ACADEMIA DE ~TIINTE A REPUBLICII MOLDOVA Institutul de Arheologie

VESTIGII ARHEOLOGICE DIN MOLDOVA.

ARCHEOLOGICAL ANTIQUITIES OF MOLDOVA

"Tipografia Academiei de ~tiinte RM" Chi~iniiu 1997

czu 903 (478.9) (082) = 590 = 82 V-51 . .

ln culegerea, realizata de colaboratorii InstitutuIUi de Arheologie a A.~. a R.M. sunt reprezentate studii ~i materiale arheologice, referitoare la diferite perioade din arheologia spatiului dintre Nistru ~i Prut ~i a rejiuriilor limitrofe. Sunt prezente arti):Ole, referitor la paleolitic, mezolitic, i:ieolitic, eneolitic, epoca bronzului ~i cea timpurie a fierului, antichitate ~i evul mediu timpuriu ~i iardiv. Volumul prezinta interes pentru arheologi, paleontcilogi, istoricieni, precum ~i pentru toti cei pasionati de arheologia ~i istoria veche a Moldovei.

M--88 ISBN 9975-62-015-9

Institutul de arheologie a Academiei de ~tiinte a Republicii Moldova, 1997

Autorilor le revine responsabilitatea de redactie ~i cea ~tiintifica a lucrarilor publicate

V sevolod I. Marchevici (1917- 1997) .

In memoria arheologului Vsevolod Marclzevici

Colectiv~I ~e redactie: Valentin Dergaciov - respons~bil,

ll~e Borziac _ adjunct, Victor Sorokin, Larisa Ciobanu.

Recenzenp oficiali: doctorii in istorie

Nicolae Chetraru, Ion Tentiuc

I. Borziac

UNELE CONSIDERA Jll CU PRIVIRElA EVOLUJIA P ALEOLITICULUI SUPERIOR TIMPURIU iN SPAJIUL DINTRE CARPAJI ~I NISTRU

Du pa opinia noastra, in spatiul dintre Carpatii Orientali si Nistru, pana in prezent, au fost depistate ~i , p~rtial studiate p~ste 20 stati~ni ~i puncte cu materiale, care, intr-un mod s-au altul documenteaza fazele timpurii de dezvoltare a palf!oliticului superior. insa, printre ele doar 9 statiuni au furnizat materiale, care pe depjin pot fi utilizate in studiul acestei perioade.

Pana in prezent, in spatiul amintit au fost definite 3 tipuri de industrii. Primul tip include industriile de tranzitie de la musterian la paleoliticul superior ~i, care cu probabilitate mai mare sau ipotetic; au fost atribuite culturii Branzen11 in cadr'ul acestei culturi, in prezent, cu m

tranzitie de la musterian la paleoliticul superior". Procesul de tranzitie este static ~~nu ~~te i~ca clara modalitatea reala de trecere, influentele ~i si1-r{biozele mu!~ trple fund lasate in umbra evolutiei locale a industriilor

In prezent consideram, ca i~ cadrul culturii Branz~ni, nivelul inferior din grota. ~ponima esle tn:ai timputiu, cu toate ca datele exacte inca nu ne dau pos1b1htatea de a. afirma cu .certitudine acest lucru5 Insa, gratie prezentei in mventar la acest mvel de locmre, a multiplelor forme tipice musteriene dovedesc aceasta presupunere.

Statiunile Bobule~ti VI ~i Scoc sunt mai tardi\re, in inveritarul 'lor' stint mai pronuntate elementele musteriene, doar in ceea ce priveste racloarele si unele varfuri elementele aurignaciene predomina. " ' ' . Cronologia acestei culturi este incii nedefinita. Arhaismul vadit al mventarului nivelului inferior de locuite a] grotei Branzeni nu este deocamdata indreptatit de datele exacte capatate,-care variaza intre 14700 ~i J2000 mii ani'. Ult1ma datare este mai reala6 Majoritatea datelor au fost capatate ]a Oxford pe baza mostrelor osteologice, ~i ele la momentul actual inca nu permit clar de a inc\ldi'a i1: timp aceasta iJtdustrie, care prin arhaismul ei este mai aproa'.pe de cele must.enene, de~at de cele ~in paleoliticul superior. Nu este exclus faptul, ca oasele, fund depoz1tate in grota intr-un mediu extrem de carbonizat nb dau

. posibiJitate de a capata date reale. ' Statiunea Climauti I, nivelul careia de locuire a fost depistat in 1989 sub un

strat de sol fosi'l (posibil ~tilfried B), datat cu varsta de peste 24 mii ani BP7 poat.e fi datata cu vatsta de 27-28 mii ani A. Chr. Inventarul statiunii este d~

traditi~ aurignaciana, insa cub cafacteristici specifice, c~re se trag de la faciesu! n:uster~an. St~n~a8 . In c?nsecutivi.tatea dezvoJtarii grupuJ Stinca I, niv. supe-nor, ~hmaut1 I ~1.ZelenyJ Hu tor I ~1 II pare a fib cultura specifica din paleoliticul superior de ye N1stru, ins a nu avem nici date exacte ~i nici suprafete mai mari cercetate, ~I la etapa actuaJa de studiu nu este inca clara nici varsta reala a statiunilor, nici determinarea culturala mai adecvata

' Materialele stapunii Gordine~ti9 , preliminar 0au fost determinate 'ca apartin~nd unui tacies specific al paleoliticului 'superior din zona dintre Nistru ~1 Prut. Acum, odata cu publicarea integra a materialeJor statiunii pluristratigrafice Ripiceni-Izvor 10, este necesar de mentionat ca statiunea Gordine~ti , statiunile nivelelor 1a, '1 b, 2a de la Ripiceni-I~vor ~ot fi at;ibuite culturii Prut 11 . Posibil, la aceasta cultura adera si materiaJele al tor 2 statiuni ~ Corpaci-niv. inferior ~i nivelul 2b a ktatit'.mii Rip!ceni-Izvor la care ~e vom referi in' continuare. Oricum, structura inventarului statiunil'or amintite este

similara~ i q.~ diferentele prbcentuale dintre diferite grupe de unelte poate fi e:pbc~ta pnn ~aptul" ca la ele au fost studiate suprafete diferite sau prin faptul ca au fost stuclrnte d!fente zone functionale ale statiunilor. Din punct de V:edere cr?n0Jog1c, ~entru acest facies ~>ri cultura dispunem de o singura dat\lre exacta (mv. 1 b, R1p1cem-lzvor-BIN-809-28 420400 BP), capatata pe baz~ unei mostre de carbune de Jemn ~i cenu~a , colectata de pe o vatra. de foe, situata intre nivelele 1 b ~i 2a (?) 12 . '

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Daca aceasta data este corecta, atunci putem presupune, ca aceasta cultura a evoluat intre 28-25 mii ani A. Chr. Posibil, la aceasta cultura pot fi atribuite si materialele nivelului inferior al statiunii Corpaci ~i al nivelului 2b al sta\iunii Ripiceni-Izvor. In inventarul acestor statiuni, paralel cu racloarele, .diversele forme bifaciale, unele tipuri aurignaciene de unelte (mai frecvente gratoarele de forme inalte si lamele retusate semiabrupt, precum si unele burine), sunt prezente si unele forrn'e gravettien~, printre care lamele a do~ ~i unele segmente de cerc cu ;etuse abrupte (4 in nivelul 2b de la Ripiceni-Izvor ~i 22 in nivelul inferior a statiunii Corpaci)13 . In nivelul inferior de laCorpaci piesele bifacialk sunt de pr;portii mai mari, mai numeroase fiind piesele gravettiene, p~ c~~d niv~lul 2? de la Ripiceni-Izvor are mai multe tanjente cu inventarul statrnnu Gordme~tl. La ambele au fost depistate varfuri bifaciale de fo.rme triunghiulare cu baza concava .. Nu este ex cl us, ca nivelul de locuire de la Corpaci sa fie mai tar div in cadrul acestei culturi. Despre aceasta ne convinge ~i datarea exacta a acestui nivel de locuire - 25 250300 BP (GrN-9'.758). Nu este exclus, ca aceasta cultura cu numeroase forme bifaciale sa constituie o derivata a musterianului cu f orme bifaciale postmichochian, intalnita in mai multe nivelmi de locuire de la Ripiceni-Izvor 14 Una din principale!e inovatii tehnologice in cadrul. ace~tei culturiieste utilizarea segmentelor de cerc ca elemente ,ale uneltelor compoz1te, elemente care au rasp an dire ~i in alte colturi ale Europei- Italia ( cultura Ulutto ), Franta (cultura Perigord), Moravia (cultma Pavlov}, etc. Aparitia u?or astfel de piese in coritextul paleoliticului superior timpuriu in valea Prutulm vorbe~te despre unele legitati comune in dezvoltarea paleoliticului superior din Eurnpa. lnsa noi suntem cleparte de a reanima ideia stadializmului, mentionand ca in aceasta idee .. ori conceptie au fost ~i ram.an v~abile unele momente pozitive.

Toate cele spuse ne permit sa afirmam, ca cultura ori faciesul Prut al Pa:leoliticului superior are origine locala, are radacini in musterianul tar\fiv. Doar unele influente neansemnate ea le-a suportat din partea aurignacianului, care a patruns ante~ior15 in zona dins pre sud-vest ~i vest16 Nu putem sa fim de acord cu A. Paunescu, care atribuie nivelurile 1 a, b ~i 2a, b, a statiunii Ripiceni-Izvor aurignacianului. Elementele aurignaciene din, aceste complexe variaza doar intre 3 30 si 6,50%, pe cind elemehtele locale (bifacialele, denticulatele, piesele a coche)'.su~t.mult mai numeroase ~i mai reprezentative. Aceste consideratii n11 permit sa determinam ~i mai lesne cultura Prut.

Dacii ramane sa identificam aurigna

,,.

piesele de tip burin diedru. Nivelul de locuire este plasat intr-un sol fosil, apreciat de 0. Adamenco ca eel de tip Dofinovca (~tilfried B) 19 Judecind dupa pozitia geologica, varsta acestei statiuni este, nu mai tarzie decat varsta superioara a acestui sol fosil (24-25 mii A. Ch.) Pe terasa de la Corpaci, acest sol fosil a fost datat prin intermediul nivelului inferior de la statiunea Corpaci, mentionata, mai sus. Dupa opil1ia noastra, aceasta statiune reprezinta al doilea val de patrundere a aurignacianului in zona dintre Prut ~i Nistru, primul fiind documentat de catre materialele nivelelor inferioare a statiunii Mitoc-Malul Galben. La prima etapa de dezvoltare a aurignacianului Inca nu erau prezente foi;m'ele

1bifaciale. Posibil, ca la prima etapa aurignacianul a venit dins pre sud-

vest (Baco-Chiro?), la etapa a dol!ia - dinspre vest. Despre aceasta ne marturise~te similitudinea materialelor de la Corpaci-Mis cu cele ale aurignacianului din Moravia. Este destul de dificila problema explicarii prezentei

~i la Mitoc-Malul Galben, ~i la Corpaci-Mis a varfurilor de tip MladeC'. Posibil , ca inca la etapa initiala de patrundere a comunitatilor aurignaciene in Europa de Sud-Est, astfel de varfuri erau de acum in arsenalul lor. Varful de la Mitoc-Malul :Galben este, judecand dupa forma ~i prelucrarea lui, mai archaic, pe oand cele de la Corpaci-Mis sunt mai ,perfecte ~i corespund celor din Europa Gentrala. Evident, statiunea de la Corpaci-Mis este mai tarzie, decat cea de la Mitoc-Malul Galben.

Tot in linia aurignaciana de evolutie se inscriu si doua nivele de locuire a , , statiunii Climauti II. Nivelul inferior de locuire este plasat nemijlocit de-asupra solului fosil Dofinovca21 . Nivelul de locuire este datat cu varsta de peste 24 rnii ani A. Ch. Nivelul superior de locuire, mult mai bogat ~i mai reprezentativ este plasat in lesul de-a:supra nivelului de sol fosil ~i este datat cwvar.sta de 20 350230 (LU-2481). In nivelu1 superior de locuire a fost depistata .o locuinta, la constructia careia au fost pe larg utilizate oasele mari de mamut22 . Aceasta locuinta pare a fi cea mai timpurie ~i cea mai de sud din ~irul descoperirilor de acest jen din Europa de Est~Mejirici, Dobranicevca, Mezin, etc.23 Inventarul litic nu contine forme bifaciale ~i , practic in el lipsesc piesele gravetiene tipice. Au fost depistate cateva fragmente de varfuri din filde~, insa ele, probabil, nu apartineau pieselor de tip Mladee. lnventarul este aurignacian. Posibil, aceasta

statiune reprezinta unul din cele mai tardive faciesuri ale aufignacianului ,din Europa de Sud-Est. Avand in vedere prezenta locuintei din oase de mamut in nivelul superior al acestei statiuni, se poate admite ipoteza, ca acest nivel de locuire reprezinta una din fazele timpurii ai gravetianului, reprezentat in

continuare la statiunile susnumite. 'Gravetianul timpuriu din zona dintre Carpati ~i Nistru este reprezentat de

un ~ir de statiuni, printre care mai reprezentative ~i mai bine studiate sunt nivelurile de locuire 10-'-'-7 de la statirunea Molodova V (care au vars ta intre 28

~i 23 mii ani A. Ch.) ~i statiunea Ciutule~ti.24 Formele bifaciale in contextul gravetianului timpuriu sunt foarte rare. In nivelul 10 a statiunii Molodova Va fost depistata o piesa bifaciala, care probabil a fost recuperata de locuitorii de aici de la alta statiune ~i transformata in strapungator. In nivelul 7 a susnumitei

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statiuni sunt doua fragmente de piese bifaciale, care, insa nu pot fi determinate ca ~arfuri. Li statiunea Ciuntu25 a fost depistat un fragment de piesa bifaciala de forma triunghiulara26 ln inventarul nivelelor 10-7 a statiunii Molodova, in nivelele 4- 1 a statiunii Mitoc-Malul Galben persista tipurile pur gravetiene. Practic, lipsesc form;le caracteristice pentru aurignacian. Datele exacte, c~patate pentru nivelurile de locuire de la Molodova V, credem, in viitorul apropiat vor ficompletate , datorita cercetarilor reincepute la aceasta statiune27. Speram sa cap a tam date exacte ~i pentru materialele descoperite la Ciutule~ti28 . Materialele acestei statiuni, dupa particularitatile tehnico-tipolojice, se incadreaza in gravetianul timpuriu de tip Molodova. Nivelul de locuire este plasat in partea inferioara a unui sol fosil (credem Dofinovca, ~tilfried B), similar cu solunle fosile din sectiunile de la Corpaci ~i Corpaci-Mis. Daca ipoteza noastFa se va adeveri atun~i va fi posibila corelarea culturala ~i cronologica a acestor statiuni ~i incadrarea tor mai exacta in sistemul paleoliticului superior din zona ~i din regiunile limitrofe.

Este necesar de amintit, ca nivelurile de locuire gravetiene de la mitoc-Malul Galben se incadreaza, efectiv, in cadrul evolutiei gravetianului nivelelor 10- 7 de la Molodova V. .

Care ar fi modelul posibilei evolutii ,a paleoliticului superior dintre Carpati si Nistru? ' ' Prima et.apa de dezvoltare a paleoliticului superior in zona este documentata de nivelul inferior al grotei Branzeni, care inca n-are date exacte, adecvate industriei si tipologiei. Industria acestui nivel de locuire, impreuna cu industriile statiunilo; Cetatica I, Bobule~ti VI ~i Scoc documenteaza faza de tranzitie de la mu'sterian la paieoliticul superior29 Paralel cu evolutia fazei timpurii a culturii Branzeni in zona respectiva patrund primele comunitati aurignaciene, documentate prin nivelurile inferioare de locuire de la Mitoc-Malul Galben, datate cu varsta de peste 32 mii ani A. Ch. Complexele aurignaciene timpurii nu au o origine locala. Aproximativ 29-;-28 mii ani A. Ch. in z,ona patrund primele comunitati gravetiene. Paralel cu ele, pe baza musterianului de tip_M_icoc (Ripiceni-Izvor, nivelurile musteriene superioare, abundente in forme b1f ac1ale) se dezvolta cultura Prut, reprezentata de nivelurile la ~i b, 2'a ~i b, Statiunea Gordinesti si, posibil, nivelul inferior al statiunii Corpaci. La etapa initiala, in aceasta ~ult~ra , practic, lipsesc piesele gravetiene, la etapa finala de evolutie a acestei culturi (Gordine~ti) apar unele forme gravetiene-piese a bord abattu. Posibil, segmentele de cerc de la Corpaci ~i nivelul 2b de la Ripiceni-Izvor s ~ nu fie de orijine gravetiana. . ' ,

Paralel cu evolutia culturii Prut in zona patrunde al doilea val de populatie aurignaciana, confi;mat de materialele nivelului de locuire de la Corpaci-Mis: care are o evidenta tangenta cu autignacianul mediu din Moravia30 Aceleia~1 etape sunt atribuite stati~nile gravettianului mediu' in zona, precum ar fi nivelurile 7-6 a statiunii Molodova V, statiunea Ciutule~ti. Posibil, ca etapa final a a gravetianului mediu din zona sa fie reprezentata de materialele statiunii din grota Ciuntu.

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Ultimul val de infiltrare a aurignacianului :in zona dintre Carpati ~i Nistru este documentat de materialele a douii niveluri de locuire a statiunii. Climiiuti II. , ,

Astfel, paleoliticul superior , timpuriu din zona Carpati-Nistru este documentat de statiuni de tranzitie de la musterian la paleolitjcul superior, de complexele .tehnologice aurignaciene ~i gravetiene timpurii. Graveiianul ~i aurignacianul au coexitat in spatiul dat timp de peste 8 mii ani. Deci, nu poate fi vorba despre o consecuitivitate tefitofialii ~i cronologicii intre gravetian ~i aurignacian. Ambele tipuri de comunitiiti au convietuit paralel, fiirii a exercita influente vadite unele asupra altora. Dupii limita de aptoximativ 20 mii ani A. Ch. comunitiitile aurignaciene din zonii ori dispar, ori sunt complet asimilate de comunitiitile gravetiane. Mai persista. in zonii doar unele comunitiiti de tipul celor de la Ra~cov VII , care mai piistreazii in inventar unele tipuri de unelte aurignaciene.

NOTE

' Chirica, V., Borziac I., Che.traru N. Gisements du paleolithique superieur ancien entre le Dnibster et la Tissa. Ia~i, 1996, pp. 175- 191.

2 Borziac I., Allsworts-Jones, F., Chetraru, N. Cercetiiri interdisciplinare in grotele paleolitice din nordul Moldovei. ln "Tirajetia", Nr. 4, Chi~iniiu, 1995, pp. 68.

3 Chirica, V., Borziac, I., Chetraru, N. Gisements ... p. 13-30; Anicovitch, M. Early Upper Paleolithic Industries Eastern Europe. 1n "Journal of World Prehistory", 1992, 6, 2.

4 Chirica, V. , Borziac, I. , Chetraru, N. Gise~ents ... pp: 185-190. 5 Borziac, I. The late Palaeolithic in Moldova (1991- 1995). ERAUL, 76, p. 33-40. 6 Conform datelor ciipiitate de Dj. Rink (Canada), varsta nivelului inferior de locuire din grota

Branzeni are o limitii inferioarii de peste 32 mii ani A. Ch. 7 Borziac, I., Golibert, A., Medeanik, S., Motoc, V. Arheologia i paleogeografia stoianki Climiiuti

II. ln "Materiali i issledovania po. arheologii i. etnografii Moldovi", Chi~inau, 1992, pp . 31-48 .

8 Anisiutkin, N. Varianty srednego paleolita v Pridnestrovie. In Arheologiceskii sbornik Gosudarstvennogo Ermitaja. Leningrad, 1979, N. 19, p. 5-21.

9 Borziac, I. Verhnepaleoliticeskaia stoianka Gordine~ti Iv Poprutie. Chi~iniiu, 1984, pp. 3-79. '

0 Paunescu, A , Ripiceni-lzvor. Paleolitic ~i mezolitic. Bucure~ti , 1993, pp. 131- 171. 11 Borziac, I. Paleoliticul ~i mezoliticul i!l spatiul dintre Nistru ~i Prut. ln "Thraco-Dacica, XV,

1- 2, Bucure~ti, 1994, pp. 19-40. 12 Paunescu, A. Ripiceni-Izvor... p. 137. "Borziac, I., Grigorieva, G. , Chetraru, N. Poselenia drevnecamennogo veca na Severo-Zltpade

Moldavii. Chi~iniiu, 1981. 14 Paunescu, A. Ripiceni-Izvor ... pp. 31-130. 15 Otte, M., Chirica, V. Atelier Aurignacien a Mitoc Malul Galben (Moldavie roumaine). 1n

"Prehistoire Europeenne", V. 3., Liege, 1993, pp. 55- 67. ' ' ' 16 Borziac, I. Paleoliticul ~i mezoliticul... p . 33-34. 17 Chirica, V., Borziac, I., Chetraru, N. Gisements .. . pp. 85-94. 18 Oliva, M. L' Aurignacien Morave dans son contexte geographique et culture!. tn "Le

paleolithique et le neolithique de la Roumanie en contexte Europeen'', Ia~i, 1991 , pp. 104- -162.

19 Borziac, I. , Grigorieva, G., Chetraru, N. Poselenia ... pp. 72. 20 0/iva, M. L'Aurignacien Morave ... pp. 109- 118. 21 Borziac, I. , David, A. , Obada, Nh. Klimiiuti II-verhnepaleoliticeskaia stoianka s mamontovoi

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faunoi v Pridnestrovie. ln "Anuarul I'(Muzeul National de Istorie a Moldovei) Chi~iniiu, 1992, pp. 75- 95.

22 Ibidem, pp . 78. 23 Rogaciov, A., Anicovici, M. Pozdnii Paleolit Russkoi ravnini i Krima. In . "Paleolit SSSR"

(Arheologia SSSR), Moskova, 1984, pp. 162-271. 24 Borziac, I. Chetraru, N. Statiunea din paleoliticul superior Ciutul~ti I. In "Arheologia Moldovei.

XVIII , Bucure~ti, 1995, pp. 95- 113. 25 Borziac, I. Paleoliticul ~i mezoliticul... p. 24. 26 Borziac, I., Chetraru, N. Pozdnepaleoliticeskaia stoianka v grote Ciunt.u. In. "BKICP", N. 48,'

Moscova, 1976, p. 77. 27 Conform unui contract INT AS in 1997 cercetarea statiunii Molodova V a fost reluatii din

nou. Cercetarile de salvare sunt efectuate de o echipa formata din speciali~ti din Ucraina, Moldova ~i Belgia.

28 ln 1997 au fost recuperate mostre de os pentru datarea statiunii. 29 Chirica, V., Borziac, I., Chetraru, N. Gisements. '. .pp. 195. 30 Oliva, M. L' Aurignacieri ... pp. 104--134.

Summary

The article reviews the complicated issues of the Earli Paleolithic genesis and dev~lopment in the Dniester-Carpathian area. It analyses and surveys the materials from 'the main stratified sites- Brinzeni lower layer, Mitoc-Malul Galben, Molodova V, Corpaci, Corpaci-Mis, Ripiceni-lzvor, Ciutule~ti etc. The author states the existence of the sites of the transitional stage from Moustie to the Late Paleolithic, sites of the Pruthculture, Aurigniacian and Gravette sites. The Aurignacian and Gravette sites existed in this area for more that 8 thousand years (from 29- 28 to 20 thousand years B. C.).

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pa3JIHql~blX qJOpM M pa3MepoB HBJrnIOTCH TeXHOJIOrHtJ:eCKUM "

A I

2 5

L-A....---

Puc. I. IiaKoHernnKn c 6oKoBoi1 BbleMKoil, "HoJKH KOCTeHKOBCKoro Tnna.", HOJKH nma "PraHn" ~ ll cnopm.1e npe11MeTbl co CTOllHOK Ilo11HeCTpOBbll.

1-8-crron 7 CTOllHKn Mo11011osa V; 9-crroi18 CTOl!HKn Mo110110Ba V; 10-crroil 5 CTOllHKn KopMaH& IV; 11-17-7 crroil crol!HKH Mo11011osa V.

- 14 -

KopMaHh IV, o qeM 6y,n:eM roBopuTh HH)!(e) HeT conyTCrnymmux HaKo-He'lHMKaM THITOB , xapaKTepHhIX .n:mi yKa3aHHoro e,n:uHcTBa. Mo)!(HO npe.n:nOJJO)!(llTh, 'ITO ecrru M 6bIJIO BJIMHI-IHe Ha MeCTHbIM . rpaBeTT co CTOpOHbl KoCTeHKOBCKO-BurrrreH,n:opcpcKoro e,n:HHCTBa, TO TOJibKO B, TOM, 'ITO KacaeTCH BOopy)!(eHUH TOJibKO ,n:Jrn BpeMeHU cymecTBOBaHUH HH)!(HHX no3,n:Henarreorrn-TH'leCKMX crroeB. HanOMHM.M,~ 'lTO ,n:aTnpoBKa CJIOH 7 CTOHHKU Morro,n:oBa V-23 700320 (n:IH- ,..10) u 23 000800 (Mo-11). ,ZJ;pyroli KaTeropueli Haxo,n:oK, KOTOpaH, B03MO)!(H0, yKa3brnaeT Ha onpe.n:erreHHYIO CBH3b rpaBeTTa ITo,n:HecTpOBhH c "BocTO'lHhIM rpaBeTTOM" B uerroM 11 KocTeHKOBcKo-BuJlJleH.nopcpcKoe e,n:uHCTBO B 'laCTHOCTH, HBJIHI-OTCH TaK Ha3I>rnaeMI>Ie "HO)!(H KOCTeHKOBCKoro" nma. 0,n:HaKo, Ha CuMn03HyMe no "BoCTO'lHOMY fpaBeTTy", KOTOpbIM COCTOHJICH B ceHrn6pe 1997 ro.na B MOCKBe H B 3apaHCKe (I1o.n-MOCK0Bbe), MHeHHH 06 0,D;HOTHnHOCTH H npuqaCTHOCTll nrraCTHH HJIH oTmenoB co CTecaHHhIMll KOHUaMH K onpe.nerreHHOMY Kpyry naMHTHHKOB pa30IIIJ1HCb . .51 norrHOCThIO corrraceH c M. ,n; . fBo3,noBep B TOM, 'ITO 3TOT MaccnB opy,nnH: O'leHh pa3JIU'leH no CBOeMy ocpopMJ"j:eHHI08 H, B03M0)!(H0, HCnOJ1b30BaHHIO B Tpy,noBhIX onepaUHHX. Parree BhrnorrrreHHhie pa3pa6oTKH no 3TOH KaTeropmr npe,nMeTOB9 ChrrparrH norro)KHTerrI>HYI-O porrh B npo6rreMe onpe.nerreHUH napaMeTpon Tuna n ero BcTpeqaeMOCTH, HO 6y,nyqu orpaHH'leHhI "I1po-KpycTOBhIM JIO)J(e"' HJIH "KocTeHKOBCKHM BH,nenueM MaTepHarrOB" narreOJIHTa PyccKoli PaBHMHhI, orr11 ne MorrrH .naTh Bhrxo.n rra anarrH3 Been coBoKynuocTM no.no6HblX npe.n;MeTOB Ha'!MHaH OT MYCThe M KOH'laH' Il03,D;HerpaBeTTCKMM BpeMeHeM. 3To "B11.Lieuue" u cnoco6cTBOBarro Bh1,nerreH1110 nrracTMH co CTecaHHblMM c 6pIOIIIKa KOHUaMH B Ka'leCTBe o.nnoro H3 rrraBHbIX KOMnOHeHTOB yKa3aHnoro BhIIIIe e,n:HHCTBa. ,ZJ;a, M. ,n;. fno3,noBep OTMe'!aeT, 'ITO 3TH npe.n;MeTbl COCTaBJUIIOT OT 10 .n:o 27% B HH.D;yCTpmrx 3IlOHHMHblX naMl!THHKax yKa3aHHOro e.nuHCTBa. Ho OHH eCTh u B MYCThe (HanpuMep, B rpoTe Ey3,ny)!(eHh B Morr.none OHll ,D;OCTaTO'lHO 'laCTbl) , BCTpe'!aI-OTCH OHH H B f103.D:H:eM narreOJIHTe 3aua,nHOH EnporrhI, r.n:e OHU BnepBbie BbI,D;erreHhl B Ka'leCTBe caMOCTOHTeJlhHOro Tuna, B L(errTparrhHOii: EBpone (Cna,n3HCTa), B 30He Me)J(.ny KapnaTaMn u ,UHecTpOM. CorrraceH, 'ITO ux TunorroruqecKaH Bapua6errhHOCTh 6orrhIIIal! . Ho TaK KaK OHH HMeI-OTCH B pa3JIH'lHhie KOHUbI EBpOnhI, B pa3HOBpeMeHHbIX H pa3HOKYJ1bTYPHhIX KOMnrreKcax He .naeT OCHOBaHMe C'lHTaTb HX, .nuarHO-CTM'lHbIMH TOJihKO ,nrrH KoCTeHKOBCKo-BHrrrreH,nopcpcKoro e,nHHCTBa. Cyme-CTByeT ,n:a)!(e MHeHHH, 'ITO 3TO He THn MITH rpynna TMilOB opy.n;Hii:, a qaCTh Texttorroruu narreorruTa B uerroM10

B npouecce n3y'leHHH KOrrrreKUHH no3,nnero narreorrHTa ITo.n;HeCTpOBhH MhI o6paTHJ1ll BHHMaHHe, 'ITO B pH,ne crroeB CTOl!HKH KopMaHh IV 11 HMeIOTCll pl!,D; opy.n;HH, CXO)J(HX c "tro)J(aMH KocrenKOBcKoro THna" MITH c nnacTHHKaMH co CTeCaHHblMH c 6pI-OIIIKa KOHUaMH. I1o.n:o6Hbie )Ke opy,nHH, HO Menee Bhipa)!(eH.Hhie, nMeIOTCH B MHBeHTape 7-ro crroH CTOl!HKH Mono,noBa V.

B cnoe 6 CTOl!HKH KopMaHh IV BhrnBneuo ,n:BOl!KO-BhIIIYKnoe CKpe6no ( o,n:mr npo,nOJibHbIM Kpaii o6pa6oTaH qacTM'lHO), y KOTOporo KOHUhI co CTOpOHbl 6pI-OIIIKa o6pa6oTaHhl CTeCbIBaHMeM, xapaKTepHbIM .D:Jlll HO)!(ett " KOCTeH-

- 15 -

Puc. 2. Hol!(11 "KoCTeHKOBcKoro T11na". 2, 4, 5-cno11 Sa 11 5 CTOJ1HK11 KopMaHh IV; 1-3-cnoif 7 CTOJIHKl1 Mo110.noaa V.

1

varians flakes and backed blades, vhichdo not reflect in total the cultural originality of lhc monu-ments, but reprezent a technical innovation, that considerably transformed the tools of these monuments and opened the new opp'ortunites of using the flint as a rew material for making the working tools and weapons. ' '

, CE;BEPHblH onEHb (RANGIFER TARANous L} ' B nAnEOJl,MTE MOn,D.OBbl

Ifaytie1rne HCKonaeMoro ceBepnoro onemr na Tepp1nop1rn Pecrry6rrttKH Morr,L\OBa npe.L\CTaBmieT oco6b1i! HHTepec, TaK KaI< on Ha npoon1

Ta6n Hl\a 2 PacnpoC'rpaue1111e 11 'IHCJiennocTb cesepHblX oJieueu B naJieoJiure MoJI,!1,0Bbl

B03pacr

10 000

20 000

32 000

38 000

70 000

165 000

UIKaJJa MeC'J'OHaXOlKJ.ICHHll

roJioQeu

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crroi1) B ITp1mpyThe, ParnKOB VII, Koc3yUh I 111J.pyn1e B ITpHJ\Hec-rpoBhe (cM. rn6rr . 1). CoxpaHHOCTh KOCTei1, B tJacnwcnr pora, tiepena n Tpy6tJa-ThIX, OtfeHb nrroxaa. B )J;ypy1uoapa Ber

Cpe):(II MHOfOt.J:HCJJeHHbIX OCTaTKOB 3yforni1 CIICTeMbI ceBepHoro onem1 II3 Koc3yUh I ycTaHOBJJeHbI 5 qiparMeHTOB BepxHetJeJJIOCTHhIX KOCTeli c IIOJJHhIM 3yfa1bIM PHAOM 11 AeCHTKII cpparMeHTOB c OAHIIM mm HeCKOJihKHMII 3y6aM11, 6 cpparMeHTOB BeTBeH Iflf)I

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HaH60Jiblll- 26 -

no rroene.n:oBaTeJlhHOCTII epaCTaHH5I 3rrnH30B e .n:11aqnnaMII. TaK, cpananrn I 11 II, a TaK)l(e rr5ICTHaH KOCTh e oTnaBlli,HMH ~epxn11MH 31m113aM11, n~e'leBaH, 60JlhlllaH 6epu;oBaH KOCTb H IlJIIOCHeBaH KOeTh 6e3 HH)l(Hero 3nHcpH3a. KOTOpbie HMeIOTeH B HalliHX KOnJieKQHHX, rrpoHeXO)J.HT ,OT MOnO)J.blX )l(HBOTHbIX B B03paeTe OT HeCKOJibKHX Mee5Iu;eB )J.0 1-1,5 ro;:i:a. IlepBbie qianaHrH e qaeTH'lHbl cpacTaHHeM Bepxnero 31m1i3a, II5ITO'!HaH KOCTb e HeIIOJIH,blM cpaCTaHHeM IlHTO'lHOrO 6yrpa, IIJllOCHeBaH 6onhIIIa5I 6epu;oBaH H nneqeBa5I KOCTH c Henon-HbIM cpacTaHHeM HH)l(Hero 3nHcpH3a, 6e.n:peHHaH KOCTb c o;rrraBlliHM BepXHHM 1rnHpH30M npnHa.n:ne)l(aT oneH5IM B 1303paeTe 2- 3 neT. IlonHoe epacTattne l1HTO'lHOro 6yrpa y nHTO'lHOH KOeTH H 3nHH3a e )J.HacpH30M y BepxHero KOH[(a nepBoii anaHrn y eoBpeMennoro ceBepHoro oneH5I HMeeT MecTo K 'leTbipeM ro.n:aM, a y nOKTeBOH, HH)l(Hero KOH[(a JIY'lyBO.M KOeTH H 6e.n:pa- K IIHTH ro.n:aM, HO TaK.He OCTaTKH y Hae e,D,HHH'!Hbl.

TaKHM o6pa30M, ey.n:a no cTerre1rn epaeTatt115I 1n11H30B e .n:nacpH3aMH KOeTeii KOHe'lHOeTeii, KOHeTaTHpyeM, 'ITO oeHOBHOe KOnH'leeTBO KOCTHbIX OCTaTKOB rroeTKpamrnnhHOro eKeJieTa rmeMCTOQeHOBblX eeBepHbIX oneneli B Mon.n:oBe OTHOeHTe5I, KaK H no eoeTOHHHIO 3y6noii eHCTeMhI, K )l(HBOTHbIM cTapllie Tpex 11 qeTbipex rreT.

Ilo qepenaM TaK)l(e MO)!

1. Ba'IKHOe fo.ro -MexattwrecKoe 3Hatremrn rrpII rro1

3 cm '-

A B Puc. 2. Beepxy: coqneHeHHble npOKCHMaITbHble cpparMCHTbl ITOII 3K3eMnnMpa H3 Koc3yqb (Bl H B2 cooTBeTcrnenHo).

BHu1y: cyCTaBH~ nosepxHOCTb npoIrx npocTpaHCTBax. 3Tl1 a,z:i:anTal(MH, Bep05ITHee Bcero, CB5!3aHbI c B03pOC1IIeH ,lJ;HHaMHl.feCKOH narpy3KOH I1 COBep1IIe1rn:eM o,z:i:noo6pa3HbIX ,lJ;Blf)l(eHMH B napacar11TTaJihHOH IlJIOCKOCTI1 nptt BbIHOCJIMBO-CKOpOCTHOM 6ere2250

3armCTHO-UHCTHblH cycTaB neceT rPYHKU:MIO onophr, ICaU:H5I B 3a,z:i:Hett KOHel.fHOC~H. Ha npOTHieHHH nepxHero rraneonttTa Ha6Jiro.z:i;aeT_CH a6co1mnnoe 11

. OTHOC,HTenhHOe yaeJIHl.feHHe MaCCHBHOCTH TapaHHOH KOCTH, KOTOpaH 3aHI1MCleT u:e1-npaJibHOe MeCTO B cycTaBe. ):(ncT~JibHbIH 3III1CpH3 6epUOBOH KOCTH H cubonaviculare H3MeH5IIOTCH B COOTBeTCTBHI1 c I13MeHeHIIHMI1 pa3MepoB Tena. Cne,z:i:yeT oTMeTHTh, 'ITO pa3MepbI 11 rrporropu:1111 TapaHnoif KOCTH ol.fenh He3Hal.fHTeJibHO I13MeirnIOTC5I y ce.BepHbIX OJieHeli JII1HHI1 "ByTe1IITb-BpbnI3eHb-):(ypyHTOapH BeKe- PallIKOB", B TO BpeMH KaK y oneHeif H3 Koc3yUI> TapannaH KOCTh 3Hal.fIITeJibHO MeHhille c OTHOCHTenI>HO Y3KHM

,lJ;HCTaJlbHbIM 6JIOKOM. IlHT0'1113H KOCTh 5IBJI5IeTC5I CHJIOBbIM pbI'IarOM 3a,z:i:Hei1: KOHC'IHOCTH,

MOIUHOCTb H ,lJ;JIHHa KOTOpoii Herrocpe,z:i:CTBeHHO OTpa)l(aeT BeJIH'IHHY c\lyHKUHOHaJibl-IOH Harpy3KH. y OJieHeli , H3 BpI,>IH3eHh IIHTO'II-la5I KOCTb

OTHOCHT~JlbHO yKopo'IeHa, o.z:i;naKO ee ,II5ITO,'IHbJi1: 6yr\)p ,ol.feHb MOll}HhIH , ~ TOnll}HHa,lJ;HCTaJibHOfO KOHU:a IIHTO'IHOrO 6yrpa npHMepHO I-Ia 6% npeBOCXO,lJ;HT aHanorH'IHbIH npoMep oJieHH H3 PallIKOBa. Y 6onee. II03.L\HI1X cpopM oneHett rI5ITO'II-JbIH 6yrop yTOH'IaeTC5I, o,z:i:HaKO ero OTHOCHTeJibHCl5I .z:i:nmrn B03pacTaeT. B .z:i:auHOM cJiy'Iae Ha cpopMy rrHTO'Inoro 6yrpa BJIHHIOT ,z:i:Ba qia1rn3eHI> o6ycnoBJieHa KpyrrHI>IMH pa3MepaMH, B TO BpeMH KaK ee 60Jibllla5l MaCCHBHOCTb - BbICOKOH rPYHKUHO-HaJibHOH narpy3KOH. y oneHeii H3 ):(ypyHTOp MaCCMBHOCTb I1 ,lJ;JIHHa l15ITO'IHOM I

(.,; tv

w w

_ Ta6Jinua4 Mopt>o-ynKUHOHaJibHblH auam13 HeKOTOpblX KOCTeii KOHe'IHOCTeii HCKOnaeMblX ceBepHblX o.11eueii (* - cpaBHllBaeTCll MaTepuaJI 113 Kooyl.lb II PalllKOB-7)

Epb1roe11b-l Pauuw&-7 Tipo MepbI Kocreii

-

n lim, M1 n liJn , 1\1;

Humerus IlIHp1rna JJ;llCTa'lbuoro 6JioKa 5 46,5-48, 1-' 49,4 13 42,4---46,3-51,4 MaKCHMaJihHblli JJ;llaMeip JJ;llCTa'ThHom 6JIOKa 5 34,0--35,5-36,7 13 31,4-34,1-37,7 MaKCHMaJihHblli JJ;llaMeip IUICTaJibHom 6JIOKa 5 22,6--23,3--24, 1 12 19,5-22,3--24,0

-

Radius IlIHpnHa rrpoKCHMMbHOro 3ITHCpH3a 5 41, 7--44,5-47,2 11 40, 7--45, 6--49,5

-lliHpHHa npOKCHMaJibHOH cycraBHOH noBepxuocrn 6 41,2--42,7-45,6 7 39,5-43,5-46,8 Tiorrepe'!HHK_ rrpoKCHMaJibHoro 3rrmpn3a '9 22,2-25,2- 27,0 9 23,0--26,0--28,5 Metacarpus IlIHpnua npoKCHMaJibuoro 3nmpH3a 4 33,0--36,0--38,5 2 33,5-34,1-34,7 IlIHpnHa Me,11naJibHoii cycraBHoii noBepxuocrn 4 20,3-21,6--24,4 3 21,0--21,3-21,8 TionepeH3a 4 23, 3--25, 3--28,5 3 24, 1-24,3- 24,6 IlIHpnHa JJ;llCTaJibHOro 3TIHCpH3a 12 38, 5-43,2-47,3 13 39, 7--41,2-45,0 Tibia - -

-

IlIHpnHa JJ;llCTa'lbHOro 3ITH4>H3a 17 36,8--41,3--45,0 6 37,8-39,4-41,0 .

IlIHpnua JJ;llCTaJibHOH cycraBHOH TIOBepXHOCTH 17 26,8- 29,7- 32,0 8 26,8-29,7-30,0 Tionepe'!HHK JJ;llCTaJibHOro 3nn4>n3a 17 29,8-32,5-35,0 9 29,0--34,3--31,5

Talus MaKCH!VnJlbHaJI BbIOOTa Kocrn \ 16 41,2--46,1-49,8 - 16 40,5-46,2-49,7 IlIHpnHa JJ;llCTaJibHoro 6rroKa 16 26,6--28,7-31,0 16 25,7-28,8-31,0

JJpoooJ1:>1Ce1me ma6, 4

/J:ypyRTo apl! BeKe KoC3yub TipoMepbl Kocreii K1 K1

, K, -

n liJn,M3 n -1iJn,M4

Humerus -

II1Hp1-rna JJ;llCTa'Thnoro 6rroKa 4 45,0--47,5-49,4 24 41,8--45,3--49,8 -3,7 2,6 --4,6

MaKcHMaTJbHbIB ,11naMeTp IUICTaJibHom 6JIOKa 4 33,5-36,S..::-37,8 24 31,0--33,5-36,6 -3,9 7,0 -8,2

MaKCHMaJihHbIB ,11naMeTp .U:UcTaJibHoro 6rr OKa 4 23,4-24,2-25,0 24 21,2-23,1-26,0 --4,3 8,5 --4,5

Radius II1Hp1ma rrpoKCHMaJibHOfO 3TIH4>H3a 6 47, 4---49,2~52, 3 24 41,0--44,4-48,7 2,5 7,9 -9,6

lllnpHHa npoiH3a 18 23,5-24,3--27,1 ---4,0 --0,8

IlIHpnua JJ;llCTarihuoro 3nmjJH:ia 5 41,2--43,5-47,7 20 40, 0--41, 8-46,0 --4,6 5,6 _-3,9 Tibia IlIHpnua AHCTaJlbHOro 3TIH4>H3a 4 39,0--41,2-45,2 24 36,6--39,4-43,8 --4,6 4,6 --4,4

IlIHpHHa AHCTaJlbHOH cycraBHOH TIOBepXHOCTH 4 27,3--28,3--29,6 24 26, 5-28, 7..,-- 31 ,5 -3,4 -1,4 1,4

TI onepe'!HHK JJ;llCTa!Jbnoro 3ITH4>H3a 4 29,0--31 ,5-32,5 24 27,2-31, 1- 33,9 -3,1 0,0 -1,3

Talus MaKCHMa!IbHaJl .BbIOOTa Kocrn 9 43,0--46,9-51,2 25 40,3--44,8- 50,2 0,2 1,5 .--4,5

IlIHpnua JJ;llCTaJibuoro 6noKa 9 27,0--29,4-32,3 25 23,4-26,3--30,5 0,3 2,2 ~10,5

TeJihHhIH cycTaB. Ha rrepBhIH B3rJI5f.JJ., 3TH a.JJ,arrTaIJHH rrpoTttBope'IaT rrane-03KOJIOrH"IeCKHM H3MeHeHH5fM, corrpOB0)[()J,aIOIIJHMC5f UOXOJIO.JJ,aI-meM H pacrrpoCTpaHeHHeM rrepHrJIHIJHaJibHhIX CTerreif. BepomHo, .ceBepHhie oneim HaKaeT 3BOJIIOIJ:H-OHH3HpoBaTb B orrpe.JJ,eJieHHOM HarrpaBJieHHH )J,a)J(e B TOM CJiyqae, Korml B CB513!1 c pe3KHMH KJIHMaTH'IeCKHMH 113MeHeHH.ll.MH 3TH rrpI13I-IaKH CTaHOB5ITC.lJ HHa.JJ,aIITHBHhIMH. YMeHhIIIeH11e KOJIHtieCTBa ocraTKOB cenepHbIX orrer-reif B MecromlXO:>K.JJ,eHH.ll.X cepe.JJ,ttHhI BepxHero rraneonnrn (TpHHI

39

CTpaTHrpaqmt.J:eCKMH pa3pe3 (pMC. 2), no.nrOTOBJieHHhlH Ha 3arra,[(fIOH 'IaCTil rraM5ITHI1Ka, II03BOJII1JI OIIIlCaTb CJie,D;yrou.iym rrocrre.noBaTeJibHOCTb HarrmlCTO-Bam1i1: (rrry6m-ra B CM):

,I 0 0 I

Puc. 2. CTpaT11rpacJi,m1 CTOJIHKH: 1 - rono11euo1Jh!e OT!lOJKeHJrn; 2 - rnHHHL'Thie OTJJOlKeHHll' 3 - TeMHOCepble cyrnHHKH co crycrKaMH KaJihllHTa; 4 - KpOT013HHhI; 5 - HHOpOt\l-lblC rnH~ HHCrhJe BKJlIO'leHHll; 6 - KpeMHeBb!e H3.X0/1KH; 7 - HJITHa OXpbl.

1 IlA qKA. fonouelioBbie OTJIO)KeHM5f . TeMHhre, ryMycMpoBaHIIhre, rrpoHH3aHHhre KOpHexo,D;aMH, c TperuHHaMM ychrxaHuJI . Pe,D;Ko c MeJIKHMH KpeMHeBbIMM, MeJIOBblMI'i MJIM rreci'IaHHKOBblMH OJ_(aTbIIUaMH.

I CJIOU. qepH03eM pbIXJibIH, omropO,D;HbIH ITO COC'raBy, 6e3 rrpM3HaKOB CJIOHCTOCTH. Ha KOHTaKTe c HH){{eJie)KamuM cnoeM 1-iapyIIIen l

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KQMnJieKCOB. Pe.n;Kue Haxo.n;KH H3 6yporo cyrnm-IKa no3BomnoT cooTHeCTH c Me30JIHTOM Hatt6onee MHOrO'lMCJieHHYIO (.no 80%) II no.n;Bep)J(eirnyro .necpopM~u:i-rn 'laCTh KOJIJieKI.~HH . B l.{eJioM, .n;aHHhIH KOMrmeKc OTJmcrneTC}I CHJibHOH cpacHJIH3al.{11eii, a nJIOTHOCTb OT,neJibHbIX KOCTei-i 6JIH 3Ka K OKaMeHeJIOCDIM. IloBepxHOCTb Haxo,noK qacTo HMeeT TeMHO-KOpMqHeBylO OKpacKy, HHor.na .nononm1eMy10 3anomeHHOCThIO. Onpe.nenemrn Iin.noBoii npntta.n;Jie)J(HOCTH )J(HBOTHbIX no 3THM KOCTJIM noKa3aJIO Ham1que HCKJIIO'lM-TeJibHO .l(HKHX cpopM. HanpOTHB n03,D;HHII KOMnJieKc, Bee OCTaTKH KOTOporo nponcxo.n;JJT JIHillb H3 1IepH03eMHOro CJIOJJ , BKJIIOqaeT .l(OMalllHMe BH,D;bl )J(HBOTHbIX. IloBepxHOCTb npe,nMeTOB npeMMyll.{eCTBeHIIO CBeTnaJJ, ry6qaTaJJ Macca nopttcTaJJ. .

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CKpe6na. Jil3 KorrrreKU:HH M3.D,erruH:, co6paHHhIX Ha rroBepxHOCTH, BbI.D,erreHo i:IBa cKpe6rra. OHM H3rOTOBrreHhI Ha nepBttqHoM oTmene H HYKJieBH.D.HOM o6rroMKe. ITpnMoe MerrKo3y6qaToe rre3Btte no.n:pa6oTaH.o B o6oux crryqanx KpyTOii qelllyifqaToH: perylllhIO.

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PerynHpHaH KpaeBaH peryIIJh OTMeqena na 9 MenKux ormenax, qacrb tt3 KOTOpbIX Morna ,?bITb, HCllOJib30BaHa B CKpe6KOBf;>IX onepau:irnx. II pe,nnono-:>KiffeJibHO K 3TOU :>Ke rpynne OTHOCHTC.ll MHHifaTIOpHoe 1'l3,L\en11e Ha MHKpo-OTll.J.ene pa3MepoM 12x8 MM, o6pa6oTannoe no ,nyre np1nynnmmueii peTyIIJhIO.

-54 -

Ero nonyoKpyrnoe pa6o~ee ne3Btte ccpopMttpoBaHo co cropOHhI nau6on~e npO'IHOro npOKCHMaJibHOro KOHUa 3arOTOBKH.

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-56-

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06ttapy)J(eHHe B 'Ieptto3eMHhIX OTJIO)J(ettmrx CTOHHKH tteCKOJihKMX

perioade ale paleoliticului ~i mezoliticului. Insa nu intotdeauna, in procesul de studiere al a~ezarilor paleolitice s-a acordat atentie microteriofaunei, punandu-se accent pe studiul macromamiferelor2

Un rol important in studierea paleoliticului superior din Moldova revine' statiunii Cosauti, cercetata d_e catre doct.orul in istorie I. Borziac timp de 16 ani. La aceasta statiune au fost depistate ~i studiate 21 niveluri de locuire grav~tiana, datate cu virsta de 21- 13 mii ani A. Chr. Aceasta statiune are nivelurile de locuire bine conservate, este extrem de bogata in materiale arheologice ~i paleontologice3

Statiunea Cosauti este plasata la 500 m spre nord-vest de satul C0sauti, raionul Soroca, pe terasa a doua a Nistrului. Nivelele de locuire sunt incorporate in depuneri argiloase, de nisip fin cuartitic, de la adancimea de 2,2 pana la adancimea de 10,6 m. Grosimea depunerilor cuaternarului tardiv pe locul statiunii este de peste 17 m. In contextul depunerilor terasei a II a Nistrului, pe locul statiunii au fost depistate peste 60 niveluri litologice, impartite de ciitre geologul P. Hesaerts in 7 cicluri de evolutie a paleoclimei in intervalul de timp amintit . Majoritatea nivel~lor de locuire coincid cu orizonturi de soluri fosile embrionare4 .

Fauna mamiferelor mari la statiune este reprezentata, in special de renul polar (Rangifer Tarandus L.), care constituie intre 65 ~i 90% din numarul total al fosilelor . Mai modes ta este fauna mamiferelor mici, a rozatoarelor. Ins a ele sunt prezente in majoritatea nivelelor de locuire.

In anii 1989-1997 la statiune au fost colectate piese osteologice de Lagomorphia ~i Rodentia . In ace~ti ani :rpaterialul din nivelurile 1- 4 a stathmii au fost spalate ~i , prin flotatie au fost depistate numeroase oase de micro-mamifere.

Mai variata este microteriofauna din nivelele 3- 4 ale statiunii, care, de altfel, sunt cele m_ai reprezentative ~i din punct de vedere arheologic. In nivelele d_e l_ocuire au fost depistate, in special din ti ~i maxilare de micromamifere, care sunt mai u~or de identificat. Nu este exclus, ca unele oase de micromamifere sa fi nimerit in nivelele de locuire intamplator, altele, insa, precum cele apartinand speciei Lepus au nimerit in nivelele de' locuire .datorita activitatii diurne ale omului.

I~ acest articol prezentam datele prealabile, in ~pecial, cele referitoare la speciile intalnite ~i cele cantitative dupa care va urma un alt studiu, aparte despre fauna mica de la aceasta statiune.

Microteriofauna de la statiunea gravetiana Cosauti. In rezultatul cercetarii microteriofaunei din nivelele de locuire de la statiunea

gravetiana Cos au ti, am constat~~' ca in procesul depozitarii, in aria de activitate

- 60-

Nivelele de locuire

Specia' I II III IV

Lepus Tanaiticus Gur. 31 12 67 314

Lepus europaeus L. - 1 2 15 33 13 16 6 Lepus sp. 3 4 Ochotona spelaeus Owen . + -

Citellus suslica Guki. + - + 4

Spalax leucodon Nord. - - + 7

Dicrostonix guilielmi Sanf. - - + I

Lagurus lagurus Pall . + + 7 17

Arvicola terrestris L. - - I 3

Microtus arvalis Pall. - + 9 6

Microtus gregalis Pall. 1 4 30 62 " Microtus ooconomus pall . .3 5 9 '

19

' Uncle materiale din cercet~rile anterioa~e au fost fumizate de cltre doctorul tn biologic A. David, clnua i-1 multmnesc ~1 pe aceast~ cale.

a omului ce a locuit aici pe parcursul _a peste 5 mii ani, a persist~t o clima periglaciara, un land~aft de stepa rece. Datele no~st~e sunt c?nfm_nate ?~ cercetarile malacofaunei de la a~ezare5 , de rezultatele capatate conform htolog1e1 depunerilor6 ' . .

Majoritatea pieselor paleontologice de micromam1f~re .ne md.1c~ u~ spatm de silvostepa rece , fapt incontestabil, dovedit de cercetanle mterd1sc1plmare cu privire la aceasta statiune7

NOTE

1 David A. J. Teriofauna pleistotena Moldavii. Chicinau, 1980. 2 Ibidem, pp . 39-45. . . . . t "Th. o ' , " XV ' Borziac I. Paleoliticul ~i mezoliticul In spatrnl dmtre N1stru ~1 Prut. n raco- ac1ca , ,

1- 2 Bucure~ti, 1994, pp. 19--40. . . . . 4 D b,l F l:hesaerts P. Van Der Plicht, J. New datmgs and cons1derat10ns on the Chronol-

am on, " .. ' ' ' ' I "PREHISTOIRE ogy of upper Paleolithic sites in the Great Euroasiat!'c Plam. n . EUROPEENNE" v. 9 Liege, 1996, pp. 177- 231. ' .

s Borziac, I, Kremen~tki, K., Prepelifa, A . Paleoecologia sto\anki Cosauti. ln "Izvest1,a A. N. n. 2, 1990, pp. 35- 39. ' .

Damb/on, F., Haesaerts, P., Van Der Plicht, J. New datmg ... p. 213. 7 Ibidem, ... pp. 177- 231.

Summary

The species composition of the multilayered Palaeolithical site Cosa_iiti is described in the present paper. The absolute dating of some layers (the first-forth_ ~nes) 1s quote~. The fauna! analysis alowed to reconstruct the landscape and ~he climate cond1t10n of that penod.

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D Jla11eluo-.J1ell'l'O'l Bair K8,P8JGIKQ

+ B80Jlll'T(Tp~dyeT Y1'0'IB8Bllll'.}

Puc. I. MecrnHaxoJK,Z1eH11e naW!THHKOB, 06cne.110BaHHbIX B 1996 r . 1. CaKapo~Ka IV; 2. CaKapoBKa V; ~- CaKapoBKa VJ; 4. KHp1meHb IV; 5. KHpWieHb IX; 6. EHnwreHm1 Hoii X; 7. Emrn:_emrn BeKb XI; 8. EHnHqeHHH BeKb XII; 9. CbIHJKepeii XIII; 10. Cb!HllHoro pacruenneHHH. B rpyrrne HYKJ1eycoB Bhrpa)l(eHbI 'IeTbipe pa3HOBH.D;HOCTH: - no.n;npH3MaTH'IeCKHe 0.D;HOIIJIOIUa.D;O'IHhie .D;JI51 OT-~eIIOB - 4 3K3; - no.n;npH3MaTH'IeCI

2. Pe3U:bI M MMKpope3U:bI - 4/3%; 3. Tpaneu:1rn M ux 06.rloMKU - 19/16%; 4. nrraCTUHKM c npMTynrreHHblM KpaeM - 10/8%; 5. MuKpOOCTpI-rn c npmyn-neHHbIM KpaeM - 1/1%;6. Yn~eMneHHaH nrracTMHKa - 1/1 %; 7. CeLJCHH)I nnac-TMH c IIOJJ;TeCKOM - 4/3% . . 8. nrracTUHbl c peTylllblO - 8/7%; 9. OTmenbI c

. peTylllblO - 2/2%; 10. 06JIOMKH opy.null: - 4/3%.

I

2 I

3

2

I 3

:. .,

IM

Puc. 3. CTpa:rttrpaqn1'1ecKHe pa:ipe3bl: l - CaKapOBKa IV; 2 - oHJIHLieHIDi BeKb XII; 3 - U:apttrpa,n; II.

- 66 -

n-Q D-Qll D-3. i-t4 ~5 t ~~ ~-~ - . :

1I

17

Puc. 4. CaKapOBKa IV. KpeMHCBbJe H3Aenm1.

Be.nymue no3uu:un B opy.nnll:aoM mrne1nape 3attnMaIOT CKpe6Ku (Puc. 4, 1- 21; 5, 30-40, 42- 50) . K pe3u.aM orneceHhl Tpu npe.nMeTa (Puc. 4, 22; 5, 10, 11). reoMeTpui.reCKHe MHKpOJIHTbl npel(CTaBJieHhl UCKJII-OL!HTeHbHO TpaneUH5IMI1 (P11C. '5, 14- 26). E.n11ncrnenHaH Tpaneu:11H BhICOKOM ~opMhI npe.ncTaarreHa B o6nOMKe (Pn:c. 5, 16). IlnaCTHHhl C aepTHKaJibHOM npI1TYHJI5IIOIQeM peTylllbIO, cpe3aBllleM 3aroTOB.KY Ha BCIO 11JIH 6onhllIYIO i.raCTb ee Tonm11Hhl, Hali.neHhl B

- 67 -

o6JIOMKax (Pnc. 5, 1-7): fh!Tb MHKpOJII1TOB 5JBJI5IIOTCH T11I1IlqHblMM rpaBeTT0-11.D:HbIMM cpopMaMM (P11c. 5, 8).

Puc. 5. C3:KaponKa IV. KpeMHeBhle H3.L1enm1

Orrpe.n:errerme KYJibTYPI:lO-xpottorrorn

3. Sacarovca VI, com. Dragane~ti (47 01 33" c.w. ,. 28 13 56" B.,IJ,., o6c. BhICOTa 210 M) (Pr1C. 1 ). OrrcpbITO B 1996 B. A. ,ll,epraqeshIM. OTHeceHo K KJIJIK.

Haxo,IJ,HTCll B 1,5 KM re B-IOB (103) OT u:epKBH ceJia. PacrroJIO)l(eHo Ha crcrro-He H BhICOKOM rrJiaTo, cpopM11pyromeM BO,IJ,opa3,IJ,eJI peK Solonet 11 Ciulucul Ma-re . BhICOTa rrJiaTo OKOJIO 75 KM OT ypoBHll P. Solonet B 1,2 KM K rory OT Hee (Puc. 2,1). CnoBepxHOCTH co6parrn 24cliparMeHTaKepaMHKH KJIJIK: 13 CTO-JIOBOH (Puc. 6, 5,6), ocraJihHhie -- KyxoHHOH rrocy,IJ,hI. .

B KpeMHeBoil I

Bcero c rroceJieHmr co6patto 66 I

Puc. 9. TonocxeMbl naMJ!THHKOB; 1 - Emrn'lem1ii BeKI> XI, XII; CI>IHlKepeii - XIII (XVI) . XIX. 2 - M11xaHJJOBKa VII. 3 - rp11rop3yKa III. 4 - K11IUK3peHI> v. ' TaKnM o6pa30M, nccrre,1:i;oBamrn: noKa:farrn, 'ITO naM.aTHMK .n;aeT cMeIIIa:HHbIM

ll OTHOCMTeJibHO pe.n;KMM MaTepnarr. 3To o6CTO.lITeJihCTBO, KaK ll crra6a.a Bbipa-)!(eHHOCTb KYJihTypHoro CJIOJI, He .n;aIOT .D;OCTaTO'IHhIX OCHOBaHllM .D;JIJI OKOH'la-TeJibHOro pac11rreHeHn.a KoJIJieKI~ttn KpeMHeBoro llHBeHTap.a Ha Me3onnTn'lec-Kyro ll KJIJIK. .

8. Bilicenii Vechi Xii, com. Bilicenii Vechi (47 38 2" c.rir., 28 04 40" B . .n;., o6c. BhI~. 110 M) o:rKphITO B. M. EttK6aeBhIM B 1974 r. (KapT. 1). OTHeceH K Me30JIMTy. . '" 1 . d .. ' . .. , l.. . ,

IlaMiTiinK Haxo.n;IiTcii3 3KM. K BcJO'-'B {130)br i

MeTpatIHhIM BhICOKHM cJ.lopMaM. ,lJ;JUI MHKponnaCTHHOK c qaCTH''lHO rrp:wryrrneH-HhIM KpaeM' HCITOllh30Batta BepTHKMhHaH PC'I'Ylllh, cpe3aBlllaH 3arOTOBKy Ha 1/3 ee TOlllQHHhl.

noMHMO Kpe:MtteBhIX Haxo.noK B lllypr~ax co6patthl o6nOMKH I

HaxonHTCH B 2,5 KM K 3-I03 (177) OT uepKBH r. Chrn)J(epeH:, pHnoM c o6be3nHoH: rpaccoH: KHIIIHH3y-E3JJIJh Ha rrpaBOM 6epery peqKH Ciulucul Mare. 3aHHMaeT nBa rroKaThIX rroH:MeHHhIX Mh1ca BhICOTOH no 10 M Ha,a ypoBHeM rroH:-MhI. (PHC. 9, 1). IloBepxHOCThIH MHKpomnHqecKHH HHBeHTapb BCTpeqancH Ha rrJJow;a.n,H 11 Ox60 M Bnonh noJJHHhI. EhmH 3a.rro)J(eHhIIIHTh myipcpoB pa3MepaMH 2xl M Ka)l{n~1il:.

IllypcpbI N! 4 H 5 (ceBepHaH rrep11cpepHH rraMHTHHKa) IIOKa3anH IIOJJHhlH pa3Mhlf! rOJJOIJeHOBhIX OTJJO)l{eHHH.

Illypcp Ng 3 (3arra,aHaH rrepHcpepHH :_ PHc. 12, 1 ) . CTpaTHrpacpHH: rreperra-xaHHhIH qepH03eM BIIepeMeIIIKY c cyrJJHHKOM - no 0,2 M; )l{eJJTO-KOPH'IHeBhIH BH3KHlf cyrnHHOK c HaxonKaMH e,a1-rn11qHhIX KOCTeH H KpeMHeil: - 0,2- 0,37 M; )l{eJJTO-KOpHqI-JeBbie rJJHHHCTble OTJJO)l{eHHH (Ha rJJy6. 0,5 M Hall.nett MeJJKHH qlp. o6Ma3KH H on1rn KpeMeHh) - 0,37- 0,6 M.; pbI)l{He IlHTHHCThie rJJHI-lhl -HH)l{e 0,6 M.

Illypqi Ng 2 (ue1npaJJhttaH 30Ha-Puc. 12, 2). CTpaTurpaqmH: qeptto3eM c conep)J(aHHeM B HH,)l{He:ii qacTH KpeMHeH If KycoqKOB o6Ma3KH - no 0,2 M; 6yphIH cyrnHHOK - 0,25- 0,5 M H nanee - )l{eJJTO-KOpHqHeBbie rJJHHHCThie OT-JlO)l{eHHH. OcHOBHhie HaxonKH 3aneraJJH B qepno3eMHOM cJJoe H na KOHTaKTe c HH)l{eJJe)l{amuMH cyrmrnKaMH. XapaKTep 3a;1eraHttH KpeMHeBhrx HaxonoK no3-BOJJHeT cqn:TaTh HX onr-wBpeMeHHhlMH c penKHMH cpparMeHTaMH HeOJJHTHqecKOH KepaMHKH.

Illypcp Ng 1 6hm pa36HT B. nepxHeli qaCTH yqaCTKa c MHKpOhHTuqecKHMH H3nemrnMH, na rrepmpepHttHhIX yqacTKax rroceJJeHHH KJIJIK, o6o3HaqeHHoro B. M. E11K6aeBhIM rron.caMOCTOHTeJJhHhIM HOMepoM - Singerei XVF. 06tta-PY)l{HJI oTqacTH cxonttym c IIIypqioM 2 cTpaTHrpacpmo.

Bcero c naMHTI-IHKa co6patto 202 KaMeHHhix rrpenMeTa (Pn:c. 13), IIHTaH qacTh KOTOphIX rrpo11cxonHT HX IIIypcpOB. 0CHOBHhIM CblpbeM 6hIJJ nonynpo-3paqHhIM MeJJOBOM KpeMeHb BhlCOKoro KaqecTBa, taJJeqHhIM COCTaBJJHeT OKOJJO 10%. EnmmqnhI ttaxonKH H3 oKpeMHeJJoro H3BeCTHHKa (2 mmcTHHhI), o6cH-nnaua, aproJJHTOBhIH cr1 B ,ocHOBHOM qIIIHX: cp,opM 6e3 rrpaBHJihHOro orpaHttqeHHH. Cpentt rrnaCTHH (38%), KaK rrpaBHJJO c rrpa-

BHJJhH~IM orpatteHHeM,, MHOrO yceqeHHbIX cjlOpM. 06paw;aI-OT BHHMaHHe Tpa-rreuHeBHnHhie ceqeHHH IIJJaCTHH c MHKpOH3HOCOM no OCTpbIM pe)l{ylQHM KpaHM (Puc. 13, 2, 3). 3arOTOBKaMH nmi: opynuH: C rrpenHaMepermorr peTyIIIHOM rron-

- 78 -

Puc. l3. Ci,rnJKepeii XIII . KpeMHeBhie H3JJ.eHllil. roTOBKOM ne3BHH CJIY)J(HITH OTIQeIIhl cpenmi:x (4) H MeJJKHX (4)' pa3MepOB, a

. KO oqeHHbie rrnaCTHHhI (4) H O):(HH CKOJJ O)J(HBJieHHH. TaK~~~):(H~3p;emi:li co BTOpHqHOH o6pa6oTKOM (13 3K3.) rrpeo6JJa):(aIOT CKpe6-KH - 9 HMeeTCH onna TparreIJHH, CKpe6JihlIIIKO, :nonoTOB~):(~Oe H3):(enu,e H CKOJI

. ' (P' i l3 1 5- 12 1-18). CKpe6irn : KOHIJeBOH Ha_onIJene_ - 1, C 'peTyIIIhlO HC. ' ' ' . . , . . , , . . _; 4 i

fio OCHOBHbIM xapaKTepHCTHKaM OIIHCaHI-Ihlll KpeMHeBblll HHBeinaph 6onee BCero COOTHOCHTCH c KJIJIK, IKepe10 n o6be3,nHoi1 TpacchI B::im~h - Kttlll11n::iy , KOTopaH nepeceKaeT ceBepHym 11acTh nocenennH. ,,

3aHrrMaeT neBhIH rronon1~ CKJIOH .nommhI p. Ciulucul Mare. ITpoTH)J(eH-HOCT:b noceneHHH B,nOJih TpacchI 150- 200 M a no cKnony Ha I 00 M rro caM. oro ~ ' ' ,u, KpaH noiiMhI. 3~cnoHnpoBano na ror (Pnc. 9, 1).

c ITOBepxI-IOCTH co6paI-IO 6 ct~parMeHTOB HeOJIHTI11IeCKOH KYXOHHOif Kepa-MlfKH c npnMCChIO pacTnTeJihHOCTH KYJibTYPhI Kpnlll 11 KJIJIK. KpeMneBbIH KOMTIJieKC BJ(JIIOqaeT 29 npe,nMeTOB. l13 1-IHX: 2 nlJibKH, 3 I-Iy1meyca, 19 OTW:eITOB, 2 ce11eHHH rmacTirn, H no O.IJ;HOMY KpaeBOMy CKOJiy 11 CKOJIY 0)J(HBJieHirn .'06pa-w:aeT BH11Ma1rne o.n1-rormow:a,noqJ:Ih1ii np113MaT111ecr

-D 3

~- ~-ftl ~-[Ej, . I ' I

Puc . . 15. MaTepHaJJhl noceneHHii: 1-4 - MHxaiinoBKa VII; 5- 7 - I'pHrop3yKa III.

KepaMHKa - 26 qiparMeHTOBB KyxoHHoii nocy.n:h1 c TOHKHMH npoqep'IeH-HhI~H JIHHHHMH (Puc. 15, 1-4). Cpe.n:u KpeMHeBbIX JI3t1em1ii: TPII oTru;ena ( cpe.n:-HHH H .[IBa MeJIKHX) B Ce'IeHHH KpynHOM nnaCTHI-IbI H cpe.n:HHH IlJiaCTHHa 6e3 CJie.[IOB o6pa60TKH H MCilOJib30BaHmI.

Cy.n:.ii: no MaTepMaJiaM, noceJieHHe onpe.n:eneHHO OTHOCHTCH K :i:IaMHTHHKaM THna Sacarovca 1 KYJihTYPhI Kpmu H nepcneKTHBHO .n:n.a: crnu:noHapHbix pac- KOnOK.

13. Chi~careni V, com. Chi~careni (47 33 06" c.III., 28 02 04" B . .n:., o6c. BbICOTa 135 M) OTKpbITO B 1978 r. (Kaprn. 1) B. M. Em

~~i a-~2 ~-G13 Vf!J a-~ D-1 - . , ,4 . . 5 IO

-B ~ 'I5 ~

1-ll:[ firs' 17 14

Puc. 16. KHIII1

,,

~~ ~-u

1000 m t;;; w +4 Q

5

7

I

IOOO m ....._,__,.,

0 J km I

3

' II

2

E 0 0 ~

Puc. 19. TonocxeMbl naMllTHHKOB" 1 - U:ap1.ffpa11 II. 2 - "apttrpa n XV 3 T 4 H , .._., .,, , - 3T3p3yKa oy3

XIV, XV; 4 - CopoKa I, III.

- 86 -

Pa6oTaMn 1996 r. rrpon3Be,D,eHhI ,D,ononHnTeJihHhie c6o phi Ha rroBepxHOCTH (127 Kp. rrpe,D,MeTOB) H 3aJI0)l(CHhl ,D,Be Tpamue11 -B,D,OJih H rronepeK TeppaChl. CTpaTnrpamrnynue Bcero n'pocJie)l(eHa no JOB (KB. JI/6-7) rronepe'!HOi1: CTeH-Ke Tpamuen (Pnc. 3, 3).

1. PbIXJibIH rrax,OTHbIH CJIOH '!CpH03CMa c OTHOCHTeJibHO '!eTKOH HI1)l(HCI1: rpattttueii. Hapyruettne pacrraruKoii Bepxtteii 'la CTR cJioa 6yporo cyrnnHKa nptt- . BCJIO K OCBeTJieHHIO OT,D,eJibHblX y'!aCTI

2

~ . I

Puc. 20. IJ;apHrpa11 II. KpeMHeBbie H3,[(eJIHJI.

-88-

.

.

.

.

I 12

Puc. 21. IJ;apHrpa11'II. KpeMHeBhie H311eJIHJI.

HCXO,UiiOH 3arOTOBKH Bee opy.nmr pacnpe.uemIIOTCH cne.n;yIO:W:HM o6pa30M: CKpe6KH - 36 3K3 . (26 Ha or:w:enax - 1 Ha KpynHOM 18 Ha cpe,nHHX H 7 Ha MeJIKHx); 7 3K3. Ha nnacnrnax: 1 Ha KpynHoli H 6 Ha cpe.n;Heii; 3 3K3. Ha KpaeBhIX CKOJiaX. TpH 3K3. CKpe6en mi OT:w:errax - 1 3K3. Ha KpynHOM H 2 Ha cpe,nHeM. ,ll;Ba 3K3. cKpe6en-,noJIOT Ha oT:w:errax -Ha KpynHOM H cpe.n;HeM. O.ulio m.nem1e ,UOJIOTOBH,UHOe Ha cpe.n;HeM or:w:erre. ,ll;eBHTb 3K3eMITJIHpOB, pe3II;OB ~ H3 HHX 3

- 89-

~-~

Puc. 22. U:ap11rpat1 II. KpeMHeBble ttJAenm1.

I3 I

I4

~ ~

3K3. Ha cpe.L\HHX onu:errax, 4 3K3. Ha KpyrrHbIX rrrracTHHax H O.L\HH Ha cpemreif rrrraCTH~e, 1 3K3. Ha KpaeBOM CKOJie. 0,l\HHM 3K3. rrpe,l\CTaBJJeH MHKpope3eu Ha cpe,l\Hen rrrraCTnHe. Tpn 3K3. oCTpnif H3rOTOBJieHbI Ha cpe.L\HHX rrrracTHHax. MnKpOOCTpmr c ~pHTyrrrreHHbIM KpaeM - 3 3K3 . (2 - Ha cpe,l\HHX rrrraCTHHax ~l - Ha MerrKoH). MnKForrrracTn'mrn H rrrracTHHKH c rrpnTyrrrremrbIM KpaeM

5 3K3. (I - Ha ~pe,l\Hen H 4 - Ha MeJIKHx) . AHKOllIHpoBaHnbre rrrracTHl:Ibr -1 3K3. Ha KpyrrHOH rrrracTHHe.

- 90 -

113,l\eJimI c peTymHpOBaHHbIMH BbieMKaMH - 2 3K3 . (1 - Ha KpyrrHOM OT-merre H 1- KpymIOITIIJiaCTHHe). flJiaCTHHbl CO CKOUJeHHbIM peTyUJbIO KOHU:OM - 2 3K3. na cpe.L\HHX rrnacTHHax . PeTymepbI-OT>KHMHHKH - 5 3K3. (1 - Ha HyKneyce, 1 - Ha KpyrrHOM OTI1Jerre, 2 - Ha rrx oqepTaHHH. Memmx CKpe6KOB ):\0 2,5 CM ncero 3 3K3., O):\HH H3 KO-TOpbIX IIOJIYOKpyrnhltt C 06JIOM.aHHbIM OCHOBaHHeM. flOJiyOKpyrnbie CKpe6KH .L\OCTaTO'IHO 6nH3KH K KonueBo-60KOBbIM cpopMaM. BoKOBbl'.e cKpe6Kn BCTpe-'IeHbI JIHUlb B o6JIOMKax. Jle3Blie O,l\HOrO H3 KOHUeBbIX 3K3eMTIJIHpOB BbITIOJI-IieHO c BepTHI

peTyIIIbIO KOHIJ;OM, HO y:>Ke cpe3a1oui:eii 3arOTOBKY Ha BCIO ee TOJIUJ;HHY (PHc. 22, 1&). He IICKJIIOlfeHO H BTOpII'IHOe IIC110J1b30Bamrn nocJie,nnero rrpe,nMe1'a B KalfeCTBe HO:>KeBII;!J,HOrO Il3;!J,eJIH>I, 0 lfeM CBII;!J,eTeJibCTBYeT IIHTeHCIIBHhIM II3HOC pe:>Kyui:ero Kpa>I nJiaCTIIHbI. .

Oco6b1ii IIHTepec npe,ncTaBJI>IIDT MIIKpOJIMThI c npl1'Ty~JieHHhIM KpaeM, pe~ TYIIIHa>I o6pa60TKa KOTOphIX cpe3aeT 3arOTOBKY Ha BCIO, IIJIH 60JibllIYIO '-IaCTb TOJIUJ;MH,bI. Ilpe:>K;!J,e BCero :no 4 o6JIOMKa MllKponrraCTIIH II O;!J,Ha nrraCTIIHKa (Pllc. 22, 1- 5), HeKOTOJ:?hie co BCTpe'IHOM perymuoii QT;!J,eJIKOM, a TaK:>Ke .Tpll MllKpOOCTpm1. IlepBbie ;!J,Ba MllKpOOCTpll>I BhIIIOJIHeHbl Ha IIJiaCTllHKax, B O;!J,HOM crrylfae c ~ococpe3aHHhIM KpaeM, B .npyroM - co QKOIIIem:i;hIM B BM;!J,e Herny6o-Koii BbieMKll KOHUOM (PllC. 22, 11). TpeTbe MllKpOOCTplle MO;!J,eJillpOBaHO Ha MllKponrraCTHHe c peTyIIIHhIM cpe30M no o6oHM Kpa>IM Il KOcoycelfeHH9MY KOH-uy (B03MO:>KHa ero IlHTepnpeTaIJ;ll>I KaK TpeyrOJihHilK) (PHC. 22, 7). 3acrry:>KII-BaIOT ynOMHHaHll>I ;!J,Ba o6JIOMKa nrraCTHHOK c pOBHhIM peTyIIIHhIM cpe30M KOH-ua (PHC. 22, 9, 10), uerrhHa>I nrracTHHa CcepHeii MeJIKHX OTpeTyIIIHpOBaHHhIX BhieMOK no ;!J,BYM Kpa>IM (aHKOIII) (P,Hc. 22, 19), I1 nrraCTIIHa c ;!J,BYM>I He60JihlllllMll CllMMeTpII'IHO pacnOJIO:>KeHHhIMll BbieMKaMII y OCHOBaHil>I, cpopMMpyIOri.\HX He3HalfHTeJihHhIM qepeHOK (nceB;!J,OHaKOHelfHilK) (Pllc. 22, 12). YBepeHHO c ocHOBHOM Maccoii KpeMHeBoro MHBeH'rap>I Qap11rpa,na II CB>I3aHh1 5 peTyIIIepoB-OT:>KllMHIIKOB c xapaKTepHOM 3aTyrrrreHHOCThIO - 3arrra:>KeH-HOCThIO KpOMKll-rre3BII.ll II cpopMIIPYIOIUllX ero clrnceTOK. Cpe;!J,ll HllX noKa3aTeJibHhl ;!J,Ba MaCCllBHhIX y,nmrneHHhIX KpaeBhIX CKOJia c IlHTeHCilBHOM lfeIIIyiitiaToii o6pa60TKOM no ;!J,ByM Kpa>IM, xapaKTepHOM .nmr CKpe6eJI, Il odllH y,nJIHHeHHhIM HYKJieBII;!J,HhIM 3K3eMnrr>Ip, TpexrpaHHhiii B celfeHHH, rra,nheBH;!J,HOii cpOpMbI. ' A

Ifa .npyrHX nopo.n KaMH.ll Haii,neHO HeCKOJihKO MeJIKilX rreclfaHllKOBhIX rarreK H nJIHTOK 6e3 crre,noB yTHJIH3aUHil. ,n:onorrm~:rerrhHO co6paHa He6onhIIIa>I KOJIJieKUil>I KOCTeii )KllBOTHhIX - 55 MeJIKllX !},JparMeHTOB Tpy6lfaThIX CTeHOK, 15 o6rroMKOB 3nHcpH30B H 8 ocKOJIKOB 3y60B: Bee OH.H .nocTaTOlfHO CHJihHO pa3,npo6rreHhI. 11x noBepXHOCTh OCBeTrreHHa>I, rrpll yBrra:>KHeHilll pbIXJia>I, occHrrH3aunH, He . Ha6rr10.naeTc>I. KpoMe Toro o6napy:>KeHo HeCKOJihKO cpparMeHTOB paKOBilH ;!J,BYCTBOp'IaThIX MOJIJIIOCKOB.

. Oco6eHHO Ba:>KHhI Haxo,nKH cpparMeHTOB KepaMHKil (5 IIIT.). Ha noBepxHoCTII famo co6paHO 4 cpp., a 1 cpp. Haii,neH B IIIypcpe, B KOHTeKCTe c KpeMHeBbIMil npe,nMeTaMil, Ha rpaHIIUe 'IepH03eMa II 6yphIX cyrrrHHKOB. IloBepxHOCTh ,IIX crrra:>KeHa, CBeTJIO-KopH'IHeBoro (6e:>KeBhiii) UBeTa. TeCTo MerrKOCTPYKTypHoe, M>II'KOe Ha oui:ynh c >IBHOM paCTHTeJibHOM npHMeChIO, B 2-x CJiytia>Ix ,no6aBJieH MerrKilM UiaMOT. 06)KIII' OKIICJIIlTeJihHhIM, trenOJIHbili. qepenKil B II3JIOMe rpex-CJIOMHhI: TOHKIIe Hapy:>KHhie CBeTJibie Kpa>I Il 'IepHO-KOplltIHeBa>I cepe.Ll,HHa. Ha ;!J,BYX cpparMeHTax npocne:>KeHa opHaMeHTaUII>I TOHKilMil Bpe3HhIMil JlllHil>IMII (?).

Ilpe,nBapIITeJihHhIM aHaJIIl3 KpeMHeBoro IIHBeHTap>I n03BOJI>IeT BhI;!J,eJIHTh HeKOTOphre oco6eHHOCTH naM>ITHHKa U:apIIrpa.n II:

1 . B KOJIJieKUHII npHCYTCTBYIOT HyKrreychI c IICKJIIOlfHTeJibIIO npaBMJihHhIM orpaHeHHeM ;!J,JI>I MHKponrraCTIIH;

- 92 -

2. Cpe,nll opy,nHii npeo6rra,na10ui:IIe no3HUilll 3aHMMaIOT pa3Hoo6pa3Hhie

no !},JopMe CKpe6KI1, rrpll OTHOCill'eJihI-IO, Hll3KOM ,none pe:uoB; 3. 11MeIOTC>I onpe.nerr>IIOUJ;He !},JopMhI - ynrroIUeHHhIH MHKpope3eU H Hrrro-

BII;!J,HOe no,nTpeyrOJihHOe MllKpOOCTpHe. ' 0,nHaKO p>I;!J, rrpli3HaKOB OTJIIItiaIOT 3TOT naM>ITHilK OT Tlll1I1lfHO n03;!J,He-

Me30JIIlTillfeCKilX KOMnrreKCo~: " . 1. 11cnoJih30BaHIIe rro;!J.rrpH3~aTH'leCKHX II KonycoBH;!J,HhIX >I;!J,pIIIU c nera-

THBaMi1CKOJIOB110 60JihlllOM lfaCTil nepHMeTpa, npll OTCYTCTBilll IlJIOCKilX HyK-.. [

neycoB; 2. Kpaiiue HH3KIIM npouenT rrJiaCTHHtiaThIJ:' cKonoB B crpYKType KorrneKUIIIl

(30%), cpaBHHTeJibHO Marra>I ;!J,OJI>I cpe;!J,HllX Il MeJIKIIX nJiaCTHH; 3. CJia6oe pa3BllTIIe TCXHHKil ycelfeHil.ll nrraCTHH, COOTBeTCTBeHHO Mana>I

BhI6opKa celfeHIIM f paneuHeBH;!J,HOii H no,nnp>IMoyronhHOii c]..iopM, ynoTpe6n>I-eMhIX 6e3 ;!J,OilOJIHHTeJihHOM o6pa60TKil npH pa3BHTOM BKJIM\hIUieBOM TeXHHKe;

4. CpaBHl:l'reJihHO KpynHhre pa3MephI HCITOJih3yeMhIX ;!J,JI>I opy;!J,rur 3aroTo: BOK-OTIIJ;eITOB II nrraCTHH cpe;!J,HllX pa3MepOB, CBil;!J,eTeJihCTByIOUJ;Ile 0 Hll3KOil MllKPOJIIl3al!Illl ,KOMITJieKca. ,n:orr>I MIIKPOJIIlTOB He npeBhilllaeT lfeTBepTH NOJI-

rreKUilll; . 5. IlpncyTCTBile B opy;!J,HHHOM Ha6ope cepllII CKpe6err II peTyIIIepOB-OT-

)KllMHilKOB, KpeMHeBhIX OT60MHHKOB, npll OTCYTCTBilll OKpyrrrhIX Il HOI'TeBH;!J,-HhIX C.K'pe6KOB, reoMeTpIItieCKilX MllKPOJIIlTOB (3a IlCKJIIOlfeHHeM IlI'J10BH;!J,1'IOI'O OCTpmr) Il KyKpeJKeHMe naM.SITHHKa py6e)l{OM Me3o-He-orrMTMlfeCKOii 3Il0Xll, a HaJIIllfllC KepaMilKil ,na)l{e Il03BOJI>IIOT OTHeCTH ero K paHHllM HCOJillTillfeCKilM .

15. Tarigrad XV. com. Tarigrad (47 59' 15" c.lll., 27 45' 20" B.;!J,., a6c . BhICOTa 135 M) (KapT. 1). 0TKpbITO B 1996 r. C. OO;!J,>IHy. 0THOCllTC>I K Me30JII1Ty.

Haxo,nMTC>I B 5 KM K IOB oT cerra, B 1,5 KM Ha 10r OT MOCTa M lllocce ,n:poKH>I-PhIIIIKaHhI, i:;io npaBOMY 6opTy ,norrHHhI peKM PeyT. Hax~;!J,Kll JIOKa~l:i30BaHhI Ha rreBOM CKJione BhICOKOro MhICa, o6pa3oBaHnoro KP YT OH M3JIYlfllHOil ,noJIHHhI p. PeyT n ero npaBo6epe)l{HhIM npHTOKOM (PHc. 19, 2).

Ilpocrre:>KeHhI ;!J,Ba OCHOBHhIX CKOITJieHil>I KpeMHCBOrO MaTepIIarra, y)J.arreH-Hbie ,npyr oT ,npyra Ha 40- 50 M. Ha HHX 6bmII 3arro:>KeHhI rnypcphI. Haxo,noK He

Haii;!J,eHO. . . . Bcero co6paHo 113 3K3. KpeMHeBhIX npe;!J,MeTOB (PHc. 23). Ilo TexHHKe rrep-BlltIHOI'O pacui:eITJieHH>I BhI;!J,eJI>IIOTC.SI cne)J.y10ui:IIe rpynrrhI 113,nenIIii: 1. HyKJieychI - 6; 2. HyKneBII;!J,Hhre o6noMII na o,nnorrrroIUa.nolfHOM rro.nrrpH3Ma-TH'!eCKOM HyKrreyce. 11MeIOTC.SI ;!J,Ba BTOpII'IHbIX >I;!J,pIIIUa c neraTIIBaMII MHKpO-

. .

-93-

Puc. 23. U:ap11rpa.11 XV. KpeMHeB1>1e 113.llej!HJI. nnacTm:~

11CeB,D,Ope3eU: c tJ.eIUyHtJ.aTOH 110,D,pa60TKOH Kpa5I II IIIIIpOKIIM pe3U:OBbIM CKOJIOM Ha nepBIItJ.HOM OTIT(ene. ' '

IlOMIIMO KpeMHeBbIX II3,D,eJIIIH o6Hapy)f(eHbI MeJIKIIe OKaTaHHbie q)parMeH-TbI KepaMHJ(II, 0HII 6rre,D,HO-p030Boro u:seTa. lfaroTOBJieHbI II3 MeJIJ cocTaBIIJia npIIMepHo 30 KB. M. 0THeceHo B III c1Ja3e E,[(K.

IlaMHTHIIK HaXO,D,IITCH B 2,5 KM K JOB OT EeKIIpOBa MOCTa BHH3110 TC'ICHIIIO peKII ,[(HecTp, Ha ero rresoM 6epery HanpoTIIB ocTposa. Cnpasa OT acclJarrI>To-sow ,D,oporII CopoKa-TpIIclJayu:b1, B caMOM HatJ.arre KypopTHOH 30HI>I c,D,oMaMII OT,D,hIXa II ,D,eTCKIIMII rrarepHMII (PIIc. 19, 4). 3aHIIMaeT o6phIBIICThIH Kpali KO-pemroro 6epera peKII, paCilOJIO)f(eHHOro Ha paCCTOHHIIII 15 M II Ha BhICOTe 7- 8 M OT JieTHero ypoBHJI BO,D,hI.

IIocerreHIIe Haxo,D,IITCH B caMOM HatJ.arre II3.iiytJ.IIHI>r peKII, r,D,e HatJ.IIHaeTc~ pacIIIIIpeHIIe npIInoliMeHHoro yqacrKa ,D,O 70 M c C Ha IO II Ha 600 M c 3 Ha B (Puc. 19,4). KymTypHI>IH crroli 61>m npocrre)f(CH B 06p1>rne 6epera Ha npOT5I)f(C-HIIII 16 MK BOCTOKy OT KO Hy ca Bhittoca ,D,peBHero OB para (PIIc. 25, 1 ). CoxpaHIIB- IUaHCJI qacT!> 6epera, ,D,OCT,YilHaH ,D,JIJI paCKOilOK, HC npCBhIIIIaeT B ,D,JIIIHY 20 M (no TCtJ.CHIIIO perm), a srrry6b He 6orree 6- 8 M. B 1, 6 Mr< socrorIO 28 KB. M. IIo lO)f(HOH CTCHC pacKona rrpOCJIC)f(CHa CJIC,D,y10ru:aa CTpaTIIrpaclJIIH (PIIc. 25, 3): 1. 3a,D,epHOBaHHbIH CJIOH c BKJIIO'ICHHHMII HaMhIBHhIX rpaBIIH, raJihKII II petJ.HOro' necKa, CMI>IToro c o6otJ.IIHI>I ,D,opom - 0- 0,10 M; 2. CepaH rrecHaH rrotJ.Ba c BKparrrrCHIIHMII MCJIOBhIX II II3BCCTKOB~IC1:hIX OKaThIIIICH II Ir c CB Ha I03 (40). B I03 tJ.aCTII (KB. 3-5/r) o6bcKT yxo,D,IIT no,D, IO)f(HYIO HepacKorra:n:ny10 CTCHKY. B rrpe,D,enax :noro o6bCKTa o6Hapy)f(CHhI 1101:J.TII BCC (KpOMC C,D,IIHHtJ.HhIX) opy,D,IIH Tpy,D,a II3 KpeMH5I, KaMHH, KOCH! H clJpar-MCHThI KepaMHKII E,[(K. .

. KpeMHeBaH tJ.aCTI> KorrrreK1~HII npe,D,CTaBrretta 513 3K3. (PIIc. 26; 27). B oc-HOBHOM IICI10Jih30BaJIC5I cephIH 110Jiynpo3patJ.HhIH )f(CJIBatJ.Hhlli KpeMCHh, 0,D,HaKO B 3HatJ.IITCJII>Holi creneHII 11epepfl60Ta:n:n1>1i1: perre 0Tru:e111>r - 44; 9. Cpe,D,nIIe 0Tru:e111>I'- 118; 10. Menr1e nnacTIIHhI - 25; 13. Cpe.[(HIIC nnaCTIIHhI II IIX ceqenua -26; 14. MenKHe(MIIr1 - 6; 15. KpaeBI>recKOJIDI - 26; 16. CKOJihr 0)f(HBJICHH5I - 4.

!fexHHKO-MopclJonorH'ICCKHH aHaJIH3 KOJIJICKI.(IIH npe.[(CTaBJIHCT ,D,BC TCXHH-KII cr1BaHm1

-97 -

Ha 3/4 nepnMeTpa, c HeraTMBaMM CKOJIOB MeJIKHX H cpe.n:HMX ITJiaCTHH (urnp. 0;3- 1,0 CM). Pa3Mepb1ero 6 x 4 x 2,5 CM (Pnc. 27,2). BTOpOI1 o.n:Honnow:a.n:oqHblli KOHyCOBMJJ:HbIH, c ynno:w:eHHbIM qlpOHTOM CKaJibIBaHmI Ha 3/4 nepMMeTpa, ue-CY:W:HH HeraTMBbI CKOJIOB MeJIKHx n cpe.n:HHX nnacTnH (0 ,3- 1,2 cM). Pa3Mepb1 5 x 3,5 x 3 CM (Pnc. 26, 13). TaK )Ke cpe.n:H CKOJIOB O)KHBJieHmr y.n:apHbIX nno111a.n:oK (Bee OHM cpe.n:HHe OT:W:eIIbl) MMeeTCJI 0.D:HH c KpyrOBOH CHCTeMOH CKOJia.

Cpe.n:H norryi1eHHb1x 3aroTOBOK npo11eHT oTw:erroB .n:ocTttraeT 58% (297 IIIT J frraBHbIM o6pa30M, :no MeJIKHe H cpe.n:Hne 3K3eMIIJI5!pbI 6e3 rrpaBMJibHOro orpaaeHHH. TpeTbH qacTh Bcex OTW:eHOB - nepBHqHhie, T. e. OTXOJJ:bI B qHCTOM BHJJ:e. IloJIOBHHa Bcex OT:W:eIIOB HMeeT oqeHb MaCCHBHhie rpy6b1e OCHOBaHHJI, o6pa30BaBIIIHeCJI npH y.n:apHOH TeXHMKe CKOJia. IlnaCTHHqaTbIX CKOJIOB 13% (63 IIIT.). Be.n:y:w:tte II03HI(MM 3aHHMaIOT cpe.n:Hne 11 Kpymibie. TexHnKa yceqemrn KOHI(OB 3arOTOBOK JIBHO Bbipa)KeHa JIHIIIb .D:JIJI cpe.n:HHX IIJiaCTIU-I - 10 3K3. Maorne H3 HHX MMeIOT MHKpOH3HOC (Pttc. 26, 1-2).

BTopnqHoi1p6pa6oTKe no.n:BepmyTo 11 n3.n:enn:il:, ew:e 27 nMe1-0T crre,abI MG-IIOJib30BaHMH B Bn.n:e MeJIKOH HeperynHpHOH PeTYIIIM H Bbiw:ep6mm. Ilo BbI6opy

HCXO~HOH 3arOTOBKH opy.n:nH pacnpe.n:enJIIOTCJI cne.n:yIOII(HM o6pa30M: Bee CKpe6Kn - 7 3K3. -u3rOTOBJieHbI Ha oTw:enax: 3 Ha MerrKnx, 3 Ha cpenmix, 1 Ha 1

Puc. 27. CopoKa III . KpeMHeBhJe H3AeJIHll.

HbIX O'IepTam1il. I1o'ITH Bee parMeHThI opttaMeHTHpoBaHbI (20 H3 26). Hatt-6onee pacnpocTpaHeH yrny6neHHbIH (Bpe3Hbie JIHHMM pa3HOH umpttHbI) - 15 qlp. (Pttc. 28, 4, 6), pe)Ke BCTpe'IaIOTC1! OTile'laTKM Ii.ITaMTIOB-HaKOJIOB IlO.I(KBa.n;-parnoii, nompey:r:oJibHOH (Pnc. 28, 1- 3; 5) H OBaJihHOH opM (Pttc. 28, 8) . I1ocne.n;HHH HMHTMPYeT nanhI.i:eBO-HOrTeBOH 3am1m "Konoc" KYJihTYPhI Kpmn. Cne.n;yeT OTMeTHTb 4 qlp., OTJIH'laromnxc11 OT Bb1111eomicaHHbIX HaJIM'lrreM B TeCTe OTile'laTKOB OCTaTKOB KYJibTypHbIX 3JiaKOB. qepenKM 3TM 6onee nerKMe

- 100 -

I 2

-\ . 4

5

-~ 8

7

Puc. 28. CopoKa III. KepaMHKa.

no Becy H M>IrKHe 1-rn omynh. K TOMY :>Ke ,D,Ba M3 Hux 6bmH noKpbIThI c1rnpy)KH TOHKHM cnoeM CBeTJIOrO aHro6a. OpHaMeHTHpoBaHbI OHM Bpe3HbIMM JIMHHllMH 11 ene 3aMeTHbIMH OTTie'laTKaMH HOIT11 (PHC. 28, 7, 8, 10).

1'.hn.enHll H3 KOCTH rrpe,D,CTaBJieHbl Jililllb o6JIOMKOM opy,D,Hll 110,D,Tpeyronb-

HblX O'IepTaHHH-HaKOHe'IHHK rapnytta (?).

- 101 -

2

Puc. 29. CopoKa III. Tecna-Aonon. KocTH )!{HBOTHhix cunhuo qiparMeHTHpoBaHHhI _ 54 rnT 06 . hl'IHhIMH Ha-

XOJJ:KaMH JIB' JI5IJ1HCh crnopKH paKOBHH "U nio" (OT l 0 50 ) 6 v v JJ:O Ha KBa;:i:paT coco-OH KOI-IUeHrpaunen B rrpe;:i:enax o6beKTa' NQ 2. O;:i:Ha u 3 HHX 6bma rrep.-ho'

aaua. , 'I' pupo-

MaTepuanh1 CopoKH III 1996 r. pa6oT He rrpoTnaope'IaT a eme 6onee YCHJIHBaI-OT H3BecnryIO XpOHOJIOrH'IeCKYIO lI03HUHIO 3TOro rra~JITHHI1 naMSrrHHKOB: '1-T3r3p3yi

Puc. 31. KpeMHeBble H3!1CJIHll: 1-8, 10-- T3np3yKa Hoy3 XIV; 9, 11 - T3T3p3yKa Hoy3 XV.

HeonMTHqecKa5I KepaMHKa B~K rrpe.ncraBJieHa 28 MeJIKHMH TOHKOCTeH-1-ihIMH cpparMeHTaMM CTeHOK M BeHqHKOB; 8 IlIT. H3 HHX HaCTOJibKO MaJibl, qTo He rrpeBhIIllaIOT B rrorrepeqHHKe 1 CM. ITo TeXHMKO-TeXHonorHqecKMM rroKa3a-TeJI5IM (xapaKTep li Kaqecrno TeCTa Mero o6pa6oT~a) Bb1qneH5IIOTC5I .nae rpyn-IThI. I1epBa5I rrpe.D;CTaBJieHa 6 c}lparMem'aMH CTeHOK, IlOBepXHOCTb KOTOpbIX xo-P.OllIO crJia)KeHa H MMeeT JIHillb He3HaquTeJibHhie BbIIU;ep6JIHHhI. L(Ber RX B rrpH-

- 104 -

..

rnyllleHHOH cepoKopHqHeBOH raMMe. Tecro HMeeT ecTeCTaeHHYIO rrpMMeCh MeJihqaiillleFO rrecKa M pe,n;KMe 6neCTKM CJIIO,[\hl, a TaK:>Ke rrpHMeCb paCTMTeJib-HOCTM ;::(HKOpacrym;ux TpaB, OTrreqaTaBilIMXC5I B BH,[\e TOHqaiillIMX neHTO'IeK. 06)I(Mr 3TMX cocy.n;oB HerroJIHhIH, OKHCJIMTeJihHhIH. B H3JIOMe 'IeperrKM Tpex-cnoiiHhI c 6onee 'Iepttoii BHyTpeHHeii rroBepxHOCThIO. OpHaMeHTMpoaaHhI .naa cpparMe~Ta; Ha O,[\HOM COCTaBJieHa KOM6MHa[(H5I M3 0Tpe3KOB (?) .TOHKMX (0,1 CM) Ii cpe.D;HHX (0,15-0,2 CM) nmrnii, He3Ha'IHTeJibHO yrny6neHHbIX(~MC. 32,9). BTopoii yKpallleH IllttpOKHMH oaanhHhIMH B ce'!eHHH KaHaBKaMM-yrny6neHH-5IMH (KaHHenHpOBH,[\Hbie) (PHO. 32,10).

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Puc. 32. T3T3p3yKa Hoy3 XIV. KepaMHKa. BTopa5I rpyrrrra - 14 cpp. ITOBepxttoCTh ,RX OTJIH'IHvo crna)K~Ha M rro.nno-

m;eHa. Hapy)I(Ha5I .z:i;orronHMTeJihHO rroKpI>rnanacb 'IMCTOH rrrHHOM, TaK 'ITO OT-rreqaTKH pacTHTeJihHOCTH BH.D;HhI TOJihKO c BHyTpeHHeii cTopOHhI. U:aer VBaph-ttpyer OT cepo-)KeJIToro .z:i;o KOpH'IHeaoro H cepo-opatt)Keaoro B oxpMCTOH raM-

- 105 -

Me. TecTo oo.z:i;ep:>r

Hett IIOBepxHOCTH H rrpocne:>ImBaeMyIO B H3JIOMax B Bff,[(e TOHeHhKHX neHTO'IeK. Hapy:>Irna.a rroBepxttOCTh o6Ma3aHa :>IIc>I nnueBa.ll 'IaCTh ttyKneyca CBH.L\eTeJihCTBYeT 06 HCIIOJib30-BaHHH OT)l(HMHOH .TeXHHKH rrapanneJibHOro CKOJia, 6a3npyIOIIJeHC.ll Ha 0,[(HO-l1JIOIIJa,[(O'IHOM IIO.L\11pH3MaTH'IeCKOM 0.[(HOCTO po1u1eynnou~eHHOM HyKneyce . Ha nm:.i;eBoii 'IaCTH coxpaHHJIHCh ueraTHBbI MenKHX H cpe.L\HHX rrnacTHH pa3-MepoM OT 0,6 .no 1,3 CM. Pa3MepbI ero 6 x 6 x 2,5 CM (P11C. 31,9).

Hap.a.ny c OT)l(HMHOH BerrnKa BepO>ITHOCTh HCIIOJib30BaHirn y.uapHOH Jex-HHKH, 0 'IeM orrocpe,noBaHHO CBH,UeTeJibCTByeT CHJibHO H30;f'HYTbIH IIpocpHJih MaKponnaCTHHbI. K H3,UeJIH.lIM co BT,OpH'IHOH o6pa60TKOH BepO.lITHO OTHOCHTC.ll MaKpOOTUien, me py6.lIIIJHH Kpa:H: 3aOCTpeH rpy6bIMH BCTpe'IHbIMH CKOJiaMH (PHC. 31 , 11 ). MaKponnaCTHHa H Ce'!eHHe nnaCTHHhI HMeIOT CJie,UhI HCITOJih30-BaHH.ll Ha 0.[(HOM H .L\BYX 6oKOBhIX Kpa.lIX.

llpe,ncTaBneHHhie KpeMHeBhie H3.[(enn.ll, KaK H Ha naMHTHHKe T3T3p3yKa Hoy3 XIV, HBHO nponcxo,n>IT H3 pa3HhIX KYJihTYPHhIX KOHTeKCTOB . BbrnBneHHe oco6eHHOCTeli Ka)l(.[(Oro KYJihTypHoro cno>I naM.lITHHKOB .neno 6y.nyIIJero.

llo orrpe.[(eneHHIO C . Becker, H3 28 KOCTeli - 12 IIIT. - 6rraropO.L\HhIH OJieHb . OcTaJihHhie - KOCTH KpynHhIX H M.eJIKHX MJieKOITHTaIOIIIHX He onpe.ne-neHbI ,[(0 BH,[(a.

Co6paHHhIX MaTepManOB >IBHO tte.nocTaTO'IHO .[(JI>I nonHOIJ;eHHhIX BhIBO.L\OB o Mecre H oco6eHHOCT.lIX 3Toro naM>ITHHKa. Ero KepaMnKa OTJIH'!aeTc.ll OT Ma-TepnanoB B,n:K Cpe,nHero ,z:i:ttecrpa n o6na.naeT cBoeo6pa3neM, Bhipa)l(aI-OIIIHM-c.ll B BOCTO'IHhIX BJIM>IHH.lIX.

B na6opaTOpMH pa.[(HOKap6oHa 11HCTHTYTa n3HKH B Gliwice (llomrna) rrony'IeHhI cny.z:1yroIIJHe ,naThI C 14. ,n:n>I CopoKH III - Gd. 11297 - 8430 90 BP 7510- 7410 cal. BC. ,n:1rn T3T3p3yKa Hoy3 XIV - Gd. 9697 - 5370 BP 4310 - 4070 cal BC. ,n:n.ll T3r3p3yKa Hoy3 XV - Gd. 9693 - 5220 . 70 BP 4170 - 3910 cal BC.

,n:aTa CopoKn III BhIXO.z:IMT 3a paMKM o6IIJerrpHH.lITOH xpottonornH tteonnTa llpyTo-,z:i:ttecTpOBh.ll. llo 3aKJI~'IeHMIO na6opaTOpHH, npH'IHHa B03MO)l(HOH

OIIIH6KH B HCXO,UHOM MaTepMane - CTBOpKH paKOBHH u nio. Mecro naM.lITHHKa ycTaHaBJIHBaeTC.ll THIIOJIOI'H'IeCKH ce.pe,nHHOH 6 ThIC . .no H.3. B COOTBeTCTBHH c ,naToii ,nn>I CaKapoBKM I - Bln. 2425 - 6650 50 BP 5480 - 5440 cal BC.

,n:aThI ,nn>I naM>ITHHKOB T3T3p3yKa Hoy3 XIV n XV CHJihHO OMOJIO)l(ettbI H, no BCeH BH,UHMOCTH, COOTBeTCTBYIOT KYJihTYPHOMY CJIOIO c MaTepnanaMH Tpnrronh>I cpe,nttero 3Tarra. Bonee TOI K rro3,ntteMy Me3onnTy. BechMa rrepcrreKTHBeH

- 109 -

rraMHTHHK ~apttrpa.n: II .ZJ:JIH peUieHttH rrpo6neM&I KYJihTYPH&Ix TpattcqJOpMau;aii Ha :narre rrepexo.n:a K TaK Ha3&rnaeMoif "6ecKepaM1P:1ecKoif qla3e" E,[(K.

.06CJie.n;oBaHtteM rraMHTHHKOB KYJihTYPhI KpttUI B Cbnr:>KepeifcKoM p-He cy-ru;ecrne~Ho p~curnpeH r

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Ta6J11n1a I BH)lOBOH COCTaB "'IHC.IJCHHOCTb KOCTHblX oc~aTKOB MJICKOOHTaromux Hl paCKOUOK MC30JIHTH'ICCKHX" HCOJIHTH'ICCKHX noceJieHHH Pecny6JIUKH MoJI)lOBa (B 'IHCJIHTeJie - KOJIH'ICCTBO KOCTeii, 3HaMeHaTe.1Je - 'IHCJIO oco6eii)

Me30JIHT .K HeoJIHT -

Bll71 Ka I

. ka I (29) (29) (29)

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO .. 11 12 13 Erinaceus europaeus L. Ill 212 3/2 I Sorex sp.

-

4/2 -

Talpa europaea L. 6/3 111 -' Myotis dasycneme Boil. 5/2 '

Myotis sp. 212 c Lepus europaeus Pall: < 8/3 111 111 413 4/2 !/! 111 6/2 6/2 .,., " L. cf. tanaiticus Gur. 513 Ochotona pusilla Pall. 1174/227 Marmota bobac Mull. 153/32 211 ~ Citellus suslica Guld. 1261/436 Citellus sp.

-

489/62 Castor fiber L. 211 8/3 3/2 611 5/2 3/1 4/2 Alactaga jaculus Pall. 47/15 Spalax Jeucodon Nordm. 158/ S. polonicus Mehely 158/29 10/3

~ Spalax sp. 230/10 211 .. 2/1 Apodemus flavicollis - : Melch. 230/10 2/1 - 211 A. sylvaticus L. 46/16 Mus musculus L. 14/6 ..

--Cricetus cricetus L. 128/29 - Ill 111 211 !/! Cricetullus migratorius Pall: 615/8 '

-

' -Allocricetull:us evers--

" manni Br. 44/21 Lagurus Jagurus Pall. 2796/1361

IIponoJJJKeHHe ra6JJHUhI I .

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO II

12 13

--

L. luteus Eversm. 56/24 Arvicula tertestris L. _ Microtus agrestis L. 31/20 M. arvalis L . 275/134 --M. gregalis Pall. 1279/467

4/2

M . oeconomus Pall . 329/134 M . subterraneus S-Long. 27117 Canis lupus L. 9/1 6,2

513 1/1 111 211

Cani familiaris L. 211 8.2 30/2 6/2 4/2

-. 1/1

Vulpes vulpes L . 6/2 - -1;3 _ 211 3/2 4/1 5/2

Ursus-arctos L. 111 - 2.il 1/1 1/1 2il 14/2 612

Mustela erminea L. 7/3 -

M. nivalis L . 5/3

-;,.;

Putorius cf. putorius L. 5/2 3/1

Martes sp. 2/1 111 3/2 111

Meles metes L. !/I 3/2 - 1/1 - -

Lutra Jutra L. ; --

1/1

Felis silvestris Sehr. 111 4/2

LynxlynxL. 111 211 2/1

Equus cf. latipes Grom . . " 64/1 111 1/1 -

E. gmelini Ant. -

211 (?) 2/1 3/1 211

E. caballus domestica L. " 11/2 ? !/!

Equussp. 4/1 6/2 !/! , 111 8/3 145/3

E. (Asinus) hidruntinus Reg .. 26/2

3/1

E. (Asinus) sp. 4/1

Sus scrofa domestica L. 211(?) 109/11 47/1 3/1 66/7 225/8 4117/108 60120

S. scrofa ferus L. 4/1 - 4/1 14/4 16/5 29/4 513 4614 5415

211 . 115/9 1/1

Cervus e!aphus L. 7/2 3/1 84/1 170/17 43/6 212/10 206/5 777/18 93/3

82/15 211

Capreolus capreol:us L. 8/2 129/11 104/12 12/3 135/9 37/3 79/6

1/1 20/6

Alces alces L. !/! 2/1 9/1 -

-

Rangifer tarandus L. 237/9 Bison sp. 8/3 Bison aut Bos. 6/1 211 914

7/2 246/6 98/9 9/1

Bos primigenius Boj. 211 4/1 12/3 27/3 3/1 92/8

Bos taurus L. 62/4 10/2 18/3 27/4 5615 20/3 -

278/28 15/1 -785/32 24/11 211

Ovis aries, Capra hircus

3tta'IHTCJibHblH HaytJHbIH mITepec npe.[(CTaBmnoT OCTCOJIOr,H'ICCKHe MaTepnanbI (CBblllIC 1500 O'ICHh CHJibHO pa3.[(po6nem-IblX KOCTeii) H3 paCKOITOK paHtteueonnTtttJeCKHX noceneunii: 6yro-J1.HecTpOBCKoii: KYJihTYPhI (aTopaH nonoBium Vl-:-VTbIC. Jl.OH.3.)y r . CopoKH a Cpe.[(HeM Tipn.[(HeCTpOBbe (13,17, 21, 22). 0HH CBH.[(eTCJibCTBYIOT, qTo OXOTa B X03.lIHCTBe 3THX nrreMeH Hrpruia 311aqttTerrhny10 ponh. Ha JI.OHIO oxoTHHtJhe-npoMbICJIOBbIX MJICKOIIHTaIOIIJHX npHXO,[(HTC.ll B cpe.[(HeM OKOJIO 73% Kocreii: H CBbIIUe 75% oco6eii. TiocrO.lIHHbIMH o6'heKTaMH OXOTbI )J(HTerreii 3THX pIii 6bIK-Typ, KOTOpbIH, IIO aceii aepoHTHOCTH, uaxo.n:HnCll ua cramrn np11pyqenHH.

Oco6oro BHHMaHHH 3acny)J(HBalOT KOCTHI>Ie ocraTKH MJICKOIIHTHIOIUI-IX, co6pa~rnbie apxeonoraMH B. H. MapKeBHtJeM n B. A. ,ll;epratJeBhIM npH ttccne.n.oaattHH .n:pyroro tteoJIHTMqecKoro rrocerremrn KYJihTYPhI Kpmn-CaKapoBKa I (a6cOJilOTHblH B03pacr ITO C 14-4700100 JICT JJ;O H.3.) (19). 3TH JJ.OBOJibHO 0611IttpHblC H pa3HOo6pa3Hbie OCTCOJIOrH'lCCKHC MaTepHaJibl ( OKOJIO 8 TbICll'l ocnlTKOB OT IIPMMeptto 250 oco6eii) YTO'IHHI-OT H pac11I11palOT npe.n:cTarmeHHH 0 cj)ayue MJieKOIIMTaI-OIIJHX Mon.n:oBhI ,If rnam-rbIM o6pa3oM o .n.pemreiiiireM c1IK noceneHHH CenH11ITe, uaxo.n:ttnca B IIpouecce

npupytieHH.ll.

- ll5 -

' rropennh I, IJ;L1pa, PycellITHH Ho:ii I, Poro:>KeHb II, )J;3HqeHh u .z:i;p. )J;aHHaH a yHa uccrre.z:i;oBaHa B. I1. U,arrKHHhIM (29) u A. I1. )J;aBH.[(OM (13) ( rn6rr. J).

B BH,n:y Toro, qTo pe3yJILTaTLI 113yqeHm1 OCHOBHhIX ocTeorrorw-IecKux MaTepHarroB H3 pacKonoK 6orrhllIHHCTBa HeOJIHTuqecKux nocerreHull: P. Morr,n:oBa ony6rrHKOBaHbI paHee (13, 17, 27, 29), HH:>Ke oCTaHOBHM.CH JIHlllh Ha anarru3e HOBhIX MaTepuarroB no JIOllla.[(HM, KOTOphie .n:onOJIHHIOT H pac:Ump.l!IOT H3BeCTHhie npe.z:i;CTaBrreHHH 06 HCTOpuu HX pa3BHTHH B rorron;eHe EBpon1>1.

JlomaAb AOMamHBB - Equus caballus domestica L. Borrpoc o BpeMeHH u MeCTe npupyqeHHH, o npon;ecce ,n:oMeCTHK.au;HH .D:HIK,n:aeTcH Ha npoTH:>KeHHH HeCKOJihKHX ,n:eCHTHJieTHM, 0.[(HaKO .[(0 HaCTO.llll(ero BpeMeHH OCT,aercJI .[(HCKyCCHOHHhIM, IIOCKOJihKY OTCYTBYIOT MITH oqenh He3Ha'IHTeJihHBI Heo6xo,n:HMbie OCTeorro-r:uqecKHe MaTepuarrhI H3 HH:>Ke- H cpe,n:nerorrou;eHOBbIX OTJIO:>KeHHM, B qaCTHOCTH H3 paCKOnOK II03.[(HeMe30JIHTH'IeCKHX H paHneneoJIHTJiqecKHX nocerreHHM B

. ' CBH3H c qeM H COBpeMeHHhie 3HaHHH no 3TOMy Bonpocy O'IeHh orpaHHqeI:J:bl (2, 3, 29). I103TOMY 3acrry:>KHBaeT BHHMaHHJI rrI06aH xopolllo ,n:aTupoaa1rnaH (apxeorrorH'IeCKH HJIH reorrorul.JeCKH) HaxoilKa KOCTHhIX OCTaTKOB JIOllla,n:ell:.

,D;o ne,n:aBHero BpeMeHH C'IHTarrocb, 'ITO B Espone ,n:oMallIHHH rrollla.[(h noHBHrracb He paHee KaK K III ThICH'Ierrer:uro .z:i;o H.3. ( 6). 3aTeM KOCTHhie oCT~TKH ee 61>mH 06Hapy:>KeH1>1 Ha Y KpaHHe a crroHx BTopoll: norroBHHhI IV ThICHqerrermi .n:o H.3. (2, 3). Hec1Ko no3:>Ke H3BeCTH:b1ll: rrccrre,n:oaaTerrh MrreKonrrTaIOrn;:ux rorrou:ena B. I1. IJ;arrKHH (29), paccMaTp:nBaJI .z:i;peBHeiillIHe ,n:oManrnue :>KHBOTHhle BocToqHoll: Esponb1, OTMeTrrrr, 'ITO caM1>1e ,n:peBHHe KOCTH rrollla,n:u KOTOpbie MOryT 6bITb' OTHeCeHbI K .[(OMallIHell: 1e m HHx np:uHa,n:rre:>KaT .n:oMalllnell: KeH1>1 CBhillle 20 KOCTHhIX ocTaTKOB rrorna,n:eli, rrpHHa,n:rre:>Karn;Hx MHHHMYM TpeM B3pocrr1>1M oco6JIM. K .ri;oMallIHeli KeHHOR BhJeMKO,M Ha ero JIHHrBaJibHOR CTeHKe, COQTBeTCTBy10rn;eH: npo,n:OJihHOM 6op03,[(e CTOJI6HKa, CHJihHO BhICTyna10rn;ero Ha.[( KOpOHKOM, rnupoKaH, ,n:rruunaH c pacrn11pemrnH: aeprnHnoH: H c Kpynuoll: rnnopoll: BHyTperrnHH ,[(OJIHHKa c6JJH:>KaIOT paccMaTpHBaeMbIR aepxne,KopeHHOH 3y6 c COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ;HMH 3y6aMH ,[(OMamneli norna.z:i;H H OTJJH'IaIOT ero bT 3y60B TapnaHOB. C 3y6aMH nocne,n:uux ero B iKaeT a6conIOTHaH H OTHOCHTeJJhHaH llIHpHHa KOpOHKH.

Hu11e11eqemoCT11au BeTBh o6JJOMa:tia nepe,n: P2 H no3a,n:H M 3 lfa 3y60B coxpaHHJJHCh p3 H M2' KOTOpbie HaXO,[(HTCH B uaqaJihHOM CTa,[(HII CTIIpaHHH. OT ocTaJihHhIX 3y6oa coxpaHIIJJHCh IIX aJJhBeo11h1. BI>1c0Ta aeTBH nepe,n: P2 COCTaBJJHeT 57 2 MM. Ona 3JiaqHTeJJbHO Bhlllle, l.JeM y TaBpH'IeCKOro (45,0 MM) H xepCOHCKOr; (40,0 M~) TapnaHOB, a TaK )KeJIOllla,[(H Ilp:>KeBaJibCKOrO (51,0-

. 55,0, cp. 53,0 MM) H HaXO,[(HTCH B npe,n:enax II3MeH'IIIBOCTII 3Toro IIOI1e PycernThI B Morr,n:oae (57,0 H 63,0 MM). HII:>KHHli Kpali qerrrocTII H3 Ca1rnpHMrreuu1>1i1 no,n: M 2-M3 Ilo ,n:aHHhIM B. I1. EII6HKOBoi1 (2), HH:>KHIIH Kpali qeJIIOCTH y .[(OMallIHI;IX rrorna,n:eli BbIIIpHMJJeH~hIM, y ,[(HKIIX - BhIIIYKJJhIR. )J;rrHHa 3y6uoro pH,n:a P2- M 3 II pH,n:a npe,n:Kopenn1>1x paccMaTpHaaeMoli qeJJIOCTH (173,0 MM II COOTBeTCTBeHHO 91,0 MM)' 6nH3KH K TaKOBhIM TaBpnqecKoro Tapnaua (177,0 MM II 91,0 MM) II ,n:oMarnnett rrorna~H 3ueo1111-TIIqecKoro noct:;neHIIH )J;epeHBKH (YKpaHHa) (176,0 MM H 88,0 MM) H 3Ha-qHTeJihHO MeHhllle, 'IeM y rrorna,n:H Ilp:>KeBaJihCKOrO (186,0- 194,0, cp. 190,0 MM H 96,5- 102,0, cp. 99,5 MM). )J;nuua pH,n:a KOpeHHhIX 3y6oa (83,0 MM) MeHhlll6, 'Ie;M y COBpeMeHHOro Tapnaua (88,0 MM) H JIOIIIa,[(H Ilp)KeBaJihCKOro (89;0-94,o; cp. 91,0 MM) H necKOJJhKO 6omllle, 'IeM y ,n:oMarnueli norna,n:II H3 ,D;epeHBKH (78,0 MM). 3y6uoi1 (MOJIHpHO-npeMOJJHpHbIR) HH,[(eKC cpaBHIITeJJhHO HH3KHi1 - 91,2%. OH MeHhIIIe 'IeM y Tapnana (96, 7%), HeCKOJihKO 6orrhrne, 'IeM y ,[(OMarnneli norna,n:II H3 )J;epeHBKH (88,6%) H HaXO,[(HTCH B npe,n:enax II3MeH'IHBOCTII .n;aHHOrO npII3HaKa y rr9rn,a.n;H Ilp)KeBaJJbCKOro (88,2- 94,0, cp. 90,8%). Pa3MephI P3 (.wrnna KopottKH - 27,2 MM, llIHpHna ee - 18,5 MM) II crpoeHIIe ero :>KeBaTeJfhHOM noBepXHOCTH (rnHpOKO OBaJIJ,HaH ,[(BOMHa neTJJH:

- 117 -

JIOilaCTH cna6o CKOUieHbI K OCH 3y6a, Kpynttal! Hapy).OHKH - 29,8 MM, wapmrn ee ____: 13,6 MM, .n:mrna TaJTOHH.[(a - 6;8 MM, IIH,[(eKc .[(JlHHhI KOpOHKH K .[(JlMHe Kopettr-IbIX 3y60~ - 36,0%.

I1TaK, HH)J(I-JetJ:enrocTttair BeTBh nowaAn H3 Mon.n:oBbI xapaKTep1nyeTcJ cpaBHHTeJTbHO MeJTKHMH 1y6aMu, yKopo'IeHHhIM 1y6tthIM pir.n:oM, B 'IaCTHOCTH Kopem-ihrx, otJetth MeJIKHM M 3 c KOpOTKHM Tanott11.n;oM. Otta o6ttapy)J(HBCleT CMemaHHhie I:lpH3Harrn .[(OMaWHHX H .[(HKHX noura.n:ei1, rnaBHhIM o6pa30M Tapmu-rn.

,Qmr xapaKTepucTHKH cy6cjioccnnhHhIX KOCTeii nowa.n:11 3I-Ia4:MTeJTbHhIH 111-!Tepec npe,n:cTaBJTHIOT cjJaJTattrH rraJThIIeB . DpHBO.[(HM xapaKTepMCTHKY Jll1Wb rryTOBhIX I

06ttapy"1K1rna1-0T 6omrnoe cko;::i:crno c E ... gnielini. Y M 3 (.u:mrna 31,6 MM) o6e qacn1 ;::i:soiittoii 'nerm1 OKpyrnoro oqepTamrn, Ta.JIOHM.U: oqeHI> Koponmii (;::i:n:rrtta -:- 6,0 MM), npHMOH, nepe;::i:HHH ero qacn IlIIIpOKaH II OKpyrnaH.

MeraKapn, KaK II IIHCTHaH KOCTb Tapnatta (4,5,10), KOpOTKMH M MaCCMBHbIB. Ero a6COJUOTHblC pa3MCpbI (B MM) II MH.U:eKCbl (B %) COCTaBJrnIOT: Harr6on1>rnaH .r1murn - 208,0; IlIIIpIIHa BepxHero KOHl(a --'- 52,0, OTHOIIieHIIe ee K ;::i:nIIHe KOCTM - 25,0 (3TOT IIH.[(CKC BbIIlIC, qeM y BCCX cy6cpoccIInhHblX JJ:MKMX ll .U:OMaUIHIIX norna.u:eil BocroqI-Ioii EsponhI, Haxo.n;IITCH B npe.u:enax sepxHIIX 3HaqeHIIH 3Toro npM3HaIHhIX KOCTeii E. latipes M3 no3;::i:Hero nneiicrou:e1rn); rnMpMHa HM"IKHero cycTaBHOro 6no1

B. SI. CopoKHH

HCCnEAOBAHHSI MHOrocnOHHOro nocEnEHHSI nYTHHEWTb II

. TpmIOJibCKoe nocenemie IlyTntternTb II 6i,mo OTKpbITO B.11. MapKeml'IeM B 1955 r.1 Otto pacnono:>Ketto B 1 KM K BOCTOKY OT .uepKBM c. IlyTntternTh, nopernTCKoro p-Ha ll B 0 ,5 KM 011 MOJIO'IHO-TOBapHOM cpepMbl MeCTHOrO X035IMCTBa. IloceneHne HaXO,ZWTCH Ha nepBOM Ha,DJIOHMeHHOH Teppace neBoro 6epera p. P3yT. C BOCTOKa nocenettne orpattn'leHo .n:onnttoU: "Bana bIH mmtt", pa3,n:eJIHI-OIIIeM ero c rrocenettneM IlyTnttemTb I, onwcameMCH K KYJibType IlpeKyKyTeHn-Tpnrroni,e A 2 . PacKorr rrnoma,n:i,1-0 184 M2 6bm 3ano:>KeH Ha 1-0ro-3arra,n:HOM oKpanHe rroceneHnH. BbIJIM nccne,n:oBaHI>I ocTaTKM .n;Byx rrony-3eMJIHHOK n .n;Byx ua3eMHbIX rroCTpoeK. B pe3yJIDTaTe pacKorroK 6bIJIO yCTa-HOBneuo, 'ITO rraMHTHMK MHOrOCJIOHHb~M: 6bIJIIl o6uapy:>KeHbl MaTepnaJibl KYJibTYP IlpeKyKyn"iui,-Tplirroni,e A, KyKyTeui,-Tpnrroni,e (3TaIIbI KyKyTeHb A-TpMrroni,e BI, KyKyTeHb B-TpMrrOJibe CI), qepHHXOBCKOH M, O'leBM,n:uo, MOn,n:aBCKOM cpe.n:tteBeKOBOM. qepH5IXOBGKMe Il MOJI,n:aBCKne MeTepMaJibI Hail:,n:eHbI BO B3BellleHHOM COCTOHHMII. Ha rroceneHMll Ha6nro.n:anacb cne.n:yromaH CTpaTnrpacpnH: MOIIIHOCTb KYJibTypuoro CJIOH :\(OJie6aJIC5I B rrpe.n:enax 25-80 C