(1)TEXT TRANSLATION: Dch bi 3
Ting Anh Chuyn Ngnh Cng TrnhEnglish For Civil Engineering
(1)TEXT TRANSLATION: Dch bi RAILROADS The terms railroad and
railway are well-known for both of its history and construction. It
generally describes a guided means of land transport, designed to
be used by trains, for transporting passengers and freight.
Historically, the earliest evidence of a railway was a
6-kilometre wagon-way, which transported boats across the Corinth
isthmus in Greece during the 6th century B.C. By 1550, narrow gauge
railways with wooden rail were common in mines in urope. By the
17th century, wooden wagon-ways were common in the United Kingdom
for transporting coal from mines to canal wharfs for transhipment
to boats. The first iron plate railway made with cast iron plates
on top of wooden rails was taken into use in 1768. From the 1790s,
iron edge rails began to appear in the United Kingdom. Hot rolling
iron is brittle and often uneven, thus cast iron is replaced by
wrought iron in 1805. These were succeeded by steel in 1857.
The development of the steam engine spurred ideas for mobile
steam locomotives that could haul trains on tracks. The 1,345mm
(4ft8+1/2in) width became known as the international standard
gauge, used by about 60% of the worlds railways. Then, in 1838,
experiments with electrical railways were started by Robert
Davidson. He completed a battery-powered carriage capable of 6.4
kilometres per hour (4.0mph). At first all electric railways used
direct current, but in 1904, the Spubeital Line in Austria opened
with alternating current. At that time, the World War II had forced
improvements in internal combustion engine technology that made
diesel locomotives cheaper and more powerful. This caused many
railway companies to initiate programs to convert all unelectrified
sections from steam to diesel locomotion-a process named
dieselization.
In field of construction, the most advanced railways are similar
to the normal railway lines, but with a few key differences. The
radii of curves are larger (4km/2.5miles) so that trains can
traverse others at higher speeds without increasing the centripetal
acceleration felt by passengers. New lines have minimum radii of 7
km (4miles) to allow for future increases in speed.
Lines used only for high-speed traffic can incorporate steeper
grades than normal. Therefore, they allow new trains to climb much
steeper grades than conventional ones. The considerable momentum at
high speeds also helps so climb up these slopes very fast without
greatly increasing their energy consumption. For example, the
Paris-Sud-Est LGV has grades of up to 3.5% (compared to 2% of the
normal trains).
Track alignment is more precise than it is on normal railway
lines. Ballast is in a deeper-than-normal profile, resulting in
increased load-bearing capacity and track stability. It is also
anchored by more sleepers per kilometre than normal, and all are
made of concrete, either mono-or bi-bloc (two separate blocks of
concrete joined by a steel bar). Heavy rail is used and the rails
themselves are more upright, with an inclination of 1 in 40 as
opposed to 1 in 20 on normal lines. Use of continuously welded
rails in place of shorter, jointed rails yields a comfortable ride
at high speed, without the vibrations induced by rail joints.
Thut ng ng st v ng ray c bit n bi v c lch s v cu trc ca n. N
thng m t l con ng chnh ca giao thng ng b, c thit k s dng cho tu ha
chuyn ch hnh khch v hng ha.
Ngy xa, du tch c nht ca ng st l mt con ng ch hng di 6km, m chuyn
ch nhng con thuyn ngang qua eo Corinth Hy Lp trong khong th k th 6
trc cng nguyn. n nm 1550, ng st kp vi ray bng g c ph bin ti cc hm m
Chu u. n th k th 17, ng ray ch hng bng g c ph bin Vng quc Anh chuyn
ch than t cc hm m n cc bn tu ri chuyn ln tu. ng ray tm st u tin c
lm bi c nhng tm st ln trn ng ray bng g, c a vo s dng nm 1768. T
nhng nm 1790, ng ray g st bt u xut hin ti Vng quc Anh. St cn nng
gin v g gh, do st c c thay th bi thp hn vo nm 1805. iu ny tip ni
thnh cng vi thp vo 1857.
S pht trin ca ng c hi nc khuyn khch nhng tng v u my to axe in c
th ko tu ha trn ng. Chiu rng 1,435mm c bit n nh tiu chun quc t v kh
ng ray, c p dng khong 60% bi ng ray trn th gii. Sau , vo 1838, nhng
th nghim vi ng ray in c bt u bi Robert Davidson. ng hon thnh toa
cung cp nng lng c th cung cp 6,4km mi gi. Lc u ng ray in c s dng
dng in mt chiu, nhng vo nm 1904, Spubeital Line o ci bin vi dng in
hai chiu. Vo thi im , th chin II thc y s tin b cng ngh ng c t trong
to ra u my toa xe chy bng diesel r hn v khe hn. iu ny khin cho rt
nhiu con ng st khi u chng trnh chuyn tt c b phn khng in t hi nc
thnh chy bng diesel-qu trnh mang tn cng ngh diesel.
Trong lnh vc kt cu, hu ht cc ng st tin tin u ging vi ng st thng
thng, nhng khc nhau mt s im. Bn knh ca nhng ng vng ln hn (4km/2,5
dm) do tu ha c th i qua cc im khc vi tc cao hn m khng cn tng cm gic
v gia tc hng tm cho hnh khch. Nhng tuyn ng c bn knh nh nht l 7km.
Cho php tng tc trong tng lai.
Nhng tuyn ng c dng ch cho phng tin tc cao c th kt hp cht ch dc
hn tuyn ng. Do , chng cho php tu ha mi leo dc hn so vi loi thng. ng
lng ng k tc cao cng gip leo dc rt nhanh m khng gia tng s tiu th nng
lng ln. V d, tu Paris-Sud-Est LGV c mc tng n 3.5% so vi 2% ca tu
bnh thng.
Theo di s lin kt l chnh xc hn hn l trn cc tuyn ng st bnh thng.
Ballast l trong mt cu hnh su hn-hn-bnh thng, dn n kh nng chu ti tng
v n nh theo di. N cng c neo bng t vt nhiu hn trn mi km hn bnh thng,
v tt c u c lm bng b tng, hoc mono-hoc bi-khi (hai ring bit cc khi b
tng tham gia ca mt thanh thp). ng st nng c s dng v cc ng ray chnh h
l cng bnh hn, vi nghing ca 1 trong 40 nh tri ngc vi 1 trong 20 trn
cc tuyn bnh thng. S dng ng ray hn lin tc thay ngn hn, sn lng ng ray
ni mt i xe cm thy thoi mi vi tc cao, m khng c nhng rung ng gy ra bi
cc khp ni ng st.
(2)VOCABULARY: Lit k 30 nhng t/cm t quan trng (lin quan n cng
trnh).
1. Term: Thut ng2. Railroad: ng st3. Rail: Thanh ray4. Gauge:
Khong cch gia 2 thanh ray, kh ray5. Passenger: Hnh khch6. freight:
Hng ha7. Wagon-way: ng ray ch hng
8. Iron: St
9. Iron plate railway: ng ray tm st10. Iron edge railway: ng ray
g st11. Hot rolling iron: St cn mng
12. Cast iron: St c 13. Steel: Thp14. brittle: Gin15.
Locomotive: u my toa xe16. Carriage: Toa17. Direct current: Dng in
mt chiu18. Attenating current: Dng in hai chiu19. Internal
combustion engine: ng c t trong20. Radius: Bn knh21. Centripetal
acceleration: Gia tc hng tm22. Steeper grades: dc hn23. Vibration:
rung24. Battery powered: chy bng pin 25. Transhipment: Vn chuyn 26.
Diesel station: Cng ngh diesel 27. Energy consumption: Tiu hao nng
lng28. Steam: Hi nc 29. Sleeper: Thanh t vt (cross-tie)30. Route:
Tuyn ng (3)SENTENCE TRANSLATION: Tm 20 cu v dch song ng.1. The
development of the steam engine spurred ideas for mobile steam
locomotives that could haul train on tracks. S pht trin ca ng c hi
nc khuyn khch nhng tng v u my toa xe in c th ko tu ha trn ng.
2. In 1838, experiments with electrical railways were started by
Robert Davidson.
( Vo nm 1838 nhng th nghim vi ng ray in c bt u bi Robert
Davidson.
3. At first all electric railways used direct current, but in
1904 the Spubeital Line in Australia opened with alternating
current.
Lc u ng ray in c s dng dng in mt chiu, nhng vo nm 1904,
Spubeital Line o ci bin vi dng in hai chiu.
4. Many railway companies to initiate programs to convert all
unelectrified sections from steam to diesel locomotion - a process
named dieselisation.
Rt nhiu con ng st khi u nhng chng trnh chuyn tt c b phn khng in
t hi nc thnh chy bng diesel qu trnh mang tn cng ngh diesel.5. The
word highway is generally used to mean major roads for travel by
the public between important destinations. Thut ng ng t thng c dng
ch cc loi ng b chnh m mi ngi dng i li gia cc im quan trng. 6. An
expressway is a divided highway for high-speed traffic with at
least partial control of access. ng cao tc l mt ng hai chiu c di
phn cch cng gia dnh cho cc phng tin c tc ln v phi c t nht mt im sot
nhp ln ng b. 7. Meanwhile, a freeway is a type of road designed for
safer high-speed operation motor vehicles through the elimination
of at-grade intersections. Xa l l mt loi ng c thit k dnh cho cc loi
xe c gii chy vi tc cao v an ton hn qua vic loi b cc nt giao ng
mc.
8. The consultant civil engineer acts as the overall project
manager in a similar way to the architect, bus has greater powers
in that other design specialists are directly appointed. K s xy dng
l ngi t vn qun l cc tng th d n ging nh mt kin trc s nhng h c quyn
hn cao hn so vi ngi thit k c bit c b nhim trc tip.
9. The terms railroad and railway are well-known for both of its
history and construction.
Thut ng ng st v ng ray c bit n bi v c lch s v cu trc ca n.
10. From the 1790s, iron edge rails began to appear in the
United Kingdom.
T nhng nm 1790, ng ray g st bt u xut hin ti Vng quc Anh.
11. In some jurisdictions, expressways are divided into arterial
roads with limits on the frequency of driveways and intersecting
cross-streets. Theo mt vi quy nh th ng cao tc c chia thnh nhng con
ng hai chiu chnh vi gii hn s ng v ph ct ngang.12. By 1550, narrow
gauge railways with wooden rails were common in mines in
Europe.
n nm 1550 ng st kp vi ng ray bng g c ph bin ti cc hm m Chu
u.
13. The first iron plate railway made with cast iron plates on
top of wooden rails were taken into use in 1768.
ng ray tm st u tin c lm bi nhng tm st ln trn ng ray bng g, c a
vo s dng nm 1768.
14. Hot rolling iron is brittle and often uneven, thus cast iron
is replaced by wrought iron in 1805. St cn mng gin v g gh, do st c
c thay th bi thp hn vo nm 1805.
15. The 1,435mm width became known as the international standard
gauge, used by about 60% of the worlds railways. Chiu rng 1,435mm c
bit n bi nh tiu chun quc t v kh ng ray c p dng khong 60% ng ray trn
th gii.
16. Whilst the skills of contractors are similar in both
sectors, the design and administration have produced a divergence
of personnel.
K nng ca cc ch thu l ging nhau trong hai lnh vc thit k v qun l
sn xut vi s khc nhau v nhn s 17. In filed of construction, the most
advanced railways are similar to the normal railway lines, but with
a few key differences.
Trong lnh vc kt cu, hu ht cc ng st tin tin u ging vi ng st thng
thng, nhng khc nhau mt s im.
18. New line have minimum radii of 7km (4miles) to allow for
future increases in speed.
Nhng tuyn ng mi c bn knh nh nht l 7km cho php tng tc trong tng
lai.
19. Historically, the earliest evidence of a railway was a
6-kilometre wagon-way, which transported boats across the Corinth
isthmus in Greece during the 6th century B.C. Ngy xa, du hiu c nht
ca ng st l mt con ng ch hng di 6km, m chuyn ch nhng con thuyn ngang
qua eo Corinth Hi Lp khong th k th 6 trc cng nguyn.
20. A contractor is the person who organizes and manages the
labour on the site.
( Nh thu l ngi t chc v qun l lc lng lao ng ngoi hin trng.
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