1. rliun

1 6 f i ~ n i ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ u a c ~ n 1 ~ n u ~ ~ ~ i n i ~ ~ d o . j a i ? d ~ . j ~ 8o~innrianfi uof n qbbd bd

(Maurice DUVERGER) I ~ ~ L ~ u u ~ ( L w ~ ~ nnil~dn dun- n duu n d ~ r ~ u d iibau8i.jdnn

dp:filw~na.j~dli nqu ( p u p s ) In Iu~.jnud~~finwwd~:L~unducl~n~uei'~~wtwn

aiondu~ndijlcijjkwm:bdun~u~~%wn n i ~ d n ~ u l n ~ m n i ~ ~ ~ u n ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ t w n a : ~ o . j E u o ~ ~ ~ a m u n ~ ~ t id~Bo~iu?s Ad A ?jn?mnn~wui:au nis~nlm~a51mo.jn~u~C~u"u~~4.j~~:~-1~Cnniu~~un~uwCn6u

d P

(Pressure Groups) kfion)

2. uuu~ihu~umirn juwadxlu'~~d n i u ~ a ~ f i n u n ~ ~ i a n i r i ~ l i uoia q~b?ibd liiud~nrjuwnd.i:Iu'11riw9od~vi

aouduniinduwfinh buud.joonb9u 2 ~(uIH~ go nrjrulhitdc ~~nznluwfin6fu

Lldd

2.1 n(uw&sl(raid

n(uwL80boS~ wuiufi~n(uwnd.rr~nddl~riok~~~~7~~n=:uiui~n~ao~~ni~

uo~n~u1Aodi~fld~:Intniw ~ u ~ r i ( l ~ ~ ~ i i n ~ u o r d y w i a ' I ~ ~ ~ ~ o v u i a ~ ~ n ~ ( ~ U I I

trf ld~uioi lwQdulTJ~u~~ni~nif~~o~ ~5nnfludi~~un(u8nfiwc1 fi7difinfi~nd

wau~~6nlwndddotfuin~yt~ifdf:~n~~ ilfin5wndoo~(ln~08flqldftvod]1fio

fgnni

n~uwfin&u~w~on~wfin~u1uni~ntlw~duar4i~~d~nw~vo~n~~ao~An~

dauyri ~du nnfl~lliwrnu?nqd~:ad~ du~iuou~du+a nnas i%n n n ~ a a l a ~ i u

'Maurice DUVERGER, Party Polltfcs and Pressure Groups. (Thomas Y. Cromwell company Inc., N.Y.,

19721, pp. 104-125

2.1.3 n juwrih~lonrrr (Private G ~ U W ) n[iuugn$iud~~n&Inu~~i~'uuod bonau duqsAqbonau 1 ~ 3 t h gii7~iiW V I I J ? U ~ ? ~ W A ~ naiu~mn~uw8n6u~~nau~iEn au i i l ud~usn luna f~o~u in i dd~tin+%iiidt:uurfiaq~ q rC~uuuu~u~iuu (Capi-

talism) &~fiuionnr~ji~i~~niw~uniadaznoflniadi q k~muf3r+i I~~dua+odf ioudqm

n1ads:nouFisnisqaA~did 7 nszrlibuii$9'i~nr~na::&u nisdn$ifmfo~~dofnsi

wolds::luaha~nrju4~iEold h iawizaza~~ in(uo i%r(~o~nt ju l o n~u~dalsmou nla unzntju~uiuiisddiu nrjuadidiflun(uw~d~z~:aaduo~~~nau (Individ,uao ZIld

1hvo81 (Public) 6 ~ u n ~ l ~ ~ n t t i u ~ o m 46 ' ~ ~ w ~ z ~ r n d i ~ rh ~ a m w bnddiu amnuQdsmnunis mmuiuiaau na&ann3 r D u l

j ' a4 u 2 I

2.1.4 njuwannuunwu (public Groups) auiu6d nqu inmu n~nisnaz*I~ v o ~ ~ t i n ~ i d u n ~ r ~ ~ ~ : u o ~ u l r ~ i i ~ u u i d n ~ 9 ~ ; d 3 u d i u v o d f ~ l i ? ~ d ~ u ~ ' i ~ n a a u m n " i u

fiu~fnisuo~nrjuw~n~u~Aodazfnwic~oldszlsa&n~n~ lntlnisriulj~fiua!ol% Bnholdonnh~unubuimoJQj n(a1~Kn6uuaiaua"ra n ~ u w ~ 2 i u ~ i a i s wk3 ~ d d 16iUu 2 biuu #a

I . ~~au~iuuocf~ddii~unia@iu~ip1u?fvodn~uw n"ni7u'bunifilodn'u w n d x b a d v c ~ ~ d a n n u ~ u b~d16finl~~~~~i&i~~h~sd~:l~a~~o~n~u~o uol

d.rzb&o~niair W M ~ D W ~ ~ ~ Z ~ I I ~ ~ ~ Q J ~ ? M ' T ? U ' t 8

2. Lilun(dnaad~aurh~u"idvo~r'j +i~innis #iffnis .t$u hianis W R I ~ Q W n ~ i s h ~ a q $j@saqcrouflq8 r u i n u l ~ 6 ~ d i u o ~ ~ a f l u n i s l n w ~ u ~ ~ v o ~ ,

fi bulimrrio k~idunju4u'bu~ dau~iuvoJr2 udi~uhwwz~o~nrjuoziil'unrjud~d iilmuu n ~ u ~ z a i n i ~ d a u r ~ B o n u l u n ~ u ~ o ~ a u i~olf16f~dl~a~~B~ii~:il~ylu

vJau~iufiuuripziinisr0l:uii undszbadruo~R'ausaudi6qiidwnd.r:bad~~~nui%n vo~nojur:(io~uirinu

311.h PUW du~~arnrC1un~ui1nu6u o3ouYJ~ii rla7,lu: ~rhr niannqn public Health) M ~ O U H ~ ~ U

rh n~nrnamraw (Public LOW) fli5

2.1.6 n~uw$nm%niuuadra~nn (&reign Pressure G ~ O U ~ S ) n luw Eln fiuniu u o n k u & nt(uwiTnfiudrnainmuun#+ fiornnnT3du ddmoa:Mmuffdn(uwh~u Lonau mfon(uwEinfiucnmr ~fluElnau::un~n(uw#nnc~udd~~ni.rdiud~~L~~

~ d u nn~C1'1d d ~ ~ n n u m n u a ~ n i d n n ~ d a d n n ~ ~ n ~ n ~ ~ ~ d ~ u n ~ f i i ~ u 6 1 u ~ ~ i u w i ~ n w (public policy) ~ i d d o d MfoSid~um~odfhuqnfin~~uqn)r\iid

n. ndua~in~uiuciid~~.~:Ln~dLflun~ulonw U L L ~ ~ nqu wuinuoddnn w

uad6 n ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ n 1 s ~ o a ' ~ l ~ ~ u w ' 9 ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 u ~ 1 1 ~ b ~ u huf i l (Moral support, 6~l

E ~ Y v ~ u ~ o J o L U ~ ~ ~ U , (Central Intel~igence Agency : C.I.A.) d8n5wndono~l)w~of~uiwdo m~nnl~~i?od'Iud~:Ln~~~u~andwiu ~ f o n ~ ~ n ~ s u n i s n ? i u ~ u n ~ ~ ~ d ~ ' ~ ~ i ~ u o ~ w ~ n ~ w

kL%. (Komitet Grosudarsvennoi Bezopasnosti : K.G.B.-Committee of State Security) $4

~fluo~dn~d2iunuindo~~uinciow33nni~~do~siono~niulun(u~s::~n~~~auicuu

nufidd3::~n~dfilfs'~fl~uilulnndwiu uonnndu~~~~~adnnu)r\i'~~u~z~.iij~::Ln~

(International Public O~anlrations) L ~ U R W U T ~ ~ U I ~ ~ ~ R R ~ ~ ' ? U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z ' I I I ~ B J n l ~ f i ~

3. n~uw%.u..aw~ n~uw6n~uv%/n?uw n d ~ z ' b n a ~ ~ o ~ n a ~ n ~ ~ u d ~ a ~ ~ b b ~ ~ d 7 u ~ 0 ~ b b ~ d ~ ~ n i ~ b b n k i j

dmcintmwuin n~nhnisfieJdnamulwdb n(wgnbiuu?saun% ~ a ; pregrure

~ O U ~ S fifiaa~fim~n~ u B ~ ~ d ~ z l ~ a S ~ ~ d o u f u ~?oh~~u?n?~~f t~~f iua i iu dlnw w

u n ~ l n a o ~ f l ~ u n ~ n i j u 1 i i n c i u u a ~ a u f i ~ n f i o u f i r i u w m n ~ ~ ~ b a ~ ~ ~ ~ Y u~nau (Mass

~artios) d~~u~~n~u~~ad~ad0~~au~~i%nd~.u"i3!a~~~~n7a191s"dy'1.gi7~au~01'i~na5m~~ I I

'"1, w33nuindqa~dinsa 116 d~~~du~8tlallitf~n~uu8ndiuuanau ~w.nr~~qf l i iu~ ~ u ~ ~ n ~ n ~ ~ k ~ ~ l a u ~ ~ ~ ' t b ~ w ' ~ l a f i ~ ~ i ~ l ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ b ~ U ~ d d ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ b ~ l f i ~ do8Ru73n uln#ufi~naiujit~ud~o:6a~~m~1uoiunin\un~u ~ ~ s ~ i u l j ~ 6 u r j ~ a ~ d ~ u " u ~ b ~ ~

o~(lniauvi~u3dau (organization of the m a d Ao n~~nrrdbul%n'i~u?uu~n ummn r~wdndrn~$nou~~~n6l.a"~~unn~fin~~ R M I T V ~ ~ ~ J 7 ~Zlu a ~ f i u i ~ l ~ ~ ~ i u avYPOlifn33un3 046 ~~fi't?ndwnd~zbadn~na asAniaaa4 adAni3~uiaau a d + r n ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ r i i ~ t n n ~ 1 n ~ ~ ~ l d f i u i i ~ n 3 ~ m n ~ w ~ ~ n n ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~

n{uw tSnCiuu~naucriooJAn~~~anau~iia01n~~ua~a10~6~~un~~m~l~~ua~1%n nndxaiauvfa 7 Id kuL~uoinRMw5tbnnun3LLfitwssn$dnu~~1u ~iluunl'n~dn3

(One Party System) 9ndf:~d6~~~adni~ia~dn(uu26aud~bda3nd3t~~~uni~

sqyrauw n~iiadciau\~q'Lflbdiii~diauiion3f u ~udd3tai~u~:(iO~w~n3dtibduwui%n cr t 2 ~ua~dni~uanauciid 7 dmm~nnansuuui o~~nnuanaur~liwiwd~nu~iu~iu~~n:8

nn~~ciufiqpidauldi~uiahz LWBI ~ d o d ~ : ~iu13n1flnis~n~i~bdw~ii3n'1udaddid 7

a iu i~~n~uqu~uiBn~6l in6aw o~dnnua~auua~mmnauyiit4I6b~ri

1

d?udr:rn~n:'iunnlu$rd~lidddr~n~~ ~ d u nrjudrr ~n~nanu6~u~?u drz%iau or~#11d~flunui%n1uo~~~iru~n"d96d~fluo.~6ni~wu7n%o~wrrnnif~fio~d1 q rdu

I. a~w'prf nrrunr i

2. n u ~ ~ u ~ o n n u 3. o~tinifn~ijb-jiufin

r . ntjuwfislirk~lau n ~ ~ n f i u 8 ~ ~ i u ~ ~ o n t j u w ~nfiui~uu rrii (TradMonal prowre goups) h u i u t i ~

& A auliud83iutn~ondi iindmuauou Iu#dnu, ~ d u n ~ u u o ~ f i 3 i ~ n i r y u u i ~ lhv puiu nrj~~o~ofim~irianiryuui~ u i w u n(modY(ohi anqr1ia n ~ u uod~~ql iau andriadddodud nrjuw6n~u6~~GddTm~a~i~~du~fiuaKufiu~3~ FI

nid~fia~uuuf dfiu ~do~ainn~uw~n&u~~L~ud~I~&o~nirda=:lri8nui~n.~1u~uuin

au ~in(mon~ruciaul~ndd~miw ku8nqwndi nnL~onk~ui%nain~ddo~delo ~~oli~iudar~l~'J~uuodn(u$Id~~~n~bliw~dn~inifdauinuin 1

n(uwKnKu&ddu ~~nnrju~ndrtbnd~o~Gu1un5u~n~rsvd 1 s 'Lfii~dauinu

qnra?qqli r i7u lu~lnmd 19 nnrHn?nlrfi 20 I6rtinmnu nntdnd ~ f o n l u m nI3LfiElo (Political Clubs) ldu ~luR7 k r~lldd (Jean Moulin Club) dnudn~fiud 500 FM

~~~fid8n~vlndurXlfiu~u6n~wn(uwKnKuotii~uin ~do~nnnm%nd?u~~~dr: :nou hiu ~ i ~ i ~ n i r 8 u ~ d tlmnr Jn~ainirluu~itlnuiu thMJ~#ofluctdd~nswn

n(uw6n~uuuuk~1~u8~~~iufi~n~uwndrzbadd~1nir1i~onnu~%nlau

o q ~ o ~ n r w u o ~ o l g v l d i i c i ~ ' ~ I nu inu~di l s rnnun i r~~f in~~nr~~f innh n m w ~~hrnounmndqnni~mru du7nua~Ani~qncn~nrru n u ~ f i d n i r n t s h ~ d auinu gnuinw auinuJn~duu auinulnflu d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i a ~ d n m % n ~ f l u d i ~ a u f f o ~ ~ ~ d ~ n ~ w uoJuo~diuunrBnPwn8o~n~iJu~i~ uonnndn(uwiln~ud~~Cu~~~uiuii~o~Anird f i i ~ r ~ i d h n r h r n f l u f l u f wuuwiri~nnd~snii bowmu (Mar ~ornrnunicatton)~

~o~~j f l a f lu rd~ l~r&f lu&u 7 ~ u ~ l u z d ~ i ~ ~ u m ~ ~ u n ~ u w ~ n ~ u

3. ii'i~%u~f f f u (Cultural) 1. ~ 1 ~ 6 i n i f W I J ~ ~ O L I R Q ~ (Families)

2. Q ~6inis ni JQ~IRMI (Churches)

4. 61uni~~do J ( ~ o ~ i t i c a ~ j I. o~CnisQGflt&!~3 (Legislatures)

2. ~~6inisii'iu~PS~is (Executives)

;. n d ~ L ~ i M ~ i d ~ ~ n l ~ n J ? J (Government

Department)

4. nqut~iajidlunu1t lunsu-no J

(Government Agencies) I

1 ~ ~ 4 i f l a ~~i innkdnniuiuh~u~imi~k~~nn (The National Council of French

Employers : C N P ~ d ~ ~ ~ u a ~ ~ n ~ ~ d ~ a u u i u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i v a ~ ' i a n i ~ ~ n d a z n d~znauTi?~ n ~ f l u J numu a ~ ~ l n i . r v a ~ ~ ~ i r d ~ ~ ~ l d a ' a ~ ~ n " u ~ ~ ~ i u a " n w ~ w a d a z l ~ a d v a ~ n ~ u

uan~inElucl~~~nrkdnww"ud~a6iv~ianni~~~az~a6i~iu~au d - l u k n q ~ d a r 6 n ~ ~ u a ~ d ~ a u i u ~ i ~ 0 ~ u ~ n u i ~ ~ ~ d u ~ d a a n ' ~ a ~ ~ ~ i u i a n w

s:uunaanl~i2d Aa 1. nM%hf qfl~lMn33ud;mqw (The Federation of British Induskries)

2. R M ~ W ~ ~ I ? ' ~ I J ~ ~ ? ~ ^ ~ P L L ? ~ ~ I ~ (The National Union of Bussinerr Leaders)

- I~anw'uh1slatus"glui~o~"od d 1. ~VIfluiiUf q.~lllnl3 ~Lfl03$h.& (The Federation of German Industries)

2. nuiw"odbn~niwuiut?~~uaaoJ'u

1.2 e)~Cim~rn~~lnnrn~n~~~

nquwad3z~addo:iiluwIdfiu~d6u#nn~uMd.~~u ~in~~l i~muaiBwn'oz In'un'~dlr7u~~nuluwi~niaLnw~a Ihd aiaui aiqM -aianau cIuii~ilu~Inlun13 flwu1~nawat-a uazai6uwlw'lmwaluni~Ln~3.m~~do~~u~li?~a~1~a:~he~3uciu6iann

huh 7 Id nquuad3:kdvodchuu7u~id~"aanquwadf : ~ n a d ~ u w ~ d ~ ~ n i ~ n a a ~ u . ~flunquw adszhad~~uu~ri i ( A J L R ~ ~ unL5uat AnisuiubiJdhLnn .ICNPF) ~ J L L M I - ~ E

Lilunrjuwad3~~aaduaddiuq3?l^n~~mn1~naau~~dnia~aad~n1a~~u~b~fln~u~ndaz'Fuafi d UaBIU (Mass pressure groups) a~ni$~w R ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D J ~ I I I " ~ I ~ U I Chunl3un3 , fi L ~ W

nrjuwnd.r:baduaaau duiiu n~uwad~:'Fuafivoraiauia~a~a'~uq'bad~p%u~~~~dfiai~~digi~ ~6o~oinlunniu

d3:~w~ nis~nv~ak~~ud~~udiKywi~~eraa~'noa~ ~ d u

lud3: r n ~ d i d m ~ aknnaiaui ai42iln'i~~fla#uluno~"u'Lfiuan"u~ua~4nia qmnivvmu #a ~'iCfju~u~fiua"~uin%d (Vichy government) f a u i n d ~ & i a ~ d n ~ m i w -R

(Farmers' corporation) #¶.b~¶.bg A.R. 1844 ~ & ~ ~ I ~ ? ~ B ~ J I B J I ~ P O ~ ~ L ~ ' ~ ~ Q I S ~ ~ ~ B J ~ ~ I ~ (General J - 7

Confederatlon of Agriculture-GCA) d d d ~ n ~ i n ~ i n l ~ f t i z L ~ r ~ ~ f i ~ ~ n d 7 fin niuirn ,i! ,

d?u~~8o61uqu h f lu nc3nunf mnof ~eio~(inirhiinnii~iaId~do~~in~'ianir~~~1n ., p ~ I n ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 : M ~ i d n ~ u ~ d f l ~ f l ~ B J (nljun~n.rBnuinu~~~fir izd nirq~n n d ~ ? ~ a n r ~~r

260 PS215 ?L

1 h 6'

auun) liundunufnli&lu d~ri2u1M~tflunrju~u3t9iav~1iu (LSIY~J?IP~I~M~~~IU~~

d ~ u ) niauan~~und~iluw ~Ipn"dier~~~'b~u"a~iaaj6niado'bd ~udfnnnka~naf ikndf i

n~%uf~~u~a@Amni~n~a~:nwaf L~dJ~lfl (The National Federation of the Union of

Farm Operators (FNSEA)) q2niirrrdaiA (~h. National center of Young Farmers (NJA))

~wbmqw o~6nnwah:Iuahn~~nw.mnf fl'bduin~waiz~fluda: ~nmqm~it9naf u l a w d

L L ~ ~ ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ W M ~ W I ~ M I L L M ' J " ~ ~ ~ ~ (National Farmer's Union) ~ R U I % ~ 2 U R W (d3: UIN

inera: 90 un~a12uiA~~un) ~ ~ u n i a i ~ u ~ u ~ A ~ w n ~ a : I e r a ~ ~ a ~ a ~ a u i

~u~sof2iua:fuand~~niw"d1aui~~dia1~ (National Farmers Union) da~un

uinlnnlun~tms~iin J I~mawizluAo~uleru~un~~~nwm~~o~f~ u1ndomw1ma'au~h.J

(Common Market)

Z u ~ ~ f p ~ u ~ n i n$uai?Ha12ui do nt$ynnad~c 7 dtds:nouoi%wliin~c d nAnnu (Agrarian) ~~(in~udub~~er~a~ltb~u"uo~mu~~~ $ d ' b ~ f i ( l n l t ~ f ? ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ t 9 ~ ~

din~,#ie?ffu W U I ~ ~ L M ~ I ~ ! ~ L L ~ ' ~uinrilidoer W ~ I R U L ~ ~ ~ J M ~ ~uinu'bibodrfi~ Runu

'biliu u r r : b ~ i ~ u i n u r n ~ n i ~ ~ n w ~ a d i 7 f i ~ fi4~u?u~ui~nua:~n~wauinu1er find

~Au!ausuvi.ra~ti ~?a(~in~adsaiR (National Grange) R U I ~ T W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D L % J ? ~ ~ ~ (American

Farm Bureau Federation) LLW E w M J l 7 ~ ~ 7 2 ~ 7 L b ' V i J"II~?I (National Farmer's Union)

1.8 a~hn l t I ~ J J I U F ~ ~ ~ I U I A

(Salaried workers) ~i)CJ'd~i~iu~~~zfub^~u~flouniuuS~"w nia&ii l L ~ ~ g ~ f i ~ n 1 5 d l J 7

d J i l i u ~ k ~ ~ ~ u i i d i u i q u i n h ~ ~ a z i u i n n i i n u n a u n n ~ i u u n n r i i ~ s ~ ~ i i ~ 2 n ~ u d

. h m ~ f $ o ~ u 5 n i n ~ u n a s u n a r f ~ ~ u u ~ d o ~ ~ i n w ~ v o ~ n ~ a w " ~ u ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ u a z d b w qmmMnsau au i t r~c ig n.v. ,870 n ~ u n a a u n a v o J o ~ ~ ~ f i u ~ a ~ n o u ~ ~ u ~ n ~ i J V ; ~ n a ~

i inouunu~~a.r~~iudl~fudinou~~nuui,n~un f i ~ i i n ~ a u n a d o ~ $ ~ n ~ ~ ~ u ' b u w ~ a ' ~ n~u3rn A ~ $ $ L L ~ J J I ~ L L ~ Q ~ ~ Q ~ B J S W f$~nuQuu n'aukr$~ilww~n\dfln~ilIu8~ S'ba q

o~dnnnssuniadlifiguo~o~u3niAo ~ M f h 4 f LciJJi~oLuffiu (American Federation

of Labour : AFL)

B H f l l M l l l 4 4 1 ~

nHmwuaJJiu (Trade Union) M U I U ~ J ~ u i n m o ~ ~ + ~ ~ a ~ ~ i u d . ( i i ~ f a " i ~ o e i i ~

a m c t~oo t i i~c in tdo~ b u ~ ~ n ~ d s z ~ ~ ~ d o n i s f n u i n i a d f u d ? ~ n m w n i a f i 7 ~ i u d ~ R M n i ~ b 3 ~ ~ u ~ n d 3 ~ L b l n q f ~oSfifiU'~iu M%w?n Labour $ W ~ U I I I ~ J CJ'~JIIJIULAE) niall~Bw gnii f iJ~nuynnaQwu~:~di~~fi7Lfiu~i)n~a~aumuLoJ

nu~iua1ud~n8u1u~u~~uiynfuafl~1ai"dfl~~auaiu ' \hof u i u h "Labour

~ u i u f t ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ i u nnnaaunr'

7 w o w i y n ~ u ~ w ~ f i ~ ~ 3 n n i b;tnqu-'hb a~~tisffru4nuun~u t7~flufiu3$nj~~io~ds0ni'1fiufi - , . r

n l ~ t n w v 2524 HGI 201 $ c ' , * x

rouQuCu~utf~nu ndi3L~awitug? uz~nub~urJa.Juyn~iudifiyod1~

crd~lunnu~nnau$iiud~ud~~fiuifa~erdi~~dnoeii~.~d dtatumat#sfi'k

~Aot f~nuf in is~aui~& nu n~iinis t~nrni~~ani.rfiozfiunuinuiniiu IU~lUzbfiuifo~o~lunlTa~n

(2) d ~ r ~ i n ~ u o ~ d ~ r ~ ~ ~ d ~ u e i ' ~ i ~ i ~ ~ d o ~ ~ ~ ~ e t ~ ~ i f ~ n u ~ o ~ o ~ 1 d i d ~ ' 1 , d n15

rh ~iui;~i;osauSi~nif1.%w~diunid~idniu1ba~n~8~~i1unna~sr odi JI~ fig I u m ~ d a ~ ~ u s ~~iui inot~uierd~ n ~ ~ ~ n f i n d d ~ m ~ ( i ~ o ~ c i ' n i ~ l . % w CJJIU

m ~ i i ~ n ~ u l u n i ~ n ' i ~ ~ w ~ ~ o i i ~ ~ u ~ n ' ~ ~ i u C I l . a " ~ ~ u ~ a i ~ ~ ~ i u i a n l u n ~ ~

IY~J~~I~~I%I~IU~~S~I~LW^LRM ~ J L ~ u w R U ~ J ~ I ~ A " ~ W I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E ) U ~ U G r Y I I

d n ~ ~ ~ ~ ? ~ i ~ d n a i u ~ u i e r o d i ~ b ~ e r ~ n " u d i ~ i Lb3 ~ J i ~ ~ f i ~ d i f I l J (Wage labour)

d ~ ~ u i ~ b ~ n 1 . i j i i n ~ ' b a r f i ~ n n ~ 8 ~ ~ 1 n e i 1 ~ i ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ i ~ I G n 1 u d d ~ ~ ~ u J i ~ I d

L L T J J ~ U L ~ L ! J E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A 3 d3tLllYl 80 dd d I. LLT JJIUU~UEI - Skilled Labour A d d

2. ll3 JJIU~ J ~ O J E I - Semi-skilled Labour

3, L l 3 J J l U ~ d ~ f l ~ - Unskilled Labour

dx.d.rmouuo~~crniw~~3 ~ ~ i u t u b ~ d ~ ~ d i ~ ~ u 4 d ~ r ~ n n b i q 808

4 G a. nnniwlnddiurru~n k ~ u u ~ i u ~ n ~ m r : ~ o ~ u i i a i (House Union

nia Colnpany Union) I & L L ~ ~ H ~ W L L T J J I U ~ ~ ~ k ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' i o n i ~ ~ c ~ ~ 1 u ~ i ~ ~ ~ c ~ 5 r ? ~ n

~d~utlml~~1as~awi::1d4~uitlti~~5c'i~ni~fiu 1 s z d ~ r n o u q ~ a ~ ~ n n u ~ f ' I s o d ~ ~ ~ ( i t l ~ f l ~ ~ 5 o ~ f i m u l u u i ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ . n i w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i u ~ ~ ~ 1 u ~ f i ~ n ~ a ~ # i c ~ l u ~ ~ z ~ n n t i i s ~ ~ l r u

nHfiiwrrTddiuqnrinnTTu ~wnzdBnaw~~n~~Atl~n"ue~uin nh?Ao hauiilnrm~

~ ~ m w u ~ ~ s i u l a ~ 1 l i n ~ ~ w 1 t ~ ~ ~ y f ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 t l t i ~ ~ 6 t l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e j a f i n ~ i t l ~ ~ u HOW Unim

1 u d 0 i s o u k ~ T ? u ~ o i n u ~ i ~ ~ u q 9 1 ~ 1 ~ n ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ t l ~ ~ u t tn~nnu iah~de~nuu?$n

&rn~7ue~lua~niw~Sitl7fu~~is? finniurflu~~rnwu.rJ~iu~nri~n~~uld~di~d

rUu6u

c rmrnnmddiw~~~omniw~nddfw~~~d (Gmad Union) Q u ~ ~ r n w u ~ JJIU

f / k ~ d u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ q n h d d ~ d c i % ~ f l ~ a u ~ % n ~ ~ ~ a ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ : : ~ n n ~ a 7 ~ULLUU 1, 2, 3

fi~Biul5 ~ddnn~ihgruaul l f tu~daui%n 1n~rfluq~61~iiftn~drz~~uauiiln16

W h o : : r f l u r ~ n t i ~ ~ ~ G o ~ r ( i ~ l d f i n ~ ~ ~dhs::~~u~niJuuw~ndiu~ioc~udiu~#~~~dfi~&

un~ld4io~r0u~n~1~~o~~1tlCFi~~al~q~a1)r\n~~ud~~~nnlafil& rdu ' aarnwumdiu

nu~iu~tn'~unenu~iu~~ldluo'~nt~~ a ~ m w LLTJ ~ i u ~ ~ l d u c ~ d S : ~ ~ ~ ~ a (ccn ~Ouliu

2.1 nijuwn J~sTurdmnianm i

nsju~ndrrbladunmt ~u iu f i t nissaun~uuo~~onau mnbonau lriduafiu

nistBu)i?unuuod+jln~ n(uw ~ds::baddnio~~~~~i~nis~ilunr/uw & n ~ u h f i o ~ d

~of lgndsznt6n in~un isdu~ I iu~ i tn isb i jod~aut~w7r ar r t ru iu~tn juw8n~u

uitn'au ~uiufimsflul3~lium~nis~Got6uliId~i]i~uiein1nu0~n~u

2.1.1 ~ ~ ~ u R ~ ~ z ~ v M " ~ ~ J ~ R I / v N u ~ u ~ ~ wxn7rl~"od i 0un~ud~n~ f l ~4u1au d u~nrjmuiunitnisr~ot~~wi::ir"o~ rdu idnnn$iuniswsm nisflwui n n U an::

nisnrnuni?ail?infin+ s a u i ~ n m m 3 d r A o n i s n n o i ~ ~ ~ u a " i u ~ ~ a t d $ i a u ~5n9:~ilu

n~u~iluo~6nisidonlsifo~iiu1u~niwuo~1nn 1Annlssinri7u~n~i4oai~~uu bdo~ilu

nisriun~ot'o~loiGu~~mufiu ~ ~ o i d n n i s ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ t n i ~ ~ n ~ w s nisshiQunisuotnsjufi

~iluldlugnatuzddufltfiuf~ uia b u ~ s ~ ~ f o k r i ? ~ n i ~ ~ o r w ~ i n ~ u ~ ~ o ido~f l6u-1

dtut iu~iau aiutiuui~ndi~uo~nsjufii~ou~utn'uwaannni~o udnriu~$not6nis d d ' ui~1ii t f id~~6unulmu~aa: n j~n~oo t6n isd~nnd ian~no

n. uuaunls~nnmwd.s$sd ( ~ u r o ~ e a n Unity movement) \6fiin/lnlSwuuKj d . * ~ ~ a ~ i c s u n ~ n ~ u ~ u ~ i ~ u u o ~ ~ , ' b ~ d ? L ~ d ~ ~ n ~ u n a ~ u b ~ u ' d ~ a g ~ ~ d mb~u iao in~ i 20 fl

~~u~snnf i~~n lwaLun i~~oudof~u ine i i t 7 'luqhd ~da~Goddau lun is~w~t6

"In~Jtiinfiu4 msnnis~bat nuiBn(puiann::fla~Cif~uin u. uuaun/lnlS4o&iilom7arunfiq ~~i~uiufi%ionrrdo6iunraf~iiluow^a i i f i~u i0

dorfliniunnfd~fiua~? n~dnisddfin8w n u m n ~ a ~ ~ ~ o ~ 8 1 ^ s n i d ~ ~ d a a ~ ~ ~ o 1 u n 1 ~ ~ o $

uo~Qlns ~ d o ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ t n a i ~ b a u o ~ ~ n ' ~ u ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ u i a n ' u n u ~ a u i a

2.1.2 n4ufliyly7~1 ~ e i ~ G u ~ ~ i u f i ~ n ~ & n I l a w ~ JnSainn@fi~bu?naiu?n

lunqsd8Vi d~a:J lnnn'auuin~~un~unuinu~n~w ~n"l$i~4i1d~t1daaflunia~~oj

u i n h n i u ~ f i n ~ n s i u ~ ~ n n ~ t d 2 bui$iWiauo~lualunsnia~dot idu Political

C I U ~ ku~:innCtidbn~bilua~umddaznoudwn~~ian7a q ~ a m m n s f i u ~ i 5 n n ~

gn~J~(Fof iu4 JnnffnwiliianB ladszatbn~n{b no af7~8n9wndouAu~iau

W I & 1 n

u ~ n a i n d n ( u f l ~ T n J r y i ~ u ~ d ~ a n ~ ~ d ~ u ~ u ~ a b ~ a W M ~ U ~ W U U (League for the Rights of

Man)

2.1.3 nwwnnndwdn bihm(uwntla:~gfid~1&~fi~~~naamau6~~ua

uarnqubAnniadu~dfluw~~nia~da~ ~ i ~ ~ i ~ l 5 ~ ~ i u M f ~ ~ d 6 ~ ~ W ~ b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 d ~ ~ d ~ 1 ~ a d

Ioninbviibu auirrun~iadiu~7nuInum:b~u~~6n1~~a~~u~~da:'bu'11fi ~bn:bflu

a~Amauridqnunianllunni6urfls~fiu ~ws i :a~ id~ i~n f f i l f lo~~uwndat 'ba~dvo~

n~iaciiu6n ~fiidaadfiffn W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n i ~ b f i ~ d d 1 ~ 2 1 ? 1 ~ f ~ 2 1 ? 1 ~ ~ ~ u i n u n ~ i a

~1~R"ndunuini1fl~dn'a1gn"i'i~1~^adi~~~~ (Fascism) ~UIU~RI# LLR:IU.IUL~M~~~G u d U

~uda:~nRkd~Raa:w~( n.R. 1950 - 1959 ninnunmciiuln6u'baQ~%a bbn:onsna

bilu~lnnud~aua~uwaannia~fladfliavai~a lunwfjobfimbbn:~~nqwfi$rauinu a d *

~ M l ~ d l ~ R n ~ b d ~ W ? n ~ ~ f ~ ~ f i ~ ~ ~ ? l ~ ~ The American Region LLI: The Brithish

Region

2.1.1 VU?Ufl77487?5Y?J L U U W U I ~ U V O J $ ~ ~ ~ Z U ~ U L U I ~ l 6 l b d W ~ l ~ ~ $ ? l b h ~ u i ~ u f j f t a ~ n 6 n w i d u n u ~ n l y ~ ~ i u 6 ~ u A ~ u K n w ~ : ~ o ~ n ~ a d u Y " ~ ~ u n i ~ ~ a ~ i j ~ ~

dnufl' W.R. 1939 ~u?umabu~~%ul?n~:~oub~ud~~n:~~u~~u~aann~asdodd~~v?i

ud~.lkfl n.R. 1845 ~u?~ma~u1~11u~n~:nKu~~'bd~o%u~~y~~aann1a~do~d1a(n"iu

~ufl~~Y"unia&c~uinu~foo.~6niaCn6nwifin~:~~uld~u~ninawuo~n~u~f%u~~~

badnmtniabdo~ bdu r iu~mwthdnwiuiml dinu~i~fodiu.Bia~uq'bad

2.1.5 a ~ 6 f l 7 l a m ? 1 l ~ l a ludf ebn~d%!'db~~ od~nia~a$~n:od6nia I - a" nrou&?fiv n'?u1li~bnauurdn~.a"d1wfy21nia8~ %W ~ D J R I W M I ~ ~ (Qniurrinb An)

bbnr~~uniadu~d3jhu~u~~~1~a r$u ~~niwarn"abho~ianiai3'dmu l&$i!dfld?ui?u

\uni~nia~iio~'baaf?~~un7aaru.r~d~ir1~s~dnn&~'bauaa~ ~~n:nctunyuwnnni.rbfioc

dinoyfnJQau n'?urnmwn&d~dbnn (Union of French Women) ~~:Lb~?i?~bbdf i i l~

~ufi~ma~oonfi~nia~~o%u~~uwaandiu.B~u fiownnnsuyfiad unnoinnuinuna+d

~ J ~ ~ ~ ? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D ~ ~ ~ ~ R ~ J ~ W ~ I I ~ U W ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ & I ~ J M U I U I M W I J $ J l6bd nuinuudmu

oioicrrim n u i n u d o n i a f i ~ l ~ u a u u n ~ amnuda(iiuqai ~ U u h

2.1.6 flt~qfl~n7ldii~ed7m7 ~ u i ~ f i d n ~ ~ d d n ? i u ~ a ~ u i%qaunia&

~ i o ~ \ ~ d o ~ ~ d ~ ~ a ~ i : ~ ~ o ~ i l u o ~ ~ n i a d o ~ ~ u n ~ ~ u n ~ u ~ u ~ ~ ~ n v a ~ d ~ a ~ ~ WUI idu ,

mgfulfigffilw-kd~~~ od6mklhiy u l c d 8 n ~ w n n n ~ r n a ~ 1 ~ 7 f ~ ~ n ~ t n z ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ (Assembly of Cardinals and Archbishops) ~ 1 ~ ~ u ~ ~ 6 n i ~ d ~ u w ~ i a i a d d i 1 t ~ u n 1 ~ ~ ~ n u

t r n 2 w3znownbnnuu r d u ~ u i n u n o n s w l u h ~ t 5 s u au~nuau18nf~annAo

~tr5mwIunnlnai n)r(Guin~ uuafiuq $ufiuinnniinwi nrju~vdidddszbad

~u~iutm~nuiu inn1i~u61uni~ l iu~~6un~n~io~

2.2 n~wmlr~luniuniru

ni~rio%tn~uund.rcba~lwlmaar~~annlb8n~wnliu~~~~u~~uinfiu .

~ n ~ a i n n ~ u v d c ~ d o i i n (uwnd~z~undrbna~r~ l1~ue i 'w1~1~~~uD~$iu~e i i~~1~~3~

rd.T]~ ri?uAiuufni3ainn az ~~d~lddo:~5sniinrju~6i)r(~"iduo~f~~4onrjuwn-

~~~zbdu)r ( iau ~rnrmadoznstriinnbu~'~fiy~g11in16 lu~dodiuuinrmanrur

~ i i~ i lu tb iv~ idun~~LoJ adod i~~s f lm iu~o iDu~ idn i fb~o~q~~ndfu f nma11~du3fiu

ni.rir~6ulo~wmdnmdo~flo ffanir~nrfguinaiui~nd~znndufl~6u~in~~au~iu I"

ui~vGauuoJf~ro~ ) r ( G a u n u n i a l ~ J a ~ ~ ~ i u d i u ~ n d ~ u ~ ~ t ~ J a u ~ i u d i u . " I

nvif

2.2.1 av6n7sd7flw~lku 4upuv"nifp/wa"nfi% n. nd~uciuuocig biluadau~iud~riin~bilnu~ni3dszaiaurqu

a d u ~ i u d i i r f l u ~ ~ n l ~ i i ~ ~ u d o r ~ o ~ u ' a u a i ~ b j l % ~ d a u ~ i u ? l J n 1 ~ 8 a ~ ~

dnnro~auro~ u n r l r i b o i i w a d 3 z b a d u o ~ n i u ~ 1 z s 3 1 6 ~ u i n ~ o d ~ R I ~ I ~ W ~rcindi~l3iimiu n~uui~n~u~kn~naiu~ilun(uwdn~uo~ rdu f25mv'lo

duirn3nuri?d.rrin ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ I w n ~ ~ ~ n ~ u ~ o u o ~ ~ u ~ o ~ ~ i l u o e i ~ ~ u ~ n usrii iua~hd

qiniurmdu~'~fiy%~lu6n~w~~oan"u~ud~ $nronm~)r(d q 1Jjj93301 ~du ni3lvlQi

nisrnlvl nnnirio n i ~ d 3 A i ni~uuri~uanau ~flu6u

1u~n3n~6uuo3l 3zaildfl n.rr. i 87, i i d 1914 afirlud?azu:alanzufgl,u7f (Weirnar Republic - n.QT. 1914 - 1933) ~ z u = : u i ~ n ~ ~ . r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w u ~ ~ w f i d u n u ~ n ~ t i ~ d u ~ n

h u h d~o%d.r : :n iu i~yf fn~~g 6n u ~ s w ~ ~ m . a u ~ a ~ f (D. Eisenhower) ~ f s n i i

f l ? l U n ' u f l ~ f 8;?~u$nU nMi3-qRRiMn33.rJu (military-industrial cample J dJ'UO~lfl(10::