active again4. Spring :

(Para.7) spring (Para.7) spring n.

a hot (mineral) spring

a hair spring

v.

Phr. spring to one’s feet

• She sprang to her feet on hearing that piece of news.

Phr. spring up

• Towns sprang up in a dry desert.

9) What will happen to deer if deep snows come and the weather remains cold for a long time?

10) What is the fundamental rule of life for wild, free wandering animals?

(Para.9) survival (Para.9) survival n. 幸存物，残存物 a survival from ancient times

Cf survive v. survivor n.

Para 9. Not every winter is ... = Not all winters are ...

Partial negation

Sentence structure (Page.40)

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New words and expressions

1. romantic a.

• Keats is one of the greatest romantic poets.

Cf romance, romanticism, romanticist

2. currency n.

• I have some British pounds that I’d like to change into Chinese currency.

Cf current a. / n. currently ad.

流行 , 流通Phr. give currency to sth. 散布• Newspaper stories gave currency to

this scandal.

find currency among 在…中流行• Puppy love finds currency among

the young.

3. excess n.

• There’s an excess of imports over exports.

Phr. to excess (= too much)

• He drinks to excess.

in excess of...

• Luggage in excess of 20 kg is taxed.

a. 额外的，过量的• You have to lose excess weight.

4. reserve v. 保留 ; 留作专用 , 预定• I incline to reserve my judgment on him.

• The first two rows of seats are reserved for guests.

Cf reservation n.

n. 备用品Phr. in reserve 储备 , 留以备用• Meat is in reserve for hard winter.

自然保护区• You know better than to fly a kite

in reserve area.

5. scarce a.

• It was wartime and food was scarce.

Cf scarcity n. 不足，缺乏 Phr. Scarcely ... when...

• Scarcely had I left home when he came.

VS rare

• This species is rare enough.

6. mature v. 成熟，完成；• Tomatoes turn red as they mature / are ripe.

（票据）到期• The insurance policy （保险单） has matured.

a. 到期的，可兑现的• Your request is already mature.

Cf maturely adv.

maturity n. 成熟期 maturation n. 成熟、化脓

7. conceive

Phr. conceive of sth. (as) ...

• I can’t conceive of such a thing happening to him.

• In ancient times the world was conceived of as flat.

conceive + 从句• I can’t conceive how you got involved in the

business.

8. region n. ( 身体的 ) 部位• The doctor X-rayed my chest region.

范围 , 幅度Phr. in the region of ... 在…左右，接近 ( 如数量、 价格、重量等 )

• He earns in the region of $2000 a year.

• area 一般用语，边界不分明，可大可小。 • region 指较大的地理范围或人体部位。• district 指大的具体的行政区，划分较细。• zone 指与外部有严格界线的行政区或地区。

9. resources n. 机智；对策，谋略 (= wits, cleverness; tactics)

• For lack of funds, the manager is at the end of his resources.

Cf resourceful adj.

resourcefully adv.

• The general of the army is so resourceful

that his army often win the battle.

10. deposit vt. 使 ...安定下来• The taxi deposited me in front of the dime store.

n. 定金，押金• His deposit was refunded when he returned the car.

11. expend

Phr. expend sth. on sth. / in doing sth.

• The factory expended part of its funds on a technical renovation project.

Cf expenditure n. 具体支出 expense n. 抽象消费Phr. at the expense of

=at the cost of

expensive adj.

expendable n. / adj. 可牺牲的

12. safeguard vt.

• We have found a way of safeguarding our money.

Phr. safeguard sb./sth. against sb./ sth.

• The Safeguard safeguards us against the germs.

1. go round

1) 到处走动• Jack went round/ around,

hunting for a job.

2) 流传 , ( 疾病 ) 蔓延• A rumor / An epidemic is going

round.

3) 足够分配 , 人手一份• We don’t have enough tickets

to go round.

Cf go-round n. 争论的一个回合• Both parties( 双方当事人 ) have had three go-

rounds already.

巡回演出• Jolin Tsai has had fifty go-rounds of the country

from then on.

2. in the form of

• Water can exist in the form of ice.

Cf in / out of form （表现、身体）如常 / 失常 = in good condition

• My granny is in form.

3. draw on

• I now draw on what the expert says to prove my points.

Cf

• Night is drawing on.

临近• She draws on her socks.

穿上• She drew on a cigarette.

抽烟

4. turn down

• Please turn down the television since I am doing homework.

Cf 拒绝• Why did he turn down my bucks?

Cf turn up

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1. 1) bull 2) horse 3) dog 4) dog 5) tiger 6) tiger 7) lioness 8) goose 9) fowl 10) cock 11) duck

2. 1) practical 2) scarcity 3) external 4) raise 5) rise 6) waste 7) deficiency 8) minimum 9) draw 10) insufficient 11) reduce 12) freeze

Exercise - Vocabulary Activities

3.1) fundamental 2) deposited 3) in the form of 4) in good condition/in condition 5) currencies 

6) resources 7) lowering 8) conceived 9) rhythm 10) reserve 11) romantic 12) productivity 

13) dependent 14) internal 

4.

1) mature 2) reserve 3) deposit/deposit enough money 4) currency 5) ample 6) fundamental 7) given birth to 8) somewhat 9) an excess 10) expended 11) safeguard  12) conceive

5.

1) drew on/draws on 2) depend on 3) slowing   down 4) put on 5) turn   down

Assignment

Review the words and phrases we’ve

learned today and do the exercise after text A

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Proverbs & Sayings

1. Only the fittest survives.

适者生存。

2. Plan your consumption carefully on a long term basis, and you will not need to worry when a famine occurs.

细水长流，遇灾不愁。

3. It is not enough to do good; one must do it the right way. － John Morley, British

statesman

人不仅要做好事，更要以正确的方式做好事。 —— 英国政治家 J•莫利

5. Mistakes are an essential part of education. － Bertrand Russell, British philosopher

教育是一个逐步发现自己无知的过程。 —— 美国历史学家 杜兰特

错误是教育极为重要的一部分。 —— 英国哲学家 B•罗素

4. Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance. － Durant, American historian

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Thank you!