Using Eye Movements Using Eye Movements To Evaluate Effects of To Evaluate Effects of Driver Age on Risk Driver Age on Risk Perception in a Perception in a Driving SimulatorDriving Simulator

Anuj Kumar Pradhan, Kim R. Hammel, Anuj Kumar Pradhan, Kim R. Hammel, Rosa DeRamus, Alexander Pollatsek, Rosa DeRamus, Alexander Pollatsek, David A. Noyce, and Donald L. FisherDavid A. Noyce, and Donald L. Fisher

IntroductionIntroduction

在美國，新手發生事故的比率遠大於一般在美國，新手發生事故的比率遠大於一般駕駛者駕駛者 (8-9(8-9 倍倍 )) 。。

The most common were failures to searcThe most common were failures to search ahead, to the side, and to the rear, which ahead, to the side, and to the rear, which together were implicated in 42.7% of thh together were implicated in 42.7% of the crashes; failure to pay attention (23.0e crashes; failure to pay attention (23.0%); and failure to adjust the vehicle’s spe%); and failure to adjust the vehicle’s speed appropriately (20.8%).ed appropriately (20.8%).

This study hypothesized novice drivers sThis study hypothesized novice drivers scanning less widely than more experienccanning less widely than more experienced drivers.ed drivers.

試著利用試著利用 eye-movement tracker and drivieye-movement tracker and driving simulatorng simulator 來評估對駕駛經驗和年紀的來評估對駕駛經驗和年紀的影響。影響。

MethodMethod

創造出創造出 1616種種 risky scenariosrisky scenarios ，利用駕駛，利用駕駛模擬器來記錄其相關駕駛行為，並用模擬器來記錄其相關駕駛行為，並用 eye eye trackertracker 來紀錄是否有注意到潛在的危險因來紀錄是否有注意到潛在的危險因子。子。

上述上述 1616種種 risky scenariosrisky scenarios 並不會真的發並不會真的發生危險的狀況，以免受測者受到影響。生危險的狀況，以免受測者受到影響。

ParticipantsParticipants

A total of 72 participants were run in the A total of 72 participants were run in the experiment experiment

1.1. 24novice drivers in their first6 months of 24novice drivers in their first6 months of driving experience, all 16 or 17 years driving experience, all 16 or 17 years old; old;

2.2. 24 younger drivers, 19–29 years old; 24 younger drivers, 19–29 years old;

3.3. 24 older drivers, 60–75 years old.24 older drivers, 60–75 years old.

ApparatusApparatus

Driving simulatorDriving simulator Eye trackerEye tracker

ScenariosScenarios

All 16 scenarios (S1–S16) that were All 16 scenarios (S1–S16) that were developed can be viewed on the web (developed can be viewed on the web (http://www.ecs.umass.edu/hpl/LinkVideohttp://www.ecs.umass.edu/hpl/LinkVideos.htms.htm))

But only 14 scenarios are described.But only 14 scenarios are described.

S1: Truck right turn with walk signalS1: Truck right turn with walk signal

S2: Bicycle on S2: Bicycle on left side of roadleft side of road

S3: Truck and driver left turnS3: Truck and driver left turn

S4: Signal ahead over hillS4: Signal ahead over hill S5: T intersectionS5: T intersection

S6: Hidden crosswalkS6: Hidden crosswalk

S7: Vehicle on right at intersectionS7: Vehicle on right at intersection

S8: Bicycle on right S8: Bicycle on right side of roadside of road

S9: Driver left turn S9: Driver left turn with truck in with truck in opposing laneopposing lane

S10: Pedestrian on leftS10: Pedestrian on left

S11: Curved stop aheadS11: Curved stop ahead

S12:S12:Truck blocking travel in laneTruck blocking travel in lane

S13: Truck blocking pedestrian crosswalkS13: Truck blocking pedestrian crosswalk

S14:S14:Truck left Truck left turn and driver straight thrturn and driver straight through intersectionough intersection

DesignDesign Each participant drove through four experimeEach participant drove through four experime

ntal blocks, each of which contained 4 risky sntal blocks, each of which contained 4 risky scenario.cenario.

The order of the blocks was counterbalanced The order of the blocks was counterbalanced for each of the three groups.for each of the three groups.

ProcedureProcedure

The participants were asked to fill out an iThe participants were asked to fill out an informed consent form.nformed consent form.

They were to follow the lead vehicle throuThey were to follow the lead vehicle throughout the drive and to maintain a 3-s folloghout the drive and to maintain a 3-s following distance.wing distance.

The participants drove through the four blThe participants drove through the four blocks during which eye movement data anocks during which eye movement data and other vehicle data were recorded.d other vehicle data were recorded.

Result-ANOVAResult-ANOVA

the novice drivers engaged in behaviors ithe novice drivers engaged in behaviors indicative of their recognition of the potentndicative of their recognition of the potential for risk ial for risk 35.1%35.1% of the time, the younger of the time, the younger drivers engaged in such behaviors drivers engaged in such behaviors 50.3%50.3% of the time, and the older drivers engageof the time, and the older drivers engaged in such behaviors d in such behaviors 66.2%66.2% of the time. Th of the time. The effect of age was significant.e effect of age was significant.

Whether the groups are relatively clusteredWhether the groups are relatively clustered

Result-Box PlotResult-Box Plot

The types of scenarios in which the novice The types of scenarios in which the novice drivers performed worse than the older dridrivers performed worse than the older drivers.vers.

As is clear from Table 1, on all of the 16 mAs is clear from Table 1, on all of the 16 measures of risk perception, novice drivers easures of risk perception, novice drivers performed more poorly than older drivers.performed more poorly than older drivers.

Result-Individual Result-Individual scenarios scenarios

Discuss-implicationsDiscuss-implications

新手駕駛的確需要加以訓練，才能增加到新手駕駛的確需要加以訓練，才能增加到路安全。路安全。

從表從表 11，發現各個情況下的差異不盡相同，，發現各個情況下的差異不盡相同，因此訓練時需針對各個情況訓練。因此訓練時需針對各個情況訓練。

可以藉由這研究來評估訓練機制的好壞。可以藉由這研究來評估訓練機制的好壞。

所得結果是否符合田野資料。所得結果是否符合田野資料。 利用駕駛模擬器與眼動儀是否與現實一致。利用駕駛模擬器與眼動儀是否與現實一致。 眼動儀的資料不能完全的診斷駕駛行為。眼動儀的資料不能完全的診斷駕駛行為。

Discuss-limitationsDiscuss-limitations