VertebraeVertebrae body (cbody (corpusorpus) )

extremitas cran. (convex) & caud. extremitas cran. (convex) & caud. (concave) discus intervertebralis, NO (concave) discus intervertebralis, NO synovial joints !synovial joints !

arch (arch (arcusarcus): 2x pediculus + lamina): 2x pediculus + lamina DORSAL! – orientationDORSAL! – orientation incisura cran. + caud. incisura cran. + caud. foramen foramen

intervertebraleintervertebrale

(for. vertebrale laterale)(for. vertebrale laterale) processes (processes (processusprocessus))

proc. spinosus, transversus, articularisproc. spinosus, transversus, articularis proc. mamillaris (+cran. artic.), accessoriusproc. mamillaris (+cran. artic.), accessorius

cervical vertebraecervical vertebrae

mobility mobility

body very convex + concavebody very convex + concave

articular surfaces very largearticular surfaces very large

- proc. transv. - proc. transv. tuberculum dors. + tuberculum dors. + ventr.ventr.

- for. transversarium? (cervical only)- for. transversarium? (cervical only)

cervical vertebrae, C1cervical vertebrae, C1

C1 – atlas, nodding movementC1 – atlas, nodding movement body body massa lat.massa lat., proc. transv. , proc. transv. wing ( wing (ala ala

atlantisatlantis), no proc. articularis, proc. spinosus ), no proc. articularis, proc. spinosus tuberculumtuberculum

cran.: deep excavation for condylus occipitaliscran.: deep excavation for condylus occipitalis ventral: excavation: fossa alarisventral: excavation: fossa alaris foramina (foramina (interspec. diff.interspec. diff.))

for. alare for. alare fossa alaris fossa alaris

for. vertebrale lat. (MED!) for. vertebrale lat. (MED!) canalis vertebralis canalis vertebralis

for. transversarium for. transversarium perforates proc. transv. perforates proc. transv.

cervical vertebraecervical vertebrae

C2 – axis, rotatory movementC2 – axis, rotatory movement cran. projection: cran. projection: dens axis dens axis

interspec. diff.interspec. diff.: shape of dens: shape of dens

fac. articul. cran.fac. articul. cran.

proc. spinosusproc. spinosus

C6 – tuberculum ventr.C6 – tuberculum ventr. lamina ventralis lamina ventralis C7 – caud: attachment of 1C7 – caud: attachment of 1stst rib, NO for. rib, NO for.

transv.transv.

thoracic vertebraethoracic vertebrae

attachment of ribs (small proc. transv.)attachment of ribs (small proc. transv.)

- on body: fovea costalis cran. + caud. - on body: fovea costalis cran. + caud.

head of ribhead of rib

- on proc. transv.: fovea costalis proc. - on proc. transv.: fovea costalis proc. transv.transv.

tubercle of ribtubercle of rib

high proc. spinosushigh proc. spinosus

lumbar vertebrae: large proc. transversuslumbar vertebrae: large proc. transversus interspec. diff.interspec. diff.: direction of proc. transv.: direction of proc. transv.

proc. spinosus: ratio (high)proc. spinosus: ratio (high)

sacral vertebrae: fused to form the sacrumsacral vertebrae: fused to form the sacrum

proc. transv. proc. transv. ala ossis sacri ala ossis sacri

(facies auricularis – hip bone)(facies auricularis – hip bone) interspec. diff.interspec. diff.: position of wing, shape of bone, : position of wing, shape of bone,

direction of auricular surface, direction of auricular surface,

fusion of procc. spinosi + fusion of procc. spinosi + articul.articul.

caudal vertebrae: reduction of processescaudal vertebrae: reduction of processes

ribs prox.: ribs prox.: - head (head (caputcaput) ) body of vertebrae body of vertebrae- neck (neck (collumcollum))- tubercle (tubercle (tuberculumtuberculum) ) proc. proc.

transversustransversus

directed caudally! directed caudally! R/L? R/L?- sulcus muscularis (craniolat.: expand sulcus muscularis (craniolat.: expand

thorax thorax during during respiration)respiration)

- sulcus costae (vessels + nerv: sulcus costae (vessels + nerv: caudomed., caudomed., protected) protected)

sternumsternum- cran.: manubriumcran.: manubrium- body (body (corpuscorpus))- caud.: proc. xiphoideuscaud.: proc. xiphoideus

interspec. diff.interspec. diff.: shape : shape

(Eq: crista ventralis (Eq: crista ventralis sterni) sterni)