Urban mining

Kohmei HALADA

Center for strategic natural resource

National Institute for Materials Science

urban mining

Speaker Ferrite, Cu

metals in cell phone an example of urban mine

電子機器内の基板（都市鉱石）には様々な部品が存在します。 それぞれの部品の中には、希少、有価な金属が含有しています。 一例として携帯電話の基板を示します。

IC Au, Ag, Si, Sn, Cu

Connector Cu, Ni, Au

Buttery Ni, H

Tip Ceramics Capacitor Ag, Sn, Ti, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zr

Coil Cu

Tip Resistance Fe, Ag, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn

Shield Plate Fe, Ni, Cr

Circuit Board Cu

Plastics Sb

Lens Si

LCD In, Sn,Ba

Plastics Sb

IC Au, Ag, Si, Sn, Cu

IC Au, Ag, Si, Sn, Cu

Connector Cu, Ni, Au

Shield Plate Fe, Ni, Cr

Tip Resistance Fe, Ag, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn

Circuit Board Cu

Lead wire Cu

Tip Resistance Fe, Ag, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn

IC Au, Ag, Si, Sn, Cu

Connector Cu, Ni, Au

Connector Cu, Ni, Au

exploration

Plastic Cu

Fe Ni Sn Ba

Au

Zn Mg Zn Al Ca

Cr Ag Co W B Mn

P

Nd

Sb Na

Zr Sr Mo K Pr La Y Pd As V Li In Ho Gd

Mg Pb

Cu4000 Sn 2000

Ta 300 Ag 100

Au 4

Ni 10000

Ta

grade

refiner mining manufacturer

Dissipated

stock

assembler use recycler Used stock

In-Use stock

metal parts products

Meta; parts products E-reuse/

waste scrap

® ® ® ®

country

Industrial

statistics

I/O

small small

ore

Trade

statistics

export

import import import import

I/O

Trade

statistics

Trade

statistics

export export

Trade

statistics

Country’s accumulation can be estimated by considering metals which transported

in products.

Urban mine

Top down method

18

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

2006

2004

2002

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

1988

1986

1984

1982

1980

1978

1976

1974

1972

1970

1968

1966

1964

1962

1960

1958

1956

1954

1952

1950

Pd素材輸出

Pt素材輸出

Pd自動車輸出

Pt自動車輸出

Pb電子輸出

Pt電子輸出

Pd蓄積

Pt蓄積

Pd export as material

Pt export as material Pd export as automobile Pt export as automobile Pd export as electric equipments Pt export as electric equipments

Pd accumulated in Japan Pt accumulated in Japan

わが国の都市鉱山蓄積は、 世界の年間消費を地球何個分まかなえるか

6.8kt 60kt

38Mt

1.2Gt 5.6Mt

660kt 130kt

2.5kt

140kt

150kt

4.4kt

1.7kt

PGM

Total accumulation in Japan compared with annual consumption in the world

Japan has great possibility of urban mining because Japan has developed with integrating

resources fronm all over the world

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Sb Cu Au In Pb Pt Ag Ta Sn Zn

日本

の蓄

積量

/世

界の

埋蔵

量　

(%)

①

①

②

③

③

③ ④

⑤

⑥

②

Acc

um

ula

tio

n p

ote

nti

al I

Jap

an

/ a

mo

un

t o

f w

orl

d p

rim

ary

rese

rve

Colaboration team since2008

METI MOE

colaboration team

- Collection measure

- Recycling technology

- Hazardous management

- System construction

Akita Ibaraki Fukupka

Tokyo Osaka Kyoto Nagoya

Local government

collector Dis-assembler separator smelter

From

viewpoint

of

resource

From

viewpoint of

waste

management

Recycling

material is

“goods”

Recycling

material is

“bads”

買い取り

センター持ち込み

目の前で破解 (物材機構の技術)

まとめて粗選別 (簡単、雇用対策)

基板 (緑と銅色)

その他 不燃物

モータ

磁石

貴金属 再生へ

他金属 再生へ

タングステン 回収

物材機構新技術

本選別

国環研or 筑波大 効果評価

物材機構 技術指導

リサイクルの二つの側面 リサイクルにはgoodsとbadsの2側面があり、

循環型社会形成基本計画などではbads対策の側面が強く表に出ている。

製品

bads

goods

(goods)

bads

最終処分の減量 有害物質の管理

資源の再利用

リサイクルの役割

天然資源採取の削減

11

Global climate change

Resource sustainability

Chemical hazard

Heaven (tian)

Earth (di)

Being (ren)

As the climate change is getting important, therefore, we need to take care of other risks.

Catastrophe comes from neighboring risks.

This presentation’s focus

Zr

25kt 0.9kt

I

15Mt 38Mt

V

13Mt

62.4kt

Mo 8.6Mt

179kt

Co 7Mt

57.5kt

Sn

6.1Mt 273kt

Nb 4.4Mt

59.9kt

Li

4.1Mt

21.1kt

W

2.9Mt

73.3kt

Y 540kt

8.9kt

Bi

320kt

5.6kt

Ag

270kt 19.5kt

Se

82kt

1.39kt

PGM

71kt

445t

Hg

45kt

1.4kt

Ta

43kt

1.3kt

Au

42kt 2.5kt

In 2.8kt

450t

20年

50年

100年

200年

Cr

1200Mt

20Mt

Cu 480Mt

15.3Mt

Mn

440Mt

11Mt

Zn

220Mt

10Mt

Ni

64Mt

1.55Mt

Pb

57Mt 3.3Mt

Fe

858Mt

79Gt

Al

P

177Mt

29Gt

K Mg Ti

18Gt

145Mt 30Mt 4Mt 10Mt

8.3Gt 2.2Gt 1.3Gt

Causes of resource risk

Line By = 0.0064x + 440

R2 = 0.4506

Line Ay = 0.056x

R2 = 0.9501

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

y = 9.01E-04x

y = -3.13E-05x + 6.74E+00

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

y = 3.91E-05x

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

y = 2.19E-03x

y = 0.0057x

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

Fe Zn

Si R.E.

GDP per capita ($)

m

etal con

sum

ptio

n p

er capita

(kg)

Fe-type: weakly de-coupled Al, Ni, Mo, Ag, Sb

Zn-type: de-coupled Cu, Sn, Pb, W, Cr, Mn, Au

Si-type: still coupling Pt, Co R.E.-type: further coupling Li, In, Ga

Four types of the two step line model of metal consumption v.s. GDP per capita

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

US

UK

Japan

Italy

Germany

France

Russia

India

China

Brazil

Fe

0

50,000,000

100,000,000

150,000,000

200,000,000

250,000,000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

Fe

(K t

on)

Accumulated

consumption

reserve

reserve base

already mined

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

US

UK

Japan

Italy

Germany

France

Russia

India

China

Brazil

Cu

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

Cu

(K t

on)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

US

UK

Japan

Italy

Germany

France

Russia

India

China

Brazil

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

Pt(

K t

on)

Pt

Annual

consumption (kt)

3

2

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Fe Mn Zn Al Cr Pb Cu Ni Sn Mo W Sb RE Co Li Ag Pt In Au Ga Pd TMR

10.3 72

Several times amount of reserves will be required by 2050. re

se

rve

s

rese

rve

ba

se

s

Accumulated consumption

from 2000 to 2050

Already mined

It will require several times amount of reserve by 2050: Ni,Mn,Li,In,Ga

It will run over the amount of reserve base by 2050: Cu,Pb,Zn,Au,Ag,Sn

It will be close to the amount of reserve by 2050: Fe,Mo,W,Co,Pt,Pd

HALADA,IJIMA,SHIMADA, Material Transactions, Vol,48(2008)3,402-410

Energy

Generation, conversion, storage

Energy use

Heat, actuation, illumination, information

cleaning

Fuel Cell Solar Cell battery Thermo-

Electric motor LED

Electronic

parts catalyst

Ga

As

In

Cd

Ru

Pt

Rh

La

Ce

Gd

Li

Co

Ni

R.E.

Bi

Te

Co

Sb

Dy

Nd

Sm

Co

B

Ga

In

La

Eu

Y

Ag

Au

Pd

Rh

In

Ta

W

Ni

Pt

Pd

Rh

R.E.

Eco-innovation requires new demand of rare materials.

A 25m pool An Olympic pool 1500 Pentagons

Top of mount Fuji 10Gton

mount Fuji 100Gton

two mount Fijis 215Gton

Pt Au Fe

Extr

acte

d m

etal

(c

on

sum

er v

iew

) M

ined

mat

eria

l (r

eso

urc

e vi

ew)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

L i B e B F2 N e N a M gA l S i P 2 S C l2 K C aSc T i V C r M n Fe C oN i C u Zn G a G e A s SeB r2 R b S r Y Z r N b M oR u R h Pd A g C d In SnSb Te I2 C s B a La C eP r N d Sm Eu G d Tb D yH o E r Tm Yb Lu H f TaW R e O s Ir P t A u H gT l P b B i R a Th Ucoa l o il s tones aggrega tes p lastic

p roducts v iew56g

resouece v iew31kg

(g )

(100g)

p lastic

A uPd

Fe

C u

C u

A g

39404142444546474849505152535556

0.0010.010.1

110

100

plastic37.1

Pb 0.006

Sn 0.11

Al 2.65

Ba 0.17Ir 0.005 Au 0.02

Ag 0.14

Cu 9.8Ni 0.27Fe

4.72Cr

0.004W 0.39

Co0.51

製品重量 55g

plastic0.36

Pb 0.0002

Sn 0.28

Al 0.13

Ba 0.09

Au 22Ag 0.68

Cu 3.53Ni 0.07Co

0.31Fe 0.39

Cr 0.001

Pd 3.7

W 0.07

資源重量 31kg

Cell Phone Product-end Resource-end

0

5,000,000,000

10,000,000,000

15,000,000,000

20,000,000,000

25,000,000,000

200419991994198919841979197419691964195919541949

Others

Ag

Pb

Ti

Mo

Li

Si

RE

Cr

Pt

B

Sr

Mn

Zn

Zr

Ni

Sn

Al

Au

Cu

Fe

560million ton/y

380million ton/y

Increase of Total Material Requirement

20 Giga tons/year are mined at the resource end. Increasing at the rate of 560million tons per year.

1.5 times serious than

In 1960-70s

y = 441 x + 6,921,315

y = 1406.1x

y = 17,967,817

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

GDP ($/capt)

TM

R (

g/capt)

Factor 1

Factor 2

Factor 4

Factor 8

2050

2020

2030

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

TM

R /

yea

r (M

t)

f=1 till 2050

f=2 by 2050

f=4 by 2050

f=8 by 2050

f=16 by 2050

f=5 by 2050

f=6 by 2050

Lifestyle change into “Factor8” is required !

3

2

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Fe Mn Zn Al Cr Pb Cu Ni Sn Mo W Sb RE Co Li Ag Pt In Au Ga Pd TMR

10.3 72

Several times amount of reserves will be required by 2050. re

se

rve

s

rese

rve

ba

se

s

Accumulated consumption

from 2000 to 2050

Already mined

It will require several times amount of reserve by 2050: Ni,Mn,Li,In,Ga

It will run over the amount of reserve base by 2050: Cu,Pb,Zn,Au,Ag,Sn

It will be close to the amount of reserve by 2050: Fe,Mo,W,Co,Pt,Pd

HALADA,IJIMA,SHIMADA, Material Transactions, Vol,48(2008)3,402-410

石垣島宣言

材料はこれまで人類社会の発展に貢献してきました。しかし、その一方で大量生産・消費・廃棄を通じて環境負荷を増やしてきたことも指摘されています。

現在、人類活動の更なる発展を求めて材料への要求が一層高まってきています。そのために、材料に係わる資源リスク＊も急速に増大しようとしています。

そこで、材料を持続可能な社会の構築に役立てることを目指す私たちは、資源利用に関する以下の３原則の重要性を再確認します。

資源利用の３つの原則

資源を枯渇させない

環境リスクを増やさない

地域的世代的公正に配慮する

また私たちは、材料を利用し使用する全ての人々に、この原則に則った以下の４つの実践を呼びかけ、私たち自身も、これらを具現化する材料技術を開発していく決意を

表明します。

資源利用の４つの実践

使わずにすむものは使わない（Reduce）

丁寧に使う（Reuse）

何度も使う（Recycle）

ありふれたものを使う（リプレイス）

Http://www.nims.go.jp/ecomaterial/hal/MR/ 53

DECLARATION OF ISSEM 2007 at ISHIGAKIJMA

While materials play an essential role in the development of human society, their

negative aspects of environmental burden through the massive production,

consumption, and disposal have been pointed out.

The demand for materials is now expanding further in order to satisfy growing human

needs. It may cause a rapid increase in the resource risk.

We, who aim to utilize materials to construct a sustainable society, reconfirm the

importance of the following three principles.

Three principles in the area of resource use

Resource Conservation

Environmental Protection

Regional and Generational Equity

Based on these principles, we ask you, consumers of materials, to observe the

following four practices. We also pledge ourselves to advance technologies which

realize these four practices in material research.

Four practices in the area of resource use

Use minimum quantity

Use completely

Circulate as many times as possible

Use abundant resources

International Symposium of Sustainable Energy and Material was held at 2007 at Ishigaki Island,Japan to discuss the contribution of materials science and engineering to sustainable use of energy and resource.

Some metal has more on-surface stock than underground stock

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

04999489847974

Cu (Mt) : 48%

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

04999489847974

Au (t) : 69%

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

04999489847974

Ag (kt) : 70%

underground stock

(reserve)

On surface stock

Primary Stock

Secondary Stock

Annual products 26 million

In use 100million

New 5million

Replaced 21 million

About 7mg Gold Is contained

700kg Au Is in-use.

6.5 million phones are recycled.

50kg

100kg

Major part of urban mine is dissipated stock.

But, at the current status,

We have a lot of things to do !!

In-use stock

Recovered from Used stock

150kg

We have not yet explored the vein of urban mine.

Challenge of urban mining

ビデオカメラ

オーディオデジタルカメラ

ポータブルMDプレイヤー

ポータブルCDプレイヤー

液晶テレビDVDプレイヤー

電話機 カーナビゲーム機

フラッシュメモリーオーディオ（A)

携帯電話

¥/台 150 372 110 108 67 70 32 10 21 66 43 119

Co 0.04 0.16 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.45

Ni 1.90 6.99 2.86 1.54 1.15 0.60 0.43 0.18 0.79 2.80 0.38 2.34

Cu 4.21 28.97 12.75 6.15 3.74 10.88 4.17 0.71 6.90 8.32 1.50 5.01

Zn 0.07 0.52 0.25 0.06 0.10 0.48 0.04 0.03 0.08 0.13 0.01 0.09

Mo 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.04

Pd 40.07 12.33 3.08 1.23 4.31

Ag 7.12 32.74 10.61 6.21 6.37 3.18 2.43 1.58 3.18 2.73 1.70 5.62

Sn 1.27 8.47 2.11 2.01 2.32 3.16 0.85 0.51 0.95 2.12 0.28 0.93

Ta 2.82 6.26 0.94 0.31 0.63 0.06

W 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.05

Au 77.32 274.90 51.54 85.91 51.54 25.77 17.18 3.44 8.59 34.36 37.80 96.21

Pb 14.87 7.48 16.24 1.97 0.79 23.48 5.91 3.47 0.25 14.87 0.08 3.96

Bi 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.00

Metals per unit are not so expensive

31

¥/unit

Cam

coder audio camera

MD

Player

CD

Player

DVD

player LCD

TV

Table

Tele

phone

car

navigat

ion

mobile

game

Smart

Audio

Cell

phone

large scale waste

product

product

product

product

product

materialize request materialize

request

accumulation of property

consumer of materialized

product

consumer or pro-sumer of service

materialize request materialize

request materialize

requests

service materialize the request

production

large scale

resource

mass production

select

many variety of request

appropriate presentation of request

customize

less waste

circulation of materials

small scale circulation

less resources

1) material flow in the era of mass production

2) material flow in the era of dematerialization

satisfaction and content

summary • Resource risk is near at hand

• We are at the entrance where secondary resource is more than undergroung resource.

• For effective urban mining, recyclable design is the master card

• Circulation chain (material leasing system) should be constracted.