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VI Tavi. anTropologiuri monacemebi afxazTa eTnogenezis sakiTxisaTvis

(daskvnis magier)

ama Tu im eris eTnogenezis kvlevaSi sakuTari wvlili Seaqvs mecniere-

bis mraval dargs, radgan eTnosi rTuli da mravalwaxnagovani fenomenia.

aucilebelia misi yvela im ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblis kvleva, rogoric aris

ena, kultura da a.S. eTnosis Semadgenel TiToeul ingredients warmoSobi-

sa da Camoyalibebis Tavisi damoukidebeli gza aqvs. es gzebi mizezobrivad

erTmaneTTan ar arian dakavSirebuli da amitom maTi sruli damTxveva SeuZ-

lebelia.

eTnogenetikuri kvlevis amocana aris ara marto eTnikuri procesebis

dinamikis kvleva Camoyalibebuli eTnikuri erTeulis CarCoebSi, aramed

upirveles yovlisa, sawyisis (substrati) da yvela im eTnikuri komponentis

gamovlena, romelmac miiRo monawileoba mis CamoyalibebaSi. ra Tqma unda,

sawyisi procesebi da movlenebi Zveli epoqebidan momdinareoben. saqarTve-

losa da kavkasiis mosaxleobisaTvis anTropologiuri monacemebis kuTxiT

aseT sawyis epoqad eneoliT-brinjaos xana unda miviCnioT, yovel SemTxveva-

Si dRes mainc, sanam ara gvaqvs ufro adreuli epoqebis soliduri masala.

anTropologiuri masalis kompleqsuri kvleva, roca arsebobs saTanado

monacemebi (paleoanTropologiuri, kraniologiuri, somatologiuri), praq-

tikulad gviCvenebs eTnikuri jgufis Zvlovan naSTebSi CabeWdil mTel is-

torias. am masalaze kargad Cans uZvelesi da Tanamedrove mosaxleobis mem-

kvidreobiToba, uZvelesi erToblioba da misi kvali, romelic ukve dakar-

gulia istoriul, eTnologiur, lingvistur wyaroebsa da monacemebSi. amave

dros, xalxTa kulturuli da enobrivi naTesaoba xSirad ar Seesabameboda

maT warmomavlobiT naTesaobas da saerTo genofonds, radgan ena da kul-

tura SeiZleba gavrceldes maTi matareblis gareSe, xolo anTropologiur

tips yovelTvis Tan axlavs enisa da kulturis gavrceleba (Дебец, Левин,

Трофимова, 1972). zogjer anTropologiuri monacemebi afiqsireben gavrcele-

buli anTropologiuri tipis stabilurobas da memkvidreobiTobas, xolo

arqeologebi aRniSnaven kulturis cvlilebas. amis mizezi, SesaZloa, iyos

mosaxleobis Sereva, romelic erTi da igive anTropologiuri tipis mata-

rebeli gaxldaT. miTumetes, teritoriulad daaxloebuli adgilobrivi

jgufebis urTierTobis Sedegad warmoqmnili eTnikuri erToblioba anTro-

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pologiurad rCeba am teritoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cvalebadobis far-

glebSi (Бунак, 1974).

anTropologiurad afxazebi erT-erTi kargad Seswavlili eTnikuri

jgufia kavkasiaSi. Seswavlilia maTi somatologia (Бунак,1946; Джанберидзе,

1956; 1963; Абдушелишвили, 1964; Воронов и др., 1987; Квициния, 2007; biTaZe, 2007; bi-

TaZe da sxva, 2008), kraniologia (Богданов, 1879; abduSeliSvili, 1955;

Абдушелишвили, 1964; Алексеев, 1974), sisxlis genetikuri markerebi (Воронов,

1983; Robert E. Ferrell at al, 1985; Воронов и др. 1987), dermatoglifika (Ладария, 1975,

Хить, 1980; Хить, Асланишвили, 1986), odontologia (Кочиев, 1971; Ващаева, 1982,

Кашибадзе, 1988; 2006, Аксянова, 1987), fizikuri ganviTareba (Квициния, 1982;

Миклашевская и др. 1982; Миклашевская, 1985). miuxedavad afxazebis TiTqmis yve-

la Tanamedrove anTropologiuri mimarTulebiT Seswavlisa, sakiTxebi,

romlebic exeba maTi anTropologiuri tipisadmi kuTvnilebas da warmomav-

lobas, dRemde sadiskusio rCeba.

v. bunaki afxazebis anTropologiur tips ganixilavda kavkasiuri rasis

qveda-rionuli tipis lokalur variantad (Бунак, 1946).

qarTveli anTropologebi afxazebis fizikuri tipis Taviseburebebis

miuxedavad, maT kolxuri tipis SavizRvispirul variantSi ganixilavdnen

(abduSeliSvili, 1955; Абдушелишвили, 1964, Джанберидзе, 1956; 1963). amrigad, an-

Tropologiur wyaroebSi gamoTqmulia sxvadasxva mosazreba, rogorc afxa-

zebis morfologiuri tipis rasobriv sistematikaSi kuTvnilebasTan, ise

eTnogenezTan dakavSirebiT.

afxazebis SavizRvispirul variantSi gaerTianeba ganpirobebulia niSan-

Ta im kompleqsiT, romelic adiRur tips da kolxur tips erTmaneTisagan

adiferencirebs. adiRur tipSi gaerTianebul jgufebs (Абдушелишвили, 1964,с.

69) axasiaTebT: cxviris wveti horizontaluri an aweuli, viwro Tvalis Wri-

li, Tvalis zeda quTuTos maRali procenti, Savi Tvalebis dabali, xolo

Ria feris Tvalebis saSualoze maRali procenti, cxviris xrtilovani pro-

fili swori, Zvlovani profili sustad gamoxatuli, Tavis grZivi diametri

saSualo an saSualoze maRali, Tavis maCvenebeli dabali, saxis fizionomi-

uri simaRle saSualo an saSualoze maRali, viwro Subli, wveris susti

zrda, Tmebis Ria feri.

kolxuri tipis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia: viwro saxe, Ria Tva-

lis feris maRali procenti, Ria Tmebi, horizontaluri an aweuli cxviris

278

wveti, cxviris unagiri maRali, maRali cxviris ganivi profili, dabali

cxviris simaRle, sqeli tuCebi da mkerdze Tmovani safarvelis ganviTareba,

sxeulis simaRle saSualoze maRali.

am ori daxasiaTebidan naTlad Cans, rom adiRur da kolxur tipebs So-

ris zogierTi niSnebis (cxviris wvetis mdebareoba, Tvalebisa da Tmebis pig-

mentacia) gamoxatuleba erTia. m. abduSeliSvili (romelmac kolxuri tipi

gamoyo) kolxur tips or SavizRvispirul da dasavlurqarTul variantad

yofs. maT Soris gansxvaveba aRniSneba Tavis maCveneblis (maRalia dasavlur-

TqarTul variantSi), saxis simaRlis (maRalia dasavlurTqarTul variantSi),

tuCebis sisqis (maRalia SavizRvispirul variantSi), Tvalis napralis siga-

nis (didia dasavlurqarTul variantSi), cxviris ganivi profilis (dabalia

SavizRvispirul variantSi), cxviris xrtilovani profilis (maRalia gamod-

rekili formebi dasavlurqarTul variantSi), cxviris wvetis mdebareobis

(swori an daSvebuli) mixedviT da a.S. gansxvavebaTa mimarTuleba am varian-

tebs Soris isini sxvadasxva tipisadmi msgavsebasTan miyavs. kolxuri tipis

SavizRvispiruli varianti adiRur tipTan met msgavsebas avlens, xolo da-

savlurqarTuli – iberiulTan (Абдушелишвили, 1964.,с.67). raTqma unda, nebismi-

eri klasifikacia sqemaa da yvela eTnikuri jgufis niSnebi erTnairi koncen-

traciiT da niSanTa SefardebiT ar xasiaTdeba. es savsebiT logikuri da ka-

nonzomieria, radgan adamianTa populaciebi, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva

biologiuri saxeoba, xasiaTdeba morfologiuri polimorfizmiT da tran-

sgresiiT. tipebis gavrceleba ar aris diskretuli, maT Soris arsebobs gar-

damavali variantebi, romlebic garkveuli albaTobiT metad erTi tipisadmi

ixrebian. zogadad, kavkasiis mosaxleoba garkveul doneze Zalian axlo mor-

fologiuri ieriT xasiaTdeba, risi dasabami adreul epoqebidan momdinare-

obs. sxvadasxva istoriul, genetikur Tu ekologiur pirobebTan Semdgomma

adaptaciam moaxdina morfologiuri tipis diferenciacia. miuxedavad mosax-

leobis gansxvavebulobisa, a. javaxiSvilis mier aRniSnuli “kavkasiuri mod-

gma” (Джавахишвили, 1923), romelsac dRes “лица кавказской национальности”-s uwo-

deben, arsebobs. am gamonaTqvamis avtorebi yvela eTnikur jgufs yovelgvari

dayofis gareSe moixsenieben da uneblied kavkasielTa erTobliobas aRniSna-

ven, Tumca maTSi dayofis, dapirispirebis meore ufro mZlavri tendencia

Warbobs. samwuxarod, kavkasielebi ar, an ver ewinaaRmdegebian amgvar movle-

nebs da Tavad zaraldebian.

279

v. aleqseevi adiRebs, abazebs, afxazebs da yabardoelebs, iseve rogorc

aWarlebis umetes nawils, pontour populaciaTa jgufSi ganixilavda

(Алексеев, 1974).

Pp. kviwinia uaryofs afxazebis kolxur tipSi gaerTianebas da Tvlis

ufro marTebulad afxazebis balkano-kavkasiuri rasis adiRur tipis loka-

lur anTropologiur variantSi gamoyofas (Квициния, 2007). afxazebis mor-

fologiuri variantis Camoyalibeba, misi azriT, ganxorcielda imave teri-

toriaze, romelსაc dRes afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublika ikavebs, xolo

aseTi daskvnis safuZvels aZlevs SedarebiTi morfologiuri da paleoan-

Tropologiuri masala. Tumca citirebuli naSromis pirvelsave gverdze

vkiTxulobT, rom garda afxazebis Tanamedrove seriisa, romelic araer-

Tgzis iyo Seswavlili sxvadasxva avtorTa mier, “Другие какие-либо серии

черепов из Абхазии в антропологическом изучении абхазов до сих пор не рассматривались”

(Квициния,2007, с. 39). rac Seexeba SedarebiT morfologiur analizs, naSromSi

aseTi cdis kvalic ar Cans da naSromis udidesi nawili 1987 wels gamoqvey-

nebulis identuria (Воронов и др, 1987). qarTveli anTropologebis

(Абдушелишвили, 1964, Джанберидзе,1963) Sexedulebebis uarsayofad p. kviwinia

aRniSnavs, rom “Последующими антропологтческими и генетическими исследованиями

(Алексеев, 1974; Хить, 1983; Воронов, 1974) эта точка зрения (e.i. afxazebis qarTveleb-

Tan erTad winaaziuri rasis kolxuri tipis lokaluri variantisadmi kuT-

vnileba) была серьёзно покалеблена” (Квициния,2007,с.41).

afxazebis eTnogenezisis sakiTxi gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs ramde-

nime faqtoris gamo. Tanamedrove afxazebis ena iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa af-

xazur-adiRur jgufs miekuTvneba, xolo mravalsaukunovani istoriuli Ta-

nacxovreba, mWidro kulturul-politikuri da ekonomikuri kavSirebi maT

saqarTvelosTan da qarTvelebTan akavSirebT. amitom afxazTa morfologiu-

ri tipis Taviseburebis garkveva upriania dasavleT kavkasiaSi gansaxlebu-

li Tanamedrove eTnikuri jgufebis fonze.

afxazebis eTnogenezisi anTropologiur monacemebze dayrdnobiT gan-

xilulia sul ramdenime naSromSi. Ppirveli, vinc sakiTxi Seiswavla, iyo

g.janberiZe (1963). Mmisi azriT, anTropologiuri monacemebi mowmoben afxa-

zebis istoriul kavSirebs metwilad qarTul eTnikur samyarosTan, vidre

adiRurTan da afxazebis eTnogeneziss ganixilavda rogorc erT-erTi qar-

Tveluri jgufis adiRur enaze gadasvlas (Джанберидзе, 1963).

280

v. aleqseevis azriT “Вхождение абхазов в состав народов адыгской языковой

семьи осуществилось, по-видимому, сравнительно поздно и во всяком случае представляет

собой вторичное явление в их этнической истории. Но краниологические материалы по

абхазам не дают возможности окончательно решить этот вопрос, так как такие материалы

отсутствуют по западным этнографическим группам грузинского народа-мегрелам и

имеретинцам” (Алексеев, 1974 с. 194). ცitatidan kargad Cans, rom uaxloesi mona-

cemebis Tanaxmad Zveli Sexedulebebi "Seryeuli" ar aris.

g. hitma monografiaSi "Дерматоглифика народов СССР " (1983) kavkasiis 49

populacias Soris Seიswavla afxazebis dermatoglifikuri Tavisebureba

da gansazRvra maTi adgili pontოur tipSi mxolod xuTi (Dl10,Ic,t, Hy, Σ DMT)

taqsonomiurad didi Rirebulebis da erTi, romelsac aqvs SezRuduli taq-

sonomiuri Rirebuleba (Th/I), niSnis safuZvelze. Cveni azriT, g.hitis naS-

romSi moyvanili monacemebi (cxr. 36-37, gv. 109) sulac ar miuTiTebs afxaze-

bis met msgavsebas xelebis anabeWdebis eqvsi ZiriTadi niSnis mixedviT pon-

tour tipTan. calkeul populaciebs Soris gamoTvlili distanciebis mi-

xedviT aRmovaCineT ramdenime Zalian mcire distanciebi: svanebsa da qur-

Tebs, moxeveebsa da yumuxebs, yaraCaelebsa da taliSebs, somxebsa da balya-

relebs, mTiulebsa da asirielebs Soris. afxazebi am dendrogramaze

(nax.#22, gv. 101) mcire distanciebiT yabardoelebTan da gurulebTan erTi-

andebian. Tavis mxriv, osebis, CeCnebis, udebis, mTiulebisa da asirielebis

meore subklasteri uerTdeba afxazur subklasters saSualo distanciis

doneze. amdenad, mxolod 6 niSnis mixedviT, romelic, avtoris azriT, kar-

gad adiferencirebs, rogorc did rasebs, ise anTropologiur tipebs da va-

riantebs, zogjer iZleva aseT Sedegebs. i. ladaria, romelsac ar uTiTeben

afxazi kolegebi, afxazebis dermatoglifikuri aRwerilobiTi niSnebis gan-

xilvisas aRniSnavs, rom "afxazur-adiRur xalxebs Soris didi msgavseba ar

vlindeba" (Ладария, 1975, с.126). naSromSi aseve aRniSnulia, rom Seswavlili

jgufebis dermatoglifikuri niSnebi farTod varireben; dasavleT kavkasiis

yoveli populacia xasiaTdeba niSanTa Sefardebis TaviseburebiT; afxazebis

sam teritorialur jgufs Soris gansxvavebebi niSanTa jamis mixedviT daax-

loebiT erTnairia; oCamCirisa da gagris afxazebs aSorebs meti distancie-

bi; afxazebis gaerTianebuli jgufi niSanTa kompleqsiT yvelaze axlos

aWarlebTan da yvelaze daSorebuli svanebisgan arian. აqve unda aRvniSnoT

(Воронов и др, 1987) kidev erTi naSromi, romelSic ganxilulia afxazebis ge-

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netikuri daxasiaTeba bevrad meti markeris mixedviT, vidre Cvens naSromSia.

Seswavlilia: sisxlis jgufebi-ABO, MNSS, Rhesus (gaSlili), K, Duffy, Kidd,

Lewis, P; Sratis cilebi - Hp, Tf, Gc, Cp, Al; eriTrocitaruli fermentebi - AHI,

ADA, ACP, ESD, GPT, GLO-1, LDH, PGM, PHI, PGDMmxolod oCamCiris (Txina, Wlou,

moqvi, gvada, jgerda, aTara) da gudauTis (aaci, dუrifSi, kaldaxvara) raio-

nebis soflebSi. am naSromis ZiriTadi mizani iyo genetikuri Taviseburebis

kavSiris garkveva populaciebSi, romlebic gamoirCevian dRegrZelobis ma-

Rali procentiT, aseve yoveli Seswavlili sistemis erTgvarovnebis gansaz-

Rvra. yovel wyvil populacias Soris gamoTvlili genetikuri distanciebis

safuZvelze gamoTqmuli oyo mosazreba, rom "Всё это даёт основание считать, что

Абжуйская и Бзыбская Абхазии стоят на грани субпопуляционного разделения. Несомненно,

что популяции Абжуйских абхазов в Очамчирском районе сама по себе высоко однородна"

(Воронов и др, 1987, с. 134). xazgasmiT aRniSnaven oCamCiris afxazebis Sidapopu-

laciur erTgvarovnebas. genetikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba afxazebsa da

dasavleT kavkasiis mosaxleobas Soris naSromSi ar ganxilula. mxolod

moaxdines afxazebis calkeuli genetikuri sistemis alelebis koncentraci-

is Sedareba evropisa da aziis populaciebTan.

Cveni naSromis mizani sul sxvaa, radgan vikvlevT afxazebis adgils

kavkasiis anTropologiur rukaze monacemTa farTo speqtris da Tanamedro-

ve statistikuri aparatis gamoyenebiT.

naSromis pirveli nawilis amocanaa imis garkveva, Tu ramdenad erTgva-

rovanni arian afxazebi, miTumetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT istoriul wyaro-

ebs, romelTa Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze, erTis mxriv,

gansaxlebuli iyo mravali tomi, romlebic saerToa dasavleT saqarTvelo-

Si gansaxlebuli qarTvelebis Tanamedrove eTnografiuli jgufebisaTvis

da, meores mxriv, cnobilia CrdiloeT kavkasielebis araerTgzis Camosaxle-

bis faqti afxazeTSi. albaT amitomac, Tanamedrove afxazebSi gavrcelebu-

lia rogorc qarTuli gvarebi, aseve Crdilokavkasiuri.

afxazebis Tanamedrove kraniologiuri seriis Sidapopulaciuri anali-

zi miuTiTebs umetes niSanTa maRal cvalebadobas, rac saSualodan stan-

dartuli gadaxris maCveneblebSi aisaxa. Tanamedrove statistikur meTodeb-

ze dayrdnobiT. afxazebis braqikefalia metadaa dakavSirebuli saSualo

grZiv da mcire ganiv diametrebTan. ZiriTadi komponentebis analizis Tanax-

mad, afxazebis Taviseburebas asaxavs mcire saxis fuZis sigrZe, qalas grZi-

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vi diametri, saxis zeda sigane da saSualo yvrimalTaSoris diametrebi. af-

xazebi, iseve rogorc qarTvelebi, is jgufia, romelsac saxis Zlieri pro-

filireba axasiaTebs. aWarlebTan SedarebiT isini naklebad polimorfuli

arian. komponenturma, aseve diskrimentulma analizma aCvena, rom afxazebi

da aWarlebi metad gvanan erTmaneTs da umniSvnelod gansxvavdebian sameg-

relos mosaxleobisagan (SesaZloa, megrelebis seriis mcirericxovnobis

gamo).

Tanamedrove afxazebis anTropologiur Taviseburebaს sxvadasxva sis-

temebis - somatologiis (kefalometruli da kefaloskopuri niSnebi), der-

matoglifikis (aRwerilobiTi da raodenobrivi niSnebi), sisxlis izoantige-

nebis (ABO, Rhesus, MN, P, Keel, Duffy), kraniologiis (25 ZiriTadi niSani da 9

indeqsi) - Seswavlis safuZvelze, ganvixilavT, rogorc polimorful

jgufs, romlis Sidapopulaciuri da populaciebs Soris cvalebadoba ar

gamodis eTnikuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli farglebidan (biTaZe, la-

liaSvili, jaSaSvili, 2008).

am pirveli amocaniT gadaiWra erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. მiuxedavad

Zalzed gansxvavebuli gvarebisa (formiT megruli, lazuri da adiRe-Cerqe-

zulia), afxazebSi ar SeiniSneba Sida diferenciruloba. Crdilokavkasiele-

bis gadmosaxlebis (ZiriTadad XVI-XVII saukuneebSi) Sedegad moxda mosax-

leobis Serwyma (asimilacia) imdenad organulad, rom mosulisa da damxved-

ris Tavisebureba, TviTmyofadoba gaqra. SesaZloa, anTropologiurad ara-

diferencirulobis mizezi kavkasiis aborigeni mosaxleobis saerTo sub-

stratia, romelic yovel SemTxvevaSi saerTo iyo Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi ma-

inc (Абдушелишвили, 1964).

rac Seexeba afxazebis morfologiur tips (TviTgamorkvevisa da poli-

tikis gareSe), winamdebare naSromis II-V TavebSi Catarebuli analizisas

naTlad gamoCnda maTi adgili kavkasiis xalxTa anTropologiur sistemati-

kaSi qarTvelebTan erTad.

unda aRiniSnos, rom morfologiuri distanciebi Zalzed dabalia, rac

am mosaxleobis axlo morfologiur msgavsebaze miuTiTebs. distanciebi

0.01 - 0.21 – is farglebSi varirebs.

Aafxazebi (oCamCire, gudauTa, gagra) Zalian axlo morfologiur dis-

tanciebs avlenen, rogorc qarTvelebis sxvadasxva eTnografiul jfufeb-

Tan, aseve CrdilokavkasielebTan da amasTan xazgasasmelia, rom es distan-

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ciebi qarTvelebTan mimarTebaSi orjer naklebia. afxazebis teritoriuli

jgufebis uaxloesTa populaciebis wre gansxvavebulia. oCamCiris afxazebi-

saTvis es wre dasavleT kavkasiis 25, gudauTis afxazebisaTvis-12, xolo

gagris afxazebisaTvis_14 populacias Seadgens. aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavseba

samive afxazur jgugs akavSirebs Coxatauris gurulebTan da vanis imerleb-

Tan. Ggarda am jgufebisa, oCamCirisa da gudauTis afxazebis uaxloesTa

Soris senakis megrelebi da balsqvemo svanebi arian; oCamCire- gagris afxa-

zebis saerTo uaxloesTa wreSi galis da Cxorwyus megrelebi, ozurgeTis

gurulebi, xulosa da qedis aWarlebi, ambrolauris raWvelebi erTiandebi-

an; gudauTa-gagris afxazebisaTvix aseTi jgufebi arian: zugdidis megrele-

bi, xelvaCauris lazebi, qobuleTis aWarlebi. mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom

mxolod oCamCiris afxazebis uaxloesTa Soris aRmoCndenen Crdilokavkasi-

elebis umetesi populacia (SafsuRebi,abaZexebi,tapantis abazebi, yabardoe-

lebi, Cerqezebi), magram qarTvelur jgufebTan SedarebiT orjer didi dis-

tanciebiT. gudauTis afxazebis am uaxloesTa wreSi (aseve orjer meti dis-

tanciiT) mxolod balyarelebi arian, xolo gagris afxazebs igive done

adiRe-abaZexebTan da CerqezebTan morfologiuri niSnebis ganawilebis saer-

To elementebi akavSirebT.

Aamave jgufebis somatologiuri niSnebis komponenturi analiziT ir-

kveva, rom afxazebis samive populacia yvela komponentTa velSi yovelTvis

qarTvelebis eTnografiuli jgufebis uSualo saixloveSia ganlagebuli

(ix. winamdebare naSromis mesame Tavi, nax. 4-6).

aRwerilobiTi dermatoglifikuri niSnebi afxazebs da dasavleTkavka-

siis mosaxleobas Soris avlens aseve met msgavsebas qarTvelebTan.Aafxaze-

bis calkeuli populaciebi qarTvelebis zogierT eTnografiul jgufebTan

Zalian maRal msgavsebas (0,9979-0,9989) avlenen. Ees wre sakmaod didia: ozur-

geTisa da Cxorowyus gurulebi, zugdidis megrelebi, baRdaTis imerlebi,

lentexis qvemo svanebi, baTumisa da xulos aWarlebi, MmTis raWvelebi, leC-

xumlebi (ix.Tavi IV, cxr.#19, nax.#2, 3). afxazebTan erT enaze molaparake

adiRuri jgufebi aseTi donis msgavsebas ar avlenen (0,9110-0,9384). zogierT

qarTul jgufTan maT meti msgavseba akavSirebs vidre saSualo msgavseba

afxazTa sam populacias Soris. msgavsebis gamoTvlili saSualo koeficien-

tebi da genetikuri distanciebi afxazebisa da qarTvelebis calkeul eT-

nografiul jgufebs Soris da afxazebsa da CrdiloeT kavkasielebs Soris

284

Semdeg suraTs qmnis. saSualoafxazuri msgavsebis koeficienti r=0,9979, xo-

lo genetikuri distancia d=0,0021 udris. afxazebsa da gurulebs Soris igi-

ve maCveneblebi r=0,9977, d=0,0023; megrelebTan da leCxumlebTan r=0,9965,

d=0,0035; svanebTan r=0,9963, d=0,0037; aWarlebTan r=0,9962, d=0,0038; imerlebTan

r=0,9959, d=0,0041; raWvelebTan r=0,9951, d=0,0049; lazebTan r=0,9931, d=0,0069. sa-

Sualod qarTvelebTan akavSirebT r=0,9955, d=0,0045 msgavsebis done.

msgavsebis koeficientebi Crdilokavkasiur jgufebsa da afxazebs Soris

ufro dabali, xolo genetikeri distanciebi ufro maRalia, rac naTlad

Cans afxazebis maCveneblebis mimarTebaSi abazebTan r=0,9275, d=0,0725; adi-

RebTn r=0,9173, d=0,0827, CerqezebTan r=0,9157, d=0,0843, balyarelebTan r=0,9149

d=0,0851, yabardoelebTan r=0,9112 d=0,0888, yaraCaelebTan r =0,9088 d=0, 0912.

dermatoglifikuri raodenobrivi niSnebis safuZvelze yovel

wyvil populacias Soris gamoTvlili iyo genetikuri distanciebi (Tavi IV

cxr.#25). distancia minimaluria galisa da zugdidis megrelebs So-

ris (0,00574), maqsimaluri - s. riyeTis aWarlebsa da mTis raWvelebs

(0,28696) Soris. Zalian axlo morfologiuri msgavseba balsqvemo svanebs,

zugdidis (0,00519) da galis (0,00879) megrelebTan, baRdaTis imerlebTan

(0,009821) akavSirebT. rogorc vxedavT, distanciebi didi diapazoniT cvale-

badoben, maqsimaluri distancia 50 - jer aRemateba minimalurs.

afxazebis populaciebs Soris distancia minimaluria oCamCiresa da

gagras, maqsimaluria gagra - gudauTas Soris, xolo saSualo distancia

0,04269 udris. gamoTvlili afxazebs Soris arsebuli saSualo distancia,

rogorc garkveuli msgavsebis done, dasavleT kavkasiis mosaxleobas Soris

avlens afxazebis uaxloesTa wres. pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia, rom saSua-

loze dabali distancia oCamCiris afxazebs akavSirebT zugdidis megreleb-

Tan, lazebTan, ozurgeTis gurulebTan, xulosa da qedas aWarlebTan, bal-

sqvemo svanebTan da baRdaTis imerlebTan. populaciaTa es wre gagris afxa-

zebisTvis ufro naklebia, maTTvisac uaxloesi zugdidis megrelebis, Ter-

jolis imerlebis, balsqvemo svanebis populaciebi arian. am doneze gudau-

Tis mosaxleobas arc erT populaciasTan (cxr.#25) saerTo morfologiuri

distancia ar akavSirebs.

saSualo afxazuri distanciis doneze gamoikveTa axlo populaciaTa

Semdegi wre, romelic afxazebis calkeuli jgufisaTvis gansxvavebulia.

285

oCamCiris mosaxleoba bevrad farTo cvalebadobiT gamoirCeva. savarau-

doa, rogorc farTo qorwinebaTa wre Tanamedrove mosaxleobaSi, aseve me-

tad SenarCunebuli sawyisi (substratuli) elementebi. albaT amitom, am do-

neze maTi kavSirebi Zalian bevr eTno-teritoriul jgufebs moicavs. saxel-

dobr, eseni arian: gudauTisa da gagris afxazebi, senakis, zugdidis, galis

megrelebi, lazebi, ozurgeTis gurulebi, baTumis, xulos, qedas aWarlebi,

qvemo svanebi, balsqvemo svanebi, ambrolauris raWvelebi, leCxumlebi, baR-

daTisa da Terjolis imerlebi, adiRebi, abazebi, Cerqezebi, yabardoelebi

da balyarelebi.

gudauTis mosaxleoba am sistemis mixedviTac avlens Taviseburebas da

axlo morfologiur msgavseba maT ufro cota populaciasTan akavSirebs.

esenia: oCamCiris afxazebi, senakis megrelebi, lazebi, baTumisa da xulos

aWarlebi, qvemo svanebi.

gagris afxazebi amave doneze morfologiur siaxloves avlenen: oCamCi-

ris afxazebTan, senakis, zugdidisa da galis megrelebTan, baTumis lazeb-

Tan, ozurgeTis gurulebTan, xulosa da qedis aWarlebTan, qvemo svanebTan,

baRdaTis, samtrediis da Terjolis imerlebTan da adiRebTan. rogorc ze-

moT aRniSnulidan Cans, populaciaTa sakmaod didi wre mcireodeni gansxva-

vebiT saerToa. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvelebis yvelaze polimorfuli jgu-

febia baRdaTis, samtrediis, Terjolis imerlebi, ambrolauris raWvelebi,

balsqvemo svanebi, galis megrelebi. qarTvelebidan gansxvavebulebi arian

balszemo svanebi, WiaTurisa da zestafonis imerlebi, romlebic am doneze

arc erT jgufTan da arc erTmaneTTan kavSirs ar avlenen. aseve Tavisebu-

ria BbaTumis, s. riyeTisa da s.Txilvanas aWarlebi, Coxatauris gurulebi.

kavkasiuri jgufebidan gamosarCevia abazebisa da leCxumlebis, xulosa

da adiRe-Wemguebis, Txilvanas aWarlebisa da yaraCaelebis, Cerqezebisa da

ambrolauris raWvelebis wyvilebi, romlebic meore subklasters sxva qar-

Tul jgufebTan erTad qmnian (Tavi IV, nax.#7).

es monacemebi aseve calsaxad gviCvenebs, rom kolxur tipSi Semaval

jgufebSi marTlac arsebobs pontouri tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elemen-

tebi, romlebic ufro Zveli droidan, am rasebis diferencirebamde saerTo

iyo kavkasiis teritoriaze gansaxlebul mosaxleobas Soris. ase rom ar

yofiliyo, gamovlindeboda msgavsi morfologiuri elementebi romelime

erT an or jgufTan, romlebTan meti Sexeba SeiZleboda yofiliyo istori-

286

uli Tanacxovrebis Sedegad. abazebis kavSiri gamovlinda baTumis

(d=0,027714), xulos (d=0,040465), qedas (d=0,034968) aWarlebTan, leCxumlebTan

(d=0,041622) da adiRe-WemguebTan (d=0,039114). afxazebsa da balszemo svanebs

(d=0,23088), WiaTurisa (d=0,16977) da zestafonis (d=0,20077) imerlebs Soris

gansxvaveba bevrad naklebia vidre balszemo da qvemo svanebs Soris arsebu-

li distanciisa (d=0,26369). es monacemebi zogadad gvaZleven mniSvnelovani

ganzogadoebuli daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas, rom abazebi avlenen gene-

tikur kavSirebs maRal doneze ara mxolod adiRebTan, aramed zogierT

qarTul jgufTan, rac maT kavkasielobas adasturebs.

pirvelad dasavleT kavkasiis mosaxleoba Seswavlilia dermatoglifi-

kuri raodenobrivi da aRwerilobiTi niSnebis safuZvelze da gvaqvs miRe-

buli informaciis Sejerebis saSualeba, raTa gavarkvioT romeli niSanTa

sistema ufro adekvaturad asaxavs populaciebs Soris uZveles kavSirebs.

raodenobrivi niSnebis mixedviT, afxazebis samive populacia erT subklas-

terSi gaerTianda, xolo aRwerilobiTi niSnebis mixedviT - samSi. uaxloes

populaciaTa wres pirvel SemTxvevaSi afxazebTan erTad lazebi, zugdidis,

senakis, galis megrelebi, balsqvemo da qvemo svanebi, baTumis aWarlebi

qmnian. aRwerilobiTi niSnebis mixedviT, qarTvelebTan erTad Crdilokavka-

siuri populaciebi aRmoCndnen, Tanac oCamCiris afxazebi ozurgeTis guru-

lebTan pirvel doneze erTiandebian da mere uerTdebian zugdidis megre-

lebs, zestafonis imerlebs da abazebs; gudauTis populacia aseve pirvel

doneze qvemo svanebTan, Semdeg ki CerqezebTan erTiandeba; gagris afxazebis

uaxloesTa wre mTlianad qarTulia-xulos, baTumis, s, Rorjomis aWarlebi

da samtrediis imerlebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom aRwerilobiTi niSnebis msgavsebis koeficientebis

klasteruli da komponenturi analiziT miRebuli Sedegebi identuria ise-

ve, rogorc raodenobrivi niSnebis genetikuri distanciebis klasteruli da

komponenturi analiziT gamovlenili jgufTa urTierTgenetikuri kavSirebi.

aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom erTi da igive xelis anabeWdebze ori sxvadas-

xva sistemis Seswavlis Sedegad miRebuli informacia Tavisi arsiT ar aris

gansxvavebuli, radgan afiqsirebs dasavleT kavkasiis mosaxleobaSi arse-

bul saerTo fenas, romelic uZvelesia. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove

afxazebSi gavrcelebulia sxvadasxva warmomavlobis gvarebi, afxazebis gan-

lageba komponentTa velSi, morfologiuri da genetikuri distanciebi ar

287

avlenen Crdilokavkasiur jgufTan mimarTebaSi ufro axlo kavSirs. Crdi-

lokavkasielebTan axlo kavSirebs xSirad qarTuli jgufebi (aWarlebi, sam-

trediiს imerlebi) avlenen. es faqti ise ar unda gavigoT, rom igi qarTve-

lebisa da Crdilოkavkasielebis Serevis Sedegadaa miRebuli. rogorc iyo

aRniSnuli, saerTo fena arsebobda eTnikuri jgufebis Camoyalibebamde.

izoantigenebis safuZvelze gamoTvlilia msgavsebis koeficientebi da

genetikuri distanciebi (Tavi V, cxr.#5). afxazebis populaciebidan metad

Taviseburi gudauTis mosaxleobaa, romelic ufro dabal doneze da mxo-

lod or populaciasTan axdens msgavsebas. msgavsebis koeficienti ozurge-

Tis gurulebTan (0,9948) da saCxeris imerlebTan (0,9917) ufro maRalia, vid-

re oCamCirisa (0,9644) da gagris (0,9773) afxazebTan. Tavis mxriv, gagris mo-

saxleobas ufro axlo msgavseba akavSirebs vanisa (0,9954) da samtrediis

(0,9938) imerlebTan, vidre oCamCiris afxazebTan (0,9937), gagrelebis msgavse-

ba WiaTurisa da Terjolis imerlebTan (0,9934), koSexabalis adiRebTan

(0,9934), xabezis CerqezebTan (0,9933), galis megrelebTan (0,9931) da lanCxuTis

gurulebTan (0,9931), zugdidis megrelebTan (0,9928), Coxatauris gurulebTan

(0,9927), baTumis aWarlebTan (0,9923) da onis raWvelebTan (0,9912). TandaTano-

biT oCamCiris mosaxleoba izoantigenebis mixedviT ufro met dasavleT kav-

kasiis jgufTan da ufro maRali donidan avlens msgavsebas. uaxloes

jgufTa wreSi moiazrebian baTumis aWarlebi (0,9969), samtrediis imerlebi

(0,9969), koSexabalis adiRebi (0,9969), baRdaTis imerlebi (0,9960), zestafonis

imerlebi (0,9958), baTumis lazebi (0,9954), qobuleTis s.kvirikes aWarlebi

(0,9949), gagris afxazebi (0,9937), lanCxuTis gurulebi (0,9930), xabezis Cerqe-

zebi (0,9927), qobuleTis s. xucubanis aWarlebi (0,9926), vanisa da WiaTuris

imerlebi (0,9921), mTis raWvelebi (0,9903). aRsaniSnavia, rom 0,9900 da ufro

maRal doneze gudauTis mosaxleoba ar avlens saerTo elementebs sisxlis

jgufebis (ABO, Rh, MN, P) mixedviT, rodesac oCamCiris mosaxleoba avlens

saerTo elementebs koSexabalis adiRebTan (0,9962) da xabezis CerqezebTan

(0,9927), xolo gagris mosaxleoba igive jgufebTan 0,9934 da 0,9933 doneze,

Sesabamisad. am faqts aqvs garkveuli mniSneloba. ra Tqma unda afxazebi-

saTvis uaxloesia qarTvelebis sxvadasxva teritoriuli jgufebi, amave

dros garkveul doneze adiRe-Cerqezuli jgufebic xvdebian uaxloesTa So-

ris. adiRe-Cerqezebis urTierT da qarTvelebis eTnografiul jgufebTan

msgavsebis garkvevam, aRmoaCina, rom koSexabalis adiRebs yvelaze maRali

288

msgavseba akavSirebs oCamCiris afxazebTan da baTumis aWarlebTan (0, 9961),

Semdeg maTi msgavsebis koeficientebi sxva jgufebTan TandaTanobiT mcir-

deba. koeficientebi sakmaod maRalia samtrediis imerlebTan (0,9951), qobule-

Tis raionis s. kvirikes aWarlebTan (0,9946), zestafonis imerlebTan (0,9942),

qobuleTis aWarlebTan (0,9937), zugdidis megrelebTan (0,9936), gagris afxazeb-

Tan (0,9934), Coxatauris gurulebTan (0,9934), qobuleTis (s. xucubanis) aWar-

lebTan (0,9933), baTumis lazebTan (0,9905), baRdaTis imerlebTan (0,9904) da ga-

lis megrelebTan (0,9902); bevrad metia vidre Crdilo kavkasiel jgufebTan:

adiRe-xabalis CerqezebTan – 0,9791; xabezis CerqezebTan – 0,9899; uCkekenis yara-

CaelebTan – 0,9754 da 0,9866 – yaraCaevskis yaraCaelebTan. xabezis Cerqezebi-

saTvis uaxloesTa wre ufro mcirea da Tanac ufro dabali donidan iwyeba

maTi msgavseba. xabezis CerqezebisaTvis am jgufTa wres qmnian: baTumis aWar-

lebi (0,9938), gagris afxazebi (0,9923), adiRe-xabalis Cerqezebi (0,9921), yaraCaev-

skis yaraCaelebi (0,9909), baRdaTis imerlebi (0,9905), uCkekenis yaraCaelebi

(0,9903). aRsaniSnavia, rom adiRe-xabalis Cerqezebs da uCkekenis yaraCaelebs

0,99 doneze da meti ar akavSirebT msgavseba arc erT qarTvelur jgufTan,

iseve rogorc koSexabalis adiRebs amave doneze CerqezebTan da yaraCaeleb-

Tan. adiRe-xabalis Cerqezebi avlenen msgavsebas xabezis CerqezebTan (0,9921),

uCkekenis yaraCaelebTan (0,9900) da yaraCaevskis yaraCaelebTan (0,9909). gamoyo-

fili jgufebi afxazebTan iyvnen dakavSirebuli msgavsebis koeficienti 0,99

da met doneze. yvelaze polimorfuli aRmoCndnen oCamCiris afzaxebi (16), sam-

trediis imerlebi (15), baTumis aWarlebi (14), koSexabalis adiRebi (14), qobu-

leTis aWarlebi (12), zestafonis imerlebi (11) da WiaTuris imerlebi (11), gag-

ris afxazebi (11), lanCxuTis (10) gurulebi da qobuleTis s. kvirikes aWarle-

bi (10), romlebsac 10-16 populaciasTan akavSirebT 0,99 da ufro maRal doneze

msgavseba. aTze nakleb jgufebTan saerTo elementebi akavSirebT baRdaTis

imerlebs (9), baTumis lazebs (9), qobuleTis s. xucubanis aWarlebs (9), xabe-

zis Cerqezebs (8), Coxatauris gurulebs (7), vanis imerlebs (6), zugdidis meg-

relebs (6), koSexabalis adiRebs (6), ozurgeTis gurulebs (5), onis raWvelebs

(4), mTis raWvelebs (3). Cveni azriT, CamoTvlil 22 dasavleT kavkasiis jgufSi

ufro metad vlindeba is Zveli substrati, romelic saerToa aq mcxovrebi mo-

saxleobisaTvis. yvelaze metad SemorCenilia samtrediis imerlebSi, baTumis

aWarlebSi da koSexabalis adiRebSi, oCamCiris afxazebSi. miuxedavad sisxlis

jgufebis seleqtiurobisa, rac am Tavis dasawyisSi iyo aRniSnuli, JamTa da

289

sxvadasxva faqtorTa zemoqmedebisa da cvalebadobis miuxedavad, mosaxleo-

baSi darCa is saerTo, rac aq gansaxlebul tomebs axasiaTebdaT. Cveni azriT

amasve xels uwyobs geografiuli Tu ekologiuri garemo maTi Tanamedrove

gansaxlebisa. yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli komponenturi da klasteruli ana-

liziT dasturdeba (Tavi V, nax.# 5, 6, 7).

miRebuli Sedegebi zogierTi Cveni oponentisaTvis miuRebeli iqneba,

radgan, maTi azriT, Tanamedrove afxazebs (afsuebs) araferi saerTo ar aaqvT

Zvel afxazebTan. gamokvlevaSi CarTuli individebi, rogorc iyo aRniSnuli

qarTul da Crdilokavkasiur gvarebs atareben.

Tanamedrove anTropologiur kvlevebSi ufro xSirad mimarTaven gva-

rebis gavrcelebis arealis analizs, radgan dadgenilia garkveuli parale-

lebi populaciebis istoriul da genetikur msgavsebas Soris (Бужилова,

1999; Балановская и др.,2003). rogorc ukve aRniSnuli iyo, eTnikuri jgufebis

Camoyalibebis rekonstruqciisas iyeneben mraval wyaros: arqeologiurs, an-

Tropologiurs, eTnogrfiuls, lingvisturs, istoriuls. kidev erT-erT

aseT wyarod gvevlinebian Tanamedrove gvarebi, rogorc SesaZlo indikato-

rebi im specifikuri anTropologiuri niSnebisa, romelis matarebeli aris

esa Tu is eTnosi. Tu gvars ganvixilavT, erT-erTi seleqtiurad neitralu-

ri lokusis alelad, maSin gvarebis sixSire populaciebSi SeiZleba piro-

biTad gavuTanabroT genetikuri markerebis ganawilebas (Рычков и др. 1976; Nei

et. al 1983).Aamave dros gvarebis informaciuli Rirebuleba SesaZloa iyos

kodominantur genetikur sistemaze meti (Morton, 1971; Steuenson et. al, 1983). Aami-

tom populaciebs Soris gamoTvlili genetikuri distanciebi gvarebis gana-

wilebis gamoyenebiT (Hedrick, 1971) da genetikuri markerebis (Nei, 1972) mixed-

viT Tanabari unda iyos.

winamdebare naSromis pirvel TavSi moyvanilia afxazebSi gavrcelebu-

li gvarebis arasruli 405 qarTuli da 123 afxazuri warmoSobis sia. afxa-

zi mecnierebi Tvlian, rom dResdReobiT afxazeTSi gavrcelebulia 600 me-

ti afxazuri gvari (Аргун и др.,1987). sxva naSromebSi moyvanili gvarebis rao-

denoba 500 ar aRemateba (Мибчуани,1994; Гамахария, Гогия,1997). T. mibCuanis az-

riT, Tanamedrove afxazuri gvarebi SesaZloa sam jgufad davyoT. aqedan

qarTuli warmomavlobis 80%-ia, Crdilokavkasiuri warmomavlobis 12-13%,

xolo danarCeni Turquli, sparsuli, rusuli da sxva. Cvens mier g. gasvia-

nisa (ix. aqve Tavi I) da T. mibCuanis (1994) mier motanili afxazuri gvarebis

290

siis Sedarebam gviCvena, rom ZiriTadad gvarebis speqtri igivea, 150-mde gva-

riT meti moyvanilia g. gasvianis, xolo 60-mde gvari T. mibCuanis siidan ar

Segvxvda g. gasvianis gvarebis siaSi. orive siis Sejerebisas 600-mde gvari

(588) vlindeba da gvarebis umetesoba qarTulia. rogorc j. gamaxaria da b.

gogia aRniSnaven, es faqti afxazebisa da qarTvelebis Tanacxovrebis Sede-

gia. XVII-XVIII ss. qarTuli gvarebis nawili gaafxazda, zogierTi saerTo

gaxda orivesaTvis, umetesoba ki SenarCunda rogorc qarTuli (Гамахария,

Гогия,1997, c.612).

zogadad, gvarebi xSirad icvlebian, iReben sxva formas, xdeba bgere-

bis Canacvleba. amitom mniSvnelovania vicodeT calkeuli afxazuri gvaris

warmoSobis istoria. zogierTi gvari eTnikur maniSneblad ganixileba (ag-

rba-afxazurad megrels niSnavs), zog SemTxvevaSi gvarebs Soris Zalzed

mcire gansxvavebebi migvaniSnebs, rom isini erTi gvaridan arian warmoqmni-

li. magaliTad, gulua-gulia, jvania-Jvania, arisTava-erisTavi, CaCba-CiCba da

a.S. arsebobs mosazreba, rom afxazuri Tavad-aznauruli gvarebi, rogorc

wesi, warmoiqmnebian Sesatyvisi afxazuri gvarebidan: marSania-amarSani, ina-

liSvili-inal-ifa, anCabaZe-aCba, ZiapSiSvili-ZiapS-ipa, marRania-maani

(Анчабадзе,1959, с.194).

Cveni azriT, afxazTa gvarebis raodenoba maTi eTnikuri istoriisa man-

Zilze gansxvavebuli unda yofiliyo. ra Tqma unda, zogierTi gvari SesaZ-

loa daikarga (jer Semcirda, mere gaqra) an sxva forma miiRo. meore Sem-

TxvevaSi saxecvlili gvaris genebi ar gaqra, isini monawileoben populaci-

is genofondis aRwarmoebaSi SesaZlo ori sxvadasxva gvariT. amiT gvare-

bis realuri ricxvi ar Secvlila da amdenad genTa polimorfizmi ar iz-

rdeba. SesaZloa, afxazebis Sida populaciuri erTgvarovneba anTropolo-

giuri niSnebis mixedviT swored gvarebis SezRuduli raodenobiTaa ganpi-

robebuli.

gvarebis raodenobis cvalebadoba droSi iZleva msjelobis saSualebas

populaciebSi genetikuri Semadgenlobis Secvlis Taobaze, romelic SesaZ-

loa gamowveulia genTa dreifiT da migraciuli procesebis erToblivi moqme-

debiT. zogadad gvarebis dinamikis (yovel SemTxvevaSi XVI saukunidan mainc)

analizi konkretul teritoriaze perspeqtiuli da Semdgomi kvlevebis gada-

udebel amocanas warmoadgens, xolo dRevandeli Cveni amocanaa, ganvixiloT

arsebuli gvarebis fonze anTropologiuri sistemiT miRebuli Sedegebi.

291

afxazebis Seswavlisas yuradReba daeTmo maT qorwinebiT sistemas, ro-

gorc dRegrZelobis fenomenis erT-erT faqtors. aRmoCnda, rom naTesauri

gaerTianebebi afxazebisaTvis dResac Zalzed mniSvnelovania, dRemde umTav-

resia aJila (ojaxi, warmomavloba) da abipara (Taoba, pirdapiri gagebiT er-

Ti mamis Svilebi). qorwinebisas afxazebi mkacrad icaven ekzogamias, rome-

lic ZiriTadad moicavs mamis gvars. qorwinebebi akrZaluli iyo dedis, be-

biisa da didi bebiis gvaris warmomadgenel qaliSvilze. garda amisa, aris

qorwinebebis SezRudva calkeul gvarebs Soris. smiri da simsis, leiba da

adleibas Soris, radgan isini iTvlebodnen da-Zmad (Аргун и др.,1987, с.69). av-

torebis azriT, zogierT gvarebs warmomavlobis saerTo fesvebi akavSi-

rebT, mxolod xangrZlivi gaTiSvis Semdeg warmoiqmna ori sxvadasxva gvari.

garda amisa, zogierT gvars Soris qorwineba SeuZlebeli iyo daZmobilobis

gamo (mag. Samba-otirba, cviJba-axuba). aseve ar iTvleboda mizanSewonilad

qorwinebebi erT sofelSi mcxobrebT Soris.

gvarebs Soris qorwinebebi sainteresoa mravalmxriv. umTavresia qorwi-

nebaTa sistemam Tavidan aicilos inbridingi (axlonaTesauri qorwineba) po-

pulaciaSi. miTumetes, rodesac saqme exeba mcirericxovan eTnosebs. ro-

gorc iyo aRniSnuli, Tanamedrove afxazebSi gavrcelebulia 600-ze meti

gvari (Аргун и др.,1987, с.71), romelic moicavs 85 000 adamians. aRsaniSnavia,

rom am gvarebs Soris aris mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba ricxovnobis mixedviT.

didi gvari ramdenimea da isini aerTianeben 130-400-mde ojaxs. aseTebia: aviZ-

ba, agrba, ajinjali, adleiba, arRuni, arZinba, barcici, jopua, kviwinia, fa-

Culia, smiri, tarba, wviJba, Samba. Tu ramdenime gvars aqvs upiratesoba da-

tovos STamomavlebi, rodesac zogierTs uWirs saerTod daqorwineba. xom

ar niSnavs es farul inbridingis arsebobas afxazebSi? SesaZloa es sakiT-

xi ar aris bolomde Seswavlili, radgan monacemebi Sereuli qorwinebebis

Sesaxeb ar qveyndeboda garkveuli mosazrebebis gamo. garda amisa, afxazi

mkvlevarebi gavrcelebuli gvarebis srul sias ar aqveyneben. mogvyavs Camo-

naTvali im gvarebis, romlebmac miiRes monawileoba Cvens gamokvlevebSi da

romelTa genetikuri, Tu morfologiuri Taviseburebani daedo safuZvlad

am naSroms. kraniologiuri, somatologiuri da sisxlis zogierTi izoanti-

genebis safuZvelze iyo ganxiluli Tanamedrove afxazebis anTropologiu-

ri tipi dasavleT kavkasiis mosaxleobis fonze, ramac calsaxad gamoavli-

na maTi uaxlesi kavSirebi qarTvelebTan. CvenTvis Sedegi moulodneli ar

292

iyo, xolo mizezis gamosarkvevad, pirvel rigSi, masalis detalur analizs

mivmarTeT.

winamdebare gamokvlevis somatologiur nawilSi, romelic samive popu-

laciaSi SeswavlilTa 302 individs moicavda, gavrcelebulia 142 gvari. aqe-

dan oCamCire-gudauTis mosaxleobaSi saerToa sami gvari: aSuba, zuxba, Sar-

maTi; gudauTa-gagris mosaxleobasTvis saerTo gvarebia: benia, dbari, xecia,

xolo oCamCire-gagris mosaxleobisaTvis - arcerTi. afxazebis calkeul po-

pulaciebSi Seswavlili mosaxleobis gvarebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom Zi-

riTadad yovel maTganSi vlindeba gvarebis birTvi, romelic kompaqturadaa

gansaxlebuli. Tumca afxazuri gvarebis 80%, romlebic qarTul gvarebad

ganixileba, farTodaa gavrcelebuli saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionebSi

da maTi qarTuli warmomavloba eWvis gareSea.

gamokvlevaSi CarTuli afxazebis gvarebi

oCamCire – somatologia: abuxba-4, agrba, agumava, airamba, amiCba -7,

amijba, amdJiba, aZinba-3, arSba, aSuba-8, aCba, barganjia, basaria-3, baRafSi-3,

bebia-3, bzerkali, gamgia, gvaranZia, gojua, golanZia, darsalia, esebua, vou-

ba, zuxba-2, kakalia-3, kaslandia-2, kekelia, qecba-2, yolbaia, korsaia, koRo-

nia-5, kutalandia, lagvilava, lakaSia, ladJiba, lasuria, lacuSba, marSa-

nia, miqaia-2, miqava, osia, saqania, tviZba, SarmaTi, Selia, Slarba, CaCava-2, Ce-

gia-2, Wkadua, Wolokia, Cuxua, wvinaria-2, jinjolia-2.

dermatoglifika: abranZia, agrba, akba, amiCba, arlania, arRuni arRuni,

arCepia, aslaZia, afxazava, aSba, arSba, babba, bgaite, bebia, bJania, bulava,

gabedava, gamisonia, gogia, gogoxia, gonanZia, delba, vardania, zuxuba, ivan-

ba, kavazi-2, kaspanZia, kacba, kvaracxelia, kvarCia (yvarCia?), kvicinia, kenta-

ba-2, kirkinaZe, koRonia-3, kuCuberia, yolbaia, ladaria, logua-2, mania, miqa-

va, meqvabia, osia, pSelia, sanRulia, sakania, sanCulia, sanZava-2, saqania, ta-

barua, tapaS, tabaRua, tarba, torRua, falavaniZe, faCulia, fircxalava, fe-

rizba, qiSmaria, Sanava, Sonia, CaCava, Cerqezia, Cikoria, cirba, cvimba, Zvela-

ia, wulaia, WavWavaZe, WeJia.

gudauTa – somatologia: avizba, avicba, aerjba, anqvabi, arsalia, apba,

arZinba, axba-3, bagba, bazba, benia, butba, gabnia, vicba, gumba-3, gerZmava, gen-

ba, daurobi, dbari-2, dvamba, zuxba, itarba, kabba, kapba, konjaria, kirkinia

kirkinia, kvarWelia, kove, ladaria-2, muSba-2, otirba-2, papba, saRaria-2, ser-

guSi, smiri, tarkili-3, yvarelia, Samba-3, Camagua-5, CiCba-3, carguSi-3, cixCa,

Zkuia, wkuia, xakba-3, xalvaSi, xalia, xecia, xuranoki, Wanturia, jenia-7.

293

dermatoglifika: abaSiZe, abgajava-4, agumava, adSba, aviZba, anqvabi, ar-

kuji, ajba-5, bagba, bazba-2, ginanSi, gublia, gularia-3, gunba, dvebia, vouba,

kaimari, kanSi, kanSiani, kvaracxelia-2, kvarCia, kirkinaZe-2, kove, yolbaia,

ladaria, muSba-2, orCukuba, otirba, sulikaZe, facia, Samba-2, Camagua-4, CiCba,

Cxebulia-2, ciba, cuSba, xagba-8, xakba, xalia, jinjolia.

gagra – somatologia: alSupdba, tiba, atirba, Sxarava, barSici, gamba,

benia-2, bigvava, biCba, gablia, gutarba, gicba, gablia, dbari-3, vizba, vicba,

kantani, kanjaria-3, kupalba, kutarba-2, ketia, kitia, kokoskiria, markolia,

papba, penia, tarba, fsardia, jajaia, qicba, SarmaTava-2, Sartava, ZaZma, xagu-

Si, xucia, xiSba, janjRava.

dermatoglifika: abRaJava, agrba, arisTava, arlani, axvlediani, baRaTe-

lia, barcici, bganba, benia, beia, gablia, gizardava, gezerdava, grivapS, gu-

baz, dvirenjipa, demerjiba, vozba-2, zvambaia, ipapxa, kaitani, ketia-2, kokos-

keria-4, kutarba, mukba-2, papxa-2, saRaria, sergegia, siWinava-3, tarba, ukua,

fsaria, qiria, Samba, CaCava, cimcba-2, cipcba, ZuapSipa, wkuia, WiTanava, Wyo-

nia, xaguSi, xaSigi, xecia, xiSba-4, jRanjRia.

Cveni naSromis somatologiur da dermatoglifikur nawilSi afxazebis

samive populacia warmodgenilia 277 gvariT, rac moicavs Tanamedrove afxa-

zebSi gavrcelebuli gvarebis 46,2%-s. oCamCiris afxazebSi somatologiuri

sistemiT SeswavlilTa gvarebis 62,3% da dermatoglifikuri sistemiT Ses-

wavlilTa gvarebis 72,5% qarTulia. gudauTis populaciaSi ori sistemis

mixedviT SeswavlilTa gvarebiს 39,2% da 43,2% qarTulia, xolo gagris af-

xazebSi SeswavlilTa Soris 50,0%-s da 57,8%-s qarTuli gvarebi aqvT.

g. janberiZem taqsonomiurad metad maRali niSnebis mixedviT (sxeulis

simaRle,Sublis umciresi sigane, yvrimalTaSoris diametri, saxis morfo-

logiuri simaRle, cxviris sigane, Tavis maCvenebeli, Subl-qveda ybis maCve-

nebeli, Tvalis zemo naoWi, Tvalebis muqi feris %, saxis profili, cxvi-

ris ganivi profili, cxviris Zvlovani nawilis profili, cxviris xrtilo-

vani nawilis profili, cxiris gamodrekili formebis %, zemo tuCis profi-

li) Seiswavla afxazebi afxazuri da qarTuli gvarebiT da Seadara erTma-

neTs. Ggansxvaveba am or jgufs Soris ar aRiniSneba. rogorc avtori wers,

"amiT amowurulia yvela meTodi da saSualeba qarTvelebsa (megrelebsa) da

afxazebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebuli elementis aRmoCenisaTvis" (janbe-

riZe, 1960, gv.21). qarTulgvarebiani afxazebis umetesoba marTlac megruli

gvarebiTaa warmodgenili. miuxedavad amisa, anTropogenetikuri analiziT

294

specipikuri msgavseba megrelebTan ar vlindeba. afxazebis uaxloesTa wre

zogadqarTulia. orive tipis gvaris mqone afxazebi miuxedavad gvarTa sxva-

dasxvaobisa, dakavSirebuli arian qarTul samyarosTan.

am faqtis axsna, iseve rogorc afxazebisa da adiRe-Cerqezebis qarTve-

lur jgufTan maRali donis msgavseba sami gansxvavebuli niSanTa sistemis

mixedviT, Zveli substratis arsebobiT aris SesaZlebeli. rogorc wesi, eT-

nikur jgufebSi Semadgeneli niSnebis rasobrivi Taviseburebani didxans

inaxaven erTobisa da msgavsebis im formebs, romlebic win uswrebdnen maT

Camoyalibebas. miTumetes, teritoriulad daaxloebuli adgilobrivi jgu-

febis urTierTobis Sedegad warmoqmnili eTnikuri erToblioba anTropo-

logiurad rCeba am teritoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cvalebadobis far-

glebSi (Бунак, 1974).

monografiaSi motanili anTropologiuri monacemebi calsaxad wyveten

afxazTa warmomavlobis sakiTxs. afxazebis anTropologiuri ieri mTlia-

nad qarTvelebis sxvadasxva eTnografiuli jgufebis msgavsia. maSasadame,

afxazebis warmomavloba mWidro kavSirSia ara erT konkretul qarTvelur

jgufTan, aramed maTi morfologiuri msgavseba sxvadasxva doziT dasavleT

saqarTvelos qarTvelur jgufebTan vlindeba.

rom ar arsebobdes istoriuli wyaroebi, toponimebi, eTnonimebi, xu-

roTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi qarTuli warwerebiT, mniSvnelovania is faqtori,

rom sxvadasxva morfologiur niSanTa sistemiT miRebuli Tanxvedri Sede-

gebiT, afxazebis uaxloesi uaxloesTa Soris kavSiri qarTvelur jgufeb-

Tan vlindeba. somatologiuri niSnebis analizi gvarebis mixedviT adastu-

rebs, rom afxazeTis teritoriaze gansaxlebuli uZvelesi tomebis eTniku-

ri vinaoba qarTuli iyo. morfologiurad amas dermatoglifikuri sisteme-

bi adastureben (radgan miCneulia, rom isini ufro kargad avlenen Zvel

kavSirebs, ar axasiaTebT qorwinebiTi upiratesoba da a.S.). Cven ar Sevdi-

varTYkamaTSi abazgebisa da abSilebis eTnikur vinaobasTan dakavSirebiT,

magram es tomebi, rom yofiliyvnen anTropologiurad gansxvavebulni, maSin

es aucileblad aisaxeboda afxazebis morfologiur ierSi. nebismieri eTno-

sis anTropologiuri tipi yalibdeba sxvadasxva elementebis SerwymiT. maSa-

sadame, dasavleT saqarTvelos uZvelesი mosaxleoba morfologiurad ar

gansxvavdeboda.

295

Resume

An ethnos is a very complicated and multifarious phenomenon, which forms during long

historical process. The ethnos arises, develops and some time disappears, that’s way it is difficult to

accept the consideration that any kind of ethnos reach to today has primary face. The change

undergoes not only It basic characteristics, like a language, culture, though, every element of an

ethnos has its own origin and the way of development there are not causal links between them and

so their absolute similarity is impossible.

The studies of ethnogenesis does not include only the investigation of the development of

ethnic processes in ethnic groups, but also, in the first place, revealing the source of the substratum

of all the ethnic components, that are related to the first processes and ancient events.

The comprehensive investigation of all the available anthropological materials gives

possibility to describe whole history of ethnic groups that are printed on the bones. The

morphological structures of anthropological materials maintain mixture of the ancient and modern

hereditable characteristics that have been lost by historical, ethnological and linguistic sources. At

the same time, very often, the relation between the culture and linguistics doesn’t corresponds with

their origin and common Genome, because language and culture can spread without their haulers,

but anthropological tape is always accompanied by a language and culture.

Abkhazians are the most explored group in anthropological point of view within in Caucasus

populations. There are studies in their somatology (Bunak,1946; Djanberidze, 1956; 1963;

Abdushelishvili, 1964; Voronov et. al, 1987; Kvicinia, 2007; Bitadze, 2007; Bitadze et. al, 2008),

craniology (Bogdanov, 1879; Abdushelishvili, 1955; 1964; Aleksejev, 1974), blood genetic markers

(Voronov, 1985; Robert E. Ferrell et. al, 1985; Voronov and et. al, 1987), dermatogliphics

(Ladaria, 1975, Heet, 1980; Heet, Aslanishvili, 1986), odontology (Kochiev, 1971; Kashibadze,

1988; 2006, Aksjanova, 1987), physical status (Kvicinia, 1982; Miklashevskaia et. al, 1982;

Miklashevskaia, 1987), although, the belonging the Abkhazians to any anthropological tape is in

question.

The subject of Abkhazian ethnogenesis is important for many reasons. Abkhazians talk

Abkhazian-Adigian language of Iberian-Caucasian languages and the coexistence; close cultural,

political and economic relations connected them with Georgia and Georgians. There are only a few

works about Abkhazian ethnogenesis based on anthropological studies. According to G.

Djanberidze (1963) anthropological data show, that Abkhazians were connected with Georgian

group more, than with the Adigians and considered Abkhazians as one of the Georgian groups

moved to Adigian language (Djanberidze.G., 1963). According to Aleksejev “joining of

Abkhazians to the family of Adirian language occurred, apparently, comparatively late and didn’t

have much influence on their ethnic history” (Aleksejev, 1974 p.194).

296

V. Bunak (1946) considers Abkhazian anthropological variation as a local variation of

Caucasian population down from “Rioni” (RN) tape. Georgian anthropologists (Abdushelishvili,

1955; Abdushelishvili, 1964; Djanberidze, 1956; 1963) consider Abkhazians as the “Black sea”

(BS) variation of “kolkhian” (KD) tape, though all of them have admitted that they have their

specific characteristics.

According to Abdushelishvili (1955, 1964), the characteristics of KD are: narrow face, high

frequency of blue eyes, fair hair, horizontal or upright tip of the nose, high nasal ridge, broad profile

of the high nose, low nose height, thick lips and hairy breast, relatively high stature. Abkhazians

are included in BS variation because of the combination of following sighs, that differ from

“Adigian” (AR) and KD tape: horizontal or a little elevated tip of nose, narrow eyes,a high

percentage of upper eyelid, a low frequency of dark eyes and high frequency of blue eyes, the

straight profile of tip of the nose, the nose bone profile is weak, head diameter in length-middle

sized or moore, the head index is low, face length relatively narrower, scanty beard, fair hair.

These two descriptions show clearly, that there are some similar signs between them, like a profile

of nose, pigmentation of eyes and distribution of body hair. M. Abdushelishvili, (1964) after

definition of KD tape, he divided it into two variations: BS and “Western Georgian” (WG). The

WG variation shows relatively high head index, comparatively long face length, large width of eye,

large breadth of nose, eminent nose cartilage profile comparing to KD tape. These differences lead

to their alikeness to other different tapes. BS variation of KD tape is more similar to AD tape and

WG variation of “Iberian” (IB) tape (Abdushelishi, 1964; p. 67). Generally, on a certain level,

Caucasian population has common morphology. Later adaptation to different historical, genetic and

ecological conditions caused the differentiation of the morphological tape. Notwithstanding these

differences ‘caucasian population,’ the term given by A. Djavakhishvili (Djavakhishvili, 1923), and

so called ‘lica kavkazskoy nacionalnosti’(people of Caucasian nationality)- exists. The authors of

these terms mention all these groups without division and thus they note our unity.

V. Alekseev (1974) considered Adigians, Abazians, Abkhazians and Kabardians, as well as

most Adjarians, into “Ponti” population groups. P. Kvicinia disagrees with it and thinks Abkhasians

as a local anthropological variation of adigey tape of Balkano-Caucasian race (Kvicinia, 2007). In

his opinion, development of abkhasian morphological variation occured on the territory of today’s

respublika Abkhasia. He notes, that this conclusion is made on bases of comparison of the

morphological and the paleoanthropological material. Though, on the very first page of this work,

we read, that except modern Abkhasians, observed by many authors, ‘there hasn’t been any series

of heads explored anthropologicaly in Abkhasia so far.’(p.39). As for comperative analysis, there is

no trace of it in this work and most part of it is identical to the work, published in 1987

(Voronov,1987). In order to contradict georgian anthroologists (Abdushelishvili, 1964, Djanberidze,

297

1063) he stated, that ‘this opinion (e.g. belonging both Abkhasians and Georgians to the same local

variation of Kolkhian tape of preasian race) was shaken by later anthropological and genetic

studyings’ (Alekseev, 1974; Heet, 1983; Voronov, 1974).

Here we should mention about (Voronov et al,1982) one more studying, where there is

discussed genetic characteristics of abkhasians on bases of far more markers, than in our work

(Voronov et al,1982). The aim of the work was to find out the genetic links in the populations with

a high percentage of a long life-expectancy. The work defines homogeneity of the observed sistems.

‘All these make us think, that abkhasians of Abjui and Bzipi are going to devide into subpopulation

branches. No doubt, the abkhasian population of Abjui in Ochamchire region is highly

homogeneitic.’ (Voronov et al, 1987; p.134). E. g. intropopulation homogeneity is noted definitely

and west caucasian population is not discussed in the work. Comparison was done between Asian

and European population in terms of concentration of particular sistems of alels.

Abkhazians is included in “Ponti” tape on bases of 6 main dermatogliphic patterns (Heet,

1983). I. Ladaria (1975, p.126), described Abkhazian dermatogliphic patterns and conclude that

“there isn’t much similarity between Abkhazian and Adirian populations”. He demonstrated that

the dermatogliphic patterns of observed groups vary a lot. Every Western Caucasian populations

have its own characteristic comparative patterns. Abkhazians from Ochamchire region and those

from Gagra are more distant to each other than three Abkhazian populations. Akhazians are closer

to Adjarians and farther to Svanians. Voronov and coworkers (1982) discussed genetic

characteristics of Abkhazians and defined homogeneity of observed systems. They divided

Abkhazians from Abjui and Bzipi into subpopulation branches (Voronov et al, 1987).

The aim of our work is different, because we seek the place of Abkhazians in the Caucasian

anthropological map with the help of wide dataset and modern statistic systems to we observ the

range of changes between Abkhazian inter- and intrapopulations level. Taking into account

historical sources, that confirm on the one hand existence of many tribes on the territory of modern

Abkhazia and on the other hand immigration of Northern Caucasians population during last

centuries, that are confirmed by presence of Northern Caucasian names among modern Abkhazians

Subpopulation analysis of craniological series of modern Abkhazians shows high variety of

most traits. Abkhazians’ brachicephalia is more connected with middle sized length and small

transversal diameters. According to the basic component analysis specific traits of Abkhazians are

small facial base length, large cranial diameter, upper face breadth and middle sized diameter

between cheek-bones. Abkhazians, as well as Georgians, is the group with the sharply profiled

face. They are less polymorphic, than Adjarians. Componental, and discrimental analyses show,

that Abkhazians and Adjarians are similar and have little different from Samegrelo population.

298

On the basis of studies various systems: somatology, dermatogliphics, blood isoantigenes

(ABO, Rhesus, MN,P Keel, Duffy) and craniology we consider Abkhazians as a polimorphic group,

where there is difference between them, that doesn’t go beyond the characteristic limits of the

ethnic group (Bitadze, Jashashvili, Laliashvili, 2008). In spite of very different family names

(Megruli, Lazuri and Adigi-Cherqesian) there is no differentiation inside the population. Historical

sources confirm moving north Caucasians in Abkhazia (mostly in XV-XVII cc). Today it is seen in

common family names and their native languages. During this period assimilation of populations

has occurred so much, that there are no differences left between locals and newcomers. It is

possible, that the cause of anthropological no differentiation is the fact, that all Caucasian aborigine

population has common substratum, at least in 30 century BC (Abdushelishvili, 1964).

In order to find out genetic links between Abkhazians and the other 50 populations the

morphological distances were studied and component analysis was used by all systems. We should

note that morphological distances on bases of somatological traits are very low. Abkhazians

(Ochamchire, Gudauta, Gagra) show very close morphological distances to Georgian ethnographic

groups, as well as to the Northern Caucasians. The important fact is, that the distance to Georgian

ethnographical groups twice less when that of Northern Caucasian groups. Component analysis of

the same groups shows, that all the three Abkhazian populations with regard to the components, are

always closer to Georgian ethnic groups, though with twice as more distances, than Georgian

groups themselves (the present work, chapter III, figure 4-6).

Description of dermatologocal patterns also reveals more similarity between Abkhazians and

Western Caucasian populations. This circle of similarity is quite large for following populations:

Gurulians from Ozurgeti and Chkhorocku, Megrelians from Zugdidi, Imerelians from Bagdati,

Svanians from Lentekhi, Adjarians Batumi and Khulo, Rachvelians from highland, and

Lechkhumelians (chapter IV, chart 19, figure 2,3) Abkhazians show even more similarity with

some Georgian groups, than within three Abkhazian groups themselves.

It is the first time the Western Caucasian populations have been observed on bases of

dermatogliphic quantitative and descriptive patterns. Now we have an opportunity to sum up the

information and find out what system of patterns reflects more precisely the archaic links between

populations. With the regard to quantitative signs, all three Abkhazian populations were united in

one subcluster and by descriptive signs-in three. In the first case, Abkhazians together with Lazians,

Magrelians from Zugdidi, Senaki, Gali, Svanians from below Bali, Adjarians from Batumi are

united in the circle of closest populations. By physical traits Northern Caucasians found themselves

with Georgian populations. Besides, Abkhazians from Ochamchire are united with Gurulians from

Ozurgeti on the first level and then join Megrelis from Zugdidi, Imerelians from Zestaponi and

Abazians; Gudauta populations is also with Svanians on the first level and then are united with

299

Cherkesians; The population from Gagra is close to the following Georgian populations: Khulo,

Batumi, Gorjomi, Adjarians and Samtredia (chapter IV).

It is worth to remark, that the results of cluster and component analysis of descriptive traits are

identical, as well as the genetic links between the groups, revealed by cluster and component

analyses of quantitative patterns of genetic distances. We should note that examinations the same

hand palm by two distinct systems are identical. It shows that on archaic level Western Caucasians

are united. In spite of the fact, that there are family names with various origins in modern

Abkhazians (chapter VI of this work). Abkhazians don’t show closer links by morphological and

genetic distances to north Caucasian groups. The close links are shown mostly in Georgian groups

(Adjarians, Samtredians Imerelians). This fact shouldn’t be understood as the result of mixing

Georgians and North Caucasians. As it was stated above, there existed common population before

the development of ethnic groups.

To reconstruct the development of ethnic groups scientists use many sources: archeological,

anthropological, ethnographic, linguistic, and historical. Modern family names are one of those

sources, as they may be indicators of those specific anthropological traits, that are carried by ethic

groups. In this work are given 405 Georgians and plus 123 Abkhazian family names that are spread

among Abkhazians. Abkhazian scientists think that this list is not complete and there are more than

600 family names in modern Abkhazians (Argun et al, 1987). The number of presented family

names in other study isn’t more than 500 (Mibchuani, 1994; Gamakharia, Gogia, 1997). By T.

Mibchuani, modern Abkhazian family names may be divided into three groups. Among them there

are 80% of Georgian origins, 12-13% of north Caucasian origin and the rest have Turkish, Persian,

Russian origins. The comparison of Abkhazian family names by G.Gasviani (Gasviani, 1998;

Chapter I of the present work) and T. Mibchuani (1994) show that the range of family names are

almost the same. There are as more as 150 names in G.Gasviani’s list and there weren’t about 60

names from T.Mibchuani’s list in Gasviani’s. Considering both lists there are really about 600

family names (588) and the majority of them is Georgian. As G. Gamakharia and B.Gogia confirm,

this is the result of coexistence of Abkhasians and Georgians. In the XVII-XVIIIcc the part of

Georgian family names became Abkhasians, some got common, most of them stay Georgian

(Gamakharia, Gogia, 1997 p.612). In our opinion, the number of observed modern family names

must have varied during Abkhazian ethnic history and development. Of course, there are many lost

(or reduced and disappeared) or changed. On the other hand the genes of transformed family names

didn’t disappear and they still take part in forming of the Genome, possibly under different names.

So, the real number of names hasn’t changed and thus polymorphism of genes doesn’t grow. It is

possible, that limited number of family names is the cause of anthropological homogeneity inside of

Abkhazian population. There are only a few big family names and they contain about 130-400

300

families. Such are: Avidzba, Agrba, Adjinjali, Adleiba, Arguni, Ardzinba, Barcici, Djopua,

Kvicinia, Pachulia, Smiri, Tarba, Cvijba, Shamba. When only a few family names can afford to

have children, whereas others can’t, this may lead to inbreeding and to homogeneity inside

population as a result, in spite of spreading various family names.

In the somatological and dermatogliphic part of our work all three abkhasian populations are

presented by 277 family names, that is 46,2% of all the modern abkhasian family names. 62,3%

somatologicaly and 72,5% dermatogliphicaly observed family names are georgian. 39,2% and

43,2% of observed family names in Gudauta population by two systems are georgian and 50,0%

and 57,8% those of Gagra population.

Considering all the given factual anthropological material we can conclude that Abkhazian

anthropological appearance is similar to various Georgian ethnic groups. It means that Abkhazians’

origin is in close relation with Western Georgian groups to a different extent. Even if there weren’t

historical sources, toponyms, ethnonyms, architectural buildings with Georgian writings on them,

two important issues on bases of the same results from different systems of morphological traits: the

relation between the closest of Abkhazians and Georgian groups and spread family names can

answer many questions. Archaic tribes, living on the territory of modern Abkhazia were ethnic

Georgians. This is morphologically confirmed by dermatogliphic systems. We don’t argue about

the ethnic belongings of Abazgians and Abshilians, but if these tribes had been great in number and

different anthropologically, then it would have been reflected on morphological appearance of

Abkhazians. Anthropological tape of any ethnos develops from many elements. So, the archaic

Western Georgian population wasn’t morphologically distinct.

301

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