11

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eeTTnnoollooggii aa

22

RRoollaanndd AA.. TTooppcchhiisshhvviillii

TThhee EEtthhnnoollooggyy ooff EEuurrooppee

EEtthhnniicc HHiissttoorryy,, EEtthhnniicc CCuullttuurree

TTeexxttbbooookk ffoorr SSttuuddeennttss

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iivvaannee jjaavvaaxxiiSSvviilliiss ssaaxxeelloobbiiss TTbbiilliissiiss ssaaxxeellmmwwiiffoo uunniivveerrssiitteettii

rroollaanndd TTooffCCiiSSvv iillii

eevvrrooppiiss eeTTnnoollooggiiaa

eeTTnniikkuurrii iissttoorriiaa,, eeTTnniikkuurrii kkuullttuurraa

ssaaxxeellmmZZRRvvaanneelloo ssttuuddeenntteebbiissaaTTvviiss

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`̀eevvrrooppiiss eeTTnnoollooggiiaa:: eeTTnniikkuurrii iissttoorriiaa,, eeTTnniikkuurrii kkuullttuurraa~~ ggaannkkuuTTvvnniilliiaa ssaaxxeellmmZZRRvvaanneelloodd uummaaRRlleessii ssaasswwaavvlleebblleebbiiss hhuummaanniittaa--rruullii ffaakkuulltteetteebbiiss iissttoorriiuullii,, eeTTnnoollooggiiuurrii,, ffiilloollooggiiuurrii mmii--mmaarrTTuulleebbeebbiiss ssttuuddeenntteebbiissaaTTvviiss.. wwiiggnnii ggaarrkkvveeuull ddaaxxmmaarreebbaass ggaauu--wweevvss mmaaTT,, vviissaacc ppoolliittoollooggiiaa,, ddiipplloommaattiiaa,, xxaallxxTTaa SSoorriiss uurrTTiieerr--TToobbeebbii,, ddaassaavvlleeTTiiss xxaallxxeebbiiss eeTTnnooggeenneezziissii,, eeTTnniikkuurrii iissttoorriiaa ddaa ttrraaddiicciiuullii kkuullttuurraa aaiinntteerreesseebbss,, mmiiTT uummeetteess ddRReevvaannddeell ddRReess,, rrooddeessaacc ssaaqqaarrTTvveellooss ddaassaavvlluurr ssttrruuqqttuurreebbSSii aaqqttiiuurrii CCaarrTTvvaa mmiimmddiinnaarreeoobbss.. TThhee ffoolllloowwiinngg tteexxttbbooookk,, ‘‘TThhee EEtthhnnoollooggyy ooff EEuurrooppee:: EEtthhnniicc HHiissttoorryy,, EEtthhnniicc CCuullttuurree,,’’ iiss iinntteennddeedd ffoorr tthhee ssttuuddeennttss ooff hhiissttoorriiccaall,, eetthhnnoollooggiiccaall aanndd pphhiilloollooggiiccaall ddiirreeccttiioonnss ooff tthhee HHuummaanniittiieess FFaaccuullttyy.. TThhee bbooookk wwiillll bbee ooff cceerrttaaiinn hheellpp ffoorr tthhoossee wwhhoo aarree iinntteerreesstteedd iinn ppoolliittiiccaall sscciieennccee,, ddiipplloommaaccyy,, iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaall rreellaattiioonnss,, tthhee eetthhnnooggeennyy ooff EEuurrooppeeaann ppeeoopplleess,, eetthhnniicc hhiissttoorryy aanndd ttrraaddiittiioonnaall ccuullttuurree.. TThheessee iissssuueess aarree ppaarrttiiccuullaarrllyy iimmppoorrttaanntt nnoowwaaddaayyss,, eessppeecciiaallllyy iinn tthhee ccoonntteexxtt ooff GGeeoorrggiiaa’’ss iinntteeggrraattiioonn iinn EEuurrooppeeaann ssttrruuccttuurreess.. rreeddaaqqttoorreebbii:: pprrooffeessoorrii qq ee TT ee vv aa nn xx uu cc ii SS vv ii ll ii pprrooffeessoorrii mm ii xx ee ii ll qq uu rr dd ii aa nn ii rreecceennzzeenntteebbii:: pprrooffeessoorrii aa kk aa kk ii gg ee TT ii aa SS vv ii ll ii ddooqqttoorrii rr oo zz ee tt aa gg uu jj ee jj ii aa nn ii pprrooffeessoorrii TT ii nn aa TT ii nn RR uu dd uu SS aa uu rr ii ddooqqttoorrii ii nn gg aa RR uu tt ii ZZ ee ©© TTbbiilliissiiss uunniivveerrssiitteettiiss ggaammoommcceemmlloobbaa,, 22000099 IISSBBNN 997788--99994411--1133--002255--00

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winaTqma winamdebare wignis avtorma 2003 wels evropisa da amerikis xalxebis saleqcio kursi dabeWda, romelsac ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi Tbilisis ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis enisa da kulturis saxelmwifo universitetis saerTaSoriso urTier-Tobis studentebi ismendnen. 2006 wlidan evropisa eTnologia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universi-tetis humanitaruli fakultetis studentebs ekiTxeba. mocemu-li saxelmZRvanelo aRniSnuli saleqcio kursis gadamuSavebu-li, faqtobrivad, xelaxla dawerili variantia. wignSi ganxi-lulia istoriis sxvadasxva epoqaSi warmoSobili xalxebi; Se-icvala naSromis struqturac. saxelmZRvanelo eyrdnoba mravalricxovan istoriul da eT-nologiur literaturas, enciklopediebs, romlebic xalxebs, religiebs, lingvistikas, demografias, anTroponimebs exeba. av-tors miaCnia, rom wigni `evropis eTnologia~ mkiTxvelis wina-Se srulyofili saxiTaa warmodgenili im TvalsazrisiT, rom masSi am kontinentze mcxovreb TiTqmis yvela, did Tu patara, eTnoszea saubari, Tumca is amomwuravi araa (aseTi wigni saer-Tod arc arsebobs). qarTvel xalxs dasavleTisadmi interesi, miswrafeba da da-axloebis survili mTeli misi arsebobis manZilze hqonda. qar-Tvelobam dasavlur orientaciaze ganacxadi didi xnis win, IV s-is dasawyisSi, gaakeTa, rodesac qristianoba saxelmwifo re-ligiad gamocxadda. saqarTvelosa da qarTveli xalxis mTeli Semdegdroindeli istoria aRmosavluri samyarosagan Tavdaxs-nisa da dasavleTisaken miswrafebis surviliT iyo ganpirobe-buli. qarTvelebma ki dasavleTisken kursi sul axlaxan, da-moukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg aiRes; saqarTvelo evropul struqturebSi gaerTianda. evropelebi didi kulturisa da ci-vilizaciis Semqmnelebi arian, Tumca, im dros, rodesac qarT-veli eri Camoyalibda da Cvenma xalxma qristianoba miiRo, dRevandeli evropis xalxebis umetesoba jer kidev ar iyo Ca-moyalibebuli. bevri evropeli xalxi (keltebis didi nawili, Trakielebi, ilirielebi, etruskebi, piktebi, iberielebi...) ga-daSenda, sxvebs Seerwya. Zveli, didi evropuli kulturis Semq-mnelTagan Tavi mxolod berZnebma da italielebma (Zvelma ro-maelebma) SeinarCunes, Tumca am eTnosebma Sua saukuneebSi sak-

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mao transformacia ganicades. maTma eTnikurma kulturam bev-ri cvlileba ganicada. IV-IX saukuneebis evropaSi xalxTa di-dma gadasaxlebebma axali _ dRevandeli eTnosebis warmoqmnas Cauyara safuZveli. wignSi naCvenebia evropeli xalxebis eTno-genezi da eTnikuri ganviTarebis procesi; daxasiaTebulia Ti-Toeuli xalxis eTnikuri kultura (yofa-cxovreba, wes-Cveu-lebebi rogorc materialuri kulturis, meurneobis, ise soci-alur urTierTobaTa da sulieri kulturis sferoSi), anTro-pologiuri tipi, religiisadmi da enaTa ojaxisadmi mikuTvne-buloba, demografiul-statistikuri monacemebi. amdenad, wigni saintereso unda iyos ara marto studentebisaTvis, aramed yve-la ganaTlebuli qarTvelisaTvis, visac evropa da iq mcxov-rebi eTnosebi ainteresebs, miT umetes dRes, rodesac xangrZ-livi Sesvenebis Semdeg, qarTvelebs pirvelad mogveca dasav-leTis samyarosTan uSualo kontaqtisa da urTierTobis saSu-aleba. Q marTalia, saqarTvelo evropisa da aziis gzagasayarze mde-bareobs, magram zogierTi geografi saqarTvelos (da, saer-Tod, samxreT kavkasias) evropis nawilad miiCnevda da miiCnevs (magaliTad, homerosi evropis da aziis sazRvrad md. rions asaxelebda). winamdebare wignSi qarTvelebi da kavkasiis sxva xalxebi warmodgenili araa. avtorma saqarTvelosa da kavkasi-is xalxebis eTnologiis Sesaxeb calke saxelmZRvaneloebi dabeWda (I. saqarTvelos eTnologia. Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2008; II. kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia: eTnikuri istoria, eTnikuri kultura, Tb., 2007). avtori did madlobas uxdis profesorebs: qeTevan xuciS-vils, mixeil qurdians da doqtor inga RutiZes, romlebmac wignis xelnaweri varianti waikiTxes da sayuradRebo SeniSvne-bi da survilebi gamoTqves.

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nawili I

eTnosTa klasifikaciis safuZvlebi

1.1. xalxebi (zogadi mimoxilva) XX saukunis ukanasknel aTwleulSi msoflios mosaxleoba xuT miliardze met adamians iTvlida. es xuTi miliardi eTni-kuri, enobrivi, rasobrivi da religiur-konfesiuri Tvalsaz-risiT friad Wrel suraTs qmnis. miiCneven, rom dedamiwaze cxovrobs daaxloebiT 6 aTasamde eTnosi. termini _ `xalxi~ gulisxmobs gansazRvrul teritoriaze istoriulad Camoyalibebul adamianTa erTobas, romelsac axa-siaTebs stabiluri kulturuli Taviseburebani (enis CaTv-liT), fsiqika, TviTSegneba. yvela es niSani safuZvelia imisa, rom ama Tu im xalxma sakuTari erToba sxva analogiuri er-Tobebisagan ganasxvavos. xalxis aRsaniSnavad mecnierebaSi gamoiyeneba termini `eTnosi~ (Zv. berZnuli _ xalxi, tomi), ag-reTve eTnikuri erToba, magram Zveli berZnebi iyenebdnen agreTve sityva `demos~, rac mosaxleobis ZiriTad masas aRniS-navda. `demosisagan~ momdinareobs iseTi termini, rogoricaa magaliTad `demokratia~, rac sityvasityviT iTargmneba, ro-gorc `xalxis xelisufleba~; momdinareobs `demografia~, ro-gorc mecnierebis saxelwodeba (sityvasityviT `xalxis aRwe-ra~), romelic swavlobs sxvadasxva qveynis mosaxleobis ricxovnobas (raodenobas), mis socialur, sqesobriv da asakob-riv Semadgenlobas, Sobadobas, qorwinebas, sikvdilianobas, mosaxleobis bunebriv matebas da mis migraciebs (gadasaxle-bas). Tumca am problemaTagan zogierTis mimarT interesi istoriasa da eTnografiasac aqvs. Cveni interesis sagans ki warmoadgens xalxebi `eTnosis~ ga-gebiT; xalxebi, romlebmac saukuneTa manZilze damoukidebeli eTnikuri kultura Seqmnes. bevri xalxisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki didi xalxebisaTvis, romlebic gansaxlebulni arian vrcel teritoriasa da rTul bunebriv-geografiul garemoSi, damaxasiaTebelia eTnografi-ul (da dialeqtur) jgufebad dayofa (rusul eTnologiur literaturaSi aseT jgufebs xSirad `subeTnosebsac~ uwode-ben). eTnografiuli jgufebis warmoqmnis mizezebi sxvadasxvaa.

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isini warmoiqmneba erTi xalxis teritoriuli gancalkevebis Sedegad (geografiuli faqtori), anda erTi eTnosis mier meo-re eTnosis, anda misi nawilis asimilaciis Sedegad. am Tval-sazrisiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda agreTve socialuri statusi (kazakebi rusebs Soris) da religiur-konfesiuri mdgomareoba. mecnierebaSi gamoyofen agreTve metaeTnikur erTobebs, maga-liTad, aRmosavleT slavebs, laTinoamerikelebs. maTi aseTi saxiT gamoyofa genetikuri da enobriv-kulturuli siaxlovi-Taa ganpirobebuli. metaeTnikur erTobebad miiCneven agreTve baltiispirelebs, CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebs. am metaeTnikur erTobaTa Camoyalibeba ki erTian istoriul-eTnografiul olqSi xangrZlivma cxovrebam da kulturulma urTierTgavle-nam ganapiroba. eTnosis umaRlesi formaa nacia (eri). erebis Camoyalibebamde eTnosis formas tomi, tomTa kavSirebi warmoadgenda. marqsis-tul-leninuri mecniereba naciis (eris) iseT gansazRvrebas gvTavazobda, romelic arasdros gauziarebiaT dasavlur mec-nierebaSi. dasavleTSi naciis (eris) TiTqmis imdeni ganmarte-baa, ramdenic mecnieri, magram mTavari, raSic isini Tanxmde-bian, isaa, rom naciad (erad) miiCneva is eTnosebi, romelTac sakuTari saxelmwifoebrioba gaaCniaT. zogierTi nacia (eri) warmoiqmna erTi xalxis transformaciis, zogi ki ramdenime xalxis Serevis Sedegad.

1.2. ena _ eTnosis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSani msoflios xalxebi (eTnosebi) erTmaneTisagan ramdenime niS-niT gansxvavdebian. pirvel rigSi erT-erT aseT mTavar niSnad enas asaxeleben. rodesac erTi xalxis ori ucnobi warmomad-geneli Tavisi qveynis gareT xvdeba, isini upirveles yovlisa erTmaneTs eniT `amoicnoben~. ase rom, ena xalxTa (eTnosTa) umniSvnelovanesi niSanTagania. erTi xalxisadmi (eTnosisadmi) mikuTvnebuli yvela adamiani, rogorc wesi, erT enaze lapara-kobs, romelic maTTvis mSobliuria, e.i. romelic bavSvobaSi SeiTvises mSoblebisa da sxva pirebisagan. zemoTqmuli imas ar niSnavs, rom dedamiwaze imdenive enaa, ramdenic xalxia. gasaT-valiswinebelia is, rom zogjer dedamiwaze gansaxlebuli da-moukidebeli eTnosebi erTsa da imave enaze laparakoben, rac kacobriobis istoriaSi, gansakuTrebiT mis axal periodSi mo-

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mxdari mniSvnelovani movlenebis (magaliTad evropidan axal samyaroSi xalxTa didi gadasaxlebebis) Sedegia. inglisur en-aze laparakoben ara mxolod ingliselebi, aramed sxva xal-xebic: amerikelebi, anglo-kanadelebi, Sotlandielebi, olste-relebi, anglo-avstralielebi, anglo-axalzelandielebi... ev-ropaSi, sadac inglisuri ena warmoiqmna, am enaze molaparake-Ta mxolod 17% cxovrobs. espanuri ena dedaenaa ara mxolod espanelebisaTvis, aramed agreTve centraluri da samxreT ame-rikis umetesi xalxebisaTvis (kubelebi, meqsikelebi, kolumbie-lebi, argentinelebi, venesuelelebi, Cilelebi, peruelebi, ur-ugvaelebi...). evropaSi, sadac espanuri ena warmoiqmna, espanur enaze molaparakeTa daaxloebiT 12% mkvidrobs. germanul ena-ze germanelebis garda laparakoben agreTve avstrielebi, ger-mano-Sveicarielebi, elzaselebi (safrangeTSi), luqsemburge-lebi. portugaliuri, portugalielebis garda, dedaenaa bra-zilielebisaTvis. amave enaze laparakoben agreTve espaneTis CrdiloeTSi mcxovrebi galisielebic. frangul enaze fran-gebs garda laparakoben: franko-kanadelebi, franko-Sveicarie-lebi, belgieli valonebi. italiuri eniT sargebloben italo-Sveicarielebi da korsikelebi. aziis samxreT-dasavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi didi xania gavrcelebulia arabuli ena. masze laparakoben arabulenovani xalxebi, romelTagan yvelaze mravalricxovania: egvipteli arabebi (egviptelebi), alJiris arabebi (alJirelebi), maroko-eli arabebi (marokoelebi), erayis arabebi (erayelebi), sudanis arabebi (sudanelebi), siriis arabebi (sirielebi), tunisis arabebi (tuniselebi), saudis arabeTis arabebi... amrigad, naTelia, rom dedamiwaze aris enebi, romlebic mSo-bliuria ara mxolod erTi xalxisaTvis, aramed eTnosTa mTe-li jgufisaTvis. calkeul xalxTa gansaxlebis sazRvrebi da enaTa gavrcelebis arealebi yovelTvis erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. ena eTnikurobis erT-erTi mTavari ganmsazRvrelia, magram is eTnosisaTvis damaxasiaTebel erTaderT niSnad ar SeiZleba CavTvaloT. saerTod, Tu zemoTqmuls davakvirdebiT da gavi-xsenebT TiToeuli xalxis (eTnosis) istorias, davinaxavT, rom sxva xalxis mier ama Tu im evropuli enis dedaenad aRiareba SedarebiT axali movlenaa. Tavdapirvelad, gansakuTrebiT ki xalxTa (eTnosTa) warmoqmnis sawyis stadiaze, ena marTlac iyo eTnosis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli niSani da yvela eTnosi misTvis damaxasiaTebel enaze laparakobda.

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marTalia, iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxvdeba xalxebi, romelTa calkeuli jgufebi sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben. cnobilia, rom dRes SotlandielTa didi umravlesoba salaparako enad iyenebs inglisurs, magram Sotlandiis mTebSi mkvidrobs mosa-xleobis patara jgufi, romlis warmomadgenlebi Tavs Sot-landielebad miiCneven da yofaSi inglisurTan erTad keltu-ri jgufis gansakuTrebul enaze (e.w. gelur enaze) laparako-ben, romelic warsulSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mTel qve-yanaSi. dReisaTvis mTiel Sotlandielebs anu gelebs daax-loebiT 100 000-mde iTvlian. did britaneTSi cxovrobs keltu-ri enobrivi jgufis sxva xalxic _ valielebi anu uelselebi, romlebic orenovanni arian, e.i. laparakoben rogorc ingli-sur, ise sakuTriv valiur enebze. igive SeiZleba iTqvas irla-ndielTa Sesaxebac. lingvistebi dRes enaTa ocamde ojaxs gamoyofen, romelTa-gan yvelaze kargadaa Seswavlili indoevropul enaTa ojaxi da romelzec evropisa da amerikis mosaxleobis umravlesoba metyvelebs. indoevropul enebze msoflios mosaxleobis 45% laparakobs. indoevropuli enebi, evropisa da amerikis garda, gavrcelebulia agreTve aziis mniSvnelovan nawilSi. mxe-dvelobaSi gvaqvs induri (hindi, urdu, bengali, maratxi...) da iranuli jgufis enebi. Aafroaziuri anu semitur-qamituri enebis ojaxi gavrcelebu-lia afrikis CrdiloeTsa da Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi da aziis samxreT-dasavleTSi. is Sedgeba xuTi jgufisagan _ semituri, egvipturi, berberuli, yuSituri da Caduri. egviptur enaTa jgufi XVII s-Si gadaSenda. egvipturi enis gviandeli forma _ kopturi gamoiyeneba egvipteli qristianebis mier RvTismsaxu-rebisas. evropaSi, indoevropuli enebis garda, gavrcelebulia ura-lur enaTa ojaxis enebi (ungreTi, baltiispireTi, fineTi, ska-ndinaviis CrdiloeTi).

11..33.. eennaaTTaa kkllaassiiffiikkaacciiaa mecnierebi msoflios xalxTa klasifikaciisaTvis sxvadasxva kriteriumebs iyeneben. eTnologiaSi miRebulia geografiuli, anTropologiuri, sameurneo-kulturuli da enobrivi klasifi-kacia. xalxTa eTnikuri istoriis Sesaswavlad enobrivi kla-sifikacia erT-erTi mniSvnelovani klasifikaciaa, radgan Tav-

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dapirvelad ena da eTnosi erTmaneTs emTxveoda, isini iden-turni iyvnen. ena konkretul warmodgenas iZleva xalxebis eT-nikuri naTesaobis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove msoflios enobrivi pa-norama mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. rogorc aRvniSneT, lin-gvistebi daaxloebiT 6000 enas iTvlian. mxolod erT enaze Za-lze mcire raodenobis qveynebSi saubroben. aseT qveynebs Ziri-Tadad evropis qveynebi miekuTvneba. zogierT qveyanaSi aTeu-lobiT enaze metyveleben, maT Soris nigeriasa da ruseTSi as-ze meti enaa gavrcelebuli. zogi ena `didi~ enaa, zogic _ `pa-tara~. yvelaze `didi~ anu gavrcelebuli enebia: Cinuri, ing-lisuri, hindi da masTan axlos mdgomi urdu, espanuri, rusu-li, bengaluri, indoneziuri, arabuli, portugaliuri, iaponu-ri, germanuli, franguli. CamoTvlil enebze kacobriobis ori mesamedi laparakobs. enaTa erTi nawili saxelmwifo, oficia-luri enaa; enaTa mniSvnelovani nawili ki mxolod saojaxo sametyvelo enas warmoadgens. msoflioSi aris iseTi enebic, romlebzedac ara marto ramdenime aseuli, aramed mxolod er-Ti aseuli kaci metyvelebs. magaliTad, latviaSi daaxloebiT 130 kaci laparakobs livur enaze, ruseTSi ki mxolod asi ka-cia kerkTa eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgeneli. dRes saerTaSo-riso urTierTobis enis funqcia inglisur enas aqvs mopovebu-li, rac, udavod, msoflioSi aSS-is politikuri, ekonomikuri dawinaurebis Sedegia. XVIII saukuneSi aseTi enis funqcia franguls ekisreboda. msoflios 6000 enidan mxolod as enas aqvs damwerloba. enaTa klasifikacia enaTa istoriul-naTesaur urTierTobas emyareba. istoriul-naTesauri urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT, msoflioSi arsebuli enebi ojaxebadaa dajgufebuli. enaTa ojaxebSi met-naklebad urTierTmonaTesave enebi Sedis. enaTa ojaxi ki sakmaod bevria. mxolod amerikis kontinentze indie-lTa Soris asamde enaTa ojaxs gamoyofen. mecnier-lingvistTa gamoTvliT ki mxolod Tormet enaTa ojaxSi Semaval enebze msoflios mosaxleobis 96% metyvelebs. TiTqmis yoveli enob-rivi ojaxi iyofa Stoebad anu jgufebad, jgufebSi ki xSirad qvejgufebs gamoyofen. msoflioSi gavrcelebul enaTa ojaxebis geografiuli saz-Rvrebi xSirad icvleboda. ukanaskneli Tormeti–cameti sauku-nis manZilze Zalian gaifarToves areali arabulma, Turqul-ma, inglisurma, espanurma enebma. VII saukunemde arabuli eniT mxolod arabeTis naxevarkunZulis centraluri da samxreTi

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nawilis mosaxleoba saubrobda. Semdeg is samxreT-dasavleT aziasa da CrdiloeT afrikis did nawilSi gavrcelda. mniSvnelovnad gaifarTova Tavisi areali Turqul enaTa jgu-fma, romelic dReisaTvis gavrcelebulia balkaneTis naxevar-kunZulidan cimbiris Crdilo-aRmosavleTamde. inglisuri ena XVI saukunemde mxolod britaneTis kunZulebze iyo gabatone-buli, mogvianebiT ki is TiTqmis yvela kontinentze SeiWra. manam, sanam msoflios enaTa klasifikacias SevexebiT, unda aRiniSnos, rom ramdenime ena genealogiuri klasifikaciis ga-reSe rCeba, radgan maTi naTesaoba romelime sxva enasTan dam-tkicebuli araa. esenia: baskuri, keturi, nivxuri, ainuri, kore-uli, iaponuri, iukagiruli, buruSuli... yvelaze kargad Seswavlilia indoevropul enaTa ojaxi. am ojaxis enebze msoflios mosaxleobis 45% laparakobs. evro-pis garda, indoevropul enaTa ojaxis enebi gavrcelebulia aziaSi (irani, avRaneTi, indoeTis subkontinentis CrdiloeTi), amerikis qveynebSi, avstraliaSi, axal zelandiaSi. indoevropu-li enebi axlos mdgomi dialeqtebisagan momdinareoben, rome-lze mosaubrenic Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi samxreT-dasavleT azi-idan, Savi da kaspiis zRvebis mimdebare teritoriebidan sxva-dasxva mimarTulebiT gansaxldnen. indoevropul enaTa damwer-lobis uZvelesi Zegli Zv.w. II aTaswleuliT TariRdeba. esaa mcire aziaSi napovni xeTuri lursmuli dawerilobani. amave drois indoevropul enaTa ojaxis bevri ena dRes mkvdaria. maTze aRaravin laparakobs. indoevropul enaTa ojaxis romanul enaTa jgufSi Sedis: italiuri, franguli, provansaluri, sardiniuli, espanuri, po-rtugaliuri, katalanuri, retoromanuli, ruminul-moldovuri enebi. portugaliurTan Zalian axlos dgas galisiuri ena. am jgufis mkvdari enebia: laTinuri, oskuri, umbriuli enebi. la-Tinuri ena safuZvlad daedo yvela romanul enas. laTinuri enis uZvelesi werilobiTi Zeglebi Zv.w. VI saukuniT TariRde-ba. laTinuri ena kaTolikuri eklesiis oficialuri enaa. germanul (germanikul) enaTa jgufi sam qvejgufad iyofa. pi-rveli qvejgufi (Crdilogermanuli anu skandinaviuri) aerTia-nebs daniur, Svedur, norvegiul, islandiur da farerul enebs. dasavlurgermanul qvejgufSi Sedis inglisuri, germa-nuli, holandiuri, frizuli enebi. amave qvejgufSi Sedis af-rikansi da idiSi. aRmosavlurgermanul qvejgufSi ori mkvda-ri ena SeaqvT. esenia vestguTuri (e.i. dasavlurguTuri ena) da

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ostguTuri (aRmosavlurguTuri ena). vestguTuri ena yvelaze Zveli germanuli damwerlobis mqone enaa. IV saukuneSi guTu-ri anbaniT damwerloba Seqmna episkoposma vulfilam. manve Ta-rgmna saxareba. ostguTurma enam Savi zRvis CrdiloeT sanapi-rosa da yirimSi XVI-XVII saukuneebamde iarseba. slavur enaTa jgufic sami qvejgufisagan Sedgeba. aRmosav-lur slavur enebs miekuTvneba rusuli, ukrainuli da belo-rusuli. slavuri enebis dasavlur qvejgufSi Sedis: Cexuri, slovakuri, polonuri da masTan axlos mdgomi qaSuburi, lu-Jiuri enebi. samxreTuli qvejgufi warmodgenilia bulgarul-makedoniuri, slovenuri da serbul-xorvatuli enebiT. slavur enaTa jgufis mkvdari enebia Zveli slavuri (anu Zveli saek-lesio slavuri) ena, polaburi ena, slovinuri ena, pomoruli ena. indoevropul enaTa ojaxis keltur jgufSi or qvejgufs ga-moyofen. geluri (irlandiuri ena, Sotlandiuri anu geluri ena, menuri ena) da brituli (bretonuli ena da uelsuri anu valiuri ena). gadaSenebuli kelturi enaa galuri, romelze-dac safrangeTis teritoriaze mcxovrebni metyvelebdnen. indoevropul enaTa ojaxis baltiur jgufSi mxolod ori cocxali ena _ litvuri da latviuri Sedis. am jgufis mkvda-ri enaa prusiuli. prusiuli enis werilobiTi Zeglebi XIV-XVII ss-iT TariRdeba. indoevropul enaTa ojaxSi Sedis in-dur enaTa jgufi. Zvelindur enaTa pirveli Zeglebi Zv.w. I aTaswleuliT TariRdeba. am enaTa ojaxSi Sedis: hindi da mas-Tan axlos mdgomi urdu, bengaluri, maraThi, fanjaburi, raja-stani, gujaraTi, oriia, nepali, lahnda, sindihi, asami, qaSmiri da sxva enebi. indur enaTa jgufSi Sedis msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebs modebuli boSaTa anu awinkanTa ena. indo-evropul enaTa ojaxis indur enaTa jgufis gadaSenebul enebs miekuTvneba vedebis ena da sanskriti, pali da prakritebi. indoevropul enaTa ojaxis iranul enaTa jgufSi Sedis spa-rsuli (farsi) ena, tajikuri ena, avRanuri anu puStu ena, be-lujuri ena, qurTuli ena, osuri ena, TaTuri ena, TaliSuri ena, iaRnoburi ena, pamiruli ena. mkvdari enebia: Zveli sparsu-li, falauri, midiuri, parTiuli, sogdiuri, skviTuri, xorez-muli, sakuri anu xatauri. indoevropul enaTa ojaxSi calke jgufebs qmnian axali be-rZnuli, albanuri da somxuri enebi. arsebobda ZvelberZnuli da saSualoberZnuli anu bizantiuri enebi (funqcionirebda

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rogorc bizantiis imperiis saxelmwifo, saliteraturo da sa-RvTismetyvelo ena VI-XIV saukuneebSi). afraziuri anu semitur-qamituri enaTa ojaxi gavrcelebu-lia afrikis CrdiloeTsa da aziis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi. enaTa es ojaxi xuTi jgufisagan Sedgeba: semituri, egvipturi, berberuli, yuSituri da Caduri. semitur enaTagan dRes yvela-ze gavcelebulia arabuli ena (20-mde saxelmwifoSi). is mus-limTa saerTaSoriso, kultis enaa. arabuli damwerlobis uZ-velesi Zegli ax. w. IV s-iT TariRdeba. berberuli, yuSituri da Caduri enebi afrikis CrdiloeTsa da Crdilo-aRmosavleTs moicavs. berberuli ena Semonaxulia mxolod maRribis mTian olqsa da saqaris oazisSi. berberul enaze molaparakeni ara-buladac laparakoben. cocxali semituri enebia: amharuli, Ti-gre, Tigrinia (samive ena eTiopiaSia gavrcelebuli), aisoruli enebi (es ukanaskneli arameuli enis STamomavalia). mkvdari semituri enebia: aqaduri (asurul-babilonuri) _ am enaze Sesrulebulia lursmuli warwerebi Zv.w. 2800-650 wleb-Si; ugarituli, Zvelebrauli enebi. dRes es ukanaskneli gar-kveuli cvlilebebiT aRdgenil iqna israelis saxelmwifo enad _ ivriTis saxelwodebiT; arameuli ena (wina aziaSi gavr-celebuli iyo Zv.w. III _ax.w. IV ss-Si. is bibliis gviandeli wi-gnebis enaa); finikiuri ena (finikiuri Tanxmovani anbaniT; dam-werlobis uZvelesi Zegli Zv.w. XIII s-iT TariRdeba), romelic faqtobrivad bibliis ebraulTan erTad, erTi, qanaanuri enis dialeqts warmoadgenda. uralur enaTa ojaxi ganfenilia erTmaneTisagan daSorebul geografiul arealSi. is ori jgufisagan Sedgeba: finur-ugru-li anu ugro-finuri da samoiduri. finur-ungruli jgufi moi-cavs Semdeg qvejgufebs: a) baltiispiruli (finuri, kareliuri da estonuri enebi); b) permiakuli (komi-zirianuli, komi-permu-li da udmurtuli enebi); g) volgispiruli (mari ena, mordo-vuli ena) da d) ungruli (ungruli anu madiaruli, mansi da xanti enebi). aRniSnul enaTa ojaxis samoiduri jgufis enebi-dan SeiZleba davasaxeloT: nencuri, evenkuri, iganansuri da selkupuri. alTaur enaTa ojaxs miekuTvneba: Turquli, mongoluri da tungusur-manjuriuli jgufis enebi. Turqul enaTa jgufSi Sedis: CuvaSuri, Turquli, azerbaijanuli, Turqmenuli, sala-riuli, gagauzuri, TaTruli, baSkiruli, yazaxuri, yirgizuli, yarayalfaquri, yaraCaul-balyaruli, yumuxuri, noRauri, kara-

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imuli, uzbekuri, uiRuruli, iakuturi, dolganuri, alTauri, xakasuri, Tuviuri da sxv. enebi. mkvdari Turquli enebia: or-xonuli, paWanikuri, yivCaRuri, Zveli uiguruli, CaRatauri, volgispira bulgaruli, xazaruli. Tanamedrove monRolur enebs miekuTvneba: sakuTriv monRo-luri, buriatuli, yalmuxuri, oiratuli. tungusur-manjuri-ul enebSi Sedis manjuriuli (CineTSi, romelic sul ufro iSviaTad ixmareba), evenkuri, evenuri da sxv. adre enaTa erT ojaxad iyo warmodgenili iberiul-kavkasiu-ri enebi. cnobarebsa da enciklopediebSi dRes cal-calkea Se-tanili qarTvelur da Crdilokavkasiur enaTa ojaxebi. es ukanaskneli Semdegi jgufebis saxiTaa warmodgenili: afxazur-adiReuri da naxur-daRestnuri. samxreT indoeTSi gabatonebuli draviduli jgufis enebi Svidi jgufisagan Sedgeba. saharis samxreTiT afrikis mosaxleoba ZiriTadad sami oja-xis enebze laparakobs. amerikis kontinentze aseulobiT ena iyo gavrcelebuli. dRes bevri maTgani gadaSenebulia. amerikel indielTa Soris dRes yvelaze gavrcelebuli enebia: keCua (peruSi, ekvadorSi, boliviaSi, CileSi, kolumbiaSi, argentinaSi), guarani (parag-vai, brazilia, bolivia, argentina) da aimara (bolivia, peru). amerikis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis enebi sustadaa Seswavli-li da maTi lingvisturi klasifikacia argumentirebuli araa.

1.4. teritoria _ eTnosis erT-erTi niSani eTnosebi (xalxebi) warmoudgenelia teritoriis gareSe. yve-la xalxi (eTnosi) garkveul teritoriaze yalibdeboda. teri-toriis arseboba aucilebel pirobas warmoadgenda nebismieri eTnosis warmoqmnisaTvis. Cveulebriv, eTnikuri teritoriebi, e.i. xalxTa sabinadro adgilebi istoriulad xSirad icvlebo-da. magaliTad, rusebis eTnikuri teritoria ganuwyvetliv fa-rTovdeboda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sxva didi xalxebis eTni-kuri teritoriis Sesaxeb. magaliTad SeiZleba arabebi da Cine-lebi davasaxeloT. qarTvelTa eTnikuri teritoria ki piriqiT _ droTa ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad Seikveca. ama Tu im xal-xis gansaxlebisas Tu misi calkeuli jgufebi geografiulad gaeTiSeba erTmaneTs, rac Cveulebriv sazRvao gziT xdeba, ma-Sin ZiriTadi (`dediseuli~) xalxidan (eTnosidan) gamocalkev-

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deba axali damoukidebeli eTnosi. ase daemarTaT inglise-lebs, frangebs, espanelebs, portugalielebs da zogierT sxva xalxs koloniur periodSi (XVI-XIX ss.) amerikaSi, afrikasa da avstraliaSi gansaxlebisas. eTnikuri teritoria xSirad mcirdeboda dapyrobiTi omebis, epidemiebis, Sromisa da yofis mZime pirobebis Sedegad, magram ZiriTad rols eTnikuri teritoriebis SemcirebaSi mainc asi-milaciuri procesebi TamaSobda. istoriam Semdegi magaliTe-bic icis: ama Tu im teritoriaze Camoyalibebuli xalxi (eTno-si) nawilobriv, zogjer ki mTlianad, tovebs mas da gansax-ldeba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. amis yvelaze naTeli magali-Tia ebraelebis istoria. Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebis mijnaze ebra-eli xalxi binadrobda Tanamedrove palestinaSi. egviptesTan, asiriasTan, babilonTan, sparseTTan omebis Sedegad Zv.w. VII-II ss-Si ebraelTa mniSvnelovani masebi Tavisi samSoblodan migrirdnen. daaxloebiT amave dros ebraelTa salaparako ena _ ivriTi Seicvala sxva semituri eniT _ arameuliT. gvian, Zv.w. II s-Si palestina romaelebma daipyres. ax.w. 69 wels, romaelTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ebraelTa rigi ajanyebebis Semdeg, palestinis dedaqalaqi ierusalimi daangries da ebraelTa di-di nawili romis imperiis sxvadasxva nawilSi gansaxlda. Cveni eris pirvel saukuneebSi ebraelebi gansaxlebulni aRmoCndnen did sivrceSi: evropis, CrdiloeT afrikisa da samxreT-dasav-leT aziis qveynebSi (ZiriTadad qalaqebSi) rogorc romis im-periis farglebSi, aseve mis gareTac, sasanidebis sparsul sa-xelmwifosa da indoeTSic ki. evropeli ebraelebi, romlebic idiSze laparakobdnen, aSqenazebad iwodebodnen. ebraelTa sxva jgufebi, romlebic gansaxlebulni iyvnen espaneTSi, por-tugaliaSi, TurqeTSi, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze, mcire azi-aSi, siriaSi, nawilobriv, iransa da Crdilo afrikaSi da rom-lebic laparakobdnen saxeSecvlil Zvelespanur enaze (spano-li), iwodebodnen sefaridebad. Zvelebrauli ena, romelzedac Seqmnilia mdidari literatura, Semonaxuli iyo rogorc saku-lto ena. dRes is aRiarebulia israelis saxelmwifos ofici-alur enad. Tavdapirveli eTnikuri teritoriis dakargvis magaliTad Se-iZleba moviyvanoT boSebi, romlebic CrdiloeT indoeTidan gamosulTa STamomavalni arian. aqedan daiwyes maT gansaxleba dasavleTis mimarTulebiT ax.w. I aTaswleulis dasasruls da XIV s-Si miaRwies evropas, sadac ori gziT moxvdnen _ mcire

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aziis gavliT balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze da egviptisa da Crdilo afrikis sxva qveynebis gziT _ espaneTSi. dReisaTvis mTel msoflioSi 1,5 milion boSas iTvlian, romelTagan 21,5% cxovrobs CexeTSi, 17,7% - rumineTSi, 20% - bulgareTSi, 16% yofil sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze. sakmaod bevri boSaa yofil iugoslaviasa da ungreTSi. sxva qveynebSi boSaTa rao-denoba didi araa, magram maTi calkeuli jgufebi yvelgan gvx-vdeba. boSebma SeinarCunes TavianTi ena, agreTve cxovrebis mo-xetiale wesi. TavianTi Tavdapirveli eTnikuri teritoriidan gansaxlebu-lni arian TaTrebi da somxebi. erTgvarad calke dganan lit-vasa da poloneTSi mcxovrebi TaTrebi, sadac maT daiviwyes dedaena, laparakoben adgilobriv enebze, magram SenarCunebu-li aqvT eTnikuri TavisTavadoba ZiriTadad muslimuri reli-giis saSualebiT.

1.5. eTnikuri kultura _ xalxTa erT-erTi niSani eTnosTa erTmaneTisagan gammijvneli umniSvnelovanesi niSa-nia agreTve kulturuli Tavisebureba, romelsac calkeuli xalxebi (eTnosebi) istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi qmnian, aviTareben da Semdeg Taobidan Taobas gadascemen. aseTi tra-diciebi, romlebsac mecnierebaSi `eTnikur tradiciebs~ uwode-ben, yalibdeba ama Tu im istoriul epoqaSi. eTnikuri tradi-ciebi ganpirobebulia agreTve eTnosis social-ekonomikuri ganviTarebiTa da bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebiT. warmoqmnis Semdeg isini mniSvnelovan mdgradobas iZenen da Semoinaxebian didxans, maSinac ki, roca xalxis (eTnosis) cxovrebis pirobe-bi radikalurad icvleba. kulturuli iersaxis Tavisebureba im ZiriTad kriteriums warmoadgens, riTac gansxvavdebian erT enaze molaparake xal-xebi (eTnosebi), romlebic didi xania saerTo teritoriaze cxovroben da ekonomikuradac mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan da-kavSirebulni. yofil iugoslaviaSi mcxovrebi serbebi, xorva-tebi, Cernogorielebi da bosnielebi laparakoben erTsa da im-ave serbiul-xorvatul enaze, mkvidroben mosazRvre teritori-ebze, hqondaT saerTo ekonomikuri baza, magram, miuxedavad ami-sa, TavianTi TviTmyofadi kulturebiT damoukidebel eTno-

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sebs warmoadgendnen. TiToeuli maTganis kulturis TviTmyo-fadoba ki ZiriTadad religiuri faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli. CineTSi Cinelebi da xueielebi laparakoben erT Cinur enaze, gansaxlebulni arian `zolebrivad~ qveynis sxvadasxva raionSi (xSirad erTsa da imave qalaqsa da sofelSi), magram gansxva-vdebian erTmaneTisagan TavianTi kulturul-yofiTi Tavisebu-rebebiT, rac mniSvnelovnad ganpirobebulia imiT, rom xueie-lebi muslimebi, Cinelebi ki sxva religiebis (budizmi, daosi-zmi, konfucianizmi) mimdevarni arian. xalxi (eTnosi) Tu kargavs Tavis kulturul specifikas, is, rogorc damoukidebeli eTnosi, arsebobas wyvets. ase daemarTa araerT xalxs, romlebic biologiurad Tumca ar ga-daSendnen, magram istoriis arenidan gaqrnen, radgan kultu-ruli TvalsazrisiT mTlianad Seerwynen mezobel eTnosebs. magaliTad, aRmosavleT germaniis teritoriaze araerTi dasav-leT slavuri modgmis xalxi mdinareebis _ elbisa da oderis auzebSi germanelTagan asimilirda da maT SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. enobriv-kulturuli asimilaciis naTel magaliTad Se-iZleba davasaxeloT Zveli egviptelebis arabizacia, balti-urenovani prusebis germanizacia, kavkasieli albanelebis armenizacia, Turqizacia da sxva. eTnosTa gamijvnis, eTnikuri TviTSegnebis erT-erTi ganmsaz-Rvrelia agreTve ama Tu im xalxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli so-cialuri urTierTobebi. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania da-Restnis magaliTi. marTalia, daRestanSi 30-ze meti xalxi (eT-nosi) mkvidrobs, romlebic erTmaneTisTvis gaugebar (Tumca monaTesave) enebze laparakoben, magram maT aqvT saerTo, rac daRestnis saerTo saxelwodebaSi moqcevis ganmapirobebelia. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs qorwinebis sistema _ endogamiuri qorwi-neba. axla CaCnebi da inguSebi aviRoT, romlebic erTi enis or dialeqtze metyveleben, magram isini erTmaneTisagan gamijnul-ni arian socialuri urTierTobebis gansxvavebuli formebiT. am TvalsazrisiT CaCnuri da inguSuri tradicia, romelic eT-nikuri tradiciis saxiTaa warmodgenili, diametralurad gan-sxvavebulia. inguSebs Tu mtkice ojaxi aqvT, CaCnuri ojaxi amis sapirispiroa. CaCnebSi meuRlesTan gayra, anu qmris mier colis gaSveba, problema araa. ase rom, CaCnebSi qali SeiZleba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ramdenime mamakacis coli iyos da man pirveli an meore meuRlis ojaxSi datovebuli Svilebi aRarc ki naxos.

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amrigad, eTnikur TviTSegnebas ara marto ena, aramed eTni-kuri kulturac gansazRvravs. eTnoss (xalxs) adamianTa mxo-lod is erToblioba warmoadgens, romelic Tavs Seimecnebs rogorc aseTs, romelic mas sxva analogiuri erTobebisagan ganasxvavebs. eTnosis wevrebis jgufuri erTobis Semecnebas eTnikur TviTSegnebas uwodeben, romlis garegani gamoxatule-baa TviTsaxelwodeba (eTnonimi). ase rom, eTnosis (xalxis) wevrebis TviTSegneba fokusirdeba warmodgenebSi saerTo te-ritoriis (samSoblos), enis (dedaenis), kulturis Sesaxeb da fsiqikis niSandobliv TaviseburebebSi. agreTve eTnosis (xalxis) wevrebs saerTo warmodgena aqvT warmoSobis Sesaxeb da isini erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni arian saerTo istoriu-li bediT.

1.6. xalxTa saxelwodebani - eTnonimebi dedamiwaze istoriulad arsebul yvela xalxs (eTnoss) sa-kuTari saxeli hqonda. xalxTa (eTnosTa) saxelebs mecnierebi eTnonimebs (berZn. ethnos_xalxi da onyma_saxeli) uwodeben. eT-nonimi xalxis eTnikuri TviTSegnebis, cnobierebis, identobis gamoxatulebaa. radgan eTnonimis warmoqmna mWidrodaa dakav-Sirebuli xalxis istoriasTan, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, eT-nikur istoriasTan, amitom xalxTa sakuTari saxelebis Seswav-la gvexmareba gavarkvioT maTi warmoSobis saidumloebani da sxvadasxvagvari eTnikuri kavSirebi. eTnonimebis istoriuli semantikis garkveva mxolod lingvisturi analiziTaa SesaZle-beli, magram eTnonimikur kvlevaSi saukeTeso Sedegis miReba mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, Tu eTnonimebis lingvistur ana-lizTan erTad mkvlevrebi iyeneben yvela xelmisawvdom isto-riul monacemsac (eTnonimebis erTi nawili istoriul wyaroe-bSi Zalian bevrjeraa moxseniebuli; zogierTi mxolod erTxe-laa dafiqsirebuli. uamravi eTnonimi ki mxolod folklo-rul da eTnografiul teqstebSi SeiZleba moviZioT). Tavdapi-rvelad eTnonimebis mniSvnelovani nawili garkveuli xalxis saxelis aRmniSvneli arc iyo. isini sazogado saxelebi iyo. amave dros, mecnierebma daadgines, rom bevri eTnonimis Tavda-pirveli mniSvneloba iyo `adamianebi~, `xalxi~. amgvari mniSvne-loba hqonia Tavdapirvelad germanelTa TviTsaxelwodebas `doiCes~, `noxCois~, `nencs~, `nivxs~, `ainus~ da a.S.

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eTnosis saxelwodeba (eTnonimi) SeiZleba momdinareobdes teritoriis saxelidan (toponimidan), romelzec is cxovrobs. magaliTad, kavkasieli CaCnebisa da inguSebis saxelwodebani dasaxlebuli punqtebis _ `CaCanaulis~ da `anguStis~ (Tanamedrove kazakTa sofeli `tarskaia~ oseTSi) saxelwodebe-bidan momdinareobs (orive es eTnonimi xalxTa gare saxel-wodeba anu egzoeTnonimia. pirveli Tavis Tavs `noxCois~ uwodebs, meore _ `RalRais~, Sesabamisad qarTul wyaroebSi `ZurZukebi~ da `RliRvebi~. maTive aRmniSvneli qarTuli eTno-nimia `qistic~). ukrainelTaAsaxeli yofili ruseTis imperiis

istoriuli teritoriis saxelidan momdinareobs (Окраина _ ga-napira mxare). es saxeli ukrainelebs rusebma Searqves. TviT ukrainelebi TavianT Tavs jer kidev XVII s-Si `rusebs~ uwo-debdnen da Zvel rusTa namdvil STamomavlebad miiCnevdnen. maSin `ukrainels~ eTnikuri mniSvneloba ar hqonda da is ub-ralod mxolod ganapira mxaris mkvidrT aRniSnavda. toponimi udevs safuZvlad rusTa ukrainul da polonur saxelwodebas `maskal~(e.i. moskoveli). eTnonimi `azerbaijaneli~ ki Zveli iranis provinciis atropatenis saxelwodebis saxecvlili formidanaa miRebuli. istoriaSi dadasturebulia piriqiTi faqtebic: geografiuli saxelwodeba (qveynis saxeli) miRebu-lia eTnonimebisagan. Sors rom ar wavideT, am rigis maga-liTad `saqarTvelo~ SeiZleba davasaxeloT: `qarTv-eli~ → `sa-qarTv-elo~, Tumca `qarTveli~, rogorc eTnonimi, qveynis saxelidan (geografiuli saxelwodebidan) _ `qarTli~ iyo warmoqmnili. istoriaSi cnobilia iseTi faqtebic, rodesac ama Tu im eTnosma saxelwodeba cnobili mmarTvelebis sakuT-ari saxelebidan miiRo. magaliTad SeiZleba eTnonimebi `uzbe-ki~ da `noRaeli~ davasaxeloT. isini momTabare tomobrivi jgufebis xanTa sakuTari saxelebidan momdinareobs. rogorc mecnierebaSi aRiarebulia, noRaelebi erT dros Zlieri Tur-qulenovani xalxis `guzebis~ STamomavalni arian, romlebic jer kidev X-XI ss-Si kaspiis zRvis CrdiloeTiT, mdinareebs, volgasa da urals Soris vrcel teritoriaze binadrobdnen. moflios Zalian bevr xalxs ramdenime saxeli aqvs. samarT-lianadaa SeniSnuli (S. afridoniZe), rom `eTnonimia~ sakuTar saxelebs Soris (toponimebi, anTroponimebi, zoonimebi, kosmo-nimebi) erTaderTia, romelic aucilebeli paralelizmiT xasi-aTdeba. eTnonimTa Soris ori jgufi gamoiyofa. erTi maTgani aucileblad TviTsaxelwodebaa (endoeTnonimia), meore ki ga-

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resaxelwodeba (egzoeTnonimia). magaliTad, qarTvelebi qarT-vels mxolod Cven Tavs vuwodebT. am saxeliT saqarTvelos teritoriis gareT aravin ar gvicnobs. somxebisaTvis `vrac~-ebi varT (Zvelsomxurad `virk~), rusebisaTvis _ `gruzin~-ebi, iranelebisa da TurqebisaTvis (agreTve mahmadiani Crdilokav-kasielebisaTvis) _ `gurj~-ebi, frangebisaTvis _ `JeorJien~, es-panelebisaTvis _ `xeorxianos~, ingliselebisaTvis _ `jor-jian~. yabardoelebisaTvis qarTveli `sone~-a, balyarelisaT-vis _ `ebze~. germanelTaATviTsaxelwodebaa (endoeTnonimia) `doiC~, rusebi maT `nemec~-s uwodeben, ingliselebi _ `jiomen~-s, frangebi `aleman~-s, italielebi _ `tedesko~-s, fi-nelebi _ `saqsalainen~-s, serbebi _ `Svab~-s. rac Seexeba eTno-nims `germaneli~, is sxvadasxva xalxSi keltebidan gavrcelda. amrigad, eTnonimebidan aSkarad Cans, rom ama Tu im eTnikuri saxelis matareblebs gacnobierebuli aqvT TavianTi eTnikuri jgufis erTianoba da rom sxva eTnosebs isini saxeliT (eTno-nimiT) upirispirdebian (formula `Cven~ _ `isini~). yvela eTno-si saxeliT gamoarCevs Tavis Tavs sxva eTnikuri erTobebisa-gan. saistorio tradiciiT eTnonimTa nawili winapris saxelTa-naa dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, somexTa TviTsaxelwodebaa `hai~. sxvebi somxebs ZiriTadad `armen~-ebis saxeliT icnoben (Turqulenovani xalxebi maT `ermenli~-T moixsenieben). som-xuri saistorio tradiciiTac somxebi ori Zmis, `haikis~ da `armenikis~ STamomavalni arian. gadmocemiT yabardoelebis ma-mamTavars saxelad erqva `yabarda~, romelmac Tavisi xalxi CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTebSi miiyvana. eTnonimic aqedan momdina-reobs. qarTuli saistorio tradiciiTac eTnonimi `qarTveli~ eTnarqidan _ qarTlosi momdinareobs, Tumca es mxolod lege-ndaa da amdenad damajereblobas moklebulia. eTnonimTa umetesoba droTa ganmavlobaSi gavrcelebis ares icvlida. Tavdapirvelad esa Tu is eTnonimi mxolod xalxis erTi nawilis, patara jgufis aRmniSvneli iyo. Sors rom ar wavideT, isev eTnonimis _ `qarTveli~ Sesaxeb SeiZleba vTqvaT. `qarTveli~ Tavdapirvelad saqarTvelos erTi istoriul-eTno-grafiuli mxaris _ qarTlis mkvidrebs aRniSnavda. Semdeg es eTnonimi saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis mcxovrebze gavrcelda _ is miekuTvna imerelsac, megrelsac, samcxelsac, taoelsac, afxazsac, dvalsac, svansac, kaxelsac, hersac, fxovelsac..., ra-dgan qarTuli tomebis ara marto erT politikur organizaci-

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aSi (saxelmwifoSi), aramed erT kulturul-istoriul areal-Si gaerTianeba qarTlisa da qarTlelTa garSemo moxda. ase gaifarTova gavrcelebis areali eTnonimma `frangi~. Tavdapir-velad is dRevandeli safrangeTis erTi provinciis, mefis do-menis, il-de-fransis macxovreblebs miekuTvneboda. Semdeg, aR-niSnuli eTnonomi sxva provinciebis, navaras, bearnis, burgun-diis, akvitaniis, elzasis, lotaringiis, provansis mkvidrebze-dac gavrcelda. IX s-mde `Cexebi~ dasavleT slavebis erT pata-ra toms ewodeboda, magram mas Semdeg, rac maT mravali sla-vuri tomi gaaerTianes, axalma eTnikurma erTobam gamaerTiane-beli Cexebis saxelwodeba miiRo, gaerTianebuli tomebis saxe-lwodebani ki gaqra. sxva magaliTebi rom ar moviyvanoT, unda davaskvnaT, rom xSirad ama Tu im eTnografiuli jgufis sa-xelwodeba mTel xalxebs gadaecema. igive SeiZleba iTqvas eg-zoeTnonimebzec. magaliTad, frangebisaTvis germanelebi `ale-manebi~ arian, latvielebisaTvis rusebi _ `kriviCebi~. alemane-bi germanelTa erT-erTi tomobrivi gaerTianeba iyo, romel-Tanac frangebs xSiri kontaqti hqondaT. kriviCebi ki latvie-lebTan axlos gansaxlebuli erT-erTi aRmosavleT-slavuri tomi gaxldaT. radgan eTnografiuli jgufebi vaxseneT, oriode sityviT ma-Ti saxelwodebis Sesaxebac unda aRvniSnoT. xalxTa (eTnosTa) umetesoba eTnografiul jgufebad iyofa, romelTa warmoqmna ganpirobebulia ama Tu im eTnosis istoriuli cxovrebiT, bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebiT. erTi sityviT, eTnosTa es danayofebi eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT, yofa-cxovrebiT, wes-CveulebebiT, specifiurobiT xasiaTdeba. amave dros yvela eTnosis eTnografiuli jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Se-sabamisi dialeqti, kilokavi anda enobrivi gansxvavebulobac ki. espanelebis eTnografiuli jgufebi arian kastilielebi, asturielebi, leonelebi, estremadurielebi, aragonelebi, an-dalusielebi, valensielebi...…italielebisa _ venecielebi, li-gurielebi, kalabrielebi, lombardielebi, piemontelebi, tos-kanelebi, sicilielebi. dasaxelebuli eTnografiuli jgufe-bis saxelwodebani eTnonimebi araa (zogjer arasworad maT eTnonimebad warmoidgenen). eTnonimebia mxolod zemoT dasaxe-lebuli jgufebis gamaerTianebeli saxelwodebani _ espanele-bi, italielebi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas qarTvelTa eTnografiu-li jgufebis saxelwodebebzec (qarTleli, kaxeli, imereli, aWareli, guruli, megreli, svani, mesxi, javaxi).

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msoflios xalxTa eTnikuri istoriis gacnoba gvarwmunebs, rom xSirad eTnonimi ara mxolod fonetikurad icvleboda, aramed obieqtsac icvlida. dadasturebulia araerTi SemTxve-va eTnikuri kontaqtebis Sedegad eTnonimis erTi xalxidan me-ore xalxze gadacemisa. aseT SemTxvevaSi xSirad eTnonimebis: bulgarelis, frangis, romaelis da sxvaTa magaliTebi mohyavT. dRes bulgarelebi slavebi arian. Tavdapirvelad ki eTnonimi `bulgareli~ Turqulenovani xalxis saxelwodeba iyo, rome-lic volgispireTisa da samxreT ruseTis stepebSi momTabare-obdnen. TrakiaSi slavi tomebi Turqma bulgarelebma daipyres. maT aq saxelmwifoc Seqmnes da zeda fenasac isini warmoadgen-dnen. qveyanas bulgareTi ewoda da qveynis mkvidrnic bulgare-lebad iwodnen (mosuli bulgarelebi slavebSi gaiTqvifnen). zogierTi mecnieris azriT, bulgarelTa eTnonimma ganviTare-ba pova agreTve sxva Turqulenovan xalxSi _ balyarelebSi, romlebic dRes CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTianeTis mkvidrni arian. germanulenovanma frankebma romanizebuli galia daipyres. ro-manizebuli galebis TviTsaxelwodeba (da egzoeTnonimic) `franse~ (`frangi~) gaxda. makedonielebi dRes slavebi arian, magram odesRac dRevandeli makedoniis teritoriaze sxva xa-lxi _ makedonielebi cxovrobda (aleqsandre makedoneli am eTnosis warmomadgeneli iyo), romelsac araviTari saerTo arc eTnikuri kulturis, arc enobrivi TvalsazrisiT ar hqon-da dRevandel makedonelebTan. makedoniis teritoriaze VI s-Si mosulma slavebma aq antikur periodSi mcxovrebi xalxis eTnonimi sakuTar eTnonimad aqcia. baltiis zRvis samxreT-aR-mosavleT sanapiroze baltieli xalxi _ prusebi (litvelebi-sa da latvielebis monaTesaveni) mkvidrobdnen. XII-XIII ss-Si maTi teritoria germanelebma daikaves. prusebis nawili germa-nelebma gaanadgures, nawili ki asimilirebul iqna. prusiis mi-waze Seqmnili germanuli saxelmwifo prusiad iwoda da aq mcxovrebi germanelebi _ prusielebad. dadgenilia, rom eTno-nimi `rusi-rosi~ araslavuria. sxvadasxva hipoTezebs Soris dRes rusul mecnierebaSi umetesad gaziarebulia Teoria, ro-mlis Tanaxmadac, aRniSnuli eTnonimi Tavdapirvelad iranuli tomebis sakuTreba iyo da adgilobrivi iranulenovani mosax-leobis slavizaciis Sedegad maTi eTnikuri saxelwodeba sla-vebis mier iqna SeTvisebuli (v. sedovi). rogorc mecnierebma daadgines, eTnonimis Sinaarsis kardinaluri Secvla Zveli istoriis periodSic xdeboda. magaliTad, mcire aziaSi Tavda-

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pirvelad xaTebi mkvidrobdnen. maTi eTnikuri raobis da enis Sesaxeb araferia cnobili. Zv.w. II aTaswleulisa da I aTas-wleulis dasawyisSi isini indoevropelebma daamarcxes. gamar-jvebulebma damarcxebulTa eTnonimi `xeT~-is formiT miiRes. A amrigad, aSkaraa, rom eTnonimebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebobdnen, magram istoriis erT etapze esa Tu is saxelwo-deba Tu erT romelime xalxs aRniSnavda, meore etapze _ meo-res, SesaZlebelia, mesame etapze mesame, sruliad sxva xalxi aRniSnos. aqedan gamomdinare, mkvlevrebs didi sifrTxile marTebT saistorio wyaroebSi ama Tu im eTnonimis amokiTxvisas. am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia Sua saukuneebis sparsuli literatura, romelSic eTnonimi `afxazi~ gvxvdeba ara dRevandel afxazTa aRsaniSnavad, romelTa TviTsaxelwo-deba `afsuaa~, aramed is sinonimia eTnonimisa `gurji~, e.i. qar-Tvelis. eTnonimis Sinaarsi misi obieqtis Secvlisagan damoukidebla-dac SeiZleba Seicvalos. xSirad erTi xalxis eTnonimi meore xalxze gadahqondaT. SavizRvispireTSi XIX s-Si moldovelebs zogjer berZnebisa da cignebis saxelebiT moixseniebdnen. XX s-is 20-ian wlebamde ruseTSi eTnonimi `yirgizi~ aRniSnavda ara yirgizebs (maT yarayirgizebs uwodebdnen), aramed yaza-xebs. VIII s-is Sua aziaSi termini `tajiki~ arabs (e.i. xalifas meomars) aRniSnavda, Semdeg ki is aqauri sparsulenovani xal-xis eTnonimad iqca. ueWvelia, rom eTnonimebis erTi xalxidan meoreze gadatana ufro xSiri iyo damwerlobis Seqmnamde, udamwerlobo xalxebSi da is ZiriTadad mezobeli Tu Soreu-li xalxebis istoriis arasakmarisi codniT iyo ganpirobebu-li. raRa Sors wavideT, XVIII s-Si ruseTSi `nemeci~ aRniSnav-da ara mxolod germanels, aramed sxva germanikuli modgmis xalxsac, mag., holandielsac, danielsac da a.S. `litvani~ be-lorussac miesadageboda; puSkinis mixedviT, polonelsac. frangi bevr xalxSi (da maT Soris, qarTvelebSic) evropelTa, ufro sworad, evropaSi mosaxle sxvadasxva kaTolike xalxTa sinonimic iyo. Zveli istorikosebi xSirad sxvadasxva xalxTa nakrebs erTi eTnonimiT, yvelaze Zlieri da didi xalxiT asaxelebdnen, magaliTad, elinizmis epoqaSi. amis magaliTad `xazarebi~ da `skviTebi~ SeiZleba davasaxeloT. elinizmis epoqaSi eTnonims `skviTi~ SavizRvispireTidan TiTqmis Sua aziamde gansaxlebul momTabare tomebsac miusadagebdnen. mecnieri xSirad SecdomaSi SeiZleba Seiyvanos Zvel wyaroTa

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Cvenebebma. gviandeli istorikosebi zogjer, rodesac aRweren daaxl. aTasi wlis winandel movlenebs ama Tu im teritori-ul erTeulze, sadac eTnosi Secvlilia, Zveli eTnosis saxelwodebis aRsaniSnavad mis dros mcxovrebi xalxis eTnonims iyeneben. magaliTad, `qarTlis cxovreba~, rodesac aRwers CrdiloeT kavkasiur movlenebs V saukunisaTvis, xSirad axsenebs osebs, sinamdvileSi ki hunebi igulisxmeba. istoriis sxvadasxva monakveTSi Seicvala, gafarTovda, sxva xalxebs miekuTvna eTnonimebi: `Turqi~, `TaTari~, `romaeli~. Tavdapirvelad romaeli (`romei~) Tu apeninis naxevarkunZulze mcxovreb laTinurenovan eTnoss miesadageboda, Semdeg es eT-nonimi bizantiurma eTnosma miisakuTra da `romei~ maT TviTsa-xelwodebad iqca (`urums~ uwodebdnen TavianT Tavs TurqeTi-dan 1830-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi, TrialeTSi gadmosaxlebu-li Turqulenovani berZnebi). Tumca, sinamdvileSi isini romisa da romaelTa mesaflaveni iyvnen da momdinareobdnen mcire aziis, siriis, egviptis polieTnikuri qristianuli Temebidan. Semdeg saxelwodeba `romaeli~ ruminelebzec gavrcelda. ze-moT aRvniSneT, rom zogierT xalxSi eTnonimi `frangi~ evro-pis mkvidr sxvadasxva kaTolike xalxis sinonimi iyo. TiTqmis igive SeiZleba iTqvas eTnonimis _ `TaTari~ Sesaxebac. am eT-nonimma ganviTarebis rTuli gza gaiara. Tavdapirvelad aRniS-nul termins Cineli mematianeebi CineTis CrdiloeTiT mcxov-reb yvela `stepniaks~ miusadagebdnen. uxeSad rom SevadaroT, mas TiTqmis iseTive Sinaarsi hqonda, rogorc evropels, romelSic italielsac vgulisxmobT da danielsac, polonel-sac da ungrelsac. sinamdvileSi eTnonimi `TaTari~ mravalri-cxovani stepuri tomebidan erT-erTis saxelwodeba iyo. TaT-rebi monRolebTan mtrul ganwyobilebaSi iyvnen, magram male isini saerTo monRolur saxelmwifoSi Sevidnen. monRolebma rogorc sxva tomebis, ise TaTrebis asimilireba advilad moaxdines. mas Semdeg monRolebma meore saxelwodeba `TaTari~ miiRes. gvian es eTnonimi mahmadianuri sarwmunoebis ramdenime Turqulenovanma xalxma miiRo (yirimis TaTrebi, yazaneli TaTrebi, astraxaneli TaTrebi). qarTvelTaTvis (saerTod qri-stianTaTvis) `TaTari~ iyo yvela muslimuri sarwmunoebis xalxi, maT Soris, mahmadiani qarTvelic am epiTetis matarebe-li xdeboda (analogiur viTarebasTan gvqonda saqme, rodesac bizantiis imperiaSi mcxovrebi ocamde sxvadasxva marT-lmadidebeli sarwmunoebis eTnosi bizantielad, e.i. berZnad

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(TviTsaxelwodeba `romei~) iqca. am mxrivac xdeboda xalxebis (eTnosebis) mier saxelebis Secvla. magaliTad, xazarTa STamomavlebis garkveuli nawili oqros urdos eTnikur kong-lomeratSi gaiTqvifa da muslimuri sarwmunoebis gamo isini meqanikurad TaTrebad iqcnen. aseve TaTrebad iwodnen donispi-reTis yivCayebi, romlebic adre TaTar-monRolTa dauZinebeli mtrebi iyvnen. eTnonimebTan mimarTebaSi mecnierebs SemCneuli aqvT Semdegi garemoebac, esaa ramdenime xalxis mier erTi saxelwodebis ta-reba, rac ZiriTadad garesaxelwodebaze (egzoeTnonimebze) vrceldeba. magaliTad, antikuri wyaroebi iberielebs uwode-ben aRmosavleT qarTvelebs da pirineis naxevarkunZulze mcxovreb mosaxleobas _ espaneTis Zvel mkvidrebs. albanelebi ewodebodaT qarTvelTa mezobel, dRevandeli azerbaijanis te-ritoriaze mkvidr eTnoss da albanelebs uwodeben balkane-Tis naxevarkunZulze mcxovreb xalxs, romelTa TviTsaxelwo-debaa `Skiptar~. `avarebi~ erqva erT-erT Turqulenovan xalxs, romelic VI s-is SuaxanebSi dunaispireTSi SeiWra da panoniaSi dasaxlda. mematianeebs maT Tavi imiT daamaxsovres, rom isini TareSobdnen germaniis, italiis da evropis sxva qveynebis siRrmeebSi. mxolod VIII s-is bolos SeZles karlos didis mxedarTmTavrebma avarebis ganadgureba da mas Semdeg, rogorc eTnosi, isini gaqrnen. ra Tqma unda, Turqulenovan avarebTan araviTari saerTo ara aqvs daRestnis erT-erT yve-laze did eTnoss `avarielebs~ (qarTulad `xunZebs~. avari-elTa qarTuli saxelwodeba `xunZebi~ toponimidan, soflis saxelidan _ `xunZaxi~ momdinareobs), romlis TviTsaxelwo-debaa `maarulal~, rac maT enaze mTiels niSnavs. es saerTo eTnonimi mxolod SemTxveviTia. rogorc aRvniSneT, Zveli ava-rebi Turqebi iyvnen, kavkasieli avarielebi (xunZebi) ki kavkasi-ur enaTa ojaxis daRestnuri jgufis erT-erT enaze laparako-ben. eTnonimebTan dakavSirebiT mokled unda aRiniSnos erTi mov-lenis Sesaxeb, romelic bolo dros SeimCneva. esaa adrinde-li saxelwodebis (mkvdari eTnonimis) Tanamedrove eTnosebi-saTvis mikuTvneba. amis naTeli magaliTia osebis mier Tavian-Ti sacxovrebeli teritoriisaTvis (oseTisaTvis) meore saxe-lis _ alaneTis da, Sesabamisad, eTnonimis _ alanebis misa-kuTreba. samarTlianadaa SeniSnuli (S. afridoniZe), rom adri-ndeli saxelebis Tanamedrove TaobebisaTvis Tavs moxvevas

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`azri ara aqvs ara marto rogorc ubralod anaqronizmis aRo-rZinebis, aramed rig (da umetes) SemTxvevaSi es eTnikuradac gaumarTlebelia, ramdenadac praqtikuladac vnebs xalxTa Soris urTierTobas~. eTnonimi `alani~ osebisaTvis ucnobi iyo. is maTi arc endoeTnonimi da arc egzoeTnonimia. im Tval-sazrisiTacaa miuRebeli osebis TviTsaxelwodebad `alanebis~ gamoyeneba, rom isini, rogorc eTnosi, kavkasiaSi adgilobrivi kavkasiuri tomebis da mosuli iranulenovani eTnikuri erTeulis Serevis Sedegad Camoyalibdnen. amasTanave, cnobi-lia, rom saxelwodeba `alani~ I-IV ss-Si evraziis stepebSi mcxovreb yvela nomadzec vrceldeboda, Tu isini wes-Cve-ulebebiT, cxovrebis veluri wesiTa da SeiaraRebiTac maT hgavdnen. sxvaTa Soris, megrul metyvelebaSi alanebi ewodebo-da CrdiloeTkavkasiel Turqulenovan xalxs _ yaraCaelebs. aseve gaumarTlebeli iqneboda qarTvelebs saqarTvelosaTvis `iberia~ da qarTvelebisaTvis `iberielebi~ gvewodebina, rad-gan am saxelwodebebma istorias, dros ver gauZlo, xolo dRevandeli egzoeTnonimebi ki tradiciuladaa Camoyalibebu-li. warumatebeli aRmoCnda XVIII s-Si saqarTvelos da qarTve-lebis aRsaniSnavad mkvdari saxelwodebis `iberiis~ da `iberielebis~ (`iveriisa~ da `iverielebis~ formiT) aRorZi-neba. msoflioSi dRes 6.000-mde eTnoss iTvlian, magram eTnonimTa raodenoba bevrad didia, radgan xalxTa umetesobas endoeTno-nimTan erTad remdenime egzoeTnonimic aqvs. kacobriobis xang-rZlivi istoriis manZilze bevri eTnonimi gaqra, eTnikur sa-xelTa SedarebiT mcire raodenobam ki dros gauZlo da dRe-sac ganagrZobs sicocxles. bevrma eTnonimma Cvenamde saerTod ver moaRwia. zogierTi aw ararsebuli xalxis eTnonimi ki Sei-Zleba sadme romelime xalxis metyvelebaSi axlac aRmovaCi-noT. magaliTad, antikur wyaroebs evraziis sivrceSi, daaxlo-ebiT kaspiis zRvis Crdilo-dasavleT teritoriaze fiqsirebu-li hyavT savirebi (fiqroben, rom isini hunTa erT-erTi tomi iyo. sxva mosazrebiT, madiarebs anda Turqebs enaTesavebodnen). dasavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa _ svanTa metyvelebaSi dRes savirebs CrdiloeT kavkasiis Turqulenovan balyarelebs uwo-deben (zogjer osebsac). es masala ki udavod gvaZlevs im das-kvnis gamotanis saSualebas, rom dRevandeli balyareTis te-ritoriaze odesRac savirebsac ucxovriaT, romelTa saxeli jer aq mosul iranulenovan xalxze, osebze gadavida, Semdeg

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ki Turqulenovan balyarelebze. megrul metyvelebaSi Tur-qulenovani yaraCaelebis aRmniSvneli eTnonimi, rogorc aRvni-SneT, aris `alanebi~, rac aseve iZleva saSualebas danamdvile-biT davaskvnaT, rom yaraCaelebis miwa-wyalze maT mosvlamde osTa axlo monaTesave alanebi mkvidrobdnen (romlebic kavka-siis velebSi hunTa Semosevebis Semdeg gamoCndnen) da adrinde-li mosaxleobis saxeli Semdeg mosulebs miekuTvna. mecnierebi xSirad svamen kiTxvas: rodis warmoiqmna eTnomi-mebi? pasuxi martivia: rodesac eTnosebi (xalxebi) Camoyalibd-nen, romlebsac gamokveTili eTnikuri TviTSegneba hqondaT. es klasobriobamdel sazogadoebaSi moxda. Tumca eTnonimTa war-moqmna, axlis Seqmna, daviwroeba Tu gafarToveba mudmivi mov-lena iyo, radgan eTnosebi (xalxebi) istoriis yvela etapze formirdebodnen. erTi ram ki aSkaraa _ SeiZleba erTi enob-rivi erTeuli Camoyalibebuliyo, magram erTi eTnikuri TviT-Segneba ar hqonoda da arc erTi eTnonomis matarebeli iyo. amis damadasturebeli magaliTebi daRestnidan SeiZleba

moviyvanoT: «Изветно, что в прошлом, даже вплоть до Октябрской революции, у многих дагестанских народов, в том числе и наиболее крупных, не было своих единых этнических имен, как например, в настоящее время – аварцы, даргинцы, табасаранцы, лезгинцы и др. А. Дир писал: «У некоторых народностей Дагестана мы встречаем странное явление: у них не существует общего названия для обозначе-ния народа и области, в которой распространен язык данного народа» (И.Х. Абдулаев, К.М. Микаилов. К истории дагестанских этнонимов лезг и лак – Этнография имен, М., 1971, с. 16). niSandoblivia, rom da-Restnur enebSi eTnonimi da toponimi erTi da igive sityviT gamoixateba. magaliTad, samecniero literaturidan cnobilia, rom lakebSi yoveli soflis saxelwodeba aRniSnavs rogorc auls, ise masSi mcxovrebi xalxis erTobliobas. lakuri au-lis saxelwodeba erTdroulad eTnonimuricaa da geografiu-lic. ar hqondaT saerTo saxelwodeba agreTve osebs, Tumca mezobeli xalxebi maT erTian xalxad aRiqvamdnen. CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebSi dadasturebuli aRniSnuli movlena, rogorc Cans, am xalxebis izolaciuri cxovrebis Sedegi iyo. amave dros aSkaraa, rom saerTo enis Camoyalibebis procesi win uswrebda erTiani eTnikuri TviTSegnebis, identobis gamo-xatulebas da Sesabamisad saerTo eTnonimis warmoqmnasac, ri-sTvisac saWiro iyo saerTo istoriuli bedi da politikuri

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organizaciis Seqmna. amasTanave, erTian enobriv koleqtivs saerTo eTnonimisaTvis (endoeTnonimisaTvis) aucileblad sWi-rdeboda sxva eTnolingvistur jgufTan dapirispireba. amrigad, aseTia mxolod zogierTi monacemi eTnonimebis Sesaxeb. erTi sityviT, eTnonimebi istoriis SesaniSnavi mowmeebi arian, romelTa didi nawili dResac gauSifravia.

1.7. mosaxleobis migraciebi da eTnosebi Tanamedrove msoflios eTnikuri ruka gansxvavdeba Zveli msoflios eTnikuri rukisagan. xalxebi (eTnosebi) mTeli is-toriis manZilze icvlebodnen, razedac mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda dapyrobebi, migraciebi... eTnosebi erTmaneTs erwymod-nen, didi eTnosebi patara eTnosebis asimilirebas axdendnen. drodadro icvleboda msoflios eTnikuri rukac. ar Sevud-gebiT imis aRweras, Tu rogori iyo msoflios eTnikuri Semad-genloba Zvelad, mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom Zvel xalxTa (eTnosTa) mxolod mcire raodenobam moaRwia Cvenamde. evropis, aziisa da CrdiloeT afrikis eTnikuri istoriisaT-vis didi mniSvneloba hqonda e.w. xalxTa did gadasaxlebebs, romlebic IV-IX ss-Si mimdinareobda. am gadasaxlebebs, ganpi-robebuls pirvelyofili sazogadoebis daSliT, mosaxleobis matebiT, eqstensiuri meurneobiT, win uswrebda evropis Crdi-lo-dasavleTidan guTebis SavizRvispireTSi gadasaxleba (II s. dasasruli _ III s. dasawyisi) da sxva migraciebi. Zveli impe-riebis nangrevebze qveynebis umetesobaSi Camoyalibda feoda-luri saxelmwifoebi da masTan erTad daiwyo axal eTnosTa Camoyalibebis procesi, romelTagan bevri dResac arsebobs. swored am dros moxda slavebis gansaxleba aRmosavleT evro-paSi da TiTqmis mTeli balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis aTviseba maT mier; germanelebis dasaxleba centralur da CrdiloeT evropaSi da maTi SeRweva britaneTis kunZulze, sadac adre keltebi cxovrobdnen. amave dros moxda romis yofili imper-iis sxvadasxva provinciaSi laTinizirebuli mosaxleobis Sereva barbaros tomebTan da romanuli enebisa da, Sesabami-sad, eTnosebis Camoyalibeba. IV s-Si hunebma aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken gadanacvle-biT miaRwies evropas, sadac maT dunais auzSi eTnikurad Zal-ze Sereuli sakmaod didi, magram aramtkice saxelmwifo daa-fuZnes. hunebis nakvalevze movidnen aRmosavleT evropaSi sxva

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Turquli tomebi _ xazarebi, avarebi, bulgarelebi, paWanigebi, yivCayebi da sxv. bulgarelTa erTma jgufma volgis auzSi ga-dainacvla. maT mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes TaTrebisa da Cu-vaSebis eTnogenezSi. bulgarelebis meore jgufi 679 wels du-naize gadavida, samxreTiT mcxovreb slavebSi gaiTqvifa da Ta-visi saxelwodeba gadasca dRevandel bulgarel xalxs. VIII-IX ss-Si samxreT uralidan Sua dunaize gadasaxldnen ungrelebi (madiarebi), romlebic enobrivad monaTesaveni iyvnen dasavleT cimbireli ugrebisa _ xantebisa da mansebisa. Turquli modg-mis xalxebis masobrivi gadasaxleba moxda samxreT cimbirSi, centralursa da Sua aziaSi, sadac ax.w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi Camoyalibda erTmaneTis Semcvleli satomo gaerTiane-bebi da saxelmwifoebi, romlebSic sxvadasxvagvari eTnikuri erTobebi Sevidnen. VI saukunesa da VII saukunis dasawyisSi daiwyo arabTa dapyrobebi, rasac Tan axlda arabTa gansaxle-ba wina aziisa da CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebSi da maT mier adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan asimilaciis procesi. wyaroebiT gadasaxlebebSi monawile xalxebis zusti raode-nobis dadgena gaZnelebulia. zogierTi monacemiT, vestguTebi, romlebmac romis provincia _ mezia daikaves, 376 wels 15 aTas kacs iTvlidnen. vandalebi, romlebic 406 w. italiisaken miemarTebodnen, 200 aTasidan 400 aTasamde iyvnen. balkaneTSi gadasaxlebuli slavebi 100 aTasis farglebSi iyvnen. xalxTa didi migraciebi frangul istoriografiaSi `germa-nelTa TareSebadaa~ saxeldebuli. xazi unda gaesvas im gare-moebas, rom am migraciebma Tu TareSebma evraziis veeberTela sivrce moicva da radikalurad Secvala samyaros eTnikuri, kulturuli da politikuri iersaxe. xalxTa didi gadasaxle-bebi iyo gardamavali epoqis unikaluri istoriuli fenomeni. es faqtobrivad iyo Zveli civilizebuli samyaros _ romisa da barbarosuli germanuli, Turquli, slavuri, iranuli eTnosebis Widili. Svidsaukunovan migraciebs, TareSebs didi sisxlis Rvra da axali civilizaciebis warmoqmna mohyva. war-moiqmna axali saxelmwifoebi, axali xalxebi, axali social-fsiqologiuri atmosfero, morali, faseulobebi, sulieri sam-yaro. samecniero literaturaSi xalxTa did migraciebs antikuro-basa da Sua saukuneebs Soris droebiT `RriWos~ uwodeben da mas sam etapad yofen: pirveli (II-IV saukuneebi) _ `germanuli~, meore (IV-V saukuneebi) _ `hunuri~, mesame (VI-VII saukuneebi) _

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`slavuri~. magram am sam etaps aucileblad meoTxe (VIII-IX sa-ukuneebi) _ `Turqul-madiaruli~ unda daematos, radgan is TurqTa da madiarTa migraciebs ar asaxavs. rogorc zemoT aR-vniSneT, VIII_IX saukuneebSi evropaSi aRmosavleTis xalTa mig-racia-TareSebi madiarebma (ungrelebma) daagvirgvines. bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: ram gamoiwvia xalxTa didi gadasax-lebebi? xalxTa didi gadasaxlebebis win germanul da slavur tomTa cxovrebaSi Tvisobrivi cvlilebebi moxda (sazogadoeb-rivi qonebisa da nayofier SromaSi dausaqmebeli adamianebis raodenobis zrda). satomo elita qonebis dagrovebisken miisw-rafoda. qonebis mopovebisa da dagrovebis saSualebas ki impe-riis teritoriaze laSqrobebi warmoadgenda. es laSqrobebi, Tavis mxriv, romis saxelmwifos farglebSi gadasaxlebebisaT-vis niadags amzadebda. amasTanave, romis imperiac xSirad bar-barosebis migracias uwyobda xels. hunebis centralur evro-paSi gamoCenam migraciuli procesebi mkveTrad daaCqara da adgilobrivi eTnosebi aamoZrava. hunebis gadasaxlebis mizezi ramdenadme sxva faqtorebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, vidre binada-ri xalxebisa. bunebrivi faqtorebi ki nomadTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze ufro did gavlenas axdenda, vidre miwaTmoqmedeb-ze. `momTabarulma faqtorma~ da germanul da slavur sazoga-doebebSi mimdinare social-ekonomikurma Zvrebma da romis imperiis krizisma evraziis sivrceSi axali welTaRricxvis II saukunidan IX saukunemde SeuCerebeli migraciuli procesebi gamoiwvia. ax.w. II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi aziisa da evropis eT-nikur istoriaze didi gavlena moaxdina monRolTa dapyrobeb-ma. maT sxva, upiratesad Turquli modgmis xalxebi daipyres, romlebic XIII s-Si Cingis-xanisa da mis memkvidreTa farTo, Tumca efemeruli imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen. vrcel teritoriaze monRolTa dapyrobebs Tan axlda mTel rig eT-nikur erTobaTa gadaadgilebani, rasac Sedegad mohyva sruli-ad sxvadasxva warmoSobis xalxebis erTmaneTTan Sereva da Se-iqmna winapirobebi centraluri, Sua da wina aziis, kavkasiisa da aRmosavleT evropis axali eTnosebis formirebisa. am eTni-kuri procesebis magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT TaTrebis sxvadasxva jgufis gamoCena cimbirSi, volga-kamasa da yirimSi. monRol-TaTarTa kvaldakval kavkasiasa da mcire aziaSi, od-nav mogvianebiT ki balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze, SeiWra Tur-quli modgmis xalxebis axali jgufi _ oRuzebi, romlebic

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Tanamedrove Suaazieli Turqmanebis monaTesaveni iyvnen. isini adgilobriv mosaxleobas Seerivnen da arsebiTi roli iTamaSes axali eTnosebis CamoyalibebaSi, maT Soris azerbai-janelebisa da Turq-osmalebisa, romlebmac XV s-Si gaanadgu-res bizantia da ramdenime saukuniT daipyres samxreT-aRmosav-leT evropisa da CrdiloeT afrikis bevri xalxi. XV s-Si azi-aSi, evropasa da afrikaSi Camoyalibda TiTqmis yvela eTnosi, romelic dRevandlamde arsebobs. mTeli msoflios eTnikuri istoriisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda evropaSi kapitalistur urTierTobaTa Casaxvasa da ga-nviTarebas, rasTanac dakavSirebulia XVI-XIX ss-Si evropelTa didi jgufebis amerikaSi, avstraliaSi, okeaniasa da samxreT afrikaSi gadasaxleba. am grandiozul migraciebSi mTavari da wamyvani roli Tavdapirvelad espanelebma da portugalieleb-ma iTamaSes. amerikis kontinentze migrirebulma, mSobliur eTnosebs mowyvetilma evropelebma ucxo sabinadro adgileb-Si axal eTnikur erTobebs misces dasabami. axali eTnosebis CamoyalibebaSi erT SemTxvevaSi mTavari roli iTamaSa kolo-niuri qveynebis adgilobrivma aborigenma mosaxleobam, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ evropidan gadasaxlebulTa STamomavlebma, radgan adgilobrivi, aborigeni mosaxleoba xSir SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis mTlianad gaanadgures, xelovnurad izolaciaSi moaq-cies da TavianTi eTnikuri teritoriidan gaaZeves. pirveli gziT moxda meqsikis, centraluri da samxreT amerikis bevri xalxis formireba. eTnikuri ganviTarebis meore gza damaxasia-Tebeli iyo kanadelebisaTvis, aSS-Tvis, argentinisaTvis, urug-vaisaTvis, avstraliisaTvis, okeaniis bevri kunZulisaTvis (axa-li zelandia, havai da sxv.). analogiuri gziT samxreT afrika-Si holandiidan gadasaxlebulTa STamomavlebisagan (e.w. bure-bi) Camoyalibda axali eTnosi _ afrikanerebi, romlebic lapa-rakoben `afrikansis~ gansakuTrebul enaze (6 ml. meti). is ax-losaa holandiurTan da amave dros misgan bevri Tavisebure-biT gansxvavdeba. zogierT amerikul qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki karibis zRvis auzis kunZulebze, venesuelis, braziliisa da gaianis eTnikur istoriaSi evropelebis gverdiT didi ro-li iTamaSes indielebma da afrikuli warmoSobis monaTa STa-momavlebma. ama Tu im eTnosSi sxva xalxTa (eTnosTa) warmo-madgenlebis SeRweva moxda antikuri samyaros monaTmflobe-luri sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis dros. am sazogadoebis

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mosaxleobis umetesoba, rogorc wesi, Tavisufali meTemeebisa-gan Sedgeboda, romlebic upiratesad miwaTmoqmedni iyvnen. Zi-riTadi eqspluatirebuli klasi, monebi, monaTmflobelebisa da Tavisufali meTemeebisagan eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobiT gans-xvavdeboda. monebi ucxo eTnosTa warmomadgenlebi iyvnen da, bunebrivia, Tavdapirvelad ar Sediodnen arc berZnul da arc romaul eTnosSi. romis imperiaSi monaTa umetesoba sxvadasxva xalxis (eTnosis) wevri iyo, romelTanac romaelebi dapy-robiT omebs awarmoebdnen. monebad hyavdaT aTasobiT samxedro tyve: Trakielebi, ilirielebi, galebi (keltebi), germanelebi, slavebi da bevrni sxvani, romelTa miwebi evropaSi, CrdiloeT afrikasa da dasavleT aziaSi romaelTa jarebis mier mTlia-nad an nawilobriv iyo dapyrobili. monaTa yvelaze didi aja-nyebis beladi spartaki (Zv.w. I s.) warmoSobiT Trakieli iyo. axali eris pirvel saukuneebSi, rodesac romis ekonomikuri da samxedro Zliereba TandaTanobiT dasustda, bevrma SorsmW-vretelma romaelma monaTmflobelma Tavisi monebis miwaze da-sma daiwyo. amasTanave, maT nebas rTavdnen daqorwinebuliyvnen da SeeqmnaT ojaxebi. TavisTavad cxadia, am monaTa STamoma-valni Sediodnen im xalxis (eTnosis) SemadgenlobaSi, romel-Ta garemocvaSic cxovrobdnen.

1.8. religia da xalxebi kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze TiTqmis yvela xal-xis cxovrebaSi religia arsebiT rols TamaSobda. religia mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda ara marto materialur kultu-raze, sazogadoebriv da saojaxo yofaze, aramed eTnikur gan-viTarebazec. pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi yvela toms misTvis damaxasiaTebeli rwmena-warmodgenebi hqonda. im droisaTvis es iyo magia, totemizmi, animizmi, Samanizmi, winaparTa kulti, bu-nebis kulti, fetiSizmi, satomo beladebis kulti, sxvadas-xvagvari samiwaTmoqmedo da mecxoveleobasTan dakavSirebuli kultebi da mravali sxva. Zveli msoflios calkeuli religiebi poliTeistur da mo-noTeistur religiebad iqcnen. aseTi religiebidan aRsaniSna-via Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi ebraelebSi warmoSobili da Cvenamde moRweuli iudaizmi. sxva Zveli religiis _ zoroastrizmis sa-fuZveli, romelic Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi Zvel irane-lTa Soris warmoiSva da transformirebuli saxiT dRes Se-

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narCunebulia farsebSi, gebrebsa da iezidebis eTnokonfesiur jgufebSi, iyo dualizmi, e.i. warmodgena keTili da boroti sawyisis urTierTbrZolis Sesaxeb. aziaSi araerTi sxva poli-Teisturi religia warmoiSva, magram isini msoflio mniSvne-lobis religiebad ver iqcnen. msoflio mniSvnelobis monoTe-isturi religiebia: budizmi, qristianoba da islami. budizmis Sesaxeb mxolod mokled aRvniSnavT, rom is Zv.w. VI-V ss-Si warmoiSva samxreT aziaSi da ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebisagan Sedgeba. ax.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi warmoiSva qristianoba (axa-li welTaRricxva qristes Sobidan aiTvleba). XI s. Sua xaneb-Si qristianoba or mimarTulebad – marTlmadideblobad da kaTolikobad daiyo. XVI s-Si, reformaciis Sedegad, kaTo-licizms gamoeyo protestantizmi, romelic ramdenime TviTm-yofad mimdinareobas moicavs, romelTaganac mniSvnelovania anglikanizmi (yvelaze axlos dgas kaTolicizmTan), lu-Teranizmi da kalvinizmi. kalvinizmi sam ZiriTad ganStoebad iyofa: reformatizmi, presviterianizmi, kongregacionizmi. ang-likanizmidan aris gamosuli meTodizmi. meTodizmTan ki mWid-rodaa dakavSirebuli seqta `xsnis armia~, romelic samxedro yaidazea mowyobili. kalvinizmTan genetikuradaa dakavSirebu-li baptizmi. baptistTa rigebs gamoeyo 50-ianelTa seqta; gamoeyo agreTve adventizmi, adventizms ieRovas mowmeebis seqta. qristianobis sam ZiriTad mimdinareobasTan erTad (marTlma-didebloba, kaTolicizmi, protestantizmi) arsebobs agreTve ori naklebad gavrcelebuli mimarTuleba, romelic ax.w. V s-Si warmoiSva: monofizitoba (mas miekuTvnebian somexi grigo-rianelebi, eTiopielebi, koptebi) da nestorianoba (nestoriane-lebi arian asirielebi. liturgia sruldeba Zvel asiriul enaze. nestorianul taZrebSi araa xatebi da qandakebani. saqa-rTveloSi cxovrobs 6 aTasi nestorianeli). religiuri wes-CveulebebiT nestorianoba da, gansakuTrebiT, monofizitoba Zalze axlos dgas marTlmadideblobasTan. yvelaze axalgazrda msoflio religiaa islami. is warmoiS-va ax.w. VII s-Si arabebSi. warmoSobisTanave islami daiyo sam mimarTulebad: sunizmi, Siizmi da xarijizmi. farTod gavrce-lda mxolod pirveli ori. sunizmidan da Siizmidan warmoiSva mTeli rigi seqtebi. sunizmidanaa gamosuli vahabizmi. Ziri-Tadi Siituri seqtaa zeidizmi.

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sxvadasxva religiis, maTi mimarTulebebis, mimdinareobebis da seqtebis gavlena erTnairi araa. zogierTi maTgani iTvlis aseul milionobiT mimdevars, sxvebi ki aerTianeben mxolod ramdenime aTas, anda aseul kacs. 1996 wlis monacemebiT msoflioSi iTvleboda 1 miliard 955 milioni qristiani (msoflios mosaxleobis 36%); muslimebi _ 1 miliard 126 milioni (mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis 19%), induistebi _ 793 mil., rac msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloe-biT 14% Seadgens; budistebi _ sxvadasxva monacemebiT 500 mi-lioni da 325 milioni (msoflios mosaxleobis 6%); konfucia-nelebi da daoistebi _ 203 mil.; iudaistebi _ 14 milioni; sik-xebi _ 19 milioni. qristianebidan yvelaze mravalricxovani arian kaTolikeebi _ 900 mil.; protestantebi _ 600 mil.; marT-lmadideblebi _ 182 milioni. protestantebidan luTeranebi arian 100 mil., 50-ianelebi _ 51 mil., anglikanebi _ 51 mil., bap-tistebi _ 75 mil., reformistebi (presviterelebTan erTad) _ 46 mil., ieRovas mowmeebi _ 5 mil., adventistebi _ 5 mil., `xs-nis armiis~ mimdevaria 4 milioni. muslimebs Soris Warboben sunitebi. msoflios yvelaze gavleniani religia qristianobaa. qristi-anTa umetesi nawili Tavmoyrilia amerikasa da evropaSi; mcire jgufebi cxovroben afrikasa da aziaSi. evropis mxo-lod sam qveyanaSi (albaneTi, bosnia da TurqeTis evropuli nawili) da amerikis erT qveyanaSi (surinami) qristianebi ar Seadgenen umravlesobas. avstraliasa da okeaniaSi yvela qveyana umetesad qristianulia, garda fijisa, sadac qristia-nobas mxolod mosaxleobis naxevari misdevs. aziaSi qristia-nebi mcire raodenobiT mosaxleoben. isini Warboben mxolod kviprosSi da filipinebSi (kaTolikeebi), libanSi ki mosaxle-obis daaxloebiT 2/5-s Seadgenen. laTinuri amerikis mosaxleobis TiTqmis absoluturi umrav-lesoba kaTolikea. kaTolikea agreTve kanadis mosaxleobis 46%, amerikis mosaxleobis 27%. kaTolicizmis mimdevrebi cxo-vroben italiaSi, safrangeTSi, belgiaSi, espaneTSi, portuga-liaSi, avstriaSi, irlandiaSi (mosaxleobis umetesoba). kaTo-likeebi arian agreTve polonelebi, Cexebi, slovakebi, ungre-lebi, xorvatebi. germaniis, niderlandebis, Sveicariis mosax-leobis naxevari kaTolikea.

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marTlmadideblebi arian: berZnebi, qarTvelebi, rusebi, rumi-nelebi, moldovelebi, bulgarelebi, serbebi, makedonielebi, Cernogorielebi, estonelebis nawili. protestantizmis burjia CrdiloeTi da centraluri evropa. skandinaviis qveynebsa da fineTSi is gabatonebulia luTerani-zmis formiT, did britaneTSi _ anglikanizmis formiT. prote-stantizms misdevs germaniis mosaxleobis naxevari (luTerane-bi), niderlandielebi da Sveicarielebi. aSS-Si mosaxleobis 64% protestantia. monofizitebi arian somxebi da eTiopielebi. monofizitebs miekuTvnebian egvipteli koptebi, sirieli iakobitebi. nestori-aneloba gavrcelebulia asirielebs Soris ZiriTadad iranSi (13 aTasi), eraySi (82 aTasi), siriaSi (40 aTasi), indoeTSi (15 aTasi). islamis mimdevrebi ZiriTadad aziaSi cxovroben, gansakuTre-biT arabul qveynebSi. bevri muslimi cxovrobs afrikaSi. evro-paSi islamis mimdevrebi arian Turqebi, albanelebi, bosniele-bi da bulgarelTa umniSvnelo nawili. umetes qveynebSi isla-mi gavrcelebulia sunizmis formiT. saudis arabeTSi gabato-nebulia sunizmis mimdinareoba vahabizmi. Siizmi mkveTrad War-bobs iranelebSi. eraySi, baxreinsa da iemenis arabTa respub-likaSi Siitebi mosaxleobis naxevars Seadgenen. iudaizmis mimdevrebi yvela kontinentze cxovroben. am reli-giis mimdevrebi mxolod ebraelebi arian. istoriaSi iyo erTa-derTi sxva eTnosi _ Turqulenovani xazarebi, romlebic aseve iudaizmis mimdevrebi iyvnen.

1.9. adamianTa rasebi adamianebi da adamianTa jgufebi ara mxolod eniT, kultu-riTa da religiiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, aramed fizi-kuradac. yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT vxedavT, rom eTnikuri sxvaobis garda adamianebi erTmaneTisagan gansx-vavdebian fizikuradac (sxeulebrivad). saerTod, fizikurad (sxeulebrivad) ori erTmaneTis savsebiT msgavsi adamiani ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba iyos. mecniereba, romelic swav-lobs adamianis fizikur tips, mis cvlilebebs, anda rogorc maT uwodeben _ fizikuri tipis variaciebs, cnobilia `anTro-

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pologiis~ (berZn. `anTropos~_adamiani) saxelwodebiT. adamian-Ta gansxvavebul fizikur tipebs rasebi ewodeba. adamianTa rasebi, esaa xalxTa itoriulad Camoyalibebuli jgufebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulebi arian warmo-mavlobiT, rac gamoixateba memkvidreobiTi da fiziologiuri niSnebiT. yvela ZiriTadi morfologiuri, fiziologiuri da fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT adamianTa rasebs Soris msgav-seba didia, gansxvaveba ki gamoxatulia SedarebiT mcire niSne-biT. nebismieri rasis qorwinebis Sedegad ibadeba sruliad si-cocxlisunariani da nayofieri STamomavloba. anTropologi-is, primatologiisa da paleontologiis monacemebi adastu-rebs, rom adamianTa yvela rasa momdinareobs erTi an ramdeni-me axlos mdgomi namarxi hominididan. Homo Sapiens-s Soris pirvel rigSi gamoiyofa ufro msxvili danayofebi, romlebsac, Cveulebriv, did rasebs uwodeben. ese-nia evropeiduli (evraziuli), mongoloiduri (aziur-ameriku-li) da negro-avstraloiduri (ekvadorialuri). bevri mkvleva-ri erTiani ekvadorialuri rasis nacvlad gamoyofs or damo-ukidebel rasas _ negroiduls (afrikuls) da avstraloidurs (okeanurs). mecnierebaSi ufro gaziarebulia Tvalsazrisi oT-xi didi rasis arsebobis Sesaxeb. didi rasebis sakontaqto zonebSi arsebobs gardamavali da Sereuli rasobrivi tipebi. Sereuli da gardamavali rasobri-vi tipebi Camoyalibda ara marto Zvelad, Sua saukuneebSi, ara-med yalibdeba dResac metisaciis gziT. magaliTad, afrikis aRmosavleTSi gardamaval rasad miiCneva eTiopuri rasa. is negroidebsa da evropeidebs Soris gardamavalia. cxviris formiTa da saxis ConCxiT eTiopielebi TiTqmis ar gansx-vavdebian evropeidebisagan, magram kani maT iseTive muqi aqvT, rogorc zangebs. Sereuli tipis tipuri warmomadgenlebi ari-an amerikis metisebi da mulatebi. didi rasebis SigniT gamoyo-fen ufro danawilebul rasobriv erTeulebs. negroidebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia xuWuWi Savi Tma, Tafli-sferi Tvalebi, sustad an saSualod ganviTarebuli mesameuli Tmis safari, zomierad gamoweuli Rawvis Zvali. negroidebs aqvT Zalian muqi (Sokolad-yavisferi) kani. saxe, rogorc wesi, aqvT viwro da dabali. negroiduli tipi gamoirCeva sakmaod ganieri cxviriT, imdenad, rom zogjer sigane simaRlis tolia. iseve rogorc evropelebs, Tvalebi aqvT farTod gaxsnili, ganlagebuli horizontalurad. negroidebs axasiaTebT sqeli

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(msxvili) tuCebi. zeda quTuTos nakeci (naoWi) umetes SemTxvevaSi didi ara aqvT. rac Seexeba saxis ybis nawils, is umetes SemTxvevaSi win wamoweulia (prognatizmi _ pro-win). evropeidebi gamoirCevian sxvadasxva Seferilobis talRovani da swori rbili TmebiT, Ria an Savgvremani kaniT, Tvalis gar-sis nairferadi Seferilobis didi sxvadasxvaobiT (Taflisfe-ri, Ria nacrisferi, cisferi). evropeidebs mesameuli Tmis sa-fari Zlier ganviTarebuli aqvT, kerZod, mamakacebSi _ wveri. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia Rawvis Zvlis sustad an saSualod gamoweva, ybac umniSvnelodaa win wamoweuli (ortognatizmi). evropeidebs axasiaTebT viwro da odnav wamoweuli cxviri, Txeli an saSualo sisqis tuCebi. evropeidebis formirebis ke-raa samxreT-dasavleTi azia, CrdiloeT afrika, samxreT evro-pa. evropeidTa sami ZiriTadi jgufi gamoiyofa: samxreTis (Sav-gvremani kaniT, umetesad muqi TvalebiTa da TmiT), Crdiloe-Tis (Ria feris kaniT, cisferi TvalebiT, qera TmebiT) da gar-damavali, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia saSualod intensiu-ri pigmentacia. samxreT evropelebs, maTi gansaxlebis areali-dan gamomdinare, indoxmelTaSuazRvispirul rasas uwodeben. evropeidebi Tavisi arealis aRmosavleT sazRvrebze uZvele-si droidan mongoloidebTan urTierTqmedebdnen. adreul xana-Si maTi Serevis Sedegad, romelic jer kidev mezoliTis epo-qaSi daiwyo, cimbiris Crdilo-dasavleTsa da evropis ukidu-res aRmosavleTSi Camoyalibda uraluri rasa (xanti, mansi da sxv.), romelTaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia mongoloidur-evropei-duli Taviseburebebis Sualeduri SeTanawyoba. uralurTan be-vri niSniTaa axlos laponoiduri rasa Zalian dabali saxiT (saamebi). zogierTi anTropologi am or rasas erT _ uralo-laponoidur rasaSi aerTianebs, romlis Taviseburebani ufro iSviaTi formebiT gamoxatulia udmurtebSi, komi-permelebSi, marielebSi, mordovelTa zogierT jgufSi. zogierTi mkvlev-ris azriT, uraluri rasis formirebaSi monawileoba miiRo Zveli mongoloiduri rasis depigmentirebulma (depigmentacia _ kanis bunebrivi feris dakargva) populaciam. gvian (ax.w. I s-dan) uralsa da eniseis Soris arsebul stepur zolSi mongo-loidebisa da evropeidebis Serevis procesSi Camoyalibda sam-xreT cimbiruli rasa Zalian farTo saxiTa da mokle TaviT. Sua saukuneebSi Sua da centraluri aziis teritoriaze Camo-yalibda Sereuli evropeidul-mongoloiduri axali popula-ciebi (uzbekebis nawili, uiRurebi, salarebi).

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mongoloidebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia swori, xSirad uxeSi muqi Tma da mesameuli Tmis safaris sustad ganviTareba, kanis moyviTalo Seferiloba, Taflisferi Tvalebi, SemWidroebuli saxe Zlierad gamoweuli Rawvis ZvlebiT, dabali da saSualo siganis cxviri. mongoloid mamakacebs wver-ulvaSi gvian aCnde-baT da iSviaTad aRwevs did sixSires. maT aqvT farTo, maRali saxe, viwro Tvalebi da Zlier ganviTarebuli zemo quTuTo. am anTropologiuri tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia agreTve epi-kantusi _ gansakuTrebuli kanis nakeci, romelic nawilobriv an mTlianad faravs sacremle borcvs Tvalis Sida kuTxeSi. saxis ybis nawili gamoweuli aqvT sustad an saSualod. mon-goloidebis (monRolebis) SesaniSnav daxasiaTebas gvawvdis qarTveli istorikosi JamTaaRmwereli: `xolo iyvnes taniTa srul, guamiTa axovan da Zlier ferÃiTa, Suenier da spetak ÃorciTa, TualiTa mcire Wurit da greman, ganzidul da saCino, TaviT did, TmiTa Sav da ÃSir, Subl-brtyel, cxÂriTa mdabal esoden, romel Rawuni umaRls iyvnian cxvirTa da mciredni oden nestuni Cndian cxvirTa; bageni mcire, kbilni Sewyobilni da spetak, yovlad uwueruli, eseviTari aqunda umsgavso saxe~. bevri niSan-TvisebiT mongoloidebTan axlos dganan amerike-li indielebi. azieli mongoloidebi or ZiriTad jgufad iyo-fian _ kontinenturi da wynarokeanuri. kontinenturi mongo-loidebi wynarokeanelebisagan gamoirCevian naklebad intensiu-ri pigmentaciiT, ConCxis ufro masiurobiT, ufro farTo saxi-Ta da ufro Txeli tuCebiT. rasobrivi gansxvavebani, Cveulebriv, kargad SeimCneva erTma-neTisagan Sors mdgom jgufebs Soris. rasebis Sereva grZel-deba mravali aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi da is uwyvet pro-cess warmoadgens, romelic ufro da ufro Cqardeba (dedami-wis mTeli mosaxleobis 30% Sereul da gardamaval rasobriv-heterogenul jgufebs Seadgens). didi xalxebi SeiZleba erTgvarovani Candnen didi rasebis doneze, magram TiTqmis yovelTvis heterogenulebi arian am rasebis danayofebis TvalsazrisiT. evropis xalxebi, magali-Tad, miekuTvnebian did evropeidul rasas, magram TiTqmis yve-la maTgani am didi rasis or an sam Stos warmoadgens. didi evropeiduli rasis danawevrebul rasobriv tipTa sazRvrebi eTnikur sazRvrebs ar emTxveva. aseve ar emTxveva sazRvrebi rasebsa da enobriv danayofebs Soris. magaliTad, Turquli

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jgufis enebi gavrcelebulia mongoloiduri rasis warmomad-genlebsa (iakutebi, tuvebi) da evropeidebs Soris (azerbaija-nelebi, Turqebi). bevri Turqulenovani xalxi rasobrivi Tva-lsazrisiT Sereuli tipisaa. sxvadasxva did rasebs miekuTvne-bian xalxebi, romlebic uralur enebze laparakoben. axali eTnosebis CamoyalibebaSi rasebis intensiuri Serevis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens amerikis qveynebis umetesoba. Zve-li samyarosagan gansxvavebiT, sadac metisaciis procesi mimdi-nareobda Zvel da Sua saukuneebSi, aq is ganxorcielda ukana-skneli 3-4 saukunis ganmavlobaSi da intensiurad grZeldeba dResac. amerikis Tanamedrove xalxebis umetesoba Camoyalibda ori an sami rasobrivi komponentis Serevis Sedegad. magali-Tad, kubasa da braziliaSi wamyvani eTnikuri komponentis ro-lSi mogvevlinnen negroidebi, romlebic irgvliv myof sxvada-sxva eTnikur da rasobriv erTeulebs Seerivnen. xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis epoqaSi (IV-VII ss.) centraluri aziis mongoloiduri mosaxleobis masebi SeiWrnen dasavleT cimbiris stepebis zolSi, yazaxeTSi, Sua aziasa da samxreT-aRmosavleT evropis stepebSi, romlis mosaxleoba ZiriTadad evropeidul tips miekuTvneboda. amis Semdeg aq Camoyalibdnen Sereuli rasobrivi tipebi: samxreTcimbiruli, romelic Ziri-Tadad gavrcelebulia Tanamedrove yazaxebsa da yirgizebSi (maTSi mongoloiduri niSnebi aSkarad Warbobs) da Suaaziuri, romelic damaxasiaTebelia TurqmenebisaTvis, nawilobriv uz-bekebisa da tajikebisaTvis (aq avtoqtonuri mosaxleoba ufro xSiri iyo da mongoloiduri minarevi ufro nakleb SesamCne-via). evropis mosaxleoba, saamebis gamoklebiT, mTlianad miekuTv-neba evropeidul rasas. evropis ukiduresi CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis mcxovrebni sakmaod gansxvavdebian rasobrivi tipiT. msgavsebis mxriv cota saerTo niSani SeiZleba vipovoT maRal, qera da cisferTvaleba norvegielebsa (Crdilo evropelebi) da dabal, muqTmian da muqTvaleba samxreT italielebs Soris (samxreT evropelebi). evropis mosaxleobis 17% miekuTvneba Crdilo evropeiduls, 32% - samxreTuls da naxevarze odnav meti _ gardamaval da Suaevropul formebs. CrdiloeT evropaSi saamebi miekuTvnebian Sereul laponoi-dur rasas, romlis formirebaSi monawileoba miiRes rogorc evropuli, ise uraluri erTobis warmomadgenlebma. sustad ga-moxatuli mongoloiduri niSnebi SeimCneva ungrelebSi, agreT-

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ve germaniisa da fineTis mosaxleobis mcire nawilSi. evropis ukidures samxreTSi aqa-iq SeimCneva mcire negroiduli mina-revi. anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT Zalze rTulia azia. aq oT-xive didi rasis warmomadgeneli gvxvdeba. evropeidebi aziis mosaxleobis 29%-s Seadgenen (samxreTi Stos sxvadasxva rase-bi: xmelTaSuazRvispiruli, winaaziuri, indo-avRanuri, pami-rul-ferganuli). azieli mongoloidebi Seadgenen 31%-s. aqvea, mongoloidur da avstraloidur rasebs Soris Sereuli da ga-rdamavali formebi. aziaSi avstraloiduri rasis warmomadgen-lebi bevrni ar arian (daaxl. 9 mil. kaci), magram gansaxlebu-lni arian farTod. afrikis mosaxleobis 54% miekuTvneba did negroidul rasas; mosaxleoben saharis udabnos samxreTiT. sxvadasxva regione-bis zangebi sakmaod gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan rasobrivi niSnebiT. magaliTad, kanis feri meryeobs Zalian Savidan Ria yavisframde. gansxvavebaa tuCebis sisqeSi, cxviris siganeSi, ag-reTve tanis (sxeulis) sigrZeSi (msoflioSi yvelaze maRlebi-dan yvelaze dablebamde), Tumca yvelas aqvs xuWuWi Tma. samxreT evropeidebi (xmelTaSuazRvispiruli) afrikis mosax-leobis 1/4-ze mets Seadgenen da gansaxlebulni arian kontine-ntis CrdiloeTSi saharis udabnomde. mas miekuTvneba arabTa didi nawili da berberebi. afrikis samxreTSi mkvidrobs xuTi milioni evropeidi, romlebic evropidan gadmosaxlebulTa STamomavlebi arian. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, afrikaSi evro-peidebsa da negroidebs Soris gardamaval, Sualedur formas miekuTvnebian eTiopielebi. Sereuli formis anTropologiur tips miekuTvneba sudanis mosaxleobac, rac negroidebSi ara-bulenovani samxreT evropeidebis SeWram ganapiroba. amerikis mosaxleobis rasobrivi Semadgenloba didi siWre-liT gamoirCeva. samyaros am nawilis mosaxleobis formireba-Si monawileobda sami didi rasa. aborigenuli mosaxleoba (in-dielebi, eskimosebi da aleutebi) kompaqturad mxolod calke-ul olqebSi mosaxleobs, upiratesad meqsikis mTianeTSi, an-debSi, samxreT amerikis Sida mxareebSi. adgilobrivi, ameri-kel indielTa, mosaxleoba mongoloiduri rasis sxvadasxva qverasebs miekuTvneba. yvela danarCen adgilas rasobrivi Tva-lsazrisiT an Sereuli mosaxleoba, an SedarebiT gvian mosu-li evropelebi da negroidebi Warbobs. dReisaTvis amerikaSi didi rasebidan yvelaze farTod warmodgenilia evropeiduli

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rasa (aSS-sa da kanadis mosaxleobis 9/10, laTinuri amerikis mosaxleobis 1/4-ze meti). laTinur amerikaSi evropeidebs So-ris Warboben samxreTis jgufis warmomadgenlebi: espanelebi, portugalielebi, italielebi. amerikaSi raodenobis mxriv meore adgili ukaviaT metisTa rasobrivi jgufis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic indielTa da evropelTa qorwinebisa da qorwinebis gareSe kavSirebis STa-momavalni arian. laTinur amerikaSi isini Warboben meqsikaSi, centraluri amerikis qveynebSi: venesuelaSi, CileSi, paragvai-Si da sxv. SedarebiT mcirericxovanni arian mulatebi (evrope-idebisa da afrikuli mosaxleobis narevi). mulatebis mniSvne-lovani jgufebi cxovroben aSS-Si, braziliaSi, kubaSi, venesu-elaSi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi Zneldeba metisebisa da mulatebis erTmaneTisagan garCeva, radgan sami rasis Serevis Sedegad mi-Rebuli mosaxleobac gvaqvs. rac Seexeba indielTa da negroi-dTa narevs, is sambos saxeliTaa cnobili. indiel-negroid-evropeidTa Serevis Sedegad miRebuli rasobrivi erTeulis ricxvi ganusazRvrelad izrdeba. mTlianad amerikis kon-tinentze evropeidebi mTeli mosaxleobis 51% Seadgenen, meti-sebi _ 23%, mulatebi _ 13%, negroidebi _ 7%, mongoloid-indi-elebi _ 5,5%-s. avstraliasa da okeaniaSi evropelebi mosaxleobis 77%-s Se-adgenen, melanezielebi da papuasebi _ 16,5%, polinezielebi da mikronezielebi _ 4,2%-s. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani rasobrivi niSania sxeulisa (tanis) da misi calkeuli nawilebis zoma. tanis (sxeulis) saSualo sigrZe (simaRle) mamakacebisaTvis 165 sm-ia, qalebisaTvis _ 154 sm. sxvadasxva xalxSi qalTa da mamakacTa Soris simaRleSi sxvaoba 8-12 sm-is farglebSi meryeobs. yvelaze dablebia pig-meebi _ saSualo simaRle zrdasruli mamakacebisTvis _ 141 sm da yvelaze maRlebi Cadis tbis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebni _ saSualo simaRle zrdasruli mamakacebisa 182 sm. aseTi adamianebi aRricxulni arian negroidebSi. evropaSi simaRliT gamoirCevian Cernogorielebi, Sotlandielebi, Svedebi, norvegielebi. msoflios masStabiT mamakacebis saSualo wona 64 kg-is far-glebSia, qalebisa _ 56 kg-is. mecnierebi gamoyofen tanis (sxe-ulis) sam ZiriTad tips: 1) braximorfuls (berZn. `braxos~ _ mokle da `morfa _ forma), romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia SedarebiT mokle kidurebi, grZeli tani, farTo mxrebi da men-

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ji; 2) dolixomorfuls (`dolixos~ _ grZeli), romelic gamo-irCeva SedarebiT grZeli xelebiTa da fexebiT, mokle taniT, viwro mxrebiTa da menjiT; 3) mezomorfuls (`mezos~ – saSua-lo), romelsac pirvel da meore tipebs Soris saSualo mdgomareoba uWiravs. saerTod, qalebi mamakacebTan SedarebiT braximorfulebi arian. rogorc wesi, qalebs SedarebiT viwro mxrebi da ganie-ri menji aqvT. rasebis gamoyofisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs Ta-vis monacemebs: siganes, simaRles; mniSvnelovani rasobrivi ni-Snebis matarebelia cxviri da misi midamoebi, agreTve piri da, pirvel rigSi, tuCebis sisqe.

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nawili II _ evropis xalxebi 2.1. evropa da evropelebi evropa msoflios SedarebiT patara regionia. misi farTobi daaxloebiT 10 milion kvadratul kilometrs moicavs im dros, rodesac mTeli planetis xmeleTis farTobi 149 milion kv. km-ze metia. amave dros evropa kontinentebs Soris yvelaze mWidrodaa dasaxlebuli. 1995 wlis monacemebiT evropis mosax-leoba 806 milioni iyo. evropas akravs atlantisa da Crdilo-eT yinulovani okeaneebi da maTi zRvebi. evropis kunZulebis saerTo farTobi 730 aTasi kv.km-ia. naxevarkunZulebidan Tavisi sididiT gamoirCeva kolis, skandinaviis, pirineis, apeninisa da balkaneTis naxevarkunZulebi. evropis kontinentze mTebs dab-lobebi Warbobs. mTebs (alpebi, karpatebi, pirenei, apenini, ura-li, skandinaviisa da balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis mTebi) evro-pis kontinentis mxolod 17% ukavia. didi mdinareebia: volga, dunai, dnepri, doni, peCora, Crd. dvina, reini, visla, elba, od-ra, rona, luara, taxo. didi tbebia: ladogis, onegis, Cudis, venernis, balatonis da Jenevis. evropaSi mosaxleobis simWidrovis ufro maRali maCvenebe-lia, vidre amerikasa da afrikaSi, rac, upirveles yovlisa, mi-si bunebrivi pirobebiT aixsneba. evropis buneba SedarebiT xelsayrelia adamianTa cxovrebisaTvis, materialuri warmo-ebis progresisaTvis. istoriuli ganviTarebiT evropam Tavis droze mniSvnelovnad gauswro msoflios sxva regionebs. is mrewvelobis samSoblod iTvleba. evropis mosaxleobis socia-lur-ekonomikurma pirobebma, kulturis maRalma donem XIX sa-ukuneSi mosaxleobis matebis maRali tempi ganapiroba. Tumca XVI-XX saukuneebSi evropas mosaxleobis siWarbe ar etyobo-da, radgan evropelebi intensiurad eweodnen amerikis kontine-ntis kolonizacias. drois aRniSnul monakveTSi evropuli eT-nosebi sxva kontinentebis, qveynebisa da xalxebis istoriazec did gavlenas axdenda. evropis adreuli eTnikuri istoria sabolood garkveuli ar aris. Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnaze misi mTeli teritoria indoevropul enebze molaparake xalxebiT iyo da-saxlebuli, evropis samxreTSi Warbobdnen eTnosebi, romlebic berZnul (elinur) da laTinur enebze laparakobdnen. evropis

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Crdilo-dasavleTsa da centralur nawilSi mravalricxovani kelturi tomebi mkvidrobdnen, balkaneTSi _ iliriuli, Tra-kiuli da maTi monaTesave dakiuri tomebi, romelTa enebi, ro-gorc varaudoben, aseve indoevropul enaTa ojaxs ekuTvnoda. daaxloebiT Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi kelturi tomebis nawili britaneTis kunZulebze gadasaxlda, romelic am dros piktebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. mecnierebs pikturi enis Sesaxeb araviTari monacemebi ara aqvT. ucnobia agreTve pireneis naxe-varkunZulis Zvel mobinadreTa _ iberebis ena. keltebis aRmo-savleTiT md. reinis auzsa da samxreT skandinaviaSi ger-manuli tomebi cxovrobdnen. maTgan aRmosavleTiT, vislis auzSi da dneprisa da dnestris zemo welSi _ slavTa winapre-bi. evropis Tanamedrove enobriv-eTnikuri iersaxe ax.w. I aTas-wleulSi Camoyalibda. axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi dam-Tavrda romis uzarmazari imperiis formireba. romaelebma du-nais samxreTiTa da reinis dasavleTiT yvela miwa, agreTve sa-mxreT britaneTi daipyres. am dros Camoyalibda dakiis, gali-is, espaneTis (iberiis) da sxva provinciebi. romaelTa garnizo-nebTan da romael migrantebTan erTad am provinciebSi romau-li kultura da xalxuri laTinuri enis dialeqtebi SeiWra. adgilobrivi enebisa da xalxuri laTinuri enis urTierTobis Sedegad `vulgaruli laTinuris~ sxvadasxva forma _ sala-parako enebi warmoiSva, romlebmac gvian dasabami misca fra-ngul, espanur, ruminul da sxva romanul enebs. III saukuneSi romis imperia sustdeba da dapyrobiTi omebidan Tavdacvaze gadadis. mas `barbarosebi~, Zlieri germanuli to-mebi esxmian Tavs. IV saukunidan, politikuri da Semdeg religiuri SuRlis ga-mo, romis imperia or nawilad iyofa: dasavleT romis imperi-ad, romlis kaTolikuri centri romi iyo da marTlmadidebl-ur aRmosavleT romis imperiad, centriT konstantinepolSi (eklesiebis saboloo gayofa XI saukuneSi moxda). IV saukunidan daiwyo `xalxTa didi gadasaxlebebis~ epoqa. aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi ostguTebi SeiWrnen, dasavleTSi _ vestguTebi. imperiis am nawilSi vestguTebs kvaldakval mih-yvnen frankebi, burgundielebi, ostguTebi da sxva germanuli tomebi. V saukunis Sua xanebSi germanuli tomebi, anglebi da saqsebi, britaneTSi gadasaxldnen, romlebmac sustad romani-zebuli kelturi tomebi – britebi da skotebi Seaviwroves da

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maTi asimilacia moaxdines. britebis nawili safrangeTis Crdilo-dasavleTSi gadasaxlda da Tavisi saxelwodeba bre-tanis naxevarkunZuls gadasca. aqve sabolood Camoyalibda britebis kelturenovani mosaxleoba. britaneTis dasavleTSi darCenilma kelturma mosaxleobam ki dasabami misca uelsel-Ta (valielTa) eTnoss. romis yofili imperiis sxva mxareebSi SeWrilma germanulenovanma tomebma arsebiTi gavlena ver mo-axdines adgilobriv mosaxleobaze. mosulebi romanizebul mo-saxleobaSi gaiTqvifnen. daaxloebiT V saukunidan, slavuri tomebis winaresamSob-lodan migracia daiwyo aRmosavleTiT (volgis saTaveSi), da-savleTiT _ elbis dablobSi da samxreTiT, romelic hunebis mier iyo gaukacrielebuli. VI-VII saukuneebSi slavebi ukve mo-saxleobdnen balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis did nawilSi – istridan dunais SesarTvamde. amave dros samxreT slavebSi sxvadasxva tomebi gamoiyo, romlebmac samxreTslavur xalxebs misces dasabami. IX saukuneSi panoniis stepebSi, dunais CrdiloeTiT samxreT uralidan gadmosaxlebuli madiaruli (ungruli) tomebi dasa-xldnen, romlebmac dasabami misces (XI s.) ungreTis saxelmwi-fos. ungrelebma slavebis teritoria samxreT slavur da da-savleT slavur teritoriebad gayves. VII saukunis dasasruls dasavleT SavizRvispireTSi Crdi-loeT kavkasiis stepebidan Turqulenovani bulgarelebi movi-dnen. bulgarelebma aq mcxovrebi slavuri tomebi daipyres, ma-gram male maTSi mTlianad gaiTqvifnen, slavebs Tavisi eTno-nimi da kulturis zogierTi elementi gadasces. VIII-IX saukuneebSi mravalricxovani germanulenovani norma-nebi (variagebi) daniidan da samxreT skandinaviidan mravali mimarTulebiT laSqrobdnen. isini, rogorc mamaci mezRvauri-mekobreebi, SiSis zars scemdnen britaneTis kunZulebis, saf-rangeTisa da dasavleT da samxreT-dasavleT evropis qveynebis mosaxleobas, magram Semdeg yvela normaneli irgvliv myof mosaxleobaSi gaiTqvifa. gamonaklisi mxolod kunZul island-iaze dasaxlebuli normanebi (norvegielebi) iyvnen, romlebmac islandiur eTnoss misces dasabami. XI saukuneSi gafran-gebuli normanebi normandiidan (Crdilo-dasavleTi safrange-Ti) inglisSi SeiWrnen da anglosaqsTa samefo daipyres. dRe-vandeli ingliselebi adgilobrivi anglosaqsebisa da nor-manebis SereviT arian Camoyalibebulni.

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Semdeg aswleulebSi evropis eTnikur rukaze didi gavlena moaxdina germanulenovani jgufebis aRmosavleTiTa da samx-reT-aRmosavleTiT gadasaxlebam da balkaneTSi osmalTa dap-yrobebma. samxreT-aRmosavleTiT germanelebma Cexebi Seaviwro-ves, movidnen dunais Sua dinebamde da Camoayalibes feodalu-ri saxelmwifo, romlis mosaxleobam avstriul eTnoss misca dasabami. Turq-osmalebma ukve XV saukunis dasawyisSi bulga-reTi da Crdilo-aRmosavleT saberZneTi daipyres, aswleulis dasasruls ki _ arsebiTad yvela miwa dunaisa da savis samx-reTiT (serbia, bosnia, albaneTi da sxv.), agreTve dunais Crdi-loeTiT mdebare valaSeTis samTavro. dapyrobil teritorieb-ze Turquli dasaxlebebi Seiqmna. amasTanave Turqebma adgi-lobrivi bulgarulenovani, serbul-xorvatulenovani mosax-leobis nawili da albanelTa mniSvnelovani jgufebi islamze moaqcies. Sua saukuneebSi safrangeTis teritoriaze ori damoukidebe-li xalxi Camoyalibda Tavisi saliteraturo eniT: Crdilo-franguli da provansaluri. magram centralizebulma Crdi-losafrangeTma samxreT safrangeTi (provansali) TandaTan da-ipyro da misi mosaxleobis asimilaciac moaxdina. ase rom, sa-maswliani omis Semdeg provansalTa mSvenieri ena adgilob-rivi dialeqtis doneze CamoqveiTda da TviT isinic frangebad iqcnen. pireneis naxevarkunZulze XI saukuneSi espaneTis samefos ga-reT aRmoCnda portugaliis sagrafo, romlis damoukideblad ganviTarebam portugalieli xalxis Camoyalibebamde migviyva-na. rac Seexeba maT monaTesave galisielebs, isini, rogorc da-moukidebeli eTnosi, espaneTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Camoyalibdnen. CrdiloeT evropaSi daniuri, Sveduri da norvegiuli nacie-bis Camoyalibeba maTi damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis Camoya-libebis Semdeg moxda. es sami eTnosi enobrivad da kulturu-lad erTmaneTTan axlos iyo. eTnikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburi gza gaiares germanelebma da italielebma. rogorc erTi, ise meore qveyana didi xnis ganmavlobaSi politikurad daqucmacebuli iyo. germanelebsa da italielebSi mravali eTnografiuli jgufis arsebobas am garemoebiT xsnian. evropis xalxTa eTnikurma istoriam erTi eTnosis gayofis faqtebic icis. magaliTad erTenovani holandielebisa da fla-

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mandielebis cal-calke eTnosebad arseboba ZiriTadad reli-giuri faqtoriT aris ganpirobebuli (flamandielebi kaToli-keebi arian, holandielebi _ protestantebi). religiuri faq-toris roli ufro mniSvnelovani iyo samxreT slavebis eTni-kur istoriaSi. evropa ZiriTadad dasaxlebulia germanulenovani, romanule-novani, slavurenovani da sxva eTnosebiT. germanulenovani jgufebi (1985 wlis monacemebiT 178 milioni kaci) ZiriTadad centralur da CrdiloeT evropaSia gavrcelebuli. isini or _ dasavleTgermanul da CrdiloeTgermanul jgufebad iyofian. romanul enebze molaparake xalxebi ZiriTadad evropis sam-xreT-dasavleTsa da dasavleTSi mkvidroben (182 mil. kaci). romanul enebSi italiur, iberiul da galur qvejgufebs gamo-yofen. indoevropul enaTa ojaxis slavuri enebis jgufi sami qve-jgufisagan Sedgeba: dasavleTi slavebi, samxreTi slavebi da aRmosavleTi slavebi. slavur enebze molaparakeTa ricxvi 290 milions aWarbebs. dasavleT slavebs miekuTvnebian: Cexebi, slovakebi, polonelebi da luJielebi. polonelebSi gamoiyo-fian mazurebi, romlebic danarCeni polonelebisagan ZiriTad-ad religiiT (protestantebi arian) gansxvavdebian. poloneTSi calke jgufs qmnian kaSubebic. samxreT slavebs miekuTvnebian bulgarelebi, makedonielebi, serbebi, xorvatebi, muslimebi (bosnielebi), Cernogorielebi da slovenebi. bulgarelebisagan Tavisi kulturiT erTgvarad gamoiyofian rodopis mTebSi mcx-ovrebi gaTurqebuli bulgarelebi anu pomakebi. slavTa Soris yvelaze metni aRmosavleT slavebi (rusebi, ukrainelebi, be-lorusebi) arian. indoevropuli enebidan slavur enebTan yvelaze axlosaa ba-ltiuri enebi. Tanamedrove baltiuri enebis gavrcelebis area-li aRmosavleT baltiispireTiT Semoifargleba (litva, lat-via). ufro adreul periodSi baltiuri enebi gavrcelebuli iyo samxreT baltiispireTSic (mis aRmosavleT nawilSi, aRmo-savleT prusiis teritoriaze), sadac XVIII saukunis dasawyisa-mde Semonaxuli iyo prusiuli enis naSTebi. I-II aTaswleule-bis mijnaze baltiuri enebi bevrad ufro vrcel teritoriaze iyo gavrcelebuli. mkvdar baltiur enebs miekuTvneba: prusiu-li (misiT mosaubreni germanul enaze gadavidnen), iatviaJuri (gavrcelebuli iyo litvis, poloneTisa da belorusiis mosa-

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zRvre raionebSi; naSTebi SemorCenili iyo XVIII s-mde), kurSu-li (gaqra XVII s-Si; gavrcelebuli iyo dRevandeli litvisa da latviis mosazRvre raionebSi), selonuri, galindiuri. indoevropul enaTa ojaxSi Semavali sxva enobrivi jgufebi da xalxebi SedarebiT mcirericxovania. odesRac farTod gavrcelebuli kelturi jgufebi SemorCa britaneTis kun-Zulebze: irlandielebi, uelselebi, gelebi da safrangeTis Crdilo-dasavleTSi mcxovrebi bretonelebi. mkvdar keltur enebs Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT: menuri, kornuli, keltibe-riuli, lepontiuri, galuri. Zv.w. pirvel aTaswleulSi kel-turi enebi gavrcelebuli iyo evropis mniSvnelovan nawilSi (dRevandeli germaniis nawili, safrangeTi, didi britaneTi, islandia, espaneTi, CrdiloeTi italia). kelturenovani jgufe-bis gavrcelebis areali aRmosavleT karpatebamde da balkane-Tis gziT mcire aziamde aRwevda. gancalkevebiT mdgom, izolirebul, indoevropul enebze la-parakoben berZnebi da albanelebi (Skiptarebi). evropaSi ara-indoevropul enebze SedarebiT mcirericxovani xalxebi lapa-rakoben. ungrelebi, finelebi, karelielebi, estonelebi da sa-amebi (loparebi) uralur enaTa ojaxis finur-ungrul enaTa jgufis enebze metyveleben. enaTa ojaxis saerTo saxelwodeba miuTiTebs, rom CamoTvlil xalxTa winaprebi evropaSi urali-sa da misi mimdebare teritoriebidan arian gadmosaxlebulni. lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT gancalkevebiT dgas baskTa ena. baskuri ena pireneis naxevarkunZulis erT-erTi Zveli enaa. evropis teritoriaze daaxloebiT 80 didi da patara xalxi mkvidrobs, romelTac qvemoT gavecnobiT. XX saukuneSi evropa ori msoflio omis ZiriTadi arena iyo, ramac 60 milionamde adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. dRes evro-pelebs ekonomikuri, kulturuli da politikuri gaerTianebis, SekavSirebis Zlieri tendencia aqvT (am TvalsazrisiT saerTo evropuli fulis erTeulis _ `evros~ SemoRebis dasaxelebac sakmarisia). gasuli saukunis dasasrul, evropis xalxTa inte-graciis Sedegad, eTnikuri kulturis bevri niSani gaqra. amis Sedegia dRes farTod gavrcelebuli iseTi movlena, rogo-ricaa bilingvizmi (orenovneba) da polilingvizmi (mravaleno-vneba). evropa maRalganviTarebuli mecnierebisa da teqnikis ke-raa. evropam msoflios araerTi gamoCenili mxatvari da mwera-li, zRviT mogzauri da mecnieri, politikuri moRvawe misca. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi evropis eTnikuri

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iersaxis formirebaze did gavlenas axdenda demografiuli afeTqebebi, romliTac gamowveuli mosaxleobis didi jgufe-bis gadaadgilebani Zveli eTnosebis kvdomas, gaqrobas da ax-ali xalxebis warmoqmnas iwvevda. eTnotransformaciul pro-cesebs ki Tan axali eTnikuri kulturebis Seqmna sdevda. dRe-vandeli evropuli eTnosebis TiTqmis absoluturi umravleso-ba adreul Sua saukuneebSia warmoqmnili. saerTod, Zveli is-toriidan mxolod ramdenime xalxma moaRwia Cvenamde _ Cine-lebma, sparselebma, somxebma, berZnebma, qarTvelebma da sxveb-ma. amave dros, bevrma maTganma enobrivi transformacia ganica-da. ra elis planetis mosaxleobas da Cvens SemTxvevaSi konk-retulad evropelebs? lev gumiliovis Teoriis mixedviT xom eTnosebi, Cveulebriv, adamianebiviT arian _ isini ibadebian, viTardebian da kvdebian. nuTu ar SeiZleba Tavidan aicilos kacobriobam eTnosebis gaqroba, saerTod mkveTri eTnotrans-formaciuli procesebi? mosalodnelia Tu ara axali demog-rafiuli afeTqebebi? mecnier-demografTa mtkicebiT is gardu-valia. XX saukunis bolos planetis mosaxleoba Tu 6 miliardi iyo, dRes ukve is 6,5 miliards Seadgens. erTi saukunis win ki msoflios mosaxleoba erTi miliards iTvlida. kacobriobis istoriaSi es aris uprecedento mateba. magram rogori Sefar-deba gvaqvs kontinentebis mixedviT? evropas am mxriv dasakvexi araferi aqvs. 1970 wlidan 2000 wlamde monakveTSi mxolod aziis mosaxleoba imdenad gaizarda, rom misi mosaxleobis ra-odenoba msoflios mosaxleobis 1970 wlis raodenobas gauto-lda. 1950 wlidan 2000 wlamde evropis mosaxleobis raodeno-bis wili mTeli planetis mosaxleobis wilSi 21,%-dan 12%-mde Semcirda. rogorc fiqroben, es tendencia SenarCundeba da 2050 wlisaTvis evropis mosaxleoba dedamiwis mosaxleobis mxolod 7% iqneba. ase rom, evropelTa wvlili aswleulSi 2/3-iT Semcirdeba. mecnierTa prognoziT, evropas depopulacia emuqreba. zemoT xsenebuli mateba azielebs, afrikelebs, laTi-noamerikelebs exeba. msoflios demografiul rukaze evropa am TvalsazrisiT erTi feriTaa warmodgenili da am ferSi (zonaSi) ruseTis evropuli nawili da saqarTvelocaa moxved-rili. da Tu evropis rukaze aqa-iq sagangaSo feri ar Cans, ma-galiTad inglisSi, es imiTaa axsnili, rom misi mosaxleobis mateba imigrantebis xarjze moxdeba. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, ukanaskneli 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi aqedan arnaxuli emigracia

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mimdinareobs ZiriTadad fertiluri asakis (20-dan 40 wlamde) adamianebisa. amas Tan erTvis Sobadobis uaRresad dabali do-ne da maRali sikvdilianoba. ase rom, qveynis mosaxleoba am procesebis SeuCereblobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba XVIII-XIX sau-kuneebis mijnis donemde davides. evropeli xalxebis eTnikur istorias da eTnikur kulturas qvemoT cal-calke SevexebiT.

2.2 portugalielebi portugalielebiT dasaxlebuli qveyana _ portugalia mdeba-reobs pireneis naxevarkunZulis dasavleT nawilSi. portuga-liis SemadgenlobaSia agreTve atlantis okeanis kunZulebi _ madeira da azorski. portugalia monoeTnikuri qveyanaa. aq mo-saxleobis 99,7% portugalielia. portugalielebis TviTsaxe-lwodebaa portugeziS. qveyanaSi cxovrobs 9 mil. 800 aTasi portugalieli. mniSvnelovnad didi raodenobiT cxovroben braziliaSi (1 mil. 350 aTasi), aSS-Si (1 mil. 153 aTasi), sa-frangeTSi (850 aTasi), kanadaSi (235 aTasi), germaniaSi (78 aTa-si) da sxv. portugalielebis saerTo raodenoba daaxloebiT 14 milioni kacia. portugalielebi anTropologiurad miekuTvnebian didi ev-ropeiduli rasis indoxmelTaSuazRvispirul rasas. zogierT jgufSi fiqsirdeba negroiduli minarevi. portugalielebi laparakoben portugaliur enaze, romelic Sedis indoevro-pul enaTa ojaxis romanul jgufSi. portugaliuri, portuga-liis garda, gavrcelebulia braziliaSi, afrikis rig qveyneb-Si. am enaze 180 milionze meti adamiani laparakobs. portuga-liur enaSi gamohyofen ramdenime dialeqts: centralurs, Crdilours, samxreTuls da kunZulebis. damwerloba aqvT la-Tinuri anbanis safuZvelze. saliteraturo portugaliur enas safuZvlad udevs centraluri dialeqti. portugaliuri enis formireba romis imperiis epoqaSi daiwyo, rodesac adgilob-rivma luzitanelebma romanizacia ganicades. portugaliur enaze mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina agreTve germaneli sveve-bis metyvelebam. am enam arabulis gavlenac ganicada. mecniere-bi Tanamedrove portugaliur enaSi romaelebamdel kolonis-tTa enebis _ berZnulis, finikiuris, karTagenulis da kelt-iberiulis _ plastebsac pouloben. portugaliur enaze gansa-kuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina agreTve provansalurma da espa-

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nurma enebma. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi espanuri ena portugali-elTaTvis literaturuli ena iyo. portugaliur enaze pirve-li literaturuli Zeglebi _ trubadurTa simRerebi Seqmni-lia XII s. dasasruls. pirveli dokumentebi TariRdeba XII s-is dasasruliTa da XIII s-iT. rac Seexeba pirvel prozaul nawar-moebebs (qronikebi), isini XV saukunes miekuTvneba. portuga-liuri samwignobro enis saukeTeso Zegladaa miCneuli luis kamoneses poema `luziadebi~. portugalielTa umetesoba kaTo-likea. arian iaRovas mowmeebi, mormonebi, baptistebi da sxv. qristianoba pirineis naxevarkunZulze romaelTa batonobis pe-riodSi gavrcelda. gansakuTrebuli religiurobiT gamoirCe-vian Crdilo portugalielebi. CrdiloeT portugalia uZvele-si droidan qveynis religiur centradac iTvleba. aqedan daiw-yo qristianuli droSiT arabi dampyroblebis gandevna. dRemde kaTolike momlocvelTa adgilad rCeba qalaqi braga, sadac agebul iqna portugaliaSi pirveli kaTolikuri taZari. qvey-nis yovel dasaxlebul punqts `Tavisi~ wmindani hyavs. werilobiTi wyaroebiT, Zvelad portugalia dasaxlebuli iyo erT-erTi iberiuli tomiT _ luzitanebiT. isini portu-galiuri eTnosis safuZvlad iqcnen. Zv.w. VI s-Si luzitane-lebs kelturi tomebi Semoesivnen. pireneize, maT Soris por-tugaliaSi, gadmosaxlebulma keltebma maTze mniSvnelovani eTnikuri gavlena moaxdines. romis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi (Zv.w. II-I ss. _ ax.w. V s.) portugaliis mosaxleobam enobrivi da kulturuli romanizacia ganicada. III-IV ss-Si romis impe-ratorebma pireneis TavianT samflobeloebs Soris luzitanis provincia gamohyves. romis imperiis dasasruls luzitanele-bis salaparako ena gaxda laTinuri, romelic Zalian axlos idga galegebis metyvelebasTan. V s-Si portugaliis terito-ria germanulma tomebma daipyres. 409 wels naxevarkunZulis Crdilo-dasavleTi svevebma (germanulma tomebma) daikaves, ro-mlebmac momavali galisia da CrdiloeT portugalia daiqvem-debares da xeli Seuwyves luzitanis mosaxleobis galisiele-bis winaprebTan daaxloebas. V saukunis II naxevarSi svevebi sxva germanulma tomebma _ vestguTebma Seaviwroves. germanul-ma tomebma TandaTan asimilacia ganicades. portugaliur enasa da kulturaze (gansakuTrebiT mis samxreT nawilze) mniSvne-lovani gavlena arab-berberTa batonobam moaxdina (VIII-XIII ss.). arabebma luzitanis miwa pirvelad 714 wels daipyres. rekonkistis periodSi pireneis naxevarkunZulis dasavleTis

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mcxovrebni laparakobdnen romanses galisiur dialeqtze, ro-melic safuZvlad daedo portugaliur enas. portugaliis sag-rafo Sedioda galisiis SemadgenlobaSi. mavrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa leonis espanurma same-fom, romlis xelisufleba Tanamedrove portugaliis Crdilo-eT nawilzec vrceldeboda. Tavisi saxelmwifos sazRvrebis gasamagreblad leonis mefem, alfons VI-em 1095 wels am mi-webze Seqmna gansakuTrebuli sagrafo, romelic man Tavisi ukanono qaliSvilis _ terezas meuRles, burgundiel rainds henrixs uboZa. axal sagrafos erT-erTi patara qalaqis _ por-tus saxelis mixedviT `portukale~ uwodes. henrixis Svili, burgundieli grafi alfons enrikeSi warmatebiT ebrZoda mav-rebs. man 1139 wels orikTan brZolaSi mavrebi daamarcxa. manve uari Tqva leonis samefos vasalur damokidebulebaze da por-tugaliis mefed gamoacxada Tavi. es TariRi miCneulia portu-galiis saxelmwifos dasawyisad. 1143 wels portugaliis damo-ukidebloba leonis mefem oficialurad cno. 1147 wels al-fons enrikeSis armiam arabebs brZoliT qalaqi lisaboni wa-arTva, sadac axali saxelmwifos dedaqalaqic gadaitana. 1249 wels portugalielebma mavrebs brZoliT daatovebines portu-galiis ukanaskneli olqi _ algavri, romlis mosaxleobis eT-nikur Semadgenlobasa da kulturaze arabebma yvelaze didi gavlena moaxdines. portugaliaSi kaTolikuri inkvizicia 1536 wels daiwyo, ro-melic` `eretikosebis~, ZiriTadad moranebis (monaTluli ebra-elebis) da mavrebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. inkviziciis Se-degad bevrma vaWarma da finansistma qveyana datova; Sesustda floti da armia, ris Semdegac portugaliis zRvaze batonoba damTavrda (1581 wlidan zRvaze espanelebi gabatondnen). XV s-Si daiwyo portugaliis koloniuri dapyrobebi. 1415 wels daipyres seuta (maroko), 1418 wels isini gadasaxldnen arqipelag madeiraze, 1431 wels _ azoris kunZulebze. 1459 wels portugalielebma miaRwies gvineas, 1488 wels _ keTili imedis koncxs. 1497-98 ww. vasko da-gamam ipova indoeTSi mimava-li sazRvao gza da indoeTis qalaq kalkutamde mivida. 1500 wels meore portugalielma _ pedru alvares kabralma, rome-lic savaWro mizniT indoeTSi micuravda, ascda ra kurss, brazilia aRmoaCina. 1515 wels daipyres ceiloni. evropelTa-gan monebiT vaWroba pirvelad portugalielebma daiwyes. XVI-XVII ss-Si qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT algavris samxreT provin-

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ciaSi, bevri zangi Seiyvanes, romlebic Semdgom adgilobriv mosaxleobas Seerivnen. istoriaSi portugalia gaxda pirveli koloniuri qveyana, lisaboni ki _ msoflio politikis erT-erTi centrTagani. 1581 wels portugalia espaneTma daipyro, romelTa batonoba aq eqvs aTeul wels gagrZelda. mxolod lisabonSi saxalxo ajanyebis Semdeg da safrangeTisa da inglisis mxardaWeriT portugaliam 1640 wels damoukidebloba moipova da nawilob-riv koloniebic daibruna. portugaliis eTnikur istoriaSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda emigracias, romelic didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg mudmivad intensiurad mimdinareobda. XIX s-sa da XX s-is I na-xevarSi emigranti portugalielebis mniSvnelovani nawili braziliisken miemarTeboda, sadac maT brazilieli eris Camo-yalibebaSi miiRes monawileoba. XIX s-is 60-ian wlebSi erT mi-lionze meti portugalieli samuSaos saZebnelad dasavleT evropis qveynebSi gadasaxlda. 1872-1900 wlebSi ki qveyana 580 aTasma portugalielma datova. 1910 wels SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis Sedegad portugalielebma monarqia daamxes da portugalia respublikad gamocxadda. portugalielTa soflis meurneobis tradiciuli dargia sa-xvneli miwaTmoqmedeba. ZiriTadi kulturebia xorbali (Ziri-Tadad samxreTis provinciaSi _ alenteJuSi) da simindi (Crdi-lo-dasavleTSi). gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs mevenaxeo-bas (upiratesad CrdiloeTSi); ganviTarebulia mebaReoba da zeTisxilis moSeneba. erT sul mosaxleze Rvinis warmoebiT portugalia msoflioSi pirvel adgilzea. meRvineobis mTavari areali mdinare dourus Sua dinebazea. aq mohyavT `portus~ jiSis yurZeni, romlisaganac Zvirad Rirebul portveinis ti-pis Rvinos amzadeben. portugalielebs gaSenebuli aqvT nuSis, vaSlis, msxlis, qliavis (qveynis CrdiloeTSi) da citrusebis (samxreTSi) baRebi. atlantikis kunZulebze mohyavT ananasi da banani. portugalielTa ekonomikaSi meTevzeoba ZvelTaganve mniSvne-lovan rols TamaSobda. eTnografiul literaturaSi arse-bobs mosazreba, rom meTevze mosaxleobis zogierTi jgufi finikieli kolonistebis memkvidreebi arian, romlebmac fini-kielebis kulturis zogierTi niSani SeinarCunes.

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M msxvilfexa rqosani saqoneli meti raodenobiT hyavT Crdi-lo-dasavleTSi, cxvari _ Sida raionebis mTian saZovrebze, Rori _ yvelgan. portugalielebi, rogorc zRvispireTis mcxovrebni, bevr Tevzs Wamen. purs xSirad acxoben xorblis fqvilisa da Wvavis SereviT. qveynis CrdiloeTSi ki purs acxoben xorblis, Wvavi-sa da simindis nareviT. portugalielebSi popularulia lo-bio. maTi sayvareli saWmelia `kanJu~ _ brinjiT Sezavebuli qaTmis bulioni, rasac gemovnebisaTvis Zexvis naWrebsac umate-ben. mTieli portugalielebi yvels cxvrisa da Txis rZisagan am-zadeben. portugalielebSi qorwineba adreul asakSi xdeba. dauqor-wineblebi sakmaod iSviaTni arian. jvriswerisas aucilebelia saeklesio rituali. jer kidev XX s-is dasawyisSi CrdiloeT portugaliaSi Se-morCenili iyo saTemo yofis gadmonaSTebi. magaliTad, gzebi, xidebi, farexebi aq koleqtiurad Sendeboda. soflelebi sa-qonels rigrigobiT aZovebdnen. mwyemsobis vada damokidebuli iyo saqonlis raodenobaze. Tu romelime soflels, avadmyo-fobis gamo, ar SeeZlo miwis nakveTis damuSaveba, mas Tanasof-lelebi exmarebodnen. portugalielTa 93% kaTolikea. iseve rogorc espanelebi, portugalielebic awyoben brwyinvale religiur procesiebs, romlis drosac morwmuneebs moaqvT wmindanTa qandakebebi da bibliur siuJetebze awyoben warmodgenebs. xarebis brZola po-rtugalielTa sayvareli sanaxaobaa. koridas portugaliaSi iseTive fesvebi aqvs, rogorc espaneTSi. xarebis brZolas aw-yoben dResaswaulis dReebSi, lisabonsa da portuSi ki _ yo-vel kviras. sezoni iwyeba aRdgomas da grZeldeba oqtombram-de. espaneTisagan gansxvavebiT aq xarebs ar klaven. portugalielTa musikaluri kultura mdidari da origina-luria. maTi xalxuri simRerebi da musika mniSvnelovnad gans-xvavdeba espanurisagan. simRerebis gavrcelebuli forma iyo kosantebi. kosantebis Sinaarsi sxvadasxvagvaria. isini mavreb-Tan brZolis periodSi (XI-XII ss.) warmoiqmna da glexebi cota xnis winaTac mRerodnen. xalxuri cekvebis manera didad gansx-vavdeba ara marto raionebis, aramed sxvadasxva soflebis mi-xedviTac.

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dasavleT evropaSi erT-erTi pirveli universiteti portuga-lielebma lisabonSi 1290 wels Seqmnes. maTi sanavigacio da kartografiuli mecniereba XVI saukunemde evropelTaTvis samagaliTos warmoadgenda. portugalielebma Seqmnes msofli-oSi zRvaosnobis pirveli skola da verfi (gemTsaSeni) portu-galiuri tipis xomaldebis _ karavelas asaSeneblad. orive es movlena XV saukuneSi, mefe manuel I-is mmarTvelobis periodSi misma Svilma, princma enrikem (henrixma) ganaxor-ciela, romelic metsaxelsac, `zRviTmogzauri~ atarebda. princ enrikes mier organizebuli eqspediciebi samxreT afri-kis sanapiroebze ewyoboda.

2.3. galisielebi galisielebi espaneTis Crdilo-dasavleTSi, galisiis isto-riul mxareSi mkvidri xalxia (eTnosia). galisielebis TviTsa-xelwodebaa `galegos~ (gallegos). galisia moicavs la-koru-nias, lugos, orensesa da pontevedras provinciebs. dReisaTvis espaneTSi galisielTa raodenoba 3 milion 150 aTasia. amerikis kontinentze erT milionze meti galisieli cxovrobs: argen-tinaSi _ 550 aTasi, braziliaSi _ 230 aTasi, venesuelaSi _ 140 aTasi, urugvaiSi _ 60 aTasi, meqsikasa da kubaSi (30-30 aTasi), aSS-Si 20 aTasi. maTi saerTo raodenobaa 4 mil. 200 aTasi kaci. espaneTis danarCeni xalxebisagan galisielebi, upirveles yovlisa, maTi eniT _ gallego-Ti gansxvavdebian, romelic por-tugaliuris monaTesavea, magram mas espanuri enis Zlieri nak-valevi etyoba. amrigad, galisiuri ena indoevropul enaTa ojaxis romanul jgufSi Sedis. mas ara aqvs dialeqtebi. gali-sielebi laparakoben agreTve espanur enaze. galisiuri ena es-panurTan erTad galisiis avtonomiuri olqis (daaxl. 29,4 aTa-si kv.km.) oficialuri enaa. saliteraturo galisiuri enis aR-orZineba iwyeba XIXs. Sua xanebidan. galisielebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis indo-xmelTaSuazRvispirul rasas. galisielTa Taviseburi eTnografiuli ieri pirvelyofili tomebis _ galaikTa kulturis safuZvelze Camoyalibda, rome-lic ufro metad iyo axlos CrdiloeT luzistanTan (portu-galia), vidre iberebTan. keltebma galisielebis formirebaSi ufro didi roli Seasrules, vidre espaneTis sxva xalxebis

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CamoyalibebaSi. galaikTa formireba Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi mosu-li keltebisa da adgilobrivi tomebis estrimnielTa Serevis safuZvelze moxda. galisielebis winaparTa _ galaikTa roma-nizacia romaelTa batonobis periods (ax.w.a. I saukune) ekuTv-nis. galisiidan portugaliis damoukidebeli samefos gamoyo-famde (XII s.), galisielebis kultura da ena viTardeboda CrdiloeT portugaliis kulturasTan erTad. XV s-Si galisia espaneTis samefoSi Sevida, XVI s-Si ki avtonomia da korteseb-Si warmomadgenelTa yolis ufleba dakarga. galisiel feoda-lTa miwebis kastiliasTan SeerTebam kastilizaciis (espaniza-ciis) dasawyisamde migviyvana. galisiuri ena ubralo, saxalxo enis donemde CamoqveiTda (XV s.). mxolod XIX s. Sua xanebSi daiwyo galisielTa kulturis aRdgena. 1981 wels galisias av-tonomia mieca. espaneTis sxva nacionaluri olqebisagan (katalonia da bas-keTi) gansxvavebiT galisia CamorCenili agraruli olqia. ga-lisiaSi miwa nayofieria (la-koruniasa da pondevedroSi we-liwadSi simindis or mosavals iReben). galisielTa erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakvebia simindi, kartofili da Roris xorci. simin-disagan, Cveulebriv, diliT rZian fafas amzadeben. nacionalu-ri galisiuri kerZi pote gallego mzaddeba kartofilis, xulis da Roris lorisagan, romelsac sxvadasxva saneleblebs amate-ben. purs acxoben simindis fqvilisagan, anda simindisa da Wva-vis fqvilis minarevisagan, mTebSi ki ufro xSirad Wvavisagan. es espaneTis erTaderTi mxarea, sadac Sav purs Wamen. galisi-ur ojaxSi (rogorc baskeTsa da asturiaSi) qali mamakacis msgavsad Sromobs. is xnavs, Tesavs, radgan qmari xSirad zRva-Sia gasuli an sxvaganaa wasuli fulis saSovrad. galisia ganTqmulia xalxuri lirikiT, romelmac XIII-XIV ss-Si mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina espanur da portugali-ur poeziaze. xalxuri simRerebi umetesad gunduria. galisiur folklorSi, gansakuTrebiT musikalurSi, igrZnoba kelturi nakvalevi. miwis simcirisa da mrewvelobis sustad ganviTarebis gamo galisielebi yovelwliurad samuSaod midian baskeTSi, kasti-liaSi. Zalian maRalia Sida sezonuri migracia. ufro metad sazRvargareT migrirdebian, rac TiTqmis qveynis tradiciul movlenad iqca. ufro xSirad toveben galisias qalebic, romlebic ZiriTadad laTinur amerikaSi miemgzavrebian. galisielebi kaTolikeebi arian.

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2.4. espanelebi espaneTSi cxovrobs 39,2 milioni kaci. mosaxleobis naxevar-ze meti Tavmoyrilia sanapiro provinciebsa da kunZulebze. Cveulebriv, espaneTis gareT mis mosaxleobas mTlianad espane-lebs uwodeben, Tumca qveynis SigniT mkveTrad igrZnoba eTni-kuri gansxvaveba. mosaxleobis umetesobas espanelebi warmoad-genen (1988 wlis monacemebiT 27,25 milioni kaci). isini gansax-lebulni arian kastiliaSi, asturiaSi, leonSi, estremadurSi, aragonSi, andalusiaSi, mursiasa da valensiaSi; cxovroben ag-reTve katalonielebi (7 mil. 900 aTasi); galisielebi (3,12 mil.); baskebi (maTi ricxvi espaneTSi ganisazRvreba 600 aTasi-dan 1 mil. 800 aTasamde). espaneTis samxreTSi cxovrobs mobina-dre boSebis (cignebis) gansakuTrebuli jgufi _ gitanosebi (daaxl. 30 aTasi). espanelebi, romelTa TviTsaxelwodebaa espanoles, cxovro-ben agreTve afrikaSi (maroko, alJiri da sxv. _ daaxl. 35 aTa-si kaci), amerikaSi (1 mil. 220 aTasi kaci; maT Soris argentina-Si, braziliaSi, aSS-Si _ 200 aTasi, meqsikaSi _ 100 aTasi). ev-ropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi erT milionamde espanelia gafantu-li, maT Soris safrangeTSi _ 500 aTasi, germaniaSi _ 174 aTa-si. espanelebi didi evropeiduli rasis indoxmelTaSuazRvispi-rul rasas miekuTvnebian. espanuri ena indoevropul enaTa ojaxis romanul jgufSi Sedis. is espaneTis saxelmwifo da saliteraturo enaa. espanu-ri ena oficialuri enaa agreTve laTinuri amerikis 19 qveyana-Si. espanur enaze molaparakeTa saerTo raodenoba 300 milions aWarbebs. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis eqvsi enidan es-panuri erT-erTi oficialuri enaa. XVI s-mde mas ufro `kas-tiliur enas~ uwodebdnen. saliteraturo enas safuZvlad udevs kastiliuri dialeqti. kastiliur enaze Seqmnili uZve-lesi Zegli 1140 wliT TariRdeba. espanuri enis nairsaxeobaa espanuri ebrauli (sefariduli) ena. espaneTSi gansakuTrebul enebze laparakoben, literatura aqvT baskebs, katalonie-lebsa da galisielebs. TviT espanur enaSi gamoiyofa ramdeni-me dialeqti: leono-asturiuli (Crdilo-dasavleTSi), arago-no-navariuli (Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi), andalusiuri (samxre-TSi), kastiliuri (qveynis danarCen nawilSi). damwerloba Seq-mnili aqvT laTinuri anbanis safuZvelze.

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espaneTi mdebareobs evropis samxreT-dasavleTSi da ukavia pireneis naxevarkunZulis 5/6, balearisa da pitiuis kunZulebi xmelTaSua zRvaSi da kanarisa _ atlantis okeaneSi. qveynis saerTo farTobia 504,8 aTasi kv.km. espaneTis teritoriis 60%-ze meti zRvis donidan 500 metrzea. dablobs ukavia mxolod 11%. qveynis yvelaze didi dablobia andalusiis veli. arago-nis dablobTan erTad is qveynis sameurneo cxovrebaSi umniSv-nelovanes rols asrulebs. Sua saukuneebis samefoebs Soris sazRvrebi mTebze gadioda (axla maT istoriul olqebs uwo-deben). aq bunebrivi da istoriuli olqebi TiTqmis erTmaneTs emTxveva. magaliTad, rodesac vlaparakobT aragonze, masSi Se-iZleba vigulisxmoT istoriuli olqica da dablobic. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi espaneTis te-ritoriaze ukve cxovrobdnen iberebi (baskTa winaprebi?). Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi pireneis naxevarkunZulma orjer ganicada kelturi tomebis Semoseva. Zv.w. III saukunisaT-vis keltebma naxevarkunZulidan TiTqmis mTlianad gamoaZeves iberiuli tomebi, magram zogierT adgilze isini didi raode-nobiT darCnen (galisiaSi, portugaliaSi). centrSi ki iberebs Seerivnen da Camoyalibda kelt-iberebis tomebi. sakmaod mdidari iberTa qveyana xmelTaSuazRvispireTidan kolonistTa yuradRebas ipyrobda. aseT kolonistTagan pirve-lni iyvnen finikielebi, romlebic aq Zv.w. XI-VIII saukuneebs Soris dafuZndnen. ptolemaiosis cnobiT, samxreT espaneTis TerTmeti qalaqis mcxovrebni finikielTa STamomavlebi iyvnen. finikielTa gavlenis kvali SemorCa keramikas. finikiuri didi gavlena gansakuTrebiT aRiniSneba iberiul damwerlobaze (ro-melic jer kidev araa amokiTxuli). Zv.w. VII s-Si espaneTis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze berZe-ni vaWrebi movidnen. maT dRevandel kastiliaSi daafuZnes ko-loniebi: emporia, roda, mainka... gaecnen ra jer kidev adreu-li periodidanve berZnebma espaneTs gesperia (dasavleTis qve-yana) uwodes, gvian ki mas iberia Searqves. es saxeli mas roma-elTa dapyrobebamde erqva. berZnulma koloniebma iberiaze didi gavlena moaxdina da maTi gvarovnul-tomobrivi wyobilebis rRvevac daaCqara. ber-Znebma iberiaSi meRvineobis tradicia da zeiTunis kultura moitanes. xangrZlivi brZolis Semdeg berZnebma iberiidan karTagene-lebi gamodevnes, romlebmac samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroze

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ramdenime kolonia daaarses, maT Soris Zv.w. III s-Si _ axali karTageni (Tanamedrove kartaxeni). marTalia, axalma kolonis-tebma samxreTsa da samxreT-dasavleTSi iberiuli tomebi dai-morCiles, magram maTi eTnikuri gavlena ufro susti iyo, vid-re finikielebisa. Zv.w. 206 wels karTagenelebi romaelebma gaaZeves. maTi mosvlisas aq mravalricxovani tomebi mkvidrobdnen, romlebic xSirad kavSirebSi erTiandebodnen. pireneis naxevarkunZuli ax.w. V s-mde romis gamgeblobaSi iyo. qveynis dRevandeli saxelwodeba _ espaneTi pirvelad ro-maul wyaroebSi gvxvdeba. avgustusis dros (Zv.w. 30 w. _ ax.w. 14 w.) espaneTi dayofili iyo tarakoniis (aRmosavleTi, centri da CrdiloeTi), betikis (Tanamedrove andalusia) da luzista-nis (dRevandeli portugalia) provinciebad. ax.w. III s-Si tara-konias gamoeyo galisa, romelic Tanamedrove galisiasTan er-Tad asturiasac moicavda. ase rom, romaelTa administraciu-li dayofa Zvel tomobriv sazRvrebsac iTvaliswinebda. romae-lebis adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan mudmivi omebis miuxeda-vad, gansakuTrebiT luzistanelebsa da kelt-iberebTan, abori-genebSi romaelTa Serevis maCvenebeli maRali iyo. Zv.w. 196 da 168 wlebSi espaneTSi 150 aTasi romaeli meomari gadaisroles, romlebic Semdeg aq darCnen. am dros ki Sereuli qorwinebebi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. titus livius cnobiT, ukve 171 w. (Zv.w.) romael jariskacTa 4 aTas STamomavalsa da espanel qals sacxovreblad qalaqi kartea uboZes. qveynis romaniza-cia adgilobrivi tomebisa da romaelTa mravalmxrivi urTier-Tobis Sedegi iyo, rasac Tan meurneobaSi romauli formebis, socialuri urTierTobis, kulturisa da enis danergva axlda. TandaTan xalxis salaparako enad iqca `xalxuri laTinuri~, romelic damwerlobaSi XI s-is Sua xanebamde SemorCa. qveynis sxvadasxva mxareSi Camoyalibebis procesSi myof romanul en-ebs Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba iyo. isini sxvadasxva enobriv substratze dayrdnobiT da romaelTa mier espaneTis sxvada-sxva raionis aTvisebis xarisxis mixedviT warmoiqmnebodnen. amitom yvelaze swrafad moxda im mxareebis laTinizireba, sadac didi qalaqebi iyo: betika (andalusia), luzistaniis sam-xreTi da tarakoniis aRmosavleTi nawili (Tanamedrove kata-lonia), sadac romaeli aristokratiisa da inteligenciis mier saliteraturo laTinuri inergeboda. sustad romanizirebule-bi iyvnen centralursa da CrdiloeTSi gansaxlebuli tomebi. TiTqmis ar Seexo laTinizacia vaskonias. CrdiloeTSi adgi-

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lobriv mosaxleobasTan urTierToba, kavSiri hqondaT ubra-lo meomrebs, miwaTmoqmedebs, gadasaxadis amkrefT, vaWrebs, romlebic xalxur laTinur metyvelebas avrcelebdnen. es Ta-viseburebani gvian gamomJRavnda pireneis naxevarkunZulis eneb-sa (kastiliuri, kataloniuri, galisiuri, portugaliuri) da maT dialeqtebSi. 409 wels espaneTSi germanuli tomebi _ svevebi, vandalebi da alanTa sarmatuli tomebi dasaxldnen. mosulebs mxars V s-Si ajanyebuli monebi _ bagudebi uWerdnen, romelTa moZrao-ba Tavdapirvelad galiaSi daiwyo da Semdeg espaneTis Crdi-loeTSi gadainacvla. vandalebma da svevebma daikaves galisia, alanebma _ luzistanisa da kartaxenis provinciebi, vandaleb-ma _ betika. Crdilo-aRmosavleTi imperiis xelSi darCa. 414 wels espaneTSi galiidan vestguTTa germanuli tomebi SeiWrnen, romlebmac VI s-is dasasrulisaTvis mTeli pireneis naxevarkunZuli daiqvemdebares. 429 wels svevebma vandalebi da alanebi afrikaSi gadarekes da galisiisa da CrdiloeT luzi-tanis miwebze Seqmnes samefo, romelmac 585 w-mde iarseba. sve-vebis 170-wlianma batonobam galisiuri metyvelebis Camoyali-beba ganapiroba. VI-VII ss-Si vestguTebSi feodaluri urTierToba ganviTar-da. romael miwaTmoqmedebTan Sereulma vestguTTa samxedro didebulebma glexoba ymad gaixades. vestguTebis mefeebma ad-gilobrivi da mosuli didebulebis Sereva daaCqares. dapyro-bili miwebis samudamod dasakuTrebis mizniT, Sereuli qor-winebebic ki dauSves. vestguTebma da sxva germanulma tomebma, romlebic espaneT-Si SeWrisas mosaxleobis 3%-s Seadgendnen da kargad icnobd-nen romaul kulturas, advilad aiTvises romanizebuli mosax-leobis ena. guTuri enis wvlili espanuri enis leqsikaSi di-di araa _ mxolod 90 sityvas iTvlian, romlis umetesoba samxedro saqmesTanaa dakavSirebuli. im drois espaneTis mosaxleoba sam ZiriTad jgufad iyofo-da: germanuli (sxvadasxva tomebi), romanuli (romaelebi da romanizebuli mosaxleoba) da Sereuli Semadgenlobis adgi-lobrivi mosaxleoba. espaneTis miwa germanelebma romis imperias gamostaces da Sesabamisad mkvidr mosaxleobaze romauli administraciis, laTinuri enisa da romauli kulturis gavlenac Sesustda.

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amave dros, naxevarkunZulis mosaxleobis eTnikur iersaxeze germanelTa gavlena SesamCnevi ar iyo. IV s-Si espaneTis mosaxleobis umetesobam qristianoba miiRo. V s-Si vestguTebis SeWrasTan erTad espaneTSi arianeloba ga-vrcelda, magram ukve 587 (an 589) wels toledos krebaze mefe rekaredim Tavis ojaxTan erTad kaTolikoba miiRo, romelic aqedan moyolebuli espaneTis saxelmwifo religiad iqca. 711 wels espaneTSi arabebi SeiWrnen. maT vestguTi feodale-bisagan winaaRmdegoba ar SexvedriaT da Svidi wlis Semdeg TiTqmis mTeli pireneis naxevarkunZuli dampyrobTa xelSi aR-moCnda. espanelebi axal dampyroblebs mavrebs uwodebdnen. arabebma mahmadianobis gavrceleba daiwyes. arabebi da berbere-bi Tavidanve xalisiT qorwindebodnen espanelebze. arabTa gav-lena espaneTis mosaxleobis kulturul da sameurneo cxovre-baze Zalian didi iyo. maT naxevarkunZulze moitanes sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebis sistema, axali sasoflo-sameurneo kulture-bi. andalusiis, seviliis, kordobis, granadis qalaqebi xelos-nuri warmoebisa da vaWrobis mdidar centrebad gadaaqcies. qveynis samxreTiT _ qalaqebSi dRemdea Semonaxuli arabuli arqiteqturis naSTebi. arabulma mecnierebam (ZiriTadad maTe-matikam) da literaturam (gansakuTrebiT lirikam) didi gavle-na moaxdina ara marto espanur, aramed mTel evropul kultu-raze. Tavis mxriv, espaneTi aRmosavleTSi evropuli kulturis gzis maCvenebeli (gamtari) gaxda. Tanamedrove espanur enaSi Sesulia mdidari arabuli leqsi-ka. arabebma espanelTa nacionaluri TviTSegnebis gaRvivebasac Seuwyves xeli. romanizebuli qristianebi, rogorc erTi mTli-ani erTeuli, arabulenovan muslimebs upirispirdebodnen. arabuli da vestguTuri dapyrobebi baskebs ar SexebiaT. 1139 wels portugalia calke samefod Camoyalibda. istoriuli pi-robebis gamo naxevarkunZulis mosaxleobis mudmivi Sereva xdeboda, ramac erTiani espanuri enis Camoyalibeba ganapiroba. XI s-mde oficialuri dokumentebis enad CrdiloeTis saxelm-wifoebSi laTinuri rCeboda, magram am enaSi ukve adgilobri-vi salaparako dialeqtebidan Zalian bevri sityva iyo Sesuli. XI-XIII saukuneebSi qristianebma arabebs mTeli naxevarkunZu-li, granadis emiratis garda, iaraRiT daatovebines. mavrebisa-gan espanuri miwebis brZoliT gaTavisuflebaSi mTavari roli leono-kastiliis gaerTianebam iTamaSa, romelsac XIII s-Si na-xevarkunZulis 3/5 eWira. aragonel-katalonielebma muslimebs

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waarTves balearis kunZuli (am droidan moikida aq fexi kata-lanurma enam) da daipyres valensia. katalanuri enis dialeq-ti _ valensiano dRemde Semoinaxa Tanamedrove valensiis provinciis Crdilo-dasavleT raionebSi. espanelTa eTnikuri birTvis enad kastiliuri iqca, radgan kastilia wamyvan rols TamaSobda jer rekonkistaSi (rekonkista _ VIII-XV ss-Si pire-neis naxevarkunZulis xalxebis mier arabebisagan dapyrobili teritoriebis brZoliT ukan dabruneba), Semdeg ki espaneTis gaerTianebul absolutur saxelmwifoSi. ukve XII s-Si swored am enaze Seiqmna iseTi literaturuli Zegli, rogoricaa eposi `simRera Cems sidaze~. rekonkistis periodSi Caisaxa Sua saukuneebis espaneTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli religiuri fanatizmi. religiuri erTobis TviTSegneba musulmanTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi espanelTa erov-nul TviTSegnebasac aRvivebda. 1479 wels moxda ori didi Zli-eri saxelmwifoebrivi kavSiris _ aragona-kataloniisa da kas-tilia-leonis gaerTianeba, rac mefe ferdinand aragonelisa da izabela kastilielis qorwinebis Sedegad iqna miRweuli. ase Seiqmna didi saxelmwifo, romelic moicavda pireneis naxe-varkunZulis did nawils, balearis kunZuls, sicilias, sardi-niasa da samxreT italias. 1492 wels daeca granada da naxevarkunZuli mavrebisagan gaw-mindes. Camoyalibda espaneTis samefos erTiani teritoria. granadis dacemis Semdeg espaneTidan male gaaZeves ebraelebi, romelTa raodenobas 165 aTasidan 800 aTasamde angariSoben. maTi STamomavlebi (sefaridebi, daaxl. 100 aTasi) ZiriTadad TurqeTSi, bulgareTsa da serbeTSi cxovroben. isini lapara-koben XV s-is espanurTan axlos mdgom enaze. erTi saukunis Semdeg, 1610 wels, gaaZeves moriskebi (mavrebi, romelTac qris-tianoba hqondaT miRebuli). daaxloebiT 500 aTasma qristianma mavrma espaneTi datova. muslimTa, ebraelTa, protestantTa da sxva `eretikosTa~ winaaRmdeg brZolis iaraRi gaxda `wminda inkvizicia~, rome-lic Zalian aqtiuri iyo XV-XVI ss-Si. inkvizicia XVIII s-mde ar Semwydara. qveyanaSi am organizaciis arsebobis dros koco-nze daaxl. 3 mil. kaci dawves. espanuri kultura did aRmavlobas ganicdida XVI-XVII ss-Si, magram Semdeg politikuri da ekonomikuri donis dacemam qvey-nis raionebs Soris kavSirebi Seasusta. gaxSirda maTi poli-tikuri gancalkevebuloba. centrs gansakuTrebiT ganapira mxa-

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reebi mowydnen, romlebic Zlier gansxvavebuli enobrivi viTa-rebiT gamoirCeodnen; aq gansakuTrebuli xalxebi (eTnosebi) Camoyalibdnen: galisielebi, katalonielebi, baskebi. naxevar-kunZulis sxva nawilebSi (kastilia, asturia, leoni, aragona, estremadura, andalusia) didxans SemorCa adgilobrivi dia-leqtebi, ekonomikuri da eTnografiuli Taviseburebani. espane-Tis mxareebs Soris gansxvaveba didi iyo XVIII saukuneSic, roca saxelmwifo 12 samefod da provinciad daiyo. XX s-is Sua xanebamde espaneTis eTnografiul mxareeebs SemorCenili hqonda sameurneo, kulturuli, yofiTi TavisTavadoba. 1983 wels eTnikuri umciresobebiTa da sakuTriv espanelebiT dasaxlebul yvela istoriul mxares avtonomia mieca. espaneTi ganviTarebuli miwaTmoqmedebis (maT Soris sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebis) qveyanaa. aseve ganviTarebulia mesaqonleoba, TevzWera. sazogadoebrivi yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kaTolikuri tradiciebisadmi erTguleba. yvela sofelsa da qalaqs hyavs Tavisi wminda mfarveli ( sant iago, san antoni, san blasi, san brose), romlis xsenebis dRe sazeimod aRiniSneba. aseve yvela profesias Tavisi `patroni~ hyavs, magaliTad, madrideli msa-xiobebi, Cveulebriv, san sebastianis, anda virxen del buen portos eklesiebSi dadian. espaneTi msoflioSi moxmarebuli zeTisxilis 50%-s awarmo-ebs. espaneTis soflis meurneobaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs cit-rusebis moyvanas. citrusebis moweviT espaneTs aSS-is Semdeg meore adgili ukavia, eqsportiT ki _ pirveli. italiis Semdeg espaneTi meore adgilzea nuSis moyvaniT. is mevenaxeobiTa da mebaReobiT ganTqmuli qveyanaa. 1961 wlis monacemebiT venaxebis farTobiT meore adgilze iyo, Rvinis warmoebiT - mesameze. tradiciulad kastiliaSi yurZens did kodebSi yridnen da fexebiT wuravdnen. mecxvareoba mTel espaneTSia gavrclebuli, sanapiro raione-bisa da madridis Semogarenis garda. TiTqmis yvela saWmels zeiTunis zeTiT amzadeben. yvela mxa-res aqvs tradiciuli kerZi. espanel xalxSi Semonaxulia qristianobamdeli rwmena-war-modgenebi, romelTac msgavseba aqvT berZnul-romaul da cent-ralurevropul samyarosa da miTologiasTan. Taviseburi saojaxo yofaa SemorCenili zogierT izolire-bul mxaresa da sxvadasxva eTnografiuli jgufis warmomad-

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genlebSi. magaliTad, gansakuTrebuli tendencia endogamiuri (Sida) qorwinebisa dRemde SeimCneva leonis maragateris mTian raionSi, gipuskuas raionis baskebSi. sakmaod mkacri eTnikuri an samxareo endogamiis mizezi sxvadasxvaa, baskebSi ki amas asimilaciisagan Tavis dacva ganapirobebs. kabrera baxas mxareSi (leoni) jer kidev XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi SeimCneoda wes-Cveuleba, romelic `ceibas~ saxeliT iyo cnobili. mas bevri eTnografi ganixilavs, rogorc pro-miskuitetis (adamianTa mouwesrigebeli sqesobrivi urTierTo-ba pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi, qorwinebisa da ojaxis warmo-Sobamde) sqesobrivi urTierTobis gadmonaSTs pirvelyofili droidan. am raionis axalgazrdebs (qaliSvilebi da vaJebi) yo-vel wels, maisidan oqtombris CaTvliT, erTad sZinavT Tivis bululebSi (saTiveSi). mxolod amis Semdeg, gemovnebis mixed-viT, mamakacebi sacoled irCeven gogonebs. Lla baniaSi (leoni) Tavisufali, qorwinebamdeli, Tanacxovreba nebadarTuli iyo yoveli wlis agvistoSi. XIX s. dasasrulamde leonis or raionSi (valensia de don suansa da saagunSi) dislokaluri qorwinebis wes-Cveuleba Se-moinaxa. coli da qmari erTad, erTi saxuravis qveS iwvnen mxolod qorwilis Semdeg Rames. Semdeg isini kvlav mSoblebis saxlSi midiodnen, romlebTan erTad awarmoebdnen saerTo meurneobas, erTmaneTs ki ewveodnen mxolod colqmruli mova-leobis Sesasruleblad. TavianT ojaxs (keras) isini qmnidnen mxolod mSoblebis sikvdilis Semdeg, rodesac ukve hyavdaT sami-oTxi bavSvi, romlebic dedis ojaxSi izrdebodnen. Zveli qristianuli tradiciiT micvalebuls krZalavdnen Te-Tri sudariT. asturiaSi, santanderSi, galisiasa da aragonaSi qalebi dakrZalvis dros xSirad xmamaRla moTqvamen. XX s-is dasawyisSi CrdiloeTis bevr raionSi dakrZalvisas specialu-rad qiraobdnen damtireblebs. dakrZalvis dRes gamcileblebs CrdiloeTSi uxvad umaspinZldebian (qelexi), samxreTSi ki mxolod puriTa da RviniT. espanelebSi gvxvdeba mamakacTa kavSirebis gadmonaSTi. bevr raionSi soflis axalgazrdebi ayalibeben Zmobas, romelSic ar daiSvebian qalebi da coliani mamakacebi. mas uwodeben `rodnas~ (wre). mamakacTa am korporaciaSi Sesvla SeiZleboda TxuTmeti wlis asakidan. amisaTvis saWiro iyo gadasaxadis Se-tana. amis Semdeg Wabuks (axalgazrdas) ufleba hqonda Tavisi pueblodan gaarSiyeboda gogonas, rondis wevrebTan erTad

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emRera Ramis serenadebi, monawileoba mieRo kalendaruli dResaswaulebis ritualur wes-CveulebebSi. ronda awyobda mxiarul vaxSmobebs, mefis dRes, martis karnavalebs. espanelTaTvis tradiciulia xarebTan brZola. espaneli eT-nologebi Tvlian, rom xarebTan brZola wminda nacionaluri espanuri sanaxaobaa, romlis Zirebi pirvelyofil istoriaSia, rodesac xari iberebis totemuri cxoveli iyo. Tanamedrove espaneTSi SemorCenilia mravali xalxuri TamaSi xarebTan, romlebic, rogorc Cans, SemorCa im droidan, rodesac korida profesiuli xelovneba ar iyo. sayovelTaod cnobilia espanuri simRerebi da cekvebi. war-modgena erTi stilis espanuri simRerisa da cekvis Sesaxeb iseTive Secdomaa, rogorc azri erTi saxeobis espanuri sax-lis an erTi stilis espanuri kostiumis Sesaxeb. literatu-raSi dafiqsirebulia daaxloebiT aTasi saxe simRerisa, sxva-dasxva melodiiT, cekvisa ki _ aTas xuTasi. xSirad or sofe-lSi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan sami kilometriTac ki ar aris daSorebuli, mRerian sruliad gansxvavebul simRerebs. am mxriv gansxvaveba ufro metad igrZnoba sxvadasxva istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebs Soris. gansakuTrebiT nacionaluri Ta-visTavadobiT istoriuli romansebi, religiuri da lirikuli simRerebi da cekva-simRerebi gamoirCeva. espaneTSi cekvebi or ZiriTad jgufad iyofa: 1) ritualuri _ specialurad momzade-buli, saguldagulo kompoziciiT damuSavebuli. maT, upirve-les yovlisa, `bailess~ uwodeben da 2) TavSesaqcevi cekvebi, romlebsac, Cveulebriv, `danzas~ saxeliT moixsenieben. originaluria espanuri xalxuri gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis ni-muSebi, romlebsac Taviseburebas iberiul-kelturi da muslimuri elementebic aniWebs. gansakuTrebulia espanuri anTroponimuli modeli. masSi ra-mdenime tipur SemTxvevas gamoyofen: 1. ubralo orwevriani mo-deli, romelic sakuTari (piradi) saxelisa (nombre de pila) da gvarsaxelis (nombre de apellido) erTobliobas warmoadgens, maga-liTad, Mario Saenz; 2. ori individualuri saxelisa da erTi gvarsaxelis Semcveli samwevriani modeli (magaliTad, Juan Ro-mulo Fernandez); 3. mravalwevriani modeli, romelSic SeiZleba Sediodes erTi an ramdenime piradi saxeli da ori gvarsaxe-li. aseT SemTxvevaSi ori an meti gvarsaxeli erTmaneTTan e, de nawilakebis saSualebiTaa SeerTebuli, an artiklisa da de na-wilakis kombinaciiT (de la, de los, de las, del): Gustavo Arboleda y Res-

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tero; Josefa Fernandez de Garay, Rosa Arcidiega de la Torre, Maximo Far-fan de las Godes; Antonio Espionosa de los Monteros... Tanamedrove espanur sakuTar saxelebSi gvxvdeba berZnuli, romauli, arabuli, germanuli, Zvelebrauli saxelebi. Tumca piradi saxelebi ZiriTadad kanonizebuli qristianul-kaToli-kuri saxelebia. Cveulebriv, bavSvs erT, or an ramdenime sa-xels arqmeven. espanuri gvarebis struqturuli modeli ufro xSirad or komponents _ mamisa da dedis gvarsaxelebs Seicavs, romlebic umetesad y nawilakiT aris SeerTebuli (Menender y Pelayo). Tu Joosé González-s da mis cols Feliciana Martinez de Gonzalez-s vaJi SeeZinebaT, romelsac Enrique-s daarqmeven, maSin gvarsaxeli iqneba Gonzalez y Martinez. Tu vinme Juan Franciso Velarde y Nuñes (romelSic Velarde mamis gvaria, Nunēz _ dedisa) daqorwinda gogonaze, romelsac hqvia Luisa Gutiérrez y Romero, qorwinebis Semdeg am ukanasknels uwodeben: Luisa Gutiérres De Vilarde. maTi Svilis gvari ki iqneba Velarde y Gutierrez. mSobelTa gvarebis SeerTebis sxva variantebic gvxvdeba. struqturiT espanuri gvarebi Semdegnairad klasificirdeba: 1. patronimiuli gvarsaxelebi. isini bolovdeba -az, -ez, -iz, -oz, -uz sufiqsebiT. espanuri gvarebis es daboloebani saxecvlili laTinuri sityvebidn _ filius da prolis _ aris warmoqmnili. ori-ve es sityva naTesaobiT brunvaSi mdgom mamis saxels misdevda (Estebanez _ estebanes Svili, Alvarez anda Alvaroz _ alvaros Svi-li). 2. metsaxelisa da epiTetidan warmoqmnili gvarebi (Calvo calvo-dan, `meloti~; Aleman aleman-dan, `germanuli~; Blanco blan-co-dan, `TeTri~, `WaRara~). 3. profesiuli tipis gvarsaxelebi (Herrera herrero-dan, `mWedeli~; Caldoron caldoron-dan `mespilenZe~). 4. toponimebidan warmoqmnili gvarebi (Belleto Gallego, e.i. bele-to galisieli Galicia-dan; Pedro de Cardona, e.i. pedro kardoni-dan. bevri espanuri gvari ucxo warmoSobisaa (arabuli, irlandi-uri, inglisuri, germanuli...). arabuli Ben Eaas-i Venegas-ad iq-ca, irlandiuri O'Brie-Obpen-ad, Sotlandiuri Mac Donald-i Maldonado-d, inglisuri Harris-i _ Aris-ad... espaneTi cnobilia Tavisi ganaTlebis doniT. qveyanaSi aris 13 saxelmwifo universiteti, romelTaganac uZvelesi XIII-XIV ss-Si salamankaSi (1230), valensiasa (1245) da oveidoSi (1317) da-arsda. madridSia umsxvilesi samecniero dawesebuleba _ espa-

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neTis akademia. ferweris korifeebi iyvnen espaneli mxatvrebi: el greko, x. ribera, d. velaskesi, f. goia, s. dali, p. pikaso da sxva. diego velaskesi iyo filipe IV-is karis fermweri. is xatavda suraTebs religiur, miTologiur, istoriul siuJete-bze; scenebs xalxTa cxovrebidan, mZafrxasiaTian portretebs. msoflios kulturaSi erT-erTi wamyvani adgili ukavia espa-nur literaturas. espanuri aRorZinebis epoqis didma warmo-madgenelma lope de vegam (1562-1635) 2000-ze meti piesa Seqmna, romelTagan gamocemulia xuTasi (dramebi, komediebi). didi es-paneli poeti iyo f. garsia lorka (1895-1936). msoflio kultu-raze didi gavlena moaxdina saavedra migel de servantesma (1547-1616). mis `don-kixotSi~ organuladaa erTmaneTTan Serwy-muli realizmi, heroika da romantika. is aRorZinebis epoqis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawarmoebia. salvador de madariagas daxasiaTebiT espaneli vnebiani, Ji-niani adamianis gansaxierebaa. misTvis arc gatacebiTi cxovre-baa ucxo. espanelisaTvis piradi gamocdileba, simpatiebi, erT-guleba ufro Zvirfasia, vidre abstraqtuli ideebi da princi-pebi. espanels ar uyvars Tavisi arseboba cxovrebis mkacri ga-nawesiT daanawevros da romelime saqmianobaSi specialdeba. misTvis nakleb damaxasiaTebelia `sasargeblo~ gataceba: yo-fis gaumjobesebasTan dakavSirebuli gamomgonebloba, hobi. is eZebs mSfoTvare, daucxromel, yovlisSTanmTqmel gatacebebs. espaneli Rrmad pirovnulia. madariagas sityvebiT, espanur fi-losofias xangrZlivi da rTuli istoria aqvs. masSi naerTis saxiTaa warmodgenili evropuli da arabuli elementebi, qris-tianuli sindisi da sokratiseuli goneba. espanuri filoso-fia sistemas ar qmnis, magram eswrafvis gamoxatos naTlad, cxadad da xatovnad. espaneTSi, iseve rogorc sxvagan, ver gan-viTarda samecniero-teqnikuri, ekonomikuri, politikur-admini-straciuli saqmianoba. amis gamo didi xnis ganmavlobaSi is sasoflo-sameurneo da CamorCenili qveyana iyo. amave dros, emociuroba, intuicia, ganmWvreteloba iseTi wyaroebi iyo, ro-mlebmac ganapirobes maRali filosofiuri, mxatvruli da re-ligiuri kulturis Seqmna. espanelis saqmianoba-moRvaweobis yvelaze Cveuli sferoebia eklesia, armia da xelovneba. isini arian Tamami avantiuristebi, mogzaurebi, genialuri mxatvrebi, STagonebuli mqadagebel-misionrebi, inkvizitorebi, `mudmivi saxeebis~ _ don-kixotisa da don-Juanis Semqmnelebi. igive av-tori espanelTa or umniSvnelovanes Tvisebasac asaxelebs _

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individualizmsa da humanizms, romlebic erTmaneTTan mWid-rod aris dakavSirebuli da dominirebs maT mSfoTvare da daudgromel xasiaTSi. espanels `faseulobebis gadabrunebuli Skala~ aqvs. centrSi Tavadaa, mis irgvliv axloblebi, megob-rebi da naTesavebi arian, meore adgilze qalaqis da provi-nciis interesebi aqvs dayenebuli, mesameze ki qveynis interese-bi da kacobriobis, rogorc mTlianis, saxe bundovnad. espaneTSi Cvidmeti provinciaa da TiToeul maTgans Tavisi sakuTari dedaqalaqi, droSa, kanonebi da zogierT maTgans enac ki aqvs. frangebi Tu eswrafodnen da bolos da bolos miaRwies mTels qveyanaSi erTi enis gavrcelebas, espanelebma es ar gaakeTes, piriqiT, espanuri provinciebi yovelTvis enob-rivi damoukideblobisaken miiswrafodnen. frankos sikvdilis Semdeg, romelic separatizmis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda, provincie-bi kvlav sakuTar enebze gadavidnen. marTalia, espanelebs axa-siaTebT erTmaneTsa da sxvebs umtkicon, rom isini patriotebi da nacionalistebi arian, magram samSoblod xSirad aRiqvamen ara espaneTs, aramed baskebis qveyanas, katalonias, kastilias, galisias. espanelTa individualizmiTaa ganpirobebuli norma-luri partiebis simcire da moqmedi politikuri partiebis mravalricxovneba. samxreTeli espanelebis individualizmi ga-movlenilia agreTve imaSi, rom isini Zalian erTgulni arian ojaxis, axlo megobrebis, naTesavebis, romlebic maTTvis gaci-lebiT mniSvnelovanni arian, vidre materialuri sikeTe da po-litika. saojaxo wreSi espaneli bavSvebi da moxucebi Tavs sa-kmaod komfortulad grZnoben. xSirad xvdebian erTmaneTs sao-jaxo sufrebze Tu restornebsa da barebSi. sazogadoebrivi Tavyrilobebi dausruleblad da didxans grZeldeba. miuRebe-lia vinmes laparaki Seawyvetinon. sizuste da valdebuleba espanuri xasiaTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris. espaneTis sa-xelmwifo samsaxurSi samuSao saaTebi zustad gansazRvruli ara aqvT. amave dros, kalendarSi TiTqmis yoveli dRe sadRe-saswauloa, magaliTad, romelime wmindanis. aseT dReebSi ki, Cveulebriv, Aar muSaoben. Tanamdebobis pirebi xSirad ama Tu im dokumentze xels duqanSi aweren Suamavlebis saSualebiT. espaneli arsad arasdros ar Cqarobs. espanelTa politikuri azri bundovani da cvalebadia. arCevnebze xmas aZleven megob-rebs, naTesavebs da ara romelime gansazRvrul politikur programas. bevri socialuri institutis sisuste espanelTa individualizmiTa da racionalizmis arasakmarisobiT aris ax-

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snili. espanelisaTvis sxva adamiani SeiZleba iyos mteri an moyvare, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi rogorc naciis, klasis, partiis warmomadgeneli. araa gasakviri, rom espaneTSi verc komunisturma da verc faSisturma ideologiam gamarjveba ver moipova _ maT Soris brZola piradi xelisuflebis gamarjve-biT damTavrda. espanuri xelovneba xalxuri da amasTan erTad individualuria. gunduri simRerebi TiTqmis ar arsebobs. mso-flios ferweris klasikosebi arian espaneli mxatvrebi: ribe-ri, velaskesi, el-greko, pikaso, dali. A

2.5. katalonielebi katalonielebi, romelTa TviTsaxelwodebaa katalans (catala-nes), espaneTSi cxovroben. dasaxlebulni arian espaneTis Crdi-lo-aRmosavleTSi, kataloniis avtonomiur olqSi _ 32 aTasi kv.km. (barselonis, taragonis, leridisa da Jeronis provincie-bi), nawilobriv aragonasa da valensiaSi. agreTve balearisa da pitiuris kunZulebze. katalonielTa saerTo raodenoba 8 mil. 160 aTasi kacia. espaneTSi cxovrobs 7,5 mil. katalonie-li. espaneTis garda cxovroben safrangeTSi (daaxl. 250 aTasi, ZiriTadad aRmosavleT pireneis departamentSi), italiaSi (30 aTasi kaci, ZiriTadad qalaq alegroSi, sardiniis kunZulze), andoraSi (6 aTasi kaci). mkvidroben agreTve CrdiloeT da la-Tinuri amerikis qveynebSi (daaxl. 350 aTasi), maT Soris, argen-tinaSi (150 aTasi), braziliaSi (70 aTasi), aSS-Si (50 aTasi), meq-sikaSi (30 aTasi), venesuelasa da kubaSi (35-35 aTasi). katalo-nielTa Taviseburi eTnografiuli jgufia Suetasi _ Sua sau-kuneebSi monaTlul ebraelTa STamomavalni, romlebic kun-Zul maiorkaze cxovroben. Suetaselebi sxvadasxvagvar Seviw-roebas ganicdidnen da praqtikulad endogamiurni iyvnen. katalonielebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis indo-xmelTaSuazRvispirul rasas. kataloniuri ena (katalanuri ena _ Catalan) indoevropuli ojaxis romanul jgufSi Sedis. man Zvelprovansaluri enis didi gavlena ganicada. morfologiiTa da leqsikiT axlosaa oqsitanur (provansalur) enasTan. mis sintaqssa da leqsikaze didi gavlena moaxdina espanurma enam. katalanur enaSi gamoyo-fen Semdeg dialeqtebs: pireneuls, romelic gavrcelebulia mTel frangul kataloniasa da espaneTis kataloniis Crdilo-

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eT nawilSi; aRmosavlurkatalanurs, romelic moicavs kata-loniis ZiriTad nawils (centraluri, balearuli, rusilonu-ri da algeruli) da dasavlur-katalanurs (leriduli da va-lensiuri), romelzec laparakoben andoraSi, dasavleT lerid-sa da taragonSi. balearis kunZulze, sadac katalonielebma XIII s-Si SeaRwies, Camoyalibda dialeqti malorkini, valensia-Si _ valensiano. evropis gareT katalanur enaze laparakoben argentinasa da kubaSi dasaxlebulTa calkeuli jgufebi. ka-talonielebSi gavrcelebulia agreTve espanuri ena. damwer-loba Seqmnili aqvT laTinuri anbanis safuZvelze. damwerlo-bis Zveli Zeglebi XI-XII ss. miekuTvneba. XIII s-dan ganviTarda saliteraturo katalanuri ena, romelsac safuZvlad barse-lonuri dialeqti udevs. katalonielebi kaTolikeebi arian. maTi religiuri centria Zveli monasteri _ monserati, romelic barselonis mTebSia. aq aTasobiT mlocveli iyris Tavs, romlebic nacionaluri TviT-myofadobis ideis demonstrirebas axdenen. Tumca CrdiloeTis zogierT raionSi glexebs Soris gavrcelebulia sxvadasxva qristianobamdeli rwmena-warmodgenebi. qristianuli religiu-ri dResaswaulebis gverdiT zogierT adgilas cxovelebsa da samiwaTmoqmedo kultebTan dakavSirebuli dResaswaulebicaa SemorCenili. katalonielTa winaprebi iyvnen iberiuli tomebi, romlebic Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi dasaxlebulni iyvnen pireneis naxevarkun-Zulis aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi. maT gani-cades kelturi, finikiuri da berZnuli gavlena. romaelTa ba-tonobis periodSi kataloniis teritoriaze moxda mosaxleo-bis Zlieri romanizacia. katalonielebis eTnolingvisturi Taviseburebebis formirebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes frankTa dapyrobebma VIII s-Si da samxreT safrangeTTan kavSi-rebma. XII s-Si kataloniis ZiriTadi nawili aragonis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. XIII s-Si katalonielebi ukve gamoiyo-fodnen espaneTis xalxebs Soris eTnikuri TavisTavadobiT. am periodSi sruliad Camoyalibebuli iyo katalanuri ena. masze Seqmnili iyo pirveli literaturuli nawarmoebebi. 1470 wli-dan katalonielebi gaerTianebulni iyvnen erTian espanur sa-mefoSi. maT uxdebodaT Tavis dacva centraluri xelisufle-bisagan. 1714 wels kataloniis avtonomia gauqmda da aikrZala katalanuri ena, rogorc oficialuri ena. XVIII s-Si gaZliere-buli kastilizaciis miuxedavad, katalanurma enam yofaSi do-

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minirebuli mdgomareoba SeinarCuna. XIX s-is 40-ian wlebSi ga-Zlierda nacionaluri moZraoba. daiwyes saxelmZRvaneloebis, leqsikonebis, literaturuli nawarmoebebis gamocema katala-nur enaze. katalonielTa Tanamedrove saliteraturo ena XIX-XX ss-Si Camoyalibda centraluri dialeqtis safuZvelze. 1840-1890 wlebSi espanuri monarqiis winaaRmdeg nacionaluri moZraoba warumatebeli aRmoCnda. 1930 w. kataloniam moipova avtonomia, romelic frankos reJimis mier iqna gauqmebuli. ka-taloniis avtonomia mxolod 1977 wels iqna aRdgenili. XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi espaneTis regionebma _ va-lensiam, balearis kunZulma, aragonma, sadac katalanur enaze molaparakeni mkvidroben, avtonomia miiRes. kataloniis deda-qalaqia barselona (2 mil.). barselona iberielTa dasaxlebis adgilze berZenma kolonistebma daaarses. qalaqis Zvel nawil-Si SemorCenilia antikuri amfiTeatris nangrevebi. mis saxel-wodebas xSirad karTagenelTa batonobas ukavSireben. 415 w. qa-laqi guTebma daipyres, 713 wels _ mavrebma. barselonaSi Sua saukuneebis kulturis araerTi Zeglia. gotikur kvartalSi Tavmoyrilia sxvadasxva epoqisa da stilis xelovnebis Zegle-bi. barselonaSia espaneli xalxis (Pueblo Espaňol) muzeumi Ria cis qveS. masSi warmodgenilia espanuri xalxuri sacxovreb-lis yvela tipi, saxlebis interieri, mowyobiloba, aveji. 1430 welsaa daarsebuli barselonis universiteti, 1436 wels _ jironis universiteti, romlebic humanitaruli kvlevis cen-trebad iqca. aq intensiurad swavlobdnen antikurobasa da axali renesansuli kulturis formirebas. laTinuri enidan katalanur enaze Targmnidnen mravalferovan literaturas. 1428 wels barselonelma poetma andreu febrerma Targmna dan-tes nawarmoebebi. katalanuri literaturis ganviTarebaSi gan-sakuTrebiT didi roli petrarkas poeziis gacnobam iTamaSa. XV saukune kataloniisaTvis erTgvari aRorZinebis epoqa iyo, ramac arsebiTi gavlena iqonia ara mxolod XV saukunis kas-tiliis literaturaze, aramed momdevno periodebis espanuri literaturis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. katalonielTa sadResaswaulo nacionaluri kerZia escudella. Zroxis xorcs, qaTmis xorcs, Roris xorcs, Zexvs, frikadels (gufTa), kartofils, lobios an parkosnebs xarSaven, Semdeg amoiReben bulionidan da yrian masSi atrias. atria (lafSa) bulioniT eskudelaa. danarCens ki awyoben langarze da esaa

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carnadella. valensiaSi popularulia `paelia~ _ brinji xo-rciT, TevziT, bostneuliT anda xiliT.

2.6. andorelebi andorelebi andoris ZiriTadi mcxovrebni arian. maTi raode-noba 19,6 aTasi kacia. laparakoben katalanur enaze. gavrcele-bulia agreTve franguli da espanuri enebi. andorelebi kaTo-licizmis mimdevrebs warmoadgenen. warmoSobiT andorelebi ZiriTadad katalonielebi arian, romlebic andoris mindvre-bSi Sua saukuneebSi dasaxldnen. andorelTa pirveli xseneba, rogorc TviTmmarTvelobiT erze, 805 wliT TariRdeba, magram saxelmwifos daarsebis TariRad 819 weli iTvleba, rodesac mwyemsTa Temebma damoukideblobis ufleba moipoves. frangi da espaneli feodalebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi andoris terito-rias erTmaneTs ecilebodnen. 1278 wels maT Soris miRweuli iqna kompromisuli SeTanxmeba ormagi suverenitetis Sesaxeb. am droidan, vidre 1993 wlamde, andora safangeTisa da seo-de-urxelis saepiskoposos (espaneTi) ormagi proteqoratis qveS imyofeboda. safrangeTis didi revoluciis Semdeg safrangeTma Tavis feodalur uflebebze uari Tqva, magram 1806 wels napo-leonma adrindeli uflebebi aRadgina. pirveli da meore msoflio omebis peripetiebi andoras saerTod ar Seexo. andorelebis daaxloebiT naxevari Cabmulia vaWrobasa da ucxoel turistTa momsaxurebis saqmeSi, mcire nawili ki dasaqmebulia patara samrewvelo sawarmoebSi. sasoflo meurneobaSi wamyvania mecxvareoba. moSenebuli hyavT cxeni, Txa. aqvT waulis fermebi. miwaTmoqmedebas ZiriTadad mdinare va-liris xeobaSi misdeven. Tesaven qers, Wvavs, siminds. TiTqmis yvelgan mzvareebSi venaxebi aqvT gaSenebuli. andorelTa 50 soflidan umetesoba mTis xeobebSi moTavsebuli patara sofe-lia. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Semor-Cenili iyo feodalizmis periodis Zveli wes-Cveulebebi. turistebs Soris didi moTxov-nilebaa andorelTa mier pirineis fiWvisa da muxisagan gakeTe-bul nakeTobebze. kulturiT axlos arian katalonielebTan, magram axasiaTebT Zlier gamokveTili eTnikuri TviTSegneba, rac saukuneobriv istoriul tradiciebs efuZneba. yovelwli-urad andoraSi 10 mil. turisti Cadis. aq aris balneologiuri samTo-saTxilamuro kurortebi.

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2.7. provansalelebi (oqsitanelebi)

provansalelebi Sua saukuneebis evropaSi calke xalxi (eT-nosi) iyo. dRes isini erTiani frangi eris SemadgenlobaSi Se-dian. miuxedavad amisa, samxreT safrangeTis mkvidri mosax-leobis mniSvnelovani nawili (provansalelebi anu oqsitane-lebi) XXI saukunis dasawyisSic orenovania. sxvadasxva monacemebiT provansalur enas 8 milionidan 12 milionamde kaci flobs. provansalelebi calke eTnosad adre Sua saukuneebSi Camoya-libdnen. dRevandeli safrangeTis teritoriaze da, maT Soris, provansSic TiTqmis oTxi saukune grZeldeboda orenovneba. ge-rmanuli enebi galiis samxreT laTinur enebTan Tanaarsebob-dnen. orenovnebis xangrZlivi periodi galiis xalxuri, laTi-nuri enis gamarjvebiT damTavrda. IX saukunisaTvis CrdiloeT galiaSi Tu xalxuri laTinuri enidan franguli ena warmoiqm-na, samxreTSi aseT enad provansaluri miviReT. f. engelsis si-tyviT, provansaluri nacia evropuli ganviTarebis saTaveebTan idga; axali drois evropis erebs Soris maT pirvelebma Seqm-nes saliteraturo ena. pirveli provansaluri litaraturuli Zegli IX s-iT TariRdeba. xalxuri laTinuris provansalur enad Camoyalibebis procesi V-VIII saukuneebSi aq germanuli tomebis damkvidrebis periodSi dasrulda. XI-XII ss-Si dRevandel samxreT safrangeTSi ekonomikisa da kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna. jvarosnulma laSqrobebma xmelTaSuazRvispireTis (maT Soris, provansis) qalaqebis swrafi zrda ganapirobes. isini aRmo-savleTsa da CrdiloeT evropis qveynebs Soris vaWrobaSi Sua-mavlis rols asrulebdnen. Tanamedrove samxreT safrangeTis mdidari qalaqebi savaWro respublikebad Camoyalibdnen. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT tuluzis sagrafo gamoirCeoda, magram is samxreTis dedaqalaqi ver gaxda. aRniSnul periodSi samxreTSi ver Seiqmna erTiani politikuri gaerTianeba Tavisi ekonomikuri centriT. miuxedavad imisa, rom samxreT safrangeTSi ar iyo samwer-lo-saliteraturo enis formirebis aucilebeli winapiroba _ politikuri gaerTianeba, swored aq Camoyalibda saliteratu-ro provansaluri ena, rogorc aRniSnaven _ `im periodis yve-la romanul enas Soris, yvelaze harmoniuli da srulyo-fili~.

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provansaluri enis pirveli poeturi Zegli daaxl. 1000 wels Seiqmna. rogorc SinaarsiT, ise formiT uaRresad daxvewili trubadurebis poezia mniSvnelovani etapi iyo saerTod poezi-is ganviTarebaSi. trubadurebi misabaZni iyvnen ara marto CrdiloeT safrangeTis, aramed espaneli, italieli da germa-neli poetebisaTvisac. provansalur enazea Seqmnili agreTve mdidari proza da didaqtikuri literatura. provansaluri ena administraciuli damwerlobis enasac warmoadgenda (ka-nonTa krebulebi, CveulebiTi samarTlis normaTa Canawerebi, qartiebi, sxvadasxva notariuli aqtebi). administraciulma oq-sitanurma enam gansakuTrebul ayvavebas XII da XIII saukuneebSi miaRwia. k. marqsis sityviT, samxreT safrangeTi (provansi) CrdiloeT safrangeTs, kulturuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, TiTqmis erTi saukuniT uswrebda. provansSi xelosnobis dargebidan ganviTarebvuli iyo maudis warmoeba, tyavis gamoyvana, ver-cxlisa da minanqris nakeTobaTa warmoeba. samxreTis mdidari qalaqebi erTgvar savaWro respublikebad Camoyalibdnen. pro-vansis qalaqebi feodaluri senioriisagan ufro male ganTavi-sufldnen, vidre CrdiloeT safrangeTisa. provansalur kulturas didi dartyma miayena albigonurma omebma, romlis ali 1209 wlidan 1229 wlamde gizgizebda. pro-vansalel poetTa kalami kaTolikuri eklesiiskenac iyo mimar-Tuli, rac CrdiloeT frangTa agresiis mizezi gaxda. maT miz-nad hqondaT dauSvebeli uRmerTobis aRmofxvra. 20-wliani omi CrdiloeTis gamarjvebiT da inkviziciis dawyebiT damTavrda. am `jvarosnuli laSqrobebis~ dros provansis bevri qalaqi _ trubadurTa poeziis bevri centri ganadgurda. provansalur enaze dawerili bevri Zegli inkviziciam gaanadgura. trubadu-rebi qveynidan gaiqcnen. nel-nela daiwyo poeziis daqveiTeba, rac provansaluri (oqsitanuri) enis dasustebasac niSnavda. yovelive amas provansalSi franguli enis SeWra mohyva, sadac is sabolood, rogorc administraciuli ena, XVI s-Si ganmtki-cda. miuxedavad amisa, oqsitanur enaze kvlav iqmneboda ro-gorc mxatvruli, ise religiuri, didaqtikuri da samecniero literatura (enciklopediac ki). isev f. engelsis sityvebi un-da movixmoT. is werda, rom mTeli saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi samxreT safrangeTis mosaxleoba _ provansalelebi mCagvre-lebis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen. istoriuli ganviTarebis ulmo-belma msvlelobam, samsaukunovani brZolis Semdeg, maTi ula-

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mazesi ena adgilobrivi dialeqtebis doneze CamoaqveiTa, TviT provansalelebi ki frangebad iqcnen. eTnikur umciresobaTa (maT Soris, provanlelTa) winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli 1539 w. francisk I-is brZaneba, romlis mi-xedviT yvela oficialuri dokumenti, saqmiani mimowera, samar-Talwarmoeba mxolod frangul enaze unda yofiliyo. ase iqna gamoZevebuli administraciuli sferodan provansaluri ena. zemoaRniSnuli ordonansis gamocemidan asi wlis Semdeg sam-xreT safrangeTSi franguli ena gabatonda, magram salapara-ko enis funqcia provansalurma enam didxans SeinarCuna. XVII s-Si qalaqebSi yvelgan provansaluri metyveleba ismoda. ase-Ti mdgomareoba safrangeTis did revoluciamde iqna SenarCu-nebuli. provansaluri enis socialuri statusi sabolood XVIII s-Si Sesustda, miT umetes, rom am dros franguli ena mTeli evropis kulturul enad iqca. 1793 wlis dekretiT sa-frangeTis mTel teritoriaze skolebi saxelmwifo dawesebu-lebebad gamocxadda, romelSic aucileblad swavla frangul enaze unda yofiliyo. miuxedavad Seviwroebisa, XIX s-Si pro-vansalur enaze gamodioda Jurnalebi da gazeTebi. samxreTis mkvidrni eweodnen xalxuri kulturis propagandas, risi Sede-gic iyo arlSi eTnografiuli muzeumis gaxsna. is dResac pro-vansis mTavari eTnografiuli samecniero centria. oqsitanur enaze Seqmnili poemisaTvis nobelis premia miiRo f. mistral-ma. 1968 w. gamosvlebis Semdeg samxreT safrangeTis qalaqebSi xSiri iyo lozungebi: `oqsitanelo, Sen gaqvs ufleba ila-parako Sens enaze. ilaparake!~ saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove provansaluri literaturuli ena rogorc struq-turiT, ise funqciiT mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba Zveli prova-nsaluri enisagan, im provansaluri enisagan, romelzec sam-xreT safrangeTis trubadurebi werdnen. mkvlevrebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom provansaluri enis dialeqtebsa da kilokavebs Sua saukuneebis enis Taviseburebebi aqvs SemorCenili. provan-saluri enis gavrcelebis areals TiTqmis mTeli qveynis te-ritoris mesamedi ukavia da moicavs ganskonis, gienas, limu-zinis, overnis, langedokis, provansis, dofines da nawilobriv savoias provinciebs.

2.8. frangebi safrangeTSi cxovrobs 58 milioni adamiani, romlis 9/10 fra-ngia. frangebis saerTo raodenoba 49,4 milionia. eTnikuri um-

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ciresobani safrangeTSi SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT arian. bretanis naxevarkunZulze cxovroben bretonelebi (3 mil.), aR-mosavleT pireneis departamentSi _ katalonielebi (200 aTasi kaci). maTgan Crdilo-dasavleTiT, pireneis mTebSi _ baskebi (150 aTasi), korsikis kunZulze _ korsikelebi (260 aTasi), CrdiloeTSi, belgiis sazRvarze, diunkerisa da azbrukis ok-rugebSi – flamandielebi (200 aTasi), elzasSi _ elzaselebi (1 mil. 200 aTasi). amas garda, safrangeTSi cxovrobs daaxlo-ebiT or milionze meti ucxoeli, romelTa Soris bevrni arian italielebi, espanelebi, polonelebi, belgielebi, germanele-bi, Sveicarielebi. XX s-is II naxevarSi safrangeTSi alJirel-Ta didi jgufebi gadasaxldnen. safrangeTs gareT frangTa jgufebi cxovroben Crdilo afrikaSi (alJiri, tunisi, maro-ko), agreTve madagaskarSi, okeaniaSi, vest-indoeTSi, frangul gvianaSi... XVII da XVIII ss-Si gadasaxlebul frang kolonis-tTa STamomavalni cxovroben kanadaSi (franko-kanadelebi, daaxl. 5 mil. 200 aTasi). frangTa mniSvnelovani jgufebi gada-saxlebulebi arian aSS-Si (1,5 milioni). franguli ena farTo-daa gavrcelebuli haitis, patara antilis kunZulTa mosaxle-obaSi da mTel rig yofil frangul koloniebSi. administraciulad safrangeTi 90 departamentad iyofa. frangebis TviTsaxelwodebaa franse. frangebi anTropologi-urad erTgvarovanni ar arian. warmodgenilia saSualo evropu-li rasis alpuri da centralurevropuli tipi. samxreTSi Wa-rboben didi evropeiduli rasis indo-xmelTaSuazRvispiruli rasis warmomadgenlebi. franguli ena miekuTvneba indoevro-pul enaTa ojaxis romanul jgufs. religiiT frangebis umetesoba kaTolikea. daaxloebiT 1 mi-lioni frangi protestantia (kalvinistebi), romlebic ZiriTa-dad cxovroben parizSi, pirineaSi, ronis auzSi, marselis ra-ionsa da normandiaSi. mosaxleobis umniSvnelo nawili (30 aTasi kaci) sxvadasxva seqtas ekuTvnis. 1905 wels safrangeTSi eklesia saxelmwifos gamoeyo, romelsac saxelmwifosagan mudmivi mxardaWera aqvs. iseve rogorc sxva kaTolikur qvey-nebSi, safrangeTSic yvela qalaqs Tavis mfarveli wmindani hyavs. parizis mfarvel wmindanad wminda Jenevievi iTvleba, romelsac frangebi xSirad Jana d'arksac ki adareben. mi-uxedavad imisa, rom safrangeTSi kaTolikuri qristianoba mtkiced iyo fexgadgmuli, aq mainc SemorCenili iyo zogierTi warmarTuli rwmena. analebis skolis warmomadgenels J.-k.

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Smidts aseTi magaliTi aqvs moyvanili: XIII saukuneSi beri et-ien de burboni lionis maxloblad erT-erT sofelSi aseTi crurwmenis mowme gaxda: glexebi Tayvans scemdnen wminda gine-fors, romelic TiTqosda axalSobilebs mfarvelobda (maT ga-mojanmrTelebas uwyobda xels). sinamdvileSi aRmoCnda, rom ginefori iyo mwevari, romelzedac arsebobda legenda bavSve-bis gadarCenis Sesaxeb. etien de burbons glexebisaTvis mkac-rad aukrZalavs es biwieri kulti. TiTqmis naxevari aTaswleu-lis Semdeg, XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi lionelma siZveleebis moyvarulma daadgina, rom imave soflis mcxovrebni uwindebu-rad eTayvanebodnen `wminda ginefors.~ aseTi gansxvaveba iyo oficialur qristianobasa da `xalxur qristianobas~ Soris. dRevandeli safrangeTis teritoria odiTganve dasaxlebuli iyo. aq aRmoCenilia pirvelyofili xelovnebis SesaniSnavi ni-muSebi (statuetebi, qvis bareliefebi, gamoqvabulis mxatvro-ba). napovnia rogorc paleoliTis, ise neoliTis xanis araer-Ti Zegli. antikur epoqaSi safrangeTis teritoriis samxreT-aRmosav-leT nawilSi ligurebi cxovrobdnen. Zv.w. IV s-Si aRmosavle-TiT ligurebis nawili keltebma Seaviwroves, romlebic aq Zveli welTaRricxvis II aTaswleulis bolos dasaxldnen. li-gurebis nawilma keltizacia ganicada. aqve, Zv.w. VII-VI ss-Si, xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze daarsda finikiuri da berZnuli koloniebi. mTavari berZnuli kolonia iyo masalia (dRevan-deli marseli). gvian daarsda sxva berZnuli koloniebi, rom-lebmac dasabami misca qalaqebs. dRevandlamde maT Secvlili saxelwodebebiT moaRwies: nicea (nica), Antipolis (antibi), Aralate (arli). berZnebma Tan moitanes vazis, zeTisxilis, leRvis, broweulis kulturebi, kiparisi. safrangeTis samxreTsa da samxreT-dasavleTSi mkvidrobdnen sxvadasxva iberiuli tomebi. pireneisa da garonas Soris cxov-robdnen akvitanebi, romelTa saxelis mixedviT qveynis mTel samxreT-dasavleT olqs ewodeboda akvitania. ax.w. VI saukune-Si espaneTidan akvitaniaSi movidnen vaskonelebi. Seerivnen ra akvitanelebs, isini iwodebodnen gaskonelebad. maTi binadro-bis olqs ki gaskonia ewoda. eTnonimi "vaskoni" Tanamedrove baskebis saxelwodebaSi daileqa. yvelaze mravalricxovani tomTa jgufis warmomadgenlebi, romlebmac frangi xalxis formirebas Cauyares safuZveli, iy-

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vnen keltebi anu galebi; maT qveyanasac misces saxeli (ga-lia). Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi galuri tomebi gafantulad cxovrobdnen centraluri evropis did sivrcesa da mcire azi-is patara nawilSic ki. romaelTa dapyrobebis dros galia da-yofili iyo sam nawilad: samxreTi ekavaT akvitanelebs, Sua nawili _ sakuTriv galebs, senidan CrdiloeTiT cxovrobdnen belgebi (kelturi tomi). galiaSi pirvelobisaTvis ibrZodnen eduiebi da sekvanebi. dasavleTSi mkvidrobda sentinTa tomi. galiis centrSi iyo karnutebis, parizebis, piktinebis, turone-bis miwebi. galuri tomebis saxelwodebani Semoinaxa safrange-Tis bevri adgilisa da qalaqis saxelwodebaSi. parizebma mis-ces saxeli parizs (Zvelad lutecia); sentonebma, piktonebma, turinebma misces saxelwodebani sentonJis, puatus, turenis provinciebs. galebis meurneobis wamyvani dargi miwaTmoqmedeba iyo. berZ-nebisagan maT SeiTvises vazis kultura. ganviTarebuli iyo me-saqonleobac. galebma Seqmnes rTuli safortifikacio nagebo-bani, isini iyvnen xomaldebis daxelovnebuli da gawafuli mSeneblebi. galebSi gavrcelebuli iyo minanqris nawarmi, ro-melic maT samxreTidan isesxes. galebma Seqmnes Taviseburi mu-qwiTeli minanqari, romliTac brinjaosa da rkinis sagnebs fa-ravdnen. galebis dasaxlebas soflis saxe hqonda. arsebobda agreTve Zlier gamagrebuli dasaxlebani, romlebic omis dros TavSe-safrebs warmoadgenda. gamagrebuli punqtebi TandaTan qala-qebad iqca. aseT qalaqebad SeiZleba davasaxeloT edues tomis mTavari qalaqi bibrakte, romelic ganlagebuli iyo bovres mTebis kalTebze Sua safrangeTSi da mandubiebis dedaqalaqi alezia (Tanamedrove alizi). am qalaqebSi bevri saxelosno iyo. kelturi tomebi sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze idgnen: zogierTi maTgani jer kidev gvarovnul-Temu-ri wyobiT cxovrobda, sxvebTan ki gvarovnuli wesebi irRveo-da; gamoiyofoda gvarovnuli didkacoba, romlebic miwis did nakveTebsa da did naxirebs (jogebs) flobdnen. Tavisufali galuri mosaxleoba aristokratias eqvemdebareboda. tomebi gaerTinebulebi iyvnen satomo kavSirebSi, romlebic xSirad eomebodnen erTmaneTs.

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maRali iyo galeli qurumebis _ druidebis avtoriteti. sa-kulto miznebiT qurumebi berZnuli anbanis safuZvelze Seqm-nil damwerlobas iyenebdnen. Zv.w. 58-52 wlebSi galia daipyres romaelebma, romlebmac aq romaelTa legionebi Semoiyvanes. dapyrobis Semdeg daiwyo gaZ-lierebuli romanizacia. socialur-ekonomikuri Tvalsazri-siT es gamoixata ganviTarebuli monaTmflobeluri wyobile-bis damyarebiT. ax.w. II saukuneSi warmoiqmna galel da ro-mael didebulTa msxvili latifundiebi (latifundia _ msxvi-li kerZo adgil-mamuli). galiis sxvadasxva nawilSi romanizacia erTnairad ar mimdi-nareobda. qveynis samxreTi olqebi, romlebic mWidrod iyo dasaxlebuli romaelebiT da iseTi mdidari qalaqebi, rogore-bic iyo narbona, prelate, nemauzde, viena, gracianopolisi, adgilebi garonis midamoebSi da sxv. TiTqos italiis buneb-riv gagrZelebas warmoadgendnen. dRemde am qalaqebSi SemorCe-nilia romauli epoqis mravali Zegli: amfiTeatrebi arlsa da oranJSi, romlebsac dResac iyeneben Ria cis qveS speqtakle-bis gasamarTavad, saasparezo adgilebi, taZrebi, triumfaluri TaRebi, akvedukebi, xidebi, akldamebi. naklebad gamokveTili da naklebad Tanabarzomieri iyo romanizacia lugdunis pro-vinciaSi. am provinciis mxolod samxreTi olqebi iyo aSkarad romanizebuli, gansakuTrebiT TviT lugdunumi (axlandeli lioni). provinciis danarCen nawilebSi galuri mosaxleoba romaelebs iSviaTad ereoda. aq bevrma qalaqma Semoinaxa Zveli kelturi saxelwodeba. akvitaniaSic es procesi araTanabrad mimdinareobda da bevr adgilas Zveli kelturi centrebi TiT-qmis xeluxleblad iyo Semonaxuli. belgikaSi (Tanamedrove safrangeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi) romanizacia zedapiruli iyo. galiis yvelaze romanizebul nawilebSi wamyvani iyo mar-cvleulis meurneoba, mevenaxeoba da meRvineoba, karaqis warmo-eba. qalaqebSi aRmavlobas ganicdida im droisaTvis msofli-oSi cnobili xelosnobis yvela dargi. qalaqebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli iyo SesaniSnavi gzebiT. V saukunis galiaSi 100-ze met qalaqs iTvlidnen. bevri qalaqeli ganaTlebuli iyo, sazogadoebis maRal wreebSi swavlobdnen berZnul da laTinur literaturas. masilia, burdigala (bordo) da avgus-tidunumi (oteni) ganTqmuli iyo mecnierebiTa da ritorebiT. ukve IV s-Si galiis farglebs gareT cnobili iyo bordos umaRlesi skola.

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galiaSi romaelTa xangrZlivma _ xuTsaukunovanma batono-bam, romaelTa da galelTa kulturulma urTierTobam galo-romaneli xalxis Camoyalibebamde migviyvana. romaulma skole-bma, kulturam da administraciam ganapiroba is, rom mosax-leobam, pirvel rigSi qalaqisam, daiwyo laTinuri enis SeTvi-seba. aq, dapyrobil provinciebSi, saxalxo-salaparako ena, e.w. vulgaruli laTinuri gavrcelda. qveynis sxvadasxva nawilSi mas sxvadasxvanairad iTvisebdnen. aborigenTa sxvadasxva enam, romanizaciis sxvadasxva xarisxma CrdiloeTsa da samxreTSi ganapiroba galiaSi vulgarul-laTinuri metyvelebis dialeq-turi niSnebis gaCena. laTinuri enis leqsikuri Semadgenloba gamdidrda galiuri enis xarjze. galiuri metyvelebis elemen-tebi pirvel rigSi Semoinaxa mdinareebis, dasaxlebuli punq-tebisa da sazRvrebis saxelwodebebma. amas garda, frangul leqsikaSi aris 300-mde kelturi sityva, romlebic ZiriTadad soflis meurneobasa da glexTa yofas exeba. ase warmoiqmna axali eTnikuri erToba, romelic gamarjvebul romaelTa ram-denadme transformirebul enaze laparakobda da ori xalxis kulturul minarevs warmoadgenda. galiam miiRo romauli ku-ltura da amave dros SeinarCuna da gamarjvebulebs gadasca Tavisi kulturis zogierTi elementi: Sarvali, labada kapiu-SoniT, gansakuTrebiT fexsacmeli _ xis `baSmakebi~. galiis romanizaciis procesi ax.w. V s-Si _ romis imperiis dacemis dros damTavrda. safrangeTis eTnikur istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi movlena iyo galiaSi germanuli tomebis SeWra. is III saukuneSi daiwyo. V saukunis dasawyisSi galiis samxreTi olqebi vestguTebma daipyres, romlebmac daikaves TiTqmis mTeli akvitania _ lua-ridan garonamde da aq daafuZnes tuluzis samefo. gvian vest-guTebma daipyres gaskonia, provansi da mTeli espaneTi, V sa-ukunis bolos ki centraluri olqebi (axlandeli beri, limu-zeni da overni). qveynis aRmosavleT olqebSi, senasa da ronas velebSi, burgundielebma daaarses burgundiis samefo. pimorokis naxevarkunZulze (Tanamedrove bretani) TandaTan dasaxldnen britebi, romlebic britaneTidan anglosaqsTa Tavdasxmebs gamoeqcnen. teritoria luaridan somamde da masamde CrdiloeTiT, V saukunis dasasruls dapyrobil iqna Zlier da meomar tom-Ta kavSiris _ frankebis mier, romelTac xlodvigi meTaurob-da. frankebma parizi 497 wels daikaves. es iyo safrangeTis is-

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toriis axali etapis dasawyisi; misi xalxisa da enis _ fran-kuli saxelmwifos periodi, romelic daaxloebiT 400 wels moicavs (VI-IX saukuneebi). es periodi iyo ara mxolod germa-nuli tomebis romaelebTan Serevis periodi, aramed feoda-lur urTierTobaTa Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis periodic. VI saukunis Sua xanebSi frankebma Tavis xelisuflebas dauq-vemdebares vestguTebi da burgundielebi da mTel galiaze ba-tonoba daiwyes. Camoyalibda merovingebis frankTa saxelm-wifo, romelSic Sedioda galia da frankTa pirineis miwebi. frankTa aristokratiam xlodvigis meTaurobiT romidan qris-tianoba miiRo, romelic V saukunis bolodan saxelmwifos oficialur religiad iqca. frankTa saxelmwifos sazRvrebi xlodvigis memkvidreebma ga-afarToves. karlos didis dros (daaxl. 800 wels) frankTa sa-xelmwifo udides imperiad iqca, romelmac moicva germaniis dasavleTi nawili, mTeli safrangeTi da italiis CrdiloeTi. frankTa saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi galiam moaxerxa kul-turuli Taviseburebis SeinarCuneba. germanelma xalxebma galiaSi Tavisi wesebi moitanes: mona-Tmflobeluri saxelmwifo dairRva da qveynis sazogadoebrivi wyoba arsebiTad Seicvala. V s-Si galiaSi feodaluri sakuT-rebis Camoyalibeba daiwyo. VI s-is dasasrulsa da VII s-is dasawyisSi metad rTul omSi frankuli saxelmwifos oTxi nawili Camoyalibda: neistria (galiis Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili pariziT, upiratesad galo-romauli mosaxleobiT); burgundia (yofili damoukidebeli sa-xelmwifo, romelSic warmoiqmna romanuli enis gansakuTrebu-li dialeqti); akvitania (samxreT-dasavleTi miwebi) da agreTve avstrazia _ Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawili, romelic dasaxle-buli iyo aRmosavleT frankebiTa da misi xelisuflebis qveS moqceuli tomebiT. es nawili germaniis SemadgenlobaSi Sevi-da. axali feodaluri formaciis Camoyalibebisas mimdinareobda enis Secvlis procesic; es iyo Crdilofranguli da provansa-luri xalxebis formirebis procesi. IX s-is dasawyisSi ufro maRali galo-romanuli kulturis zemoqmedebiT frankebi asi-milirebul iqnen, dakarges TavianTi ena da aiTvises galo-romanuli metyveleba. Tumca galo-romanulma enam frankTa enis garkveuli gavlena ganicada. mis leqsikaSi arcTu ise mcire raodenobis germanuli sityvebi Sevida, romlebic, pir-

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vel rigSi, samxedro, administraciul, samarTlebriv da yo-fiT sferoebs ganekuTvneba. galo-romanulma laTinurma IX s-is I naxevrisaTvis mniSvnelovani cvlileba ganicada. is iqca ukve ara laTinur, aramed frankTa samefos oficialur `roma-nul~ enad. karolingebis aRorZinebis periodSi laTinur saliteraturo enasa da mosaxleobis salaparako romanul enas Soris gans-xvaveba TandaTan SesamCnevi gaxda. karlos didis dros safu-Zveli Caeyara Sua saukuneebis saeklesio-feodalur kulturas. radganac laTinuri ena gaugebari iyo mosaxleobisaTvis, 813 wlis turis krebis gadawyvetilebiT RvTismsaxureba daiwyes xalxur enaze. CvenTvis cnobili pirveli franguli teqstia cnobili `Serments~ (`fici~), romlebic 842 wels strasburgSi mefeebma _ karlos didma da ludvig germanelma gacvales, raTa maT jarebs is gaegoT _ ludvigma fici miiRo romanul enaze, karlosma _ germanulze. am dokumentis garda, frangu-li damwerlobis yvelaze Zveli Zeglia daaxloebiT 900 wels kantelena evlaliis mier Sedgenili qadagebani. frangTa eTnikuri istoriis umniSvnelo etapi iyo 843 w. daS-lili karolingebis imperiis dasavleTfrankul samefod Camo-yalibeba, romelsac safrangeTs uwodebdnen. safrangeTis saz-Rvrebi met-naklebad Seesabameboda enobriv sazRvrebs, magram mas mainc ar emTxveoda. ase magaliTad, mis sazRvrebs gareT rCeboda burgundiis miwa da lotaringiis dasavleTi nawili, sadac romanuli ena iyo gabatonebuli. am olqebis safrangeT-Tan SeerTeba ramdenime aswleuls gagrZelda. IX s. Sua xanebSi safrangeTis sazRvrebSi normanebi SeiWr-nen, romlebmac qveynis CrdiloeTi daipyres. 911 wels senis yu-reSi normanTa beladma rolonma normandiis sahercogo Camoa-yaliba. bevrad ufro mravalricxovani dampyrobi normanebi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier male iqnen asimilirebulni, magram maT enasa da kulturaze zogierTi gavlena moaxdines. X s-Si safrangeTi daiyo sagrafoebad da sahercogoebad. XI saukuneSi safrangeTis mefeebma daiwyes franguli miwebis ga-erTianeba da sagrafoebi da sahercogoebi provinciebad iqca. X-XII ss-Si safrangeTis samxreTsa da CrdiloeTs Soris eT-nikuri da enobivi sxvaoba mniSvnelovnad SesamCnevi iyo. ukve XII s-Si pirvelad dasavleT evropaSi, samxreT safrangeTSi, Seiqmna romanuli saliteraturo provansaluri ena da ayvavda poet-trubadurTa Semoqmedeba.

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feodaluri daqucmacebulobisa da gancalkevebulobis piro-bebSi provinciebSi Camoyalibda damoukidebeli dialeqtebi. Crdilofranguli ena moicavda normandiul, pikardiul, valo-niur, lotaringiul, puatvinur da centralurfrangul (il-de-fransi) dialeqtebs. samxreTfrangul (oqsitanur anu pro-vansalur) enaSi Sedioda lionuri dialeqti, dofinesis, savo-isa da Sveicariis kantonebis dialeqtebi, romlebic franS-kontes dialeqtebTan erTad samxreT-aRmosavlur dialeqtTa jgufSi erTiandeboda. qveynis CrdiloeTSi XII saukuneSi gansakuTrebuli mdgoma-reoba ekava il-de-fransis dialeqts. parizis zrdasTan erTad es dialeqti TandaTan yvela frangisaTvis saerTo enad iqca. XIII saukunisaTvis Tavisi mniSvneloba SenarCunebuli hqonda mxolod pikardiisa da normandiis dialeqtebs. marTalia fra-nkebi safrangeTis saxelmwifos Seqmnisas misi baton-patronni iyvnen, magram, miuxedavad amisa, germanuli ena xalxur laTi-nur enasTan WidilSi damarcxda. am TvalsazrisiT gamarjvebu-li eTnosi SedarebiT susti aRmoCnda, radgan laTinuri enis prestiJs eklesia icavda. germanelma dampyroblebma ki qris-tianoba miiRes; saeklesio skolebSi kvlav laTinur enaze as-wavlidnen, romelsac mdidari damwerlobiTi tradicia hqonda. germanul enebs ki aseTi tradiciebi ar hqonia. franki mefe-ebis samsaxurSi Sesuli galiur-romanuli zedafena arc Sere-ul qorwinebebs erideboda. yvelaferi es aiZulebda germanel dampyroblebs TandaTan aeTvisebinaT laTinuri ena. magram ge-rmanulma enam frangul enaze, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina. dRevandel fran-gul enaSi bevri sakuTari saxeli germanuli warmoSobisaa. aseve germanuli (frankuli) warmoSobisaa bevri franguli gva-ric. magaliTad, mweral floberis gvari Hlod-berd-idan (`dide-ba+brwyinvaleba~) momdinareobs. germanuli warmoSobisaa ana-tol fransis sruli gvari _ Thibault, romlis safuZvels germa-nuli Theud –bald (mamaci, guladi xalxi) warmoadgens. XVI saukune franguli enis ayvavebis periodi iyo. frangul enaze Seiqmna ambruaza pares samecniero traqtatebi, montenis filosofiuri narkvevebi, rables proza da ronsaros poezia. samecniero literaturaSi xazi esmis im garemoebasac, rom XVI saukuneSi frangul enas italiuri enis saxiT `sagareo mteri~ hyavda. saerTod, mas brZola uxdeboda sam frontze _ laTi-nuri enis, adgilobrivi dialeqtebis da italiuri enis wina-

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aRmdeg. am dros italiuri enidan frangulma enam daaxloebiT 800 sityva isesxa. mSobliuri enis gaZlierebasa da gamdid-rebaSi didi roli iTamaSes poetebma. 1549 wels gamovida poet diu beles cnobili traqtati `franguli enis dideba da dac-va~, riTac aCvena, rom franguli ena arc iseTi Raribi enaa, rogorc fiqroben da rom mas sWirdeba ganviTareba da gamdid-reba; Tumca is ar iviwyebda normis sakiTxebsac; akritikebda im poetebs, romlebic xeiriani franguliT ver werdnen. am droidan ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, eklesiis sferodan daiwyo laTinuri enis gamodevna da misi franguli eniT Secvla. XVII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis, safrangeTSi absolutizmis ganmtkicebis epoqaSi, franguli ena sayovelTaod gavrcelda qveynis mTel teritoriaze. miuxedavad amisa, sxvadasxva enebi da dialeqtebi qmediTunarianobasa da sicocxlisunarianobas kvlav inarCunebdnen. safrangeTis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovanma nawilma mainc ar icoda literaturuli franguli ena, radgan laTinur enas Tavisi poziciebi kvlav SenarCunebuli hqonda mecnierebaSi, skolebSi... XVII-XVIII saukuneebi ganaTlebasa da mecnierebaSi literaturuli franguli enis intensiuri SeRwe-vis periodia. 1624 wlidan mecnierebs frangul enaze diserta-ciebis dacvis nebac darTes. Tanamedrove safrangeTSi eTnikur umciresobaTa enebis aRsa-niSnavad iyeneben terminebs: `regionaluri enebi~, `umciresoba-Ta enebi~, `daqvemdebarebuli enebi~ da sxva. samecniero lite-raturaSi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom safrangeTs Tavisi moxazu-lobiT (kunZul korsikis CaTvliT) eqvskuTxedis forma aqvs da rom am eqvskuTxedis yvela kuTxeSi eTnikuri umciresobebi cxovroben. garda amisa, qveynis samxreTis mesamedi oqsitanuri enis gavrcelebis zonas moicavs. am enebze molaparakeTa saer-To raodenoba aT milions, anu mTeli qveynis mosaxleobis 20% Seadgens. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom orenovani mosaxleoba xSirad ukeTesad flobs literaturul franguls, vidre mSo-bliur enas. amdenad, orenovnebas araTanabaruflebiani diglo-siis forma aqvs, radgan safrangeTSi komunikaciis yvela sfe-roSi mxolod franguli ena gamoiyeneba. danarCeni enebi yofiT da mxatvrul sferoebSi funqcionirebs. Tanamedrove safrangeTSi arsebuli enobrivi situacia saxelmwifos mizan-mimarTuli enobrivi politikis Sedegia. yoveli ucxoenovani provinciis SemoerTebis Semdeg mTavroba gamoscemda ediqts franguli enis aucilebeli gamoyenebis Sesaxeb (1684 wels _

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flandriisaTvis, 1685 wels _ elzasisaTvis, 1748 wels _ germa-nuli lotaringiisaTvis, 1768 wels _ korsikisaTvis). frangu-li enis istorikoss f. briunis moyvanili aqvs saintereso ma-galiTi imis Sesaxeb, rom lui XIV-es marselSi Tarjimani das-Wirda. mweral rasins ki samxreT safrangeTis qalaq iuzesis sastumros mosamsaxureebisaTvis veraferi gaugebinebia. gansakuTrebuli erovnuli politika iyo damaxasiaTebeli safrangeTis didi revoluciis epoqisaTvis (1789-1794 wlebi). 1790 wlis sociolingvisturi anketiT gairkva, rom qveynis 26 milioni mcxovrebidan franguli ena mSobliur enas mxolod 11 milionisaTvis warmoadgenda. am periodSi safrangeTis eqv-sma milionma moqalaqem franguli ena saerTod ar icoda da mxolod sam milions SeeZlo masze, rogorc meore enaze, la-paraki; wera ki ufro naklebs SeeZlo. isini regionaluri ene-biTa da dialeqtebiT sargebloben, romelTa raodenoba 30-s aRwevda. aqedan gamomdinare, revoluciis moRvaweebma SeimuSa-ves da cxovrebaSi gaatares farTo enobrivi politika. revo-lucionerebi dialeqtebs Zveli reJimis gadmonaSTad ganixi-lavdnen, enis erTobas ki _ samoqalaqo erTobisa da Tanaswo-robis safuZvlad. 1794 wlis ivlisSi gansakuTrebuli dekre-tiT dadginda, rom qveyanaSi yvela oficialuri dokumenti mxolod saliteraturo frangul enaze unda Sedgeniliyo, ra-sac zogierTma avtorma `lingvisturi teroric~ ki uwoda. k. marqsi da f. engelsi amis Sesaxeb werdnen: konventis rkinis muStma pirvelad samxreT safrangeTis mcxovrebni frangebad aqcia. erovnebis dakargvis sakompensaciod maT demokratia mis-ces. safrangeTis revoluciam qveynis yvela mcxovrebi, maTi eTnikurobis miuxedavad, frangebad gamoacxada. am droidan na-ciis gageba saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis gagebas daemTxva. fran-guli sityva nationalité Cveulebriv piris saxelmwifosadmi mi-kuTvnebulobas, moqalaqeobas aRniSnavs. `erovnebis~ cnebis aR-saniSnavad (ise rogorc es aRmosavleT evropaSi esmodaT) mxo-lod termini etnie gamoiyeneba. mTeli XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda regionalu-ri enebisa da dialeqtebis Seviwroveba. oficialurad arc er-Ti sxva ena ar ikrZaleboda, magram politika sxvagvari _ nak-lebmkacri da, amasTanave, aranakleb efeqturi iyo. franguli enis garda, yvela enas ignorirebas ukeTebdnen. franguli ena iyo erTaderTi saSualeba sajaro urTierTobisas. rac mTa-varia skolaSi swavlebis erTaderTi ena is iyo. am Tvalsazri-

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siT skola erT_erT brZolis arenadac ki iqca. skolebidan ara marto devnidnen regionalur enebs, aramed moswavleebs sjidnen kidevac, Tu isini mSobliur enaze dailaparakebdnen. 1925 wels safrangeTis maSindeli ganaTlebis ministri werda: `safrangeTis enobrivi erTobisaTvis bretonuli ena unda gaq-res~. igive ministri elzasel skolis moswavleebs Semdegi si-tyvebiT mimarTavda: `me minda, rom Tqven yoveldRe daimaxsov-roT erTi axali franguli sityva da daiviwyoT erTi germanu-li sityva~. yvelaze umniSvnelo samoqalaqo Tanamdebobis da-sakaveblad aucilebeli iyo saliteraturo franguli enis kargad codna. yvela is pirovneba, romelmac saliteraturo ena ar icoda, socialurad damdablebulad grZnobda Tavs da arasrulfasovnebis kompleqss ganicdida. regionaluri enebis mimarT zogierTi Zvra mxolod meore msoflio omis Semdeg moxda. 1951 wels miRebulma deqsonis (ma-Sindeli ganaTlebis ministri) kanonma safrangeTis istoriaSi pirvelad oficialurad cno regionaluri enebis arseboba da maTi Seswavlis aucilebloba. am enebze daiwyes radio- da te-legadacemebi. Tanamedrove safrangeTSi regionalur enebad oficialurad cnobilia bretonuli, baskuri, oqsitanuri, ka-talanuri da korsikuli. XIII s-is dasawyisamde, CrdiloeTis olqebTan SedarebiT saf-rangeTis samxreTis, gansakuTrebiT provansis, ekonomikuri da kulturuli cxovreba maRal doneze idga. samagierod, samxed-ro-politikuri TvalsazrisiT CrdiloeTi iyo Zlieri. inglisTan aswlianma omma (1357-1453) frangTa nacionaluri TviTSegnebis gaRvivebasa da SekavSirebas Seuwyo xeli. 1429 wels orleanTan ingliselebis winaaRmdeg gamarTul brZolas saTaveSi edga ubralo frangi glexis gogona, patrioti, saf-rangeTis gmiri, Jana d'arki, romelic frangul enaze germa-nuli aqcentiT laparakobda. es brZola frangebis gamarjve-biT dasrulda. XV s-dan franguli enis SeRweva daiwyo samxreTSi, magram provansuli aq mainc rCeboda salaparako enad. XVI s-Si re-nesansma safrangeTSi saTave daudo saerTo nacionaluri kul-turis formirebas. franguli humanizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo xalxuri tradiciebi. franguli humanizmis yvelaze didi figura fransua rable (1494-1553 ww.) saerTo nacionaluri li-teraturisa da franguli saliteraturo enis fuZemdebelia.

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XVI saukuneSi religiuri omebis gamo safrangeTis politi-kuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli erToba saSiSroebis winaSe aRmoCnda. samxreTsa da ramdenime sxva provinciaSi protestan-tizmi gavrcelda. masSi gamovlinda adgilobriv feodalTa se-paratizmi da glexTa stiqiuri ukmayofileba. 1562-1592 wlebis religiurma omebma mosaxleobis adgilgadanacvlebamde da saolqo gansxvavebulobis waSlamde migviyvana. bevri protes-tanti (hugenoti) iZulebuli iyo sxva qveyanaSi gadasaxlebu-liyo. safrangeTSi kaTolikuri religia gabatonebul religi-ad darCa. burbonebis dinastiis safuZvelCamyrelma mefe henrih IV-m (1589-1610), romelmac qveynis erTianoba aRadgina, pretenzia gamoacxada yvela miwaze, `sadac frangulad laparakobdnen~. XVII saukuneSi gaerTianebis procesi ZiriTadad damTavrda da Camoyalibda erTiani centralizebuli saxelmwifo. am dro-idan moyolebuli safrangeTi omobda espaneTTan, avstriasTan, inglisTan, holandiasTan, ris Sedegadac teritoriebi gaifar-Tova da evropaSi politikur hegemonobasac miaRwia. franguli ena da kultura qveynis gareTac gavrcelda. franguli ena sa-erTaSoriso diplomatiur enad iqca. am enaze mTeli evropis saero sazogadoeba laparakobda. saerTod, safrangeTis saxe-lmwifos istoria, romelic faqtobrivad 843 wlidan iwyeba, esaa misi teritoriis mudmivi gafarToeba da am teritoriebze mcxovrebi xalxebis frang xalxSi Seyvana. safrangeTis teritoriuli gafarToeba ara marto samxedro gziT, aramed dinastiuri qorwinebebis Sedegadac xdeboda. magaliTad, am gziT SeierTes 1532 wels bretani. teritoriebis SeZena XVIII saukunesa da XIX saukuneSic ki xdeboda (1766 wels sabolood SeierTes lotaringia, 1768 wels _ korsika). samxreT safrange-Tis, bretanis, korsikis, elzasis SeerTebiT safrangeTi mra-valenovan qveynad iqca. didi revoluciis dros safrangeTis saxelmwifo TiTqmis Tanamedrove sazRvrebSi iyo. mis gareT mxolod savoia da nica rCeboda. safrangeTis revolucias (1789-1794 ww.) gadamwyveti mniSvne-loba hqonda frangi xalxis nacionaluri SekavSirebisaTvis. frangulma enam TandaTan daipyro samxreTi. frangi ganmanaT-leblebis filosofiam, frangulma klasikurma literaturam didi roli iTamaSa provinciebSi franguli saliteraturo enis gavrcelebaSi, sadac im droisaTvis mtkice poziciebi hqondaT adgilobriv kilokavebs. administraciis sferoSi re-voluciurma reformebma (provinciebSi sabaJoebis gauqmeba, de-

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partamentebis daarseba), saskolo ganaTlebam sabolood Crdi-loeT safrangeTsa da provansals Soris sxvaobis waSla ganapiroba. iseve rogorc evropis sxva qveynebi, safrangeTic istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebad iyofa. es mxareebia: pikardia, nor-mandia, bretani, elzasi, lotaringia, Sampani, burgundia, sa-voia, overni, akvitania, langedoki, provansi. TiToeuli maTga-ni TviTmyofadobiT, eTnografiuli TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva. magaliTad, langedoki safrangeTis uZvelesi meRvineobis ra-ionia. saerTod, franguli Rvino franguli samzareulos sia-mayed iTvleba. gansakuTrebiT saxelganTqmulia Rvinoebi `bor-do~ da `burgundia~. `bordos~ akvitaniaSi awarmoeben (q. bo-rdo akvitaniis centria), `burgundias~ _ burgundiis provinci-aSi. `bordo~ msubuqi, Ria feris nazi Rvinoa. burgundiuli Rvinoebi ki, piriqiT, muqi, sqeli da mZime barxatulia. sayo-velTaod cnobilia SampanSi damzadebuli SuSxuna Rvino. saf-rangeTi aris agreTve sayovelTaod cnobili spirtiani sasme-lis _ `koniakis~ samSoblo. evropeli gurmanebisaTvis uaRresad sayvareli saxelwodebaa `diJoni~. burgundiis es qalaqi gastronomiuli produqtiT aris cnobili. mis midamoebSi agroveben da restornebSi ag-zavnian bevri xalxisaTvis sanukvar deficits, cnobil vazis lokokinas, rasac pirdapir niJarebiT zeiTunis zeTSi brawaven nivris, saneleblebis da mwvanilis damatebiT. Tanamedrove safrangeTi dasavleT evropis ara marto maRal-industriuli qveyanaa, aramed is soflis meurneobis intensi-urobiTac gamoirCeva. soflis meurneobaSi pirvel adgilzea mecxoveleoba. meRoreoba qveynis saxorce produqciis mesameds iZleva. xorbali safrangeTis mniSvnelovani kulturaa. mevena-xeoba safrangeTis sasoflo meurneobis erT-erTi ganviTarebu-li dargia. dasavleTis raionebSi (bretansa da normandiaSi) yvelgan mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs meTevzeoba. frangebi SesaniSnavi meyvavileebic arian. mTel msoflioSi sayovelTao saxeli moixveWa samxreT safrangeTis patara qa-laqma grasma. grasis parfiumerul fabrikebSi akeTeben fran-gul sunamoebs da parfiumerul nawarms, romlebzedac Zalian didi moTxovnilebaa mTel msoflioSi. msoflioSi frangebi modis kanonmdeblebadac iTvlebian. frangTa umetesoba patara qalaqebsa da ramdenime did qala-qSi cxovrobs. qveynis cxovrebaSi ganusazRvreli mniSvneloba

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aqvs parizs, sadac mosaxleobis erTi mexuTedia koncentrire-buli. evropaSi saqalaqo aglomeraciebidan is mxolod lon-dons uTmobs pirvel adgils. parizis Tanamedrove arqiteqtu-ruli iersaxe XIX s-is Sua xanebSi Camoyalibda, rodesac de-daqalaqis rekonstruqciis kolosaluri samuSaoebi Catarda. am dros Seiqmna mwvane saparado prospeqti _ eliseis mindori, axali magistralebi, ori didi tyeparki _ bulonisa da vense-nis tyeebi. arqiteqturis ubadlo Sedevrebia parizis RvTism-Soblis taZari (1163-1257), luvris sasaxlis ansambli (XIV-XIX ss.)...…XVIII s-Sia Seqmnili msoflioSi erT-erTi lamazi arqite-qturuli ansambli _ Tanxmobis moedani. qalaqis siluetSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia 1889 wels aSenebul 300 metrian eifelis koSks. Tavisi RirsSesaniSnaobebiTa da SesaniSnavi klimatiT safrangeTi didi xania mogzaurTa yuradRebas iqc-evs. dReisaTvis qveyanaSi yovelwliurad 50 milionze meti tu-risti Cadis. saintereso da rTuli gza gaiara frangulma anTroponimul-ma sistemam. bunebrivia, rom Zvelgaliur anu keltur epoqaSi gavrcelebuli iyo kelturi, agreTve Zvelebrauli sakuTari saxelebi. gvxvdeboda berZnuli saxelebic, romelTa didi na-wili Tanamedrove frangul anTroponimiaSi dResacaa Semona-xuli: André, Eugéne, Georges, Théodore, Leon, Philippe, Aleksandre. Ta-namedrove safrangeTis teritoriaze romaelTa batonobis dros laTinuri warmoSobis saxelebi gavrcelda (Romulus, Ma-rius, Victor, Martinus...). mogvianebiT frangebma romauli samyaro-dan orwevriani saxelebic isesxes. germanelTa SemoWram fran-guli anTroponimia germanuli saxelebiT Seavso. XI-XV sauku-neebSi saojaxo kavSirebis aRsaniSnavad Svilis saxels xSi-rad mamis saxels umatebdnen, magaliTad: Jean, fils Pierre (Jani, pieris Svili). Tanamedrove frangul anTroponimiul sistemaSi ZiriTadad erTwevriani saxelebia gavrcelebuli, Tumca or-wevriani saxelebic xSirad gvxvdeba, gansakuTrebiT bretanSi: Jean-Jeacque, Jean-Marie, Jean-Francois, Marie-Louise, Marie-Therese... dRes arsebuli franguli gvarsaxelebi (noms de famille) Sua sau-kuneebSic iyo gavrcelebuli. franguli memkvidreobiTi saxe-lebi dokumenturad XIII s-Si dasturdeba. franguli gvarsa-xelebi sxvadasxva warmoSobisaa: profesiuli (bolovdeba _ ier-ze, magaliTad, Bouchier), eponimuri (romlebic mamis saxele-bidan momdinareobs), toponimiuri... franguli gvarsaxelebis nawili warmomavlobazec miuTiTebs: Le Belge _ belgiuri war-

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moSobis adamiani... Tavdapirvelad gvarsaxels Tan axlda sity-va fils (Svili), romelic Semdeg daikarga: Jean, fils Jaquot iqca Jean Jaqut-ad. Tanamedrove franguli anTroponimiuli modeli orwevriania da is saxelisa da gvarsaxelis erTobliobas warmoadgens: Jean Dubois, Pierre Leblanc, romelSic saxeli (pré-nom) pirveli elementia, gvarsaxeli (nom de famille) _ meore. frangma xalxma kacobriobas bevri gamoCenili moRvawe misca. frangebs miekuTvneba uamravi teqnikuri gamogoneba. sakmarisia davasaxeloT andre amperi (1775-1836), pier kiuri (1859-1906) da maria skladovski-kiuri (1867-1934), lui pasteri (1822-1895)... mTel msoflioSi cnobili arian franguli xelovnebisa da kulturis moRvaweebi. fermwerma Jak lui davidma (1748-1825) dramatizmiT aRsavse naTeli tiloebi Seqmna. msoflio xelo-vnebis ganviTarebaSi axal epoqas Cauyares safuZveli frangma impresionistebma klod monem (1840-1920), kamil pisarom (1830-1903), eduard manem (1832-1883), ogiust renuarma (1841-1919), edgar degam (1834-1917) da sxva. saxelganTqmulni arian agreTve XX s-is mxatvrebi: anri matisi, Jernar leJe. frangulma klasicizm-ma mwvervals miaRwia pier kornelias (1606-1684) da Jan rasinis tragediebSi. Jan batist molieri (1622-1673) franguli kla-sikuri komediis Semqmneli gaxda. yvelasaTvis cnobilia msof-lio literaturis klasikosebi: viqtor hiugo (1802-1885), sten-dali (1783-1842) da onore de balzaki (1799-1850). ar SeiZleba ar davasaxeloT agreTve saxelganTqmuli mwerali-eseisti da filosofosi miSel de monteni, filosofosi dekarti. saf-rangeTis qalaq strasburgSi cxovrobda wignis beWdvis cno-bili gamomgonebeli, pirveli tipografiis Semqmneli iohan gu-tenbergi (XVs.). sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom yvela eTnoss misTvis damaxa-siaTebeli xasiaTi gaaCnia. frangebis erovnuli xasiaTi saTa-nadodaa Seswavlili da sayuradRebo mosazrebebicaa gamoTq-muli. amjerad frangebis daxasiaTebas salvador de madaria-gas davesesxebiT, romelsac sayuradRebo gamokvleva ekuTvnis ingliselebis, frangebis da espanelebis xasiaTebis Sedarebi-Ti Seswavlis Sesaxeb. madariagas mixedviT, franguli filo-sofiuri samyaro gonebas emyareba. frangi realurobis Sec-nobisaken miiswrafis. yvelanair Tavisuflebas Soris fran-gisaTvis upirvelesi azris Tavisuflebaa. marTalia, frangs guli civi aqvs, magram misi goneba friad gaxsnilia. Tavisi mrwamsiT frangi Tanasworobis momxrea. s. madariaga frangebs

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axasiaTebs rogorc maTematikis, Wadrakis, logikis, meqanikis, samxedro strategiis, arqiteqturis moyvarulebs. meTodis si-lamaze da lazaTianoba, misi simkacre _ gansakuTrebiT mniSv-nelovania frangisaTvis. isini evropuli modisa da arqiteqtu-ruli stilis kanonmdeblebi arian. pedantizmi am xalxis dama-xasiaTebel Tvisebadaa aRiarebuli. faqtobrivad frangebi da-uwereli wesebiT xelmZRvaneloben, romelTa codniTac msje-loben adamianis inteligentobis Sesaxeb. es wesi exeba eti-kets, modas, eTikas, diplomatias, xelovnebas, literaturas, iurisprudencias. ingliselebisagan gansxvavebiT, frangebi kom-promisebis mowinaaRmdegeebi arian. maTi istoria politikuri da religiuri Seuwynareblobis gamovlinebaa. `amboben, rom espanelebi SeuZlebelia marToT _ wers madariaga _ radgan espanelebi mefeTa xalxia. safrangeTi ministrebis qveyanaa. aq araa arc erTi adamiani, romelic ar Tvlides, rom SeuZlia daikavos yvelaze maRali Tanamdeboba~. safrangeTSi Zalian ma-Ralia inteleqtualebis prestiJi. Tu inglisSi yvelaze didi prestiJis gvarovnuli aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi arian, safrangeTSi aseTni mxolod mecnierebi, mxatvrebi da fi-losofosebi arian. frangebs SeuZliaT ara mxolod laparaki, aramed mosmenac. qorwindebian yovelmxrivi gansjis Semdeg, Se-iZleba iTqvas, sargeblianobiT. frangebs tradiciad aqvT er-Toblivi saojaxo trapezebis mowyoba. seqsualuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gulaxdili saubari da frangul literaturaSi inti-muri scenebis aRwera yovelTvis Sokirebul moqmedebas axden-da ucxoelebze. frangebisa da safrangeTis Sesaxeb araerTi sayuradRebo wignis avtoria cnobili saxelmwifo moRvawe, safrangeTis yo-fili prezidenti valeri Jiskar d'esteni. misi bolodroinde-li wignis saTauria: `frangebi: fiqrebi xalxis bedze~. avtors mxolod ramdenime mosazrebas davesesxebiT. safrangeTSi yo-velTvis cxovrobdnen ucxoelebi. aseTi adamianebis raodenoba ekonomikis globalizaciis zemoqmedebiT TandaTan izrdeboda. ucxoelebi arasdros ganze ar idgnen da aqtiurad monawile-obdnen franguli kulturis SeqmnaSi. safrangeTi yovelTvis stumarTmoyvare qveyana iyo da momavalSic aseTad unda dar-Ces. yofili prezidenti safangeTSi migrirebulebs or jgufad yofs _ erTni, romlebic droebiT, saswavleblad an profe-siuli interesebis gamo modian da meoreni, romelTa mizanic integraciaa. XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde safrangeTma ar icoda

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meore movlena. moqalaqeobas mxolod dabadebiT iRebdnen, ubralod mSoblebisagan is memkvidreobiT gadadioda. pirveli imigraciuli nakadebi industrializaciasTan erTad gaCnda. am nakadebSi mxolod mezobeli qveynebis _ italiisa da espaneTis moqalaqeebi Sediodnen, Semdeg _ polonelebi da portuga-lielebi. pirvel xanebSi emigrantTa Svilebi TaviaanTi mSob-lebis moqalaqeobas inarCunebdnen da am gziT Tavs aridebdnen samxedro samsaxurs. swored armiis moTxovnilebidan gamomdi-nare Secvales kanonmdebloba, riTac safrangeTSi dabadebu-lebi qveynis moqalaqeebad CaiTvalnen da daekisraT samxedro valdebuleba. XX saukunis zRurblze safrangeTma miiRo ru-seTidan da poloneTidan gamoqceuli ebraelebi. es adamianebi swrafad integrirdebodnen frangul sazogadoebaSi. mxolod frangebis umniSvnelo raodenobas hqonda imigrantebis mimarT negatiuri damokidebuleba. yvela migrirebuli jgufis asimi-lacia swrafad mimdinareobda da frangTa saerTo cxovrebSi mas pozitiuri wvlili Sehqonda. situacia mxolod meore mso-flio omis Semdeg Seicvala. is ZiriTadad safrangeTSi muSa-xelis naklebobiT iyo gamowveuli. qveyanaSi upiratesad deko-lonizaciis Semdeg yofili franguli koloniebidan modiod-nen. migrantebis Tavdapirveli mizani sruliadac ar iyo fran-gul garemoSi integracia, magram garemoeba umetes maTgans Ta-vdapirvel gegmebs acvlevinebda. meore msoflio omis Semdgo-mi imigracia pirvelisagan ori niSniT gansxvavdeboda: pirve-li, erTi geografiuli zonidan mimdinareobda, da meore _ man aralegalur imigrantTa didi nakadi warmoSva. am nakadebma in-tegraciis sferoSi axali problemebi warmoSva, magram integ-racias maRribis qveynebidan da dasavleT afrikidan mosulTa-Tvis religiuri faqtori abrkolebda. safrangeTma ucxoele-bis problema TiTqos gadawyvita. feradi imigrantebi da maTi STamomavlebi saqorwino urTierTobaSic Sedian frangebTan; isini frangebadac iTvlebian. magram ukanaskneli wlebis mov-lenebma daadastura, rom gansxvavebuli religiis, msoflmxed-velobis, mentalitetis da Tanac Zalian didi masebis integra-cia miuRwevelia. problemis dadebiTad gadawyvetis SemTxveva-Si frangul sazogadoebas mainc garkveuli cvlilebebi elis da is upirveles yovlisa anTropologiuri tipis cvlilebas Seexeba. yofili prezidentis daskvniT XXI saukuneSi frangu-li identurobis SenarCuneba prioritetuli gaxdeba.

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2.9. valonielebi valonielebi belgiaSi valoniis istoriul olqSi cxovro-ben. belgiaSi valonielebis raodenoba 3,92 milionia; cxovro-ben agreTve safrangeTSi (55 aTasi), aSS-Si (75 aTasi). maTi saerTo raodenoba 4 mil. 100 aTasia. valonielebi didi evro-peiduli rasis saSualo evropeidul rasas miekuTvnebian. la-parakoben frangul enaze. franguli enis valoniuri dialeqti Sedis Crdilo frangul dialeqtTa jgufSi (il-de-fransis dialeqtebi). valonielebi (iseve rogorc belgieli flamandie-lebi) kaTolikeebi arian. valonielebi arian keltebis (ZiriTadad belgebis) STamoma-valni, romlebic Tanamedrove belgiis samxreTSi cxovrobdnen. keltebma (belgebma) romaelTa dapyrobis Semdeg (Zv.w. I s.) ro-manizacia ganicades. valonielebma 1830 wels flamandielebTan erTad Seqmnes belgiis damoukidebeli saxelmwifo. valonielebis eTnikuri teritoria iyofa orad _ Crdiloe-Tis (baris), sadac ZiriTadad ganviTarebulia miwaTmoqmedeba (xorbali, qeri, kartofili, Saqris Warxali) da samxreTis (mTiani), sadac upiratesoba eniWeba mesaqonleobas (msxvilfexa rqosani saqoneli). Tanamedrove valonielebis umetesoba qala-qebSi cxovrobs, maT Soris msxvil aglomeraciebSi (briuseli, lieJi). kulturiTa da yofiT valonielebs bevri saerTo aqvT fran-gebis Crdilo-aRmosavleT jgufebTan. valonielebis ZiriTadi tradiciuli sakvebia kartofilis, bostneulisa da burRulis kerZebi. Tevzs ufro xSirad Wamen, vidre xorcs. tradiciuli sasmelebia: yava, rZe, ludi. saeklesio dResaswaulebis aRniSvnisas gavrcelebulia saze-imo msvlelobebi. karnavalebisa da saeklesio dResaswaulebis dros valonielebi Zvel tradiciul tansacmelSi ewyobian. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi valonielebsa da flamandie-lebs Soris gamwvavda nacionalur-enobrivi winaaRmdegoba. 1980-ian wlebSi SemoiRes Sida avtonomiis sistema.

2.10. retoromanelebi retoromanelebis (Zveli romauli provincia Raetia _ retias laTinur saxelwodebas + romanus _ romauli) saxelwodebiT gaerTianebulia ramdenime xalxi. eseni arian: romanSelebi (ru-manSelebi), ladinebi da friulebi. eniTa da kulturiT samive

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retoromaneli xalxi axlosaa erTmaneTTan, magram saerTo da-mwerloba ara aqvT. friulebi da ladinebi italiaSi cxovro-ben, romanSelebi _ SveicariaSi. maTi saerTo raodenoba 800 aTasia, maT Soris, italiaSi _ 735 aTasi. laparakoben indoev-ropul enaTa ojaxis romanuli jgufis retoromanul enaze. italiaSi daaxloebiT 35 aTasi ladinia. maTi TviTsaxelwo-debaa ladini (italiurad), ladiner (germanulad) (laTinuri `latinusedan~ _ laTineli). CrdiloeT italiaSi mcxovreb am retoromanelebSi gavrcelebulia agreTve italiuri da germa-nuli enebi. isini TandaTan asimilacias ganicdian garSemo mcxovreb italielTa mier. italiel ladinTa umravlesoba orenovania da Tavis enaze mxolod saxlSi laparakobs. ita-lieli ladinebis winaprebad iTvleba Zveli alpiuri tomi – retebi. bevri mecnieri fiqrobs, rom retebis ena etruskulTan iyo axlos. retebiT dasaxlebuli raionebis romanizacia Ziri-Tadad V s-Si moxda. mTieli ladinebi ZiriTadad mecxoveleo-bas misdeven. maTSi miwaTmoqmedeba naklebadaa ganviTarebuli. yvelaze mravalricxovani retoromanuli xalxia friulebi. ukanaskneli monacemebiT maTi saerTo raodenoba 700 aTasia. friulebis TviTsaxelwodebaa friulani, furlani. italiaSi isini cxovroben Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi, udines provinciaSi (friuli-venecia-julias olqSi). friulebi retoromanuli enis friulur dialeqtze metyveleben. adre Sua saukuneebSi friu-lebiT dasaxlebulma mxarem germanul da sxva tomTa (vestgu-Tebi, hunebi, ostguTebi, langobardebi) Tavdasxmebi ganicada. VII-VIII ss-Si aq SemoiWrnen slavebi, romlebic nawilobriv Se-erivnen friulebs. ax.w. I s-Si friulebis olqze romaelTa xe-lisufleba gavrcelda. misi mosaxleobis romanizacia IV-V sa-ukuneebisaTvis damTavrda. yvelaze xangrZlivad langobardebi friuliaSi batonobdnen. maTi batonoba oras welze metxans gagrZelda. swored langobardebma daaCnies yvelaze didi kva-li friulis eTnikur ganviTarebas, vidre sxva winamorbedma dampyroblebma. langobardulma enam friulur enazec didi ga-vlena moaxdina. eTnonimi friuli (laT. Foroiulani) momdinare-obs qalaq forum iuliis (Forum Iulii) saxelidan. 1077 wlidan 1420 wlamde friuliis teritoriaze akviliis eklesiis (patri-arqTa) saxelmwifo arsebobda. friulebma XV s-dan italiuri kulturis Zlieri gavlena ganicades. XVIII saukunis bolodan friulis olqi venecias, avstriasa da safrangeTs Soris mra-valricxovani brZolis arenad iqca. 1797-1805 wlebSi mas avst-

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rielebi ganagebdnen. Semdgom periodSi ki xelidan xelSi ga-dadioda. 1866 wels friulTa miwa italiis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. friulebi TandaTan asimilacias ganicdian italiele-bis mier. dReisaTvis maT sakuTar enaze TiTqmis ara aqvT naci-onaluri literatura. saliteraturo da ganaTlebis ena aq italiuria. friulebis tradiciuli sasoflo-sameurneo dargebia: barSi _ miwaTmoqmedeba (xorbali, simindi, xili, seli, kanafi), meve-naxeoba, meabreSumeoba, mTebSi da barSi hyavT msxvilfexa rqo-sani saqoneli. friulebSi glexuri Sromis mTeli simZime qa-lebis mxrebze gadadis, radgan bevri mamakaci ojaxis sarCenad italiis sxva raionebsa da sazRvargareT (ZiriTadi mSeneblo-baze) midis samuSaod. retoromanelTa samive jgufis warmomadgenlebi kaTolikeebi arian. SveicariaSi gvxvdebian protestantebic. SveicariaSi mcxovrebi retoromanelebis TviTsaxelwodebaa rumanSi, romonSi. isini ZiriTadad Sveicariis graubiundenis kantonSi cxovroben da maTi raodenoba 65 aTasi kacia. roman-SelTa enaSi xuT dialeqts gamoyofen; Seqmnili aqvT damwer-loba laTinuri anbanis safuZvelze. Sveicariis retoromane-lebSi gavrcelebulia agreTve germanuli da italiuri enebi. retoromanul enaze wignebis beWdva XVI s-Si daiwyes. XIX s-Si gaZlierebuli germanizaciis wyalobiT maTi ena gaqrobis pi-ras da TviTon ki asimilaciis saSiSroebis winaSe idgnen, mag-ram XIX s-is II naxevarSi mecnierTa da sazogado moRvaweTa propagandis Sedegad es procesi SeCerda. 1938 w. retoromanu-li ena Sveicariis erT-erT saxelmwifo enad iqna aRiarebuli. Sveicariis sxva xalxebisagan gansxvavebiT, retoromanelebma ufro mtkiced Semoinaxes tradiciuli kulturis elementebi. ZiriTadad dasaqmebulni arian mesaqonleobiT (sarZeve), turis-tebis momsaxurebiT, zogan ganviTarebulia miwaTmoqmedeba da mevenaxeoba. retoromanelebSi Zalze ganviTarebulia xeze kve-Tis xelovneba. SemorCenilia folklori (zRaprebi, legendebi da sxv.), saTemo dResaswaulebi da wes-Cveulebebi.

2.11. korsikelebi kunZuli korsika axla safrangeTis erT-erTi departamentia. is dasaxlebulia korsikelebiT. korsikelebis TviTsaxelwo-debaa korsi. korsikelTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 300 aTasia. isini miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis xmelTaSuazRvis-

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pirul rasas. es xalxi eniT axlos dgas italielebTan (lapa-rakoben italiuri enis Cizmontanursa da oltremontanur ki-loebze, agreTve frangul enaze) da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi italiuri kulturis gavleniT yalibdebodnen. safrangeTTan SeerTebis Semdeg (didi franguli revoluciis periodSi) kor-sikelebma franguli kulturis didi gavlena ganicades. korsikelebi kaTolikeebi arian. yovel sofels hyavs Tavisi wminda mfarveli da yovelwliurad maT pativsacemad dResas-waulebs awyoben. zogierTi samlocvelo ama Tu im wmindanis saxels atarebs. korsikaSi gansakuTrebulad aRniSnaven kalen-darul kaTolikur dResaswaulebs (Soba, aRdgoma, sameboba, wminda paraskevas dRe). bevrgan religiur dResaswaulSi mTe-li sofeli iRebs monawileobas. korsikelTa eTnikur safuZvels Seadgenen iberiuli da li-guriuli tomebi, romlebic kunZul korsikis uZveles mosax-leobas warmoadgendnen. maT Zv.w. VIII-V ss-Si finikielebis, be-rZnebis, etruskebisa da karTagenelebis gavlena ganicades. Zv.w. VI s-Si korsikis kolonizaciis cdebi hqondaT mcireazi-el berZnebs, magram isini etruskebma gaaZeves. Zv.w. III-II sauku-neebSi romaelebis mier korsikis dapyrobam misi mosaxleobis TandaTanobiTi romanizacia gamoiwvia. adreul Sua saukuneeb-Si moxda laTinurenovani korsikelebis Sereva berZen-bizanti-elebTan, guTebTan, langobardebTan, frankebTan. IX s-Si kor-sika daipyres arabebma, XI-XIV ss-Si maTze batonobdnen ita-lielebi (jer pizelebi, Semdeg ki _ genuelebi), romlebmac korsikelebze didi kulturuli gavlena moaxdines. korsikaSi feodalur zedafenas upiratesad italieli land-grafebi, langobardeli, guTeli, berZeni da frangi meomrebi Seadgendnen, romlebmac sxvadasxva damsaxurebis gamo korsika-Si jildod miwa da titulebi miiRes. korsikaSi franguli enisa da kulturis SeRweva XVIII s-is ukanasknel mesamedSi daiwyo, rodesac kunZuli safrangeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida (sabolood 1796 wels). korsikis safra-ngeTTan daaxloeba ZiriTadad napoleon I-ma ganapiroba, rome-lic warmoSobiT korsikeli iyo. napoleonis mier armiaSi ko-rsikelebis farTod gawvevam kunZulze franguli enisa da ku-lturis SeRweva daaCqara. 1814 wlidan korsika safrangeTis departamentia. skolisa (ga-naTlebis) da administraciis ena frangulia. rogorc aRiniS-na, korsikelebi italiuri enis or dialeqtze metyveleben. maT

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dialeqtebs mTebi yofs. am ori daileqtis matarebelni, erTma-neTs Znelad agebineben da urTierTobisas upiratesobas fran-gul enas aniWeben. sameurneo TvalsazrisiT, korsika safrangeTis erT-erTi Ca-morCenili raionia. mosaxleobis raodenoba ganuxrelad mcir-deba. mrewveloba TiTqmis araa ganviTarebuli. meurneobis mTa-vari dargia eqstensiuri*

korsikelTa folklorSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia simRe-ra-tirils (xmiT natirlebs), e.w. “voceris” _ micvalebulTan tirilis improvizebul Sesrulebas. am dros CamoTvlian mis damsaxurebas da Tu moklulia, SurisZiebisaken mouwodeben. axla "voCerebi" ufro iSviaTad ismis. korsikis mivardnil mTi-

mesaqonleoba, tyis damuSaveba da turistebis momsaxureba. korsikelebs moSenebuli hyavT bevri Txa da cxvari, romlebic wlis umetes dros mTebSi hyavT saZovarze. adgilobrivi jiSis Txebi cximian rZes iZlevian, romlisaganac amzadeben cnobil korsikul yvels _ `broCio~. sanapiro zolSi ganviTarebulia mevenaxeoba da mebaReoba (citrusebi da zeiTuni). korsikelebis sakvebi italielTa da samxreT frangTa sakve-bis msgavsia. yvelaze xSirad moixmaren kartofils, lobios, makarons, Rvinos, yvels. korsikelTa umetesoba cxovrobs soflebsa da patara qala-qebSi, romelTagan bevri arabTa dapyrobis drosaa warmoqmni-li da kldeebze iarusebad aris ganlagebuli. aseT qalaqebSi mosaxleoba Zlivs aWarbebs ori aTass da aq xSirad sasoflo yofaa SemorCenili. yvelaze didi qalaqebia aiaCo (31,5 aTasi mcxovrebi) da bastia (daaxl. 43 aTasi mcxovrebi). korsikelebSi Semonaxulia warsulSi gabatonebuli patriar-qalur-gvarovnuli urTierTobebi. maT axasiaTebT Zalian mWid-ro naTesauri kavSirebi. korsika evropaSi erTaderTi adgilia, sadac dRemde Semonaxulia sisxlis aRebis wes-Cveuleba (`vendeta~). korsikaSi micvalebuls saflavamde mxolod mamakacebi mia-cileben. aq micvalebulis xsovnas did pativs scemen. micvale-bulebs xSirad saojaxo akldamebSi aTavseben. korsikelTa aseTi sasoflo akldamebi samlocveloebisagan Sedgeba. Sori-dan isini patara qalaqebs mogvagonebs.

* eqstensiuri - rac dakavSirebulia raodenobriv (da ara xari-sxobriv) zrdasTan, gafarToebasTan.

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an raionebSi mRerian agreTve Tavisebur simRera-saxsovars, se-renadebs. korsikelebi daxelovnebuli improvizatorebi arian, xSirad bazrobebis dros awyoben poetur Sejibrebebs.

2.12. italielebi italielebi italiis saxelmwifos mkvidrni arian. italia sa-mxreT evropis didi saxelmwifoa. qveynis saerTo farTobi 301,3 aTasi kv.km-ia. italiis centrSi mdebareobs patara saxel-mwifo san-marino. administraciulad qveyana iyofa 19 olqad da 91 provinciad. italielTa TviTsaxelwodebaa italiani. maTi saerTo raodenoba 66,6 mil. kacia, maT Soris italiaSi cxovrobs 54,35 mil.; cxovroben agreTve evropis sxva qveynebSi (2,7 mil.): safrangeTSi (1 mil. 100 aTasi), germaniaSi (540 aTasi), SveicariaSi (408 aTasi), belgiaSi (280 aTasi), did britaneTSi (220 aTasi). amerikis kontinentze 8 milionze meti italielia: aSS-Si 5,5 mil. kaci, argentinaSi 1,35 mil., kanadaSi 800 aTasi kaci, braziliaSi 650 aTasi, venesuelaSi 200 aTasi, urugvaiSi 100 aTasi, avstraliasa da okeaneaSi daaxl. 300 aTasi, afrikaSi 100 aTasi, aziaSi daaxl. 10 aTasi. italiaSi mosaxleobis 98% italielia; 2%-s eTnikuri umci-resobebi Seadgenen, romlebic kompaqtur jgufebad cxovroben da dakavebuli aqvT garkveuli teritoria. isini ramdenime sau-kunis win Camoyalibdnen. friuli-venecia-julias provinciaSi cxovroben friulebi, trentini-alti-adijSi _ enobrivad maTi monaTesave ladinebi. amave olqSi cxovrobs 300 aTasze meti tiroleli, romlebic erT-erT zemo germanul dialeqtze la-parakoben. qveynis Crdilo-dasavleTSi, piemontSi, cxovroben franko-provansalTa jgufebi (80 aTasze meti). italiaSi mkvi-droben agreTve slovenebi da xorvatebi (daaxl. 100 aTasi ka-ci). samxreT italiasa da siciliis kunZulze arsebobs alba-nelTa koloniebi (daaxl. 80 aTasi kaci); samxreT italiaSi cxovroben agreTve berZnebi (30 aTasi), sardiniis Crdilo-dasa-vleTSi (qalaqi algero) _ katalonielebi (15 aTasi). san-mari-nos mosaxleobas (17 aTasi) italielebi warmoadgenen. XX s-Si italiis mosaxleobis zrdis tempi Senelda mudmivi emigraciis gamo, romelic XIX s-Si daiwyo da glexTa umiwo-biT iyo gamowveuli, radgan italiis mrewvelobas maTi dakma-yofileba ar SeeZlo. 1945-1962 wlebSi italia 6 milionma kacma

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datova. intensiuri emigracia ZiriTadad italiis samxreT rai-onebidan mimdinareobda. italielebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis indoxme-lTaSuazRvispirul rasas. laparakoben indoevropul enaTa ojaxis romanuli jgufis italiur enaze. nacionaluri sali-teraturo enis garda arsebobs agreTve mravalricxovani dia-leqtebi da kilokavebi (Tqmebi). isini imdenad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, rom zogierTi olqis mcxovrebT xSirad erT-maneTis ar esmiT. italiuri dialeqtebi sam did jgufad iyo-fa. CrdiloeT italiuri enis jgufSi Sedis: lombardiuli, liguriuli, veneciuri, piemonturi, emelianuri. Sua italiuri enis dialeqtebia: toskanuri, umbriuli, romauli, Crdilo la-ciuri, markijanuli, galuriuli. samxreT italiuri daileqte-bi erTmaneTTan SedarebiT axlos mdgomi dialeqtebia: neapo-litanuri, abruculi, apuliuri, kalabriuli, siciliuri (ram-denime) da samxreT lacios dialeqti. samxreT sardiniis Tqme-bi (kilokavebi) axlosaa siciliur dialeqtebTan. kunZulis centralur nawilSi mosaxleoba ramdenime kiloze lapara-kobs, romlebic Zlier gansxvavdeba danarCeni italiuri dia-leqtebisagan. lingvistebi calke gamoyofen sardiniul enas. dialeqtTa mravalferovnebis fonze, bunebrivia, rom italia ramdenime istoriul-eTnografiul mxared, Sesabamisad, eTno-grafiul jgufad iyofa: venecielebad, ligurielebad, kalab-rielebad, lombardielebad, piemontelebad, toskanelebad. mni-Svnelovnad gansxvavebulni arian sicilielebi da sardiniele-bi (sardinielebs xSirad damoukidebel eTnosad gamoyofen). italielTa damwerloba dafuZnebulia laTinur grafikaze. italiuri ena ufro axlosaa laTinur enasTan, vidre sxva ro-manuli enebi. italiur saliteraturo enas safuZvlad udevs toskanuri dialeqtis florenciuli Tqma. pirveli werilobi-Ti Zeglebi X saukunes miekuTvneba. saliteraturo italiuri enis formirebaSi didi roli iTamaSa dantes, bokaCos, petrar-kas enam. italiuri saliteraturo enis paralelurad, litera-tura dialeqtebzec gamodis. mosaxleobis umetesobisaTvis da-maxasiaTebelia diglosia (saerTo nacionaluri enisa da dia-leqtis floba). dialeqtTa gavleniT Camoyalibda italiuri enis regionaluri variantebi. italielma xalxma formirebis grZeli da rTuli gza gaiara. Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi apeninis naxevarkunZuli dasax-lebuli iyo xalxebiT, romelTa mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgen-

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dnen italiuri tomebi, romlebic indoevropul enaTa ojaxis enebze laparakobdnen. maT Soris mowinave mdgomareoba daika-ves laciumSi mcxovrebma laTinebma, sadac maT daaarses (gad-mocemiT Zv.w. 753 wels) qalaqi romi (Roma). laTinebma pirvel-yovlisa eniT axlos mdgomi umbrebi da oskebi daimorCiles da maTi romanizacia moaxdines. Zv.w. V-III ss-Si laTinebma dai-morCiles yvela danarCeni italiuri tomi: samnitebi, marsebi, volskebi, ekvebi da sxv. TavianTi samkvidrebeli adgilidan CrdiloeTiT romaelebi araitaliur xalxebs Seejaxnen. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovanni iyvnen etruskebi anu tirsenebi. am xalxis warmoSoba dRemde gaurkvevelia. fiqroben, rom et-ruskebi mcire aziidan (troadan) iyvnen gadmosaxlebulebi, romlebmac Zv.w. VIII s-Si Tanamedrove toskaniis kolonizacia moaxdines. Zv.w. V s-dan dawyebuli, romaelebma TandaTan dai-morCiles etruskebi. maT daiqvemdebares agreTve venetebi, rom-lebic italiis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi cxovrobdnen (isini roms sabolood Zv.w. I s-Si daeqvemdebarnen) da ligurebi (cxovrobdnen qveynis Crdilo-dasavleTSi ax.w. I s-Si). md. pos mindvrebSi mravalricxovani kelturi tomebi mkvidrobdnen. Zv.w. I s-Si romaelebma es olqic daipyres. Semdeg romaelebma keltebis enobrivi da kulturuli asimilacia moaxdines. naxevarkunZulis samxreTsa da kunZulebze (sicilia, sardi-nia, korsika) ramaelebma daimorCiles sxvadasxvaenovani xalxe-bi: berZnebi (romlebic gadmosaxlebulebi iyvnen Zv.w. VIII-VI ss-Si), iapigebi, karTagenelebi, sikanebi. am xalxebma didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SeinarCunes TavianTi enebi da samxreTis mkvidr-Ta leqsikas mniSvnelovani kvali daaCnies. friad mniSvnelo-vani iyo agreTve berZenTa gavlena Camoyalibebis procesSi myof romaul kulturaze. romaelTa mier dapyrobili olqebis mcxovrebni I-II ss-Si Ti-Tqmis ukve laTinur enaze laparakobdnen, ufro sworad, e.w. xalxur laTinurze. magram, Tavis mxriv, adgilobrivi mosax-leobis enebmac mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina laTinur ena-ze. es kargad Cans toponimebiT. zogierTi italiuri adgilis saxelwodebas liguriuli warmoSoba aqvs. romis mier dapyrobili teritoriebis Cqari romanizacia ram-denime garemoebiT aixsneba. adgilobriv mosaxleobaze romae-lTa koloniebi mudmiv ekonomikur, politikur da kulturul gavlenas axdendnen. damorCilebul xalxebs romis moqalaqeo-bis ufleba eZleodaT. italiis dapyrobil olqebSi ganlage-

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buli romaeli legionerebi xangrZlivad gaCerebiT xels uw-yobdnen xalxuri laTinuri enis gavrcelebas. amas garda, la-Tinuri aq gamoiyeneboda administraciul sferoSi. amrigad, Za-lian didia Zveli romis kulturuli roli italieli xalxis formirebaSi, misi kulturisa da enis CamoyalibebaSi. romis imperiis epoqaSi italiis xalxebma xuroTmoZRvrebis bevri mniSvnelovani Zegli Seqmnes, romlebic amSvenebs romisa da italiis sxva qalaqebs. aRsaniSnavia am periodis reali-sturi skulpturuli portretebi. Zv.w. I s-Si, imperiis epoqaSi, ayvavda literatura. marTalia, romaelebma apeninis naxevarkunZulis xalxebi dai-pyres, magram, italiaSi eTnikuri Sereva romis imperiis dace-mamde (V s.) mainc ar damTavrebula. daiwyo romanizebuli xal-xebis Sereva `barbarosebTan~. romis imperatorebi italiaSi masobrivad asaxlebdnen sxvadasxva warmoSobis monebsa da Ta-visufal adamianebs. magaliTad, ax.w. II s-Si imperatorma mark avreliusma imperiis miwaze daasaxla markomanebi. imperatorma probiusma (III s-is dasasruls) italiaSi dasaxlebis neba dar-To bastaranebs, gepitebs, osTguTebsa da ramdenime sxva germa-nul toms. 370 wels md. pos mindvrebSi damarcxebuli alemane-bi daasaxles. 377 wels CrdiloeT italiaSi ganTavsdnen guTe-bi da taifalebi. romaelebma yvela am tomis asimilacia moax-dines. V s-dan italiis romanizebuli mosaxleobis Serevas `barba-ros~ tomebTan _ upiratesad germanelebTan intensiuri xasia-Ti hqonda. 402 wels balkaneTis naxevarkunZulidan CrdiloeT italiaSi vestguTebi SeiWrnen, romelTa winamZRolma alarix-ma 410 wels romi aiRo. 452 wels italiaSi SeWrilma hunebma qveynis CrdiloeTi gaanadgures. 455 wels romi vandalebma ga-Zarcves. 476 wels germanuli tomis rugiebis erT-erTma meTa-urma dasavleT romis imperatori _ romul-avgustuli aiZula uari eTqva taxtze. es movlena miCneulia romis imperiis dace-mad. 488 wels italiaSi ostguTebi SeiWrnen. maTi beladi Teodo-rixi 493 wels guTebisa da italikebis mefed gamocxadda. ost-guTebis laSqrobas da samxedro Tavdasxmas germanuli da zo-gierTi progermanuli tomis italiaSi gadasaxleba mohyva. Te-odorixTan erTad italiaSi 100 aTasi ostguTi da sxvadasxva tomis 50 aTasi kaci movida. ostguTebma Seqmnes didi samefo, romelic centraluri italiidan dunaimde iyo gadaWimuli.

110033

man 555 wlamde _ bizantielebis mier italiis damorCilebamde iarseba. 568 wels qveynis CrdiloeTi nawili aRmosavlurma ge-rmanulma tomebma _ langobardebma (daaxl. 200 aTasi) daipy-res, romlebTan erTad italiaSi sxva tomebic (saqsebi, svevebi, gepidebi...) movidnen. bizantielTa gadasaxadebiTa da batono-biT Sewuxebulma apeninis naxevarkunZulis mosaxleobam axal-mosulebs seriozuli winaaRmdegoba ar gauwia. VII saukunisa-Tvis italiis nawili langobardebis xelisuflebis qveS imyo-feboda, romlebic ufro mWidrod iyvnen dasaxlebulni qveynis Crdilo-dasavleTSi. erT-erT olqs aq dResac lombardia ewo-deba. lombardiis samefom 774 wlamde iarseba. 774 wels is frankTa mefem, karlos didma daipyro. frankTa xelisufleba italiis mTel CrdiloeTsa da Sua italiis nawilze gavrcel-da. apeninis naxevarkunZulze Semdeg migrantTa axali talRebi SemoiWra. IX saukuneSi arabebma sicilia daipyres da gaZarc-vis mizniT Tavdasxmebs awyobdnen samxreTsa da centralur italiaSi. IX s-is dasawyisSi CrdiloeT italiaSi ungrelebi SemoiWrnen, romlebic X s-is Sua xanebSi italiis samxreT ra-ionebamde movidnen. ungrelebis dapyrobebi mxolod X s-is II naxevarSi Sewyda, rodesac qveynis samxreTi olqebi normanebma daipyres. italiis rTuli politikuri bedi mis eTnikur istoriazec aisaxa. eqvsi mSfoTvare saukunis (V-X) Semdeg romaelebi, ro-gorc xalxi, aRar arsebobdnen. am saukuneebSi mimdinareobda dampyroblebisa da damorCilebuli italieli xalxis intensi-uri Sereva. ufro maRali kulturis romaelebma barbarosebi TavianT kulturul gavlenas daumorCiles. hunebma da vanda-lebma italiur kulturasa da enas mniSvnelovani kvali ver daaCnies. vestguTuri enidan italiurSi mxolod ramdenime si-tyva (samxedro termini) Sevida. aseve mcirea ostguTuri enis kvali laTinur enaSi. romaul kulturas mniSvnelovani kvali mxolod bizantie-lebma daaCnies. maTi batonobis periodSi italiur kostiumSi ramdenime berZnul-aRmosavluri elementi SeiWra. bizantieleb-ma gavlena moaxdines italiis mosaxleobis kulturul cxov-rebaze, italiur ferwerasa da arqiteqturaze, Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi italiuri enis leqsikaze. italiis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis didi mni-Svneloba hqonda frankul dapyrobebs. frankebma Tan moitanes

110044

maTTan ukve Camoyalibebuli feodaluri samarTali da glexis miwaze mimagrebis procesi daaCqares. ufro adre langobardeb-ma monaTmflobelTa zedafena gawyvites da bolo mouRes mona-Tmflobelur wyobilebas. dampyrobelTagan laTinuri enis leqsika yvelaze metad langobardebma gaamdidres. es ZiriTa-dad samxedro terminebs exeba; magram langobardebze itali-urma kulturam Seudareblad ufro didi gavlena moaxdina, vi-dre langobardulma italiurze. ukve VII s-Si langobardebma daiwyes laTinuri enis SeTviseba, Semdgom ki maT bevri ro-mauli wes-Cveuleba gaiTavises. VI-X ss-Si zemoT aRwerili eTnikuri Sejaxebebisa da Sereve-bis Sedegad Camoyalibda italiuri xalxuri ena, romlis sa-fuZvels xalxuri laTinuri Seadgenda. es iyo mniSvnelovani momenti italieli xalxis cxovrebaSi. italiuri ena didi xnis ganmavlobaSi umwerlobo enad rCeboda, radgan oficia-lur enas yvela mmarTvelis dros italiaSi saliteraturo laTinuri ena warmoadgenda. pirveli werilobiTi Zegli xal-xur italiur enaze iyo X saukunis meore naxevarSi Sedgenili ramdenime sasamarTlo aqti. XI saukunisaTvis CrdiloeT da Sua italiaSi italielTa mi-er germanuli elementis asimilacia damTavrda. XII saukuneSi moxda samxreT italiaSi mcxovrebi normanebis Caylapva, XIII s-Si ki _ berZnebisa da saracinebisa (arabebis). XII s-Si italie-lebis mier germanelTa winaaRmdeg brZolis periodSi Camoya-libda nacionaluri TviTSegneba. swored am periodSi italia-Si gaerTianebis tendencia gaCnda. italiuri saliteraturo enis WeSmarit Semqmnelebad samar-Tlianad miiCneva XIV s-is sami didi mwerali (`treCento~) _ dante, petrarka da bokaCo, romlebic ara marto TviTon werd-nen toskanur dialeqtze, aramed ibrZodnen, raTa is gadaqceu-liyo saerTo nacionalur saliteraturo enad. petrarka Tavi-si sonetiT `italia Cemo~ Tanamemamuleebs politikuri gaer-Tianebisaken mouwodebda. aRorZinebis epoqis italiuri saxvi-Ti xelovneba da arqiteqtura msoflio kulturis saganZurSia Setanili. XIII saukunidan arqiteqturaSi, Tavdapirvelad ki _ saeklesio arqiteqturaSi, goTurma stilma gaimarjva. aRorZi-nebis epoqaSi iseTi arqiteqturuli nagebobani Seiqmna, romle-bzedac aSkarad igrZnoba antikurobis gavlena. aRorZinebis xa-nis didi warmomadgenlebis SemoqmedebaSi _ leonardo da vin-Ci (1442-1519 ww.), miqelanjelo buonaroti (1475-1564 ww.), rafael

110055

santi (1483-1520 ww.), ticiani (1477-1576 ww.) gamoxatulia italie-li xalxis esteTikuri ideali. XV saukunis bolosa da XVI saukuneSi ayvavda italiuri literaturac (makiaveli, proito, pietro bembo, kastilone...). saerTod italia aRorZinebis sam-Soblod iTvleba. jer kidev XI s-Si italielma berma gavido d’arecom Tanamedrove sanoto damwerloba Seqmna, ramac sauku-neebis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva xalxTa musikaluri memkvidre-obis SenarCunebis SesaZlebloba Seqmna. italiaSi renesansis pirvelma niSnebma Tavi XIII saukunis II naxevarSi iCina (flo-rencia, siena). sinTetikuri xelovnebis iseTi saxe, rogoricaa opera, aRorZinebis epoqis humanisturi ideebis zegavleniT XVI saukunis bolos _ florenciaSi warmoiSva. italia, safrangeT-Tan erTad, Tanamedrove evropuli baletis samSoblocaa. ita-lielTa mieraa Seqmnili (1709-1714 wlebSi) iseTi musikaluri instrumenti, rogoricaa fortepiano. XIX s-Si moRvaweobdnen iseTi didi italieli kompozitorebi, rogorebic arian joaki-no rosini (1792-1868 ww.) da juzepe verdi (1813-1901 ww.). am epoqaSi italielebSi politikuri da nacionaluri gaer-Tianebis aucileblobis Segnebam gaiRviZa. iwereboda nawarmoe-bebi, romlebic eZRvneboda qveynis istorias; agreTve politi-kuri traqtatebi, romelTa avtorebi kicxavdnen separatizms da qveynis erTi monarqis xelisuflebis qveS gaerTianebisaken mouwodebdnen. es ideebi yvelaze naTlad gamoxatulia makiave-lis traqtatSi `xelmwife~ (1513 w.). politikuri gaerTianebis mcdeloba im droisaTvis warumatebeli gamodga. piriqiT, XVI s-is meore naxevarSi italiis umetesi nawili espaneTis bato-nobis qveS aRmoCnda. italiis gaerTianebaSi didi roli iTamaSa xalxma, romlis erovnuli gmiri juzepe garibaldi iyo. 1860 wels garibaldis revoluciur laSqrobebs neapolsa da siciliaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda erTiani italiis samefos Sesaqmnelad. gae-rTianeba 1870 wels damTavrda. italiaSi, maRalganviTarebuli mrewvelobis miuxedavad, Se-moinaxa soflis meurneobis tradiciuli dargebi: saxnavi mi-waTmoqmedeba, mevenaxeoba, mebaReoba (maT Soris citrusebis), msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa rqosani saqonlis moSeneba. marcv-leuli kulturebidan mohyavT: xorbali, simindi da brinji. italielebi gzebis SesaniSnavi mSeneblebi arian. es tradi-cia jer kidev romauli periodidan modis. dRes italiaSi saa-vtomobilo gzebis sigrZe 300 aTas kilometrs aRwevs.

110066

italielTa daaxloebiT naxevari qalaqebSi cxovrobs, sadac Semonaxulia sxvadasxva epoqis arqiteqturuli Zeglebi (romi, venecia, florencia, neapoli, milani da sxv.). samxreT italii-saTvis damaxasiaTebelia didi, erTad SequCebuli mWidro sa-soflo dasaxlebani. bevri maTgani mdebareobs borcvze (gora-kze), romelic xSirad qvis kedlebiTaa SemosazRvruli. Crdi-loeTSi xSiria gafantuli dasaxlebani. mTel qveyanaSi, gansa-kuTrebiT ki gorakebian mxareebSi, gavrcelebulia xutoruli tipis dasaxlebani xuTi-aTi saxliT. soflis sacxovrebeli sa-xlebi ZiriTadad qviTaa aSenebuli. mravalferovania italiuri tradiciuli samzareulo. gansx-vavebaa samxreTelTa da CrdiloelTa, qalaqelTa da soflel-Ta sakvebs Soris. popularulia makaronisagan damzadebuli sadilebi. cximebidan ZiriTadad zeiTunis zeTs iyeneben. ita-lielebs ufro Roris xorci uyvarT. CrdiloeTSi xSirad ac-xoben simindis purs. sadilobisas xSirad svamen mSral Rvi-nos. italiur Rvinoebs msoflio aRiareba aqvs mopovebuli. emilia-romanias provincia cnobilia ZexvebiT, toskana _ bivS-teqsiT. romaelebi saxelganTqmulni arian Semwvari goWebiT. niapolitanuri warmoSobisaa pica. italiaSi saqorwino asaki qalebisaTvis 14 wliT ganisazRv-reba, mamakacebisaTvis _ 16 wliT, magram sinamdvileSi aq saqo-rwino asaki qalebisaTvis 20-dan 25 wlamde meryeobs, mamakace-bisaTvis _ 25-dan 30 wlamde. dReisaTvis kanoni cnobs qorwine-bis sam formas: samoqalaqos, religiur-kaTolikurs da reli-giur-arakaTolikurs. 1929 wels romis papsa da saxelmwifos Soris gaformebuli konkordatiT saeklesio qorwinebas iuri-diuli Zala aqvs. Cveulebriv, coli qmris gvars iRebs. qorwi-nebisas, tradiciiT, aucilebelia mSoblebis Tanxmoba. glexebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben axaldabadebulisaTvis saxelis Se-rCevas, radgan miiCneven, rom kargi saxeli kargi bedis momas-wavebelia. bevr adgilas arsebobs tradicia ojaxSi dabade-bul pirvel biWs daarqvan papis saxeli (mamis mxridan), gogo-nas _ bebiis saxeli (mamis mxridan). mesame da meoTxe bavSvs arqmeven papisa da bebiis saxels dedis mxridan, mexuTes _ ma-mis Zmis saxels da a.S. am tradiciis gamo ojaxSi xSirad gvxv-debian erTi da imave saxelis matarebelni. dakrZalvis wes-Cveulebebidan bevri Zveli italiuri tradi-ciaa SemorCenili. magaliTad, zogierT centralursa da samx-reT raionSi gvams RviniTa da ZmriT ganbanen. Sua saukuneebSi

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TiTqmis mTel italiaSi gavrcelebuli iyo micvalebulTa da-tireba (voceri). XX saukuneSi mas jer kidev mkacrad icavdnen sardiniaSi, piemontSi, kalabriaSi, apuliaSi. dRes es wesi mxo-lod sardiniaSia SemorCenili. dakrZalvisas iwvevdnen specia-lur momtirlebs. garganoSi, glovis niSnad, mamakacebi ramde-nime Tvis ganmavlobaSi wvers ar iparsaven. italiis mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba (99%) kaTolikea. italiaSi cxovrobs agreTve daaxloebiT 300 aTasi protestan-ti (piemontSi) da 35 aTasi iudeveli (romSi, genuaSi, floren-ciaSi, veneciaSi, livornoSi). marTalia, kaTolikuri eklesia formalurad saxelmwifosagan gamoyofilia, magram is xalxis cxovrebis bevr mxareze did gavlenas axdens. italiis dedaqa-laqSi aris gansakuTrebuli saxelmwifo _ vatikani. vatikanisa da mTeli msoflios kaTolikeebis meTauria romis papi. saxel-mwifos farTobi sul 44 heqtaria, mosaxleoba ki erTi aTasia. eseni arian papis kardinalebi, mosamsaxureebi da gvardia. sa-xelmwifo simagris Sesasvlels Sveicaruli gvardielebi ica-ven, romlebic Sua saukuneebis brwyinvale kostiumebSi arian gamowyobilni. vatikanSia msoflioSi yvelaze didi kaToliku-ri taZari, romelic wm. petres saxelobisaa da romlis mSeneb-loba 100 welze metxans grZeldeboda _ XV s-is bolodan XVII s-is dasawyisamde. italielTa religiur aRzrdaSi did rols TamaSoben kaTolike mRvdlebi, romlebic saSualo sas-wavlo dawesebulebebSi aswavlian. italiaSi mosaxleobis ga-naTlebis saerTo done maRalia. XVI s-Si aq daaarses pirveli mecnierebaTa akademia _ `akademia dei linCei~. evropaSi yve-laze uZvelesia XII s-Si daarsebuli boloniis universiteti. odnav gvian gaixsna universitetebi paduaSi, neapolSi, romSi, pizaSi da sxvagan. msoflioSi uZvelesad iTvleba romis kon-servatoria, romelic 1570 welsaa daarsebuli. soflis mcxov-rebni ufro metad religiurebi arian, vidre qalaqis mkvidrni. yvela sofels Tavisi `mfarveli~ hyavs. rig dResaswaulebSi qristianuli wes-Cveulebebi warmarTulTanaa gadajaWvuli. italia karnavalebis samSobloa. am xalxur dResaswaulebSi SeimCneva rogorc qristianobamdeli fesvebi, ise axali drois qrolva. italielTa zepiri xalxuri Semoqmedeba mdidari da mravalmxrivia. CrdiloeTSi gavrcelebulia epikuri poemebi, samxreTSi _ lirikuli leqsebi. italieli folkloristebi miiCneven, rom es poemebi keltebis eposidan modis. zogierT adgilas jer kidev cekvaven italiur xalxur cekvebs, romle-

110088

bic gamoirCeva Tavisi mravalferovnebiT, temperamentiTa da silamaziT. italieli xalxis Sesaxeb Cveni warmodgena srulyofili ar iqneba, Tu maTi winaprebis, Zvel romaelTa, yofisa da kultu-ris Sesaxeb ramdenime sityvas ar vityviT. cnobilia, Tu rao-den maRali kultura Seqmnes maT. Zvel italielTa STambeWdav miRwevebs qveynis bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebiT xsnian. CrdiloeT italiis dablobi cnobili iyo Tavisi uxvi mosav-liT (xorbali, qeri, fetvi, xili, yurZeni). Zveli romaelebi didi saxelmwifoebrivi TviTSegnebiTac gamoirCeodnen. Zv.w. II saukunis Sesaxeb polibiosi werda, rom romaelebi ufro me-tad saxelmwifoze zrunaven, vidre TavianT pirad gamorCena-zeo. Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnis berZeni avtori, re-gionaluri geografiis fuZemdebeli straboni romis Sesaxeb aRniSnavda (masSi mTel italias gulisxmobda), rom romaeleb-ma mniSvnelovan simaRleebs miaRwies, radgan qveynis uSiS-roebas uzrunvelyofs zRvebi, romlebic, ramdenime olqis ga-moklebiT, mas gars akravs, magram xmeleTis mxridanac is Zne-lad gamavali mTebiT iyo daculi. Tumca straboni amasTan er-Tad romaelTa Sromismoyvareobasac aRniSnavda. romaelebi gzebis, wyalgayvanilobis sistemebis SesaniSnavi mSeneblebic iyvnen, rasac berZnebi yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen. romis imperiis teritoriulma gafarToebam rogorc aRmosav-leTis, ise dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, sxvadasxva xalxebTan kontaqtebma romaelTa wes-Cveulebebic mravalferovani gaxada. veeberTela saxelmwifos milionian dedaqalaqs arseboba ar SeeZlo importis gareSe. puri (xorbali) romaelebs sicilii-dan da CrdiloeT afrikidan SemohqondaT. romaelebi xSirad miirTmevdnen gibraltarSi daWeril Tevzs, nairnair kerZebs ki afrikul zeTze amzadebdnen. maT dasamzadeblad spilenZis qvabebsa da qoTnebs iyenebdnen. adgilobrivi Rvinis garda, Zve-li romaelebi espanur da galiur Rvinoebsac miirTmevdnen. ke-rZebs kazmavdnen indoeTidan Semotanili wiwakiTa da aTenuri TafliT. magidasTan afrikuli citrusebi espanuri vercxlis langrebiT mihqondaT, xolo siciliur Rvinos siriul minis WurWelSi asxamdnen. mdidari moqalaqeebi mileTuri Salisa (matylis) da egvipturi tilos qsovilisagan Sekeril tansac-mels atarebdnen. maTTvis ucxo ar iyo Cinuri abreSumi, ro-melsac indoeTidan Semotanili almasebiTa da margalitebiT

110099

rTavdnen. mdidari romaelebis saxlis kedlebi feradi marma-riloTi iyo mopirkeTebuli, romelsac mcire aziaSi moipoveb-dnen. italiidanac bevri saqoneli gahqondaT: keramikuli nawarmi, metalis nakeTobani, kargi Rvino... magram eqsportis importTan Sedareba mainc ar SeiZleboda. plinius ufrosis sityviT, in-doeTidan, arabeTidan da CineTidan Semotanili saqoneli yo-velwliurad 550 milion sestercias STanTqavda. italielTa winaprebi misdevdnen miwaTmoqmedebas, mebaReobas, mesaqonleobas, mefutkreobas. axali welTaRricxvidan italia-Si mniSvnelovnad gaizarda mesaqonleobis roli mas Semdeg, rac siciliidan da CrdiloeT afrikidan ufro iafi xorblis Semotana daiwyes. romaelebma, berZnebisagan gansxvavebiT, adre daiwyes fiqri gzebis mSeneblobaze. isini sazRvao gzebiTac sargeblobdnen, magram berZnebisagan gansxvavebiT, zRva ar uyvardaT. romaele-bi bevrs mogzaurobdnen. saswavleblad saberZneTSi miemgzav-rebodnen. am TvalsazrisiT maT samsaxurs uwevda SesaniSnavi sakomunikacio sistema, gzebi da xidebi. TaRiani xidebis mSene-bloba romaelebma etruskebisagan iswavles. dRemde Semonaxu-li xidebi cxadyofs, rom am sferoSi romaelTa miRwevebi di-di iyo. magaliTisTvis md. dunaize trainis xidis dasaxelebac ikmarebs, romlis sigrZe kilometrze meti da sigane 13-19 met-ri iyo. mgzavrobisas romaelebi sargeblobdnen rogorc or-borbliani, ise oTxborbliani etlebiT. romaelTa ojaxi sazogadoebis mtkice socialuri ujredi iyo, romelSic ganusazRvreli uflebebiT ojaxis mama _ `fa-ter familias~ sargeblobda. rogorc saberZneTSi, ise romSi qals samoqalaqo uflebebi ar hqonda, magram kerZo sferoSi qali bevrad meti uflebiT sargeblobda, vidre klasikur sa-berZneTSi. romaeli qali Tavisuflad dadioda sazogadoebaSi, stumrad, sadResaswaulo miRebebze, razedac berZen qalebs fi-qric ki ar SeeZloT. qaliSvilisTvis qmars mama momavali siZis mamasTan SeTanxme-biT irCevda. Teoriulad saqorwino asakobrivi barieri Zalian dabali iyo (saqmro aucileblad 14 wlis unda yofiliyo, sa-patarZlo _ 12-is), magram realurad mamakacebi gvian qorwinde-bodnen, radgan swavlobdnen da samxedro samsaxurs gadiodnen. romaelTa saqorwilo wes-Cveulebebi mWidrod iyo dakavSire-

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buli RmerTebis kultTan. Zvel italielTa arc erTi dResas-wauli ar tardeboda mkiTxaobisa da msxverplSewirvis gareSe. dRevandeli msoflios sxvadasxva xalxebis anTroponimiul sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia memkvidreobiT sa-xels (gvarsaxels). italielTa winapari Zveli romaelebisaT-vis is uZvelesi droidanve iyo cnobili. Tavdapirvelad, iseve rogorc yvela indoevropeli xalxis, romaelTaAanTroponimiu-li sistemac erTwevriani iyo. Zv.w. daaxloebiT 600 wlamde aq adamiani mxolod sakuTar saxels atarebda. Semdgom etrus-kebis gavleniT romaelTa anTroponimiuli sistema jer orwev-riani, Semdeg ki samwevriani gaxda. magaliTad: gaius semproni-us graxkusi, romelSic pirveli wevri iyo individualuri sa-xeli (prenomen), meore _ gvarovnuli saxeli (nomen gentile) da mesame (ax.w. daaxl. 300 wlidan) _ metsaxeli anu Serqmeuli saxeli (kognomen). Cveulebriv, samwevrian romaul anTroponi-miul formulas xSirad emateboda kidev erTi individualuri saxeli _ agnomeni (magaliTad, bartbatusi _ "wverosani"). pirad saxels (prenomens), gansakuTrebiT adreul dokumente-bSi, xSirad axlda mamis saxeli naTesaobiT brunvaSi, romlis gaswvriv SemoklebiT iwereboda sityva `filius~ (Svili). Tav-dapirvelad kognomeni, rogorc piradi (individualuri) metsa-xeli, memkvidreobiT ar gadadioda, magram ukve sakmaod adreu-li periodidan kognomebi gvaris SigniT calkeul Stoebs aR-niSnavda da memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda. amiT is erTgvar msgav-sebas amJRavnebs qarTuli gvarebis danayofebTan (mamiSvilobe-bTan), romlebic faqtobrivad meore memkvidreobiT saxelebs warmoadgendnen. romSi arsebobda axalgazrduli organizaciebi, romlebic saistorio wyaroebiT Zv.w. II saukunidanaa dadasturebuli. ita-liaSi es organizaciebi cnobili iyo `iuvenesis~, `iuventusis~ (axalgazrduli, axalgazrdoba) saxelwodebiT. romSi, aTenisa-gan gansxvavebiT, axalgazrduli organizaciebisadmi mikuTvne-buloba nebayoflobiTi iyo. romaelebi bevr saukeTeso xarisxis Rvinos svamdnen. maTi sa-yvareli sasmeli iyo mulsi (TaflTan Sereuli Rvino). hora-ciusi xotbas asxamda saukeTeso italiur Rvinoebs. Rvino ro-mSi yoveldRiuri trapezis aucilebeli elementi iyo. masze monebic ki ar ambobdnen uars. romaelebi Tavisufal dros sports, nadirobas da saubrebs uTmobdnen; gansakuTrebiT sanaxaobebze daswreba uyvardaT. sa-

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naxaoba ki bevri iyo: Teatri, gladiatorTa brZola, cirki, et-lebiT rbola, akrobatebis gamosvla. romSi, iseve rogorc xmelTaSuazRvispireTis sxva qveynebSi, Tavdapirvelad dakrZalvis miRebuli wesi micvalebulis miwa-Si dafvla iyo. magram Zv.w. V s-is saistorio wyaroebSi ukve ixsenieba dakrZalvis sxva wesi _ gvamis koconze dawva. Semdeg aq dakrZalvis orive forma Tanaarsebobda, magram romaelebi mainc micvalebulis dawvas aniWebdnen upiratesobas. isini qi-raobdnen momtirlebsa da fleitaze damkvrelebs, agreTve adamianebs, romlebsac kubo ukanasknel gansasvenebel adgila-mde mihqondaT. adamiani, romelic micvalebuls Seexeboda, ise-ve rogorc saberZneTSi, ritualur ganwmendas axorcielebda. Zveli italielebi micvalebuls samidan Svid dRemde inaxavd-nen. rac Seexeba Ratakebs, maT gardacvalebisTanave, yovelgva-ri ceremonialis gareSe RamiT krZalavdnen. Zv.w. III s-mde mic-valebulis dakrZalva mzis Casvlamde xdeboda. glovis simbo-lo iyo Savi an muqi feris tansacmeli. gvian, imperiis epoqaSi, mwuxarebis niSnad, qalebi TeTri tansacmliTa da gaSlili TmebiT misdevdnen cxedars. iseve rogorc saberZneTSi, Zvel italiaSic arc erTi dResa-swauli simReris, musikisa da cekvis gareSe ar Caivlida. ita-lielebi simRerebiTa da cekvebiT miagebdnen pativs RmerTebs. bevri profesionali mocekvave da momRerali warmoSobiT sabe-rZneTidan, egviptidan, siriidan, espaneTidan iyo. maTi warmo-Sobis miuxedavad, Zvel romSi musikosebi privilegiebiT sarge-blobdnen. magaliTad, cnobil musikosebsa da momRerlebs di-debulTa gvaris warmomadgenlebTan megobruli kavSirebis da-myareba SeeZloT. romaelTa dResaswaulebi, iseve rogorc saberZneTSi, adgi-lobriv rwmena-warmodgenebTan, kultebTan da religiur wes-CveulebebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. Zvelma italielebma anTro-pomorfizmi ar icodnen da mxolod mogvianebiT, jer etruske-bis, Semdeg ki berZenTa gavleniT, maT TavianTi RmerTebis ada-mianebis saxiT warmodgena daiwyes. Zveli italia ganTqmuli iyo TeatrebiT. sxvaTa Soris, ita-liis bevr qalaqSi Teatrebi ufro adre gaCnda, vidre TviT romSi, romelTaganac uZvelesad pompeis Teatri iTvleba. is daaxl. Zv.w. 80 wliT TariRdeba. mas SeeZlo erTdroulad 15 aTasi mayurebeli daetia. Teatraluri xelovnebis ganviTareba Sua saukuneebSic grZeldeboda. am dros aq araerTi saxalxo

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Teatri iyo. Semdeg didi popularoba moipova Tojinebis Tea-trma. italiaSi XIX s-Si 400-ze meti Tojinebis Teatri iyo. romi cnobili iyo gladiatorTa brZolebiT, rac amfiTeat-rebSi xdeboda. Tumca, roca italiaSi amfiTeatrebis mSeneb-loba daiwyes, gladiatorTa brZolebs didi xnis tradicia hqonda. pirvel gladiatorebs bustuariebs uwodebdnen, rac gladiatorTa TamaSebis dakrZalvis ceremonialTan Tavdapir-vel kavSirze miuTiTebs (`bustum~ _ koconi, romelzedac mic-valebulebs wvavdnen). fiqroben, rom gladiatorTa brZolis wes-Cveuleba romSi etruriidan (sxva versiiT kampaniidan) Sevi-da, sadac is aseve religiur-sawesCveulebo xasiaTs atarebda. mogvianebiT gladiatorTa TamaSebis mowyoba sxva sababiT dai-wyes _ isini zogierTi dResaswaulis sanaxaobiT programaSi Seitanes. gladiatorebs arCevdnen samxedro tyveebidan, damna-Saveebidan, romelTac sikvdili hqondaT misjili. gladiato-rebad iwvevdnen gaRaribebul Tavisufal adamianebsac. istori-ulad, Tu pirvelad dafiqsirebul TamaSSi sami wyvili mona-wileobda, Semdeg TandaTan gladiatorTa raodenoba matulob-da da is aseulobiT da aTaseulobiT ganisazRvreboda. romae-lebs ise izidavda sisxliani brZolebi, rom droTa ganmavlo-baSi masSi mxecebic (lomebi, vefxvebi) CarTes. romaelebs iseve uyvardaT zogierTi gladiatori, rogorc dRes _ sportsmene-bi da estradis momRerlebi. moasparezeTaAvinaobas moqalaqee-bi winaswar, afiSebis saSualebiT igebdnen. isini gulSematkiv-robdnen sayvarel gladiatorebs. gladiatorTa brZolis popu-larobaze isic metyvelebs, rom mas udides amfiTeatrebSi aw-yobdnen. magaliTad, romis kolizeumi, romelic ax.w. 70-ian wlebSi aages, 45 aTas mayurebels itevda. Zvel italiaSi gla-diatorTa TamaSebis popularobaze isic metyvelebs, rom aq 99 amfiTeatri iyo. romSi ewyoboda agreTve aTletTa, morbenalTa Sejibrebebi. saberZneTis cxenosanTa asparezobam romSi sacirko warmodge-nebis saxiT gaagrZela arseboba. sacirko warmodgenebi romSi udides stadionebze ewyoboda. imperiis dacemis Semdeg ukanas-kneli sacirko warmodgena ostguTebis mefe totilam moawyo 549 wels.

2.13. sardinielebi sardinielebi italiaSi, xmelTaSua zRvaSi mdebare kunZul sardiniaze mkvidroben. sardinias kunZul korsikisagan 12-16 ki-

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lometriani srute gamoyofs. maTi TviTsaxelwodebaa sardos (Sardos), italiurad _ Sardi. ukanaskneli monacemebiT sardinie-lTa raodenoba 1,5 mil. kacia. miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis indoxmelTaSuazRvispirul rasas. laparakoben sardini-ul enaze, romelic indoevropul enaTa ojaxis romanul jgu-fSi Sedis. CrdiloeT sardinielebs enobrivi da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT bevri ram aqvT saerTo korsikelebTan. sardini-uli ena romanul enebs Soris yvelaze axlos dgas laTinur enasTan. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sardiniaSi gaiSala moZ-raoba enobrivi aRorZinebisaTvis, radgan miaCniaT, rom aTasw-leulebis ganmavlobaSi verc erTma dampyrobelma ver SeZlo sardinielTa eTnikuri specifiurobis ganadgureba. dRes ki am-as erTdroulad industria, turizmi da italiis masobrivi in-formaciis saSualebebi anxorcieleben. sardinielebi floben italiur enasac. sarwmunoebiT kaTolikeebi arian. Zv.w. II da I aTaswleulebis mijnaze sardiniaSi mkvidrobda xalxi, romelTa eTnonimic Sardani iyo. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom aq isini mcire aziidan iyvnen migrirebulni. kunZulis sa-xelwodeba swored am xalxisagan momdinareobs. Zv.w. I aTas-wleulis dasawyisSi dasavleT da samxreT sardiniaSi kolo-niebi daaarses finikielebma. Zv.w. VI s-Si kunZulis mTeli sana-piro da baris raionebi karTagenelebma daipyres, misi mcxov-rebni ki punizirebulni iqnen. Zv.w. 238 w. sardinia romaelTa samflobelo gaxda da misma narevma mosaxleobam, romelsac antikuri wyaroebi sardebs uwodebdnen, romanizacia ganicada (Tanamedrove romanul enebs Soris sardiniuli yvelaze axlo-saa laTinur enasTan). romaelTa Svidsaukunovanma batonobam Rrma kvali daaCnia sardinielTa eTnikur kulturas. adre Sua saukuneebSi sardiniam vandalebis, ostguTebis, langobardebis, bizantielebis dapyrobebi ganicada. kunZulis mcxovrebT xSirad arabebic esxmodnen Tavs. IX s-dan ori aseu-li wlis ganmavlobaSi sardinielebi izolaciaSi aRmoCndnen _ isini Caketil cxovrebas eweodnen. am saukuneebSi kunZulze Seqmnil situacias erT-erTi mecnieri Semdegnairad gansazRv-ravda: `sardebi arafers ar yiddnen, arafers yidulobdnen, Wa-mdnen cotas, imosebodnen mxolod saxlebSi damzadebuli sa-mosiT~. XI-XII ss-Si sardinielebi italiis respublikebis _ ge-nuas da pizis politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli gavle-nis qveS iyvnen. 1326-1708 wlebSi sardinia xangrZlivad espanel-Ta (katalonielebis, kastilielebis) mflobelobaSi iyo. kun-

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Zulis mkvidrni kolonizatorebs mudmiv winaaRmdegobas uwevd-nen (didi ajanyeba moxda 1470 wels). XIV saukunis bolos da-moukideblobisaTvis brZolas qali, eleonora iudikera xelmZ-Rvanelobda. es mamaci qali sardiniis istoriis legendaa. `sa-rdinielTa sulma~ eleonoram 1395 wels arboreaSi gamoaqveyna kanonTa krebuli, romelsac `adgilobrivi qartia~ ewodeboda. mogvianebiT kanonTa am krebulis Semdgenels frangma istori-kosma mimom sardiniis iustiniane uwoda. espanelebma `adgilo-brivi qartia~ mTeli kunZulis mosaxleobis erTaderT kanonad cnes. 1479 wels sardinia gaxda aragona-kastiliis samefos na-wili. am mdgomareobaSi kunZuli XVIII saukunis bolomde dar-Ca. 1720 w. kunZuli italielTa xelSi gadavida da is sardiniis samefos nawili gaxda. sardiniis samefos birTvs piemonti war-moadgenda. am periodidan sardinias savoiis hercogebi marTav-dnen, romlebmac mefis tituli miiRes. 1794 wlis ajanyebis Se-mdeg yvela piemonteli gaaZeves. 1827 wels piemontis xelisuf-lebma `adgilobrivi qartia~ gaauqmes da is `sardiniis same-fos samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTliT~ Secvales. am garemoe-bam ki glexebis mRelvareba gamoiwvia. isini saTemo samarTals icavdnen. 1861 wels sardinia gaerTianebuli italiis samefos erT-erT administraciul olqad iqca. miuxedavad imisa, rom sardiniis sanapiro zoli 1400 kilo-metrs Seadgens, kunZulze Camoyalibda ara sazRvao, aramed `mTuri~ civilizacia. nawilobriv amas geografiuli mizezebi-Tac xsnian. mTavari mainc isaa, rom sardinielTa zRvisadmi erTgvari uaryofiTi damokidebuleba ganpirobebulia kunZu-lis istoriiT. sardiniis yvela dampyrobeli zRviT Semodio-da. amitomac misi mkvidrni iZulebulni iyvnen zRvis sanapiro-dan gaqceuliyvnen da mTebSi eZebnaT TavSesafari. mudmivi izolaciis gamo, sardinielebma eTnikuri kulturis araerTi elementi SeinarCunes. maTi tradiciuli saqmianobaa mesaqonleoba (cxvari, Txa) da saxvneli miwaTmoqmedeba. rig wes-Cveulebas saTave Soreul warsulSi aqvs (daZmobilebis, xelovnuri danaTesavebis, mesisxleobis tradiciebi; SemorCeni-lia samgloviaro simRerebi). sardiniisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo umuSevroba, rac gare migracias iwvevda rogorc kontinentur italiaSi, ise evropis ganviTarebul qveynebSi. XX s-is 60-70-ian wlebSi samSoblo Ti-Tqmis 400 aTasamde sardinielma datova. XX s-is meore naxevar-

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Si sardinielebSi farTod gaiSala moZraoba enobrivi aRorZi-nebisaTvis. barisa da gorak-borcvian sardiniaSi TiTqmis araa patara soflebi. soflis mosaxleobis umetesoba iseT dasaxlebebSi cxovrobs, romlebic garegnulad qalaqebs mogvagonebs. mTian sardiniaSi dasaxlebis tipi sxvagvaria. aq mecxoveleTa saxle-bi ZiriTadad gafantuladaa gaSenebuli. sardinieli mwerali qali gracia deleda nobelis premiis laureatia (1926 w.). mis romanebSi sardinieli glexebisa da mwyemsebis cxovreba, xalxuri kulturaa aRwerili. qarTuli kulturis zogierTi mkvlevari (j. gvasalia) sar-dinielebis musikas qarTul xalxur musikas (simRerebs) ada-rebs da maT Soris did msgavsebas xedavs.

2.14. ruminelebi ruminelebis TviTsaxelwodebaa romin (laTinuri "romanes"-idan _ romaeli). ruminelebi ZiriTadad rumineTis saxelmwi-foSi (21 milioni) mkvidroben; arian agreTve: ukrainaSi (135 aT-asi kaci), iugoslaviaSi (42 aTasi), aSS-Si (50 aTasi), kanadaSi (25 aTasi), germaniaSi (20 aTasi), argentinaSi (15 aTasi), ungreT-Si (9 aTasi), safrangeTSi (7 aTasi), ruseTis federaciaSi (6 aTasi), bulgareTSi (4 aTasi) da sxva qveynebSi (umetesad qala-qebSi). ruminelebs miakuTvneben agreTve makedoniel ruminebs anu aromunebs (mezobeli xalxebi maT uwodeben kuco-vlaxebs, cincarebs anu farSerotamebes). Sua saukuneebis serbul dam-werlobaSi `vlaxi~ aRniSnavda rogorc vlaxeTis samTavros romanul mosaxleobas, ise balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis rumi-nel mesaqonleebs. balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis romaneli mesa-qonleebi TandaTan gaslavdnen, amitomac `vlaxi~ XVI-XVII sau-kuneebSi mxolod mesaqonleTa aRmniSvneli iyo. aq mas eTnoni-mis mniSvneloba ukve dakarguli hqonda. balkaneTSi aRmosav-leT romanuli mosaxleobis slavTa mier asimilacia didxans gagrZelda. mTeli XIII-XIV saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi isini or-enovanni iyvnen, magram ar gaqrnen da aqa-iq mainc SemorCnen. vlaxebi SemorCnen makedoniaSi, albaneTSi, epireaSi, Tesalia-Si. rac Seexeba moldovelebs, isini transilvaniidan XIV sau-kunis Sua xanebSi gadmosaxlebulTa STamomavlebi arian. bal-kaneTis naxevarkunZulis zogierT qveyanaSi mcxovrebi rumine-lebi gansakuTrebul dialeqtze laparakoben, romelic rumi-

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nuli enisagan ramdenadme gansxvavdeba. gancalkevebiT dgas meglenis ruminelebis patara jgufi, romlis warmomadgenle-bic cxovroben qalaq nintusa da md. vardaridan dasavleT mxa res cxra sofelSi. TavianT Tavs isini vlaxebs uwodeben. aris kidev istrieli ruminelebis jgufi, romelTa warmomadgenle-bi istriis naxevarkunZulis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi monte-majores irgvliv cxovroben. rogorc meglenebs, ise istro-ruminelebs aqvT TavianTi damoukidebeli dialeqtebi. rumine-Tis istoriul mxareebs (muntenia, oltenia, dobruja, tran-silvania, banati, kriSana, maramureSi da sxv.) eTnografiuli specifika axasiaTebs. calkeuli regionebis eTnografiuli TavisTavadoba ara marto bunebrivi pirobebiT aris ganpirobe-buli, aramed im garemoebiTac, rom isini sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva saxelmwifo daqvemdebarebaSi imyofebodnen. ruminelebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis indox-melTaSuazRvispiruli rasis pontur tips. mTian raonebSi ki gvxvdebian balkanur-kavkasiuri rasis dinaruli anTropologi-uri tipis warmomadgenlebi. ruminelebi laparakoben ruminul (dako-ruminul) enaze, ro-melic indoevropul enaTa ojaxis romanuli jgufis aRmosav-lur qvejgufs miekuTvneba. dialeqtebia: muntianuri, banturi, kriSanuli, moldavuri da sxv. ruminelebs damwerloba Seqmni-li aqvT laTinuri anbanis safuZvelze (XIX s-is Sua xanebamde, kirilicis safuZvelze). ruminul enaze pirveli Zeglebi XVI s-iT TariRdeba. saliteraturo enis formireba moxda XVII s-is dasawyisSi (istoriuli qronikebi). mxatvruli literaturis Zeglebi ki Seiqmna XVIII s-is dasasruls. ruminelTa umetesoba, mosaxleobis 4/5, marTlmadidebelia. gvxvdebian protestantebi da kaTolikeebic. kaTolikeebis rao-denoba 1,4 milionia. kaTolicizmis mimdevrebi ZiriTadad rumi-neTSi mcxovrebi ungrelebi arian, protestantizmis aRmsarebe-lni ki germanelebi arian. qristianoba rumineTSi IV saukuneSi gavrcelda. ruminuli eTnosis safuZvels warmoadgenen Trakiuli tomebi _ getebi da dakebi. ruminelTa winaprebis formirebis umniSv-nelovanesi etapi iyo romis imperiis dros geto-dakebis roma-nizacia, rodesac maT miwa-wyalze Seiqmna meziisa (Zv.w. I s. _ ax.w. V s.) da dakiis (ax.w. II-III ss.) provinciebi. VI saukunisaT-vis warmoiqmna dakoromanuli eTnikuri erToba, romelsac kav-Siri hqonda slavebTan, romlebmac maT materialur da suli-

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er kulturaze gavlena moaxdines. Tavis droze geto-dakiele-bi am qveynis erTaderTi macxovreblebi ar iyvnen. aq cxovrob-dnen rogorc aRmosavleTidan mosuli sxvadasxva tomebi (skvi-Tebi, sarmatebi, bastarnebi), ise dasavleTidan migrirebulnic (ilirielebi, keltebi). es tomebi droTa ganmavlobaSi Seerwy-nen geto-dakielebs. geto-dakielebze gansakuTrebuli gavlena hqondaT Savi zRvis sanapiroze ganlagebul berZnul koloni-ebs. meziisa da dakiis provinciebs mWidro ekonomikuri da kul-turuli erToba hqondaT. aq gavrcelda laTinuri ena da dam-werloba, magram Zlieri eqspluataciis gamo geto-dakielebi (gansakuTrebiT transilvaniisa da moldovaSi mcxovrebni) ro-maelebs aujanydnen. romaelebma ver SeZles dakiis samudamod SenarCuneba da is 271 wels, imperator avreliusis dros, da-karges. magram qveyanaSi romaul kulturas fesvebi Rrmad hqo-nda gadgmuli. dakiis romanizaciaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTa-maSes aq mdgarma romaelTa legionerebma. veterani romaeli legionerebi dakiaSi efuZnebodnen rogorc miwis nakveTis me-sakuTreni, xelosnebi, vaWrebi da zogierTi maTgani provinci-is qalaqebis marTvaSic ki Rebulobda monawileobas. geto-da-kielebis romanizaciaSi aranaklebi roli iTamaSes romis sxva provinciebidan mosulma kolonistebma. romaelTa batonobis dros romanizebulma dakielebma Seqmnes provinciuli romanu-li kultura. IV saukuneSi aq qristianoba gavrcelda. rumi-nul enaSi bevr saeklesio termins laTinuri Ziri aqvs. rumineli xalxis formireba xangrZlivad mimdinareobda. da-axloebiT 600 wlisaTvis ruminelTa eTnogenezisSi monawileo-ba miiRes slavebmac. VII-IX saukuneebSi dunais CrdiloeTiT slavebis asimilaciisa da romanizaciis procesi mimdinareob-da. am periodSi dako-meziel romanelTa centri gaxda dakia; mezieli romanelebi TandaTan gaslavdnen. X s-is Semdeg eTni-kuri da lingvisturi gamijvnis Sedegad, bizantiuri, slavuri da Semdeg ungruli wyaroebi ruminelebs `vlaxebis~, `voloxe-bis~ saxeliT moixsenieben. VIII-X saukuneebSi yofili dakia da mezia bulgareTis same-foSi Sediodnen; amitom ruminelTa winaprebma marTlmadideb-loba miiRes, SeiTvises slavuri damwerloba. XVIII saukunis bolomde ruminelebi kiriliciT werdnen. ufro metic, XVI sa-ukunemde moldovelTa Soris literaturuli enis funqcias Zveli slavuri ena asrulebda, romliTac mTavris kancelari-

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ac da eklesiac sargeblobda. XIV s-Si voloxebis miwaze Camo-yalibda valaxebisa da moldovelebis samTavroebi. voloxebi cxovrobdnen agreTve transilvaniaSi, romelic XI-XX ss-Si ungreTs ekuTvnoda. eTnonimi rumineli pirvelad XV s-Si gvxv-deba. saliteraturo ena Camoyalibda XVII-XVIII ss-Si muntia-nur da sxva kiloTa safuZvelze. osmalTa batonobam (XVI s-dan) ruminelTa eTnikuri ganviTareba daamuxruWa. maTi bato-noba 1878 wels dasrulda. ruminelTa eri sabolood 1920 wels, transilvaniis SeerTebis Semdeg, gaerTianda. XVII s-is meore naxevarsa da XVIII s-is dasawyisSi moRvaweo-bda warmoSobiT qarTveli, rumineTis saeklesio da politiku-ri moRvawe, ganmanaTlebeli, mestambe, mwerali, mxatvari anTi-moz (eriskacobaSi andria) iverieli (iverianu). man mTeli Ta-visi moRvaweoba miuZRvna rumineTis erovnuli kulturis aRo-rZinebis saqmes; didi wvlili Seitana ruminuli saliteratu-ro enis ganviTarebisa da wignis beWdvis saqmeSi. mis saxelTa-naa dakavSirebuli rumineTis RvTismsaxurebaSi ruminuli enis damkvidreba. anTimoz iverianum vlaxeTSi 25 wlis manZilze sxvadasxva adgilas daarsebul oTx stambaSi dabeWda 64 wigni. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli TbilisSi pirveli stambis daarseba 1709 wels da imave wels qarTulad `saxarebis~ dabe-Wdva. saqarTvelodan bavSvobaSi Turqebis mier gatacebuli, bolos kvlav Turqebis msxverpli Seiqna. ruminelTa tradiciuli saqmianobaa: saxvneli miwaTmoqmede-ba, mevenaxeoba, mebaReoba. XIX s-is dasawyisamde wamyvani dargi iyo mesaqonleoba (wvrilfexa da msxvilfexa saqoneli). momTa-baruli mesaqonleoba mezobel qveynebSi ruminelTa migracias ganapirobebda. ruminelebi cnobilni arian xaliCebis qsoviT. damzadebis teqnikiTa da ornamentiT ganasxvaveben rumineTis sxvadasxva mxareSi damzadebul xaliCebs. materialuri kultu-riT ruminelebs bevri ram aqvT saerTo balkaneTis xalxebTan (sacxovreblis tipi, nacionaluri kostiumi). ruminelebs Sesa-niSnavi samzareuloc aqvT, romelsac, Tavis droze, Turquli da franguli gavlena ganucdia. maTi tradiciuli sakvebia simindis fqvilisagan damzadebuli mamaliga, kverebi, borSCi, Tevzi... ruminelebi kombostosa da vazis foTlebisagan am-zadeben tolmas. mzesumziris moyvaniT rumineTs msoflioSi mesame adgili ukavia; cxvris raodenobiTac mesame adgilze arian, oRond evropaSi.

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XX s-is dasawyisamde ruminelebSi arsebobda didi patriar-qaluri ojaxebi. sasoflo Temi Sedgeboda monaTesave ojaxTa jgufebisagan, sazogadoebriv cxovrebas ki xelmZRvanelobda arCeviTi organo _ obSte. zepiri xalxuri Semoqmedeba warmodgenilia epikuri simRere-biT, baladebiT, andazebiT, lirikuli simRerebiTa da daaxlo-ebiT ori aTasamde cekviT. ruminelTa anTroponimiuli modeli orwevriania: is Sedgeba saxelisa da gvarsaxelisagan. ruminuli gvarebis didi nawili usufiqsoa, mniSvnelovani nawili ki sufiqsebiT bolovdeba: -esku, -eanu, -ea, -oiu (ionesku, popesku, braileanu, oproiu, poenaru).

2.15. moldovelebi moldovelebi ruminelebisagan eTnikurad TiTqmis ar gansx-vavdebian. maTi TviTsaxelwodebaa moldven. isini cxovroben moldoveTis saxelmwifoSi, romelic rumineTs aRmosavleTi-dan esazRvreba. moldovelTa raodenoba 2 mil. 800 aTasia. cxovroben agreTve ukrainaSi (324 aTasi), ruseTsa (172 aTasi) da yazaxeTSi (33 aTasi). moldovuri, romelic indoevropuli ojaxis romanul enaTa jgufSi Sedis, oTxi kilokavisagan Sedgeba. dRevandel moldovur enaSi geto-dakuri enis subst-ratuli leqsikaa SemorCenili. mecnierebi aseT asze met sity-vas iTvlian. didi raodenobiTaa Sesuli moldovurSi slavu-ri sityvebic. transilvaniidan aRmosavleT romanuli mosaxle-obis migraciamde moldoveTis teritoria slavuri modgmis xa-lxiTac iyo dasaxlebuli. moldovelTa eTnikuri erTeulis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani roli samxreT slavebma _ bul-garelebma iTamaSes. sabWoTa periodSi moldovur enas intensi-urad amdidrebdnen rusuli leqsikiT. rogorc gairkva, arse-bobda saidumlo instruqcia imis Sesaxeb, rom nebismier mol-dovur teqstSi 40% aucileblad slavuri sityvebi unda yofi-liyo. moldoveTis teritoriis samxreT nawilSi monRol-Ta-TarTa gamanadgurebel Semosevebamde Turquli tomebic _ paWa-nikebi, yivCayebi (kumanebi) cxovrobdnen. monRolTa Semosevebma gamoiwvia am mosaxleobis TiTqmis sruli Secvla. aman volo-xebs SesaZlebloba misca mTlianad aeTvisebinaT es terito-ria. moldovelebi marTlmadideblebi arian. voloxebi iseTive winaprebi iyvnen moldovelebisa, rogoric ruminelebisa. vo-

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loxebis formireba moxda Trakiuli tomebis safuZvelze bal-kaneTis naxevarkunZulis CdiloeTiT da karpatebis mTebSi. maT romanizacia ax.w. pirvel saukuneebSi ganicades. moldovele-biT dasaxlebuli teritoria XIV s-Si moldoveTis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. am dros Cndeba terminebi `moldo-via~ da `moldoveli~. qveynis saxeli mdinaridan `moldova~ momdinareobs. wyaroebSi dafiqsirebulia eTnonimi `moldavla-xic~. mecnierebi moldoveli xalxis Camoyalibebas moldove-Tis saxelmwifos warmoqmnas ukavSireben. es saxelmwifo ki am teritoriaze 1359 wels transilvaniidan voloxebis migraciis Semdeg warmoiqmna. moldoveTis saxelmwifo ki mxolod ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi (XIV saukunis Sua xanebidan XVI sauku-nis Sua xanebamde) arsebobda. XVI s-Si isini osmalTa imperiis xelisuflebis qveS aRmoCndnen. XVIII s-is dasasruls dnestris marcxena napiri ruseTma SeierTa, mogvianebiT (1812 wels) ruse-bma Turqebs waarTves miwebi mdinareebs _ prutsa da dnestrs Soris (besarabia). 1918 wels besarabia rumineTs SeuerTda. dne-stris marcxena napiris mosaxleoba, romelic dasaxlebuli iyo moldovelebiT, ssrk-s SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda. 1940 wels moldaveTis assr-sTan besarabiis kvlav SeerTebis Sem-deg Seiqmna moldaveTis ssr, 1991 wlidan ki _ damoukidebeli moldoveTis respublika. moldovelTa ZiriTadi tradiciuli saqmianobaa mecxoveleo-ba (zafxulSi moldovelebi saqonels karpatebis mTebSi miere-kebodnen), XIX s-is Sua xanebidan _ miwaTmoqmedeba, mevenaxeoba da mebaReoba. moldovelTa tradiciuli sakvebia simindis fqvilisagan gakeTebuli kerZebi, rZis produqtebi, xili. aq purs cvlis mamaliga, romelsac yoveldRiurad simindis fqvi-lisagan xarSaven. evropis qveynebSi popularobiT sargeblobs moldovuri Rvino, xili da bostneuli.

2.16. Sveicarielebi Sveicariis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 5,7 milionia. Sveicarie-lebi warmoadgenen xalxTa jgufs. eseni arian germano-Sveica-rielebi, franko-Sveicarielebi, italo-Sveicarielebi da re-toromanelebi. Sveicarielebi anTropologiurad Sua evropul rasas miekuTvnebian, aRmosavleTSi ki dasturdeba dinaris anTropologiuri tipis minarevi.

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germano-SveicarielTa raodenoba 4,58 milionia (SveicariaSi _ 4,22). isini ZiriTadad cxovroben Crdilo-aRmosavleT da ce-ntralur kantonebSi. laparakoben germanuli enis Sveicariul variantze (saliteraturo ena –germanuli). cxovroben agreTve evropisa da amerikis sxva qveynebSi. germano-Sveicarielebi Zi-riTadad protestanti kalvinistebi arian. gvxvdebian kaToli-keebic. franko-Sveicarielebis raodenobas 1,24 milioniT gansa-zRvraven. cxovroben ZiriTadad dasavleT da samxreT-dasav-leT raionebSi. laparakoben samxreT frangul (provansalur) dialeqtze (saliteraturo ena _ franguli). umetesoba prote-stanti kalvinistia. arian kaTolikeebic. italo-Sveicariele-bi, romlebic samxreT raionebSi cxovroben, 230 aTas kacs iTv-lian. isini italiur enaze laparakoben da upiratesad kaTo-likuri sarwmunoebis mimdevarni arian. retoromanelebi Ziri-Tadad graubiundenis kantonSi mkvidroben (50 aTasi) da lapa-rakoben retoromanuli enis dialeqtze. maT Soris arian ro-gorc protestanti kalvinistebi, ise kaTolikeebi. sakontaqto raionebis mkvidrni, agreTve samrewvelo da sakurorto cent-rebis mcxovrebni orenovanni da samenovanni arian. Sveicarie-lebs aqvT saerTo kulturuli tradiciebi, TviTsaxelwodeba (`Sveicpol~) da TviTSegneba, rac ganpirobebulia Sveicariis saxelmwifos farglebSi maTi saerTo istoriuli bediT. Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis werilobiTi wyaroebiT, Ta-namedrove retoramanelebis adgilas gelvetebis kelturi to-mi mkvidrobda. Zv.w. I s-Si romaelTa kolonizaciam misi mosax-leobis romanizacia gamoiwvia. V s-Si germanuli tomebis dapy-robebma Tanamedrove eTnikur dayofas Cauyara safuZveli. da-savleTi nawili daikaves burgundielebma, romelTa romani-zebul keltur mosaxleobasTan SereviT warmoiqmnen Tanamed-rove franko-Sveicarielebi. langobardebis mier samxreT rai-onebis dapyroba dakavSirebulia lombardiasTan (italia), ra-mac ganapiroba aq italo-Sveicarielebis Camoyalibeba. Crdi-loeTi da centri eqvemdebareboda alemanebs, ramac adgilob-rivi mosaxleobis germanizacia gamoiwvia. frankTa dapyrobebi-sa (V s. bolo _ VI s.) da karlos didis imperiis dacemis Semdeg (843 w.) Sveicaria gayofil iqna aRmosavleTfrankul da dasavleTfrankul saxelmwifoebsa da lotariis saxelmwifos Soris, daaxloebiT gviandeli ganawilebis _ germanul, fran-gul da italiur enebze molaparakeTa mixedviT. 1291 wels sam-ma alpurma Temma, romlebic Sediodnen `wminda romis imperia-

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Si~ (Semdegdroindeli kantonebi: uri, Svici da untervaldeni), habsburgebis winaaRmdeg `mudmivi~ TavdacviTi kavSiri Seqmnes, romelic maTi miwebis dapyrobas cdilobda. amiT safuZveli Caeyara Sveicariis konfederacias, romlis gafarToeba XIV-XV ss-Si habsburgebTan warmatebul omebSi mimdinareobda. XV s. bolos Sveicariam faqtobrivad damoukidebloba moipova. XVI s-is dasawyisSi konfederacia 13 kantonis kavSirs warmoadgen-da. Semdgomi misi gafarToeba ki e.w. romanizebuli miwebis da-pyrobiT xdeboda, romlebic XIX s-is dasawyisamde araTanabari uflebiT sargeblobda. 1814-1815 wlis venis kongresiT garan-tirebul iqna Sveicariis `mudmivi neitraliteti~. 1848 da 1874 wlebSi konstituciam daakanona SveicariaSi arsebuli enebis Tanabaruflebianoba. Sveicariis kavSiri mxolod reformaciam dayo. kantonebis umetesoba kaTolikuri darCa. oTxma kantonma (ciurixi, baze-li, berni, Safhauzeni) protestantoba miiRo. Sveicariis mosax-leobis naxevarze meti (52%) protestantia (ZiriTadad kavlini-stebi), 45,6% _ kaTolike. sxva sarwmunoebis warmomadgenlebi cotani arian (ZvelkaTolikeebi _ 16 aTasi da sxvadasxva seq-tebi, romlebmac Sveicarias Seafares Tavi). religiuri gansx-vavebuloba ar emTxveva arc administraciul da arc eTnikur dayofas. yvela eTnikur jgufSi arian rogorc protestantebi, ise kaTolikeebi. kaTolicizmi ufro farTo teritoriazea ga-vrcelebuli. Sveicariis kaTolikeTa centri – friburi mWid-rodaa dakavSirebuli vatikanTan. Semonaxulia agreTve qristi-anobamdeli rwmenebi, romlebsac msgavseba aqvT mTiani zemo bavariisa da avstriis legendebTan da sxv. Sveicaria aris federaciuli respublika _ 22 kantonis kon-federacia. Tanamedrove Sveicaria maRalganviTarebuli samrew-velo qveyanaa (manqanaTmSenebloba, qimiuri da sxva dargebi). ganviTarebulia turizmis industria. soflis meurneobis tra-diciuli dargia mecxoveleoba (alpebis zonaSi _ gadarekviTi) yvelis warmoebiT. SveicarielTa materialur da sulier kul-turas bevri lokaluri varianti gaaCnia, rac eTnikuri, geog-rafiuli viTarebiTaa ganpirobebuli. mevenaxeobis raionebSi bevr Rvinos amzadeben. mTebSi Wamen simindis kerZebs. italielebsa da retoromane-lebSi popularulia simindis fafa maSin, rodesac mitela-ndiis mcxovrebni siminds saerTod ar Wamen da mas saqonlis sakvebad miiCneven.

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SveicariaSi Cveulebriv patara ojaxebia. maTSi uaRresad ga-nviTarebulia xalxuri musikaluri xelovneba. alpebSi mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili atarebs erTsa da imave gvars. kaTolikur raionebSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes oja-xebi, romlebsac 10 _ 12 bavSvi hyavT. zogierT kantonSi Semo-rCenili iyo minorati (minorati _ memkvidreobis feodaluri wesi, romlis mixedviTac qoneba mTlianad gadadis ojaxis yve-laze umcrosi wevris xelSi). amis gamo, ufrosi Svili xSirad ar qorwindeboda, raTa ar daerRvia es Cveuleba (bernis, zo-loturnis, friburis kantonebSi). bavSvis dabadebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi wes-Cveulebi-dan aRsaniSnavia is, rom romanul SveicariaSi dabadebis dRes rgaven xes, romelic simbolurad dakavSirebulia bavSvis cxo-vrebasTan. am dRes magidaze motanil Rvinosa da yvels niSno-bamde an qorwilamde inaxaven. naTliis SerCeva mniSvnelovan saqmed iTvleba, radgan naTlulsa da naTlias Soris kavSiri da urTierToba mTeli cxovreba grZeldeba. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen saxelis SerCevas, radgan fiqrobdnen, rom is garkveul gavlenas axdenda axaldabadebulis bedsa da xasiaTze. graubiundenis zogierT raionSi dResac miRebulia, rom pirvel vaJs daarqvan dedis mamis saxeli, meores _ mamis mamisa. retoromanelebs Soris SemorCenilia Zveli gvarsaxe-lebi. dakrZalvis wes-CveulebebSi SemorCenilia qristianobamdeli nakvalevi saiqio (imqveyniuri) cxovrebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad gardacvlils dResac ki kuboSi ramdenime pirad nivTs, yvels, pursa da sxva saWmelebs uwyoben; atanen agreTve biblias. sa-nam micvalebuli saxlSi asvenia, Wama ar SeiZleba. dakrZalva mTeli soflis saqmea. mTian raionebSi micvalebulis dakrZal-vaSi yvela ojaxis warmomadgenlebi monawileoben. alpuri mecxoveleobis olqebSi dResac ki saZovrebi, tyeebi da agreTve sameurneo nagebobani (wisqvili, puris gamosacxobi Rumeli) sazogadoebriv sakuTrebas warmoadgens. XX s. dasaw-yisSic saZovrebis gadanawileba kenWisyriT xdeboda. XX s-is dasawyisSi soflebSi did rols TamaSobda samezoblo kavSi-rebi. germano-SveicarielebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mravalxmiani

simRerebi, mTielebisaTvis _ xaxismieri simRerebi (galoba) (го-рловое пение) (iodli). dRemde asruleben TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis Sesaxeb Seqmnil istoriul simRerebs. cnobilia le-

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gendebi vilhelm didsa da TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol sxva adamianebze. dRevandeli Sveicaria ganTqmulia samTo-saTxilamuro kuro-rtebiT. Sveicarielebi awarmoeben mTel msoflioSi yvelaze zust da Zvirad Rirebul saaTebs.

2.17. ingliselebi didi britaneTi da irlandiis respublika mdebareobs evro-pis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi _ britaneTisa da irlandiis kunZulebze. didi britaneTi saxelmwifoebrivi wyobiT saparlamento mo-narqiaa, `sadac mefe mefobs, magram ar marTavs~. xelisuflebis umaRlesi organo _ parlamenti Sedgeba lordTa da TemTa pa-latebisagan. qveyanas ara aqvs erTiani konstitucia. sakonsti-tucio samarTali saparlamento aqtebisa da sasamarTlo ga-dawyvetilebebisagan Sedgeba. eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT didi britaneTi istoriulad Camoyalibebuli sami olqisagan _ ing-lisis, uelsisa da Sotlandiisagan Sedgeba. didi britaneTis farTobi 244,8 aTasi kv. km-ia. 1998 wlis monacemebiT didi bri-taneTis mosaxleoba 58 milion 500 aTasi iyo, aqedan 80%-s (43 mil.) ingliselebi Seadgendnen. irlandias amave saxelwodebis kunZulis didi nawili ukavia. misi mcxovrebTa raodenoba 3 milion 600 aTasia (1998 w.); far-Tobi _ 70,3 aTasi kv. km. konstituciis Tanaxmad irlandia res-publikaa. reliefiT didi britaneTi ori Tanabari nawilisagan Sedge-ba: Crdilo-dasavleTisaTvis umetesad damaxasiaTebelia mTiani reliefi, samxreT-aRmosavleTisaTvis _ baris reliefi. Crdi-loeTiT, Sotlandiis mTebSi, aris yvelaze maRali mwvervali ben-nevisis gora (1343 m. zRvis donidan). irlandia ZiriTadad bars warmoadgens. maRlobebi mxolod dasavleTsa da samxreT-dasavleTSia (umaRlesi wertili keris mTaSi 1 041 metria). sasargeblo wiaRiseulidan yvelaze didi samrewvelo daniS-nuleba aqvs qvanaxSirs. qvanaxSiris mTavari auzi aris uelsSi, aRmosavleT niukaslSi da Sua Sotlandiis dablobSi. aRmosa-vleT inglisSi rkinis wiaRiseulia. irlandia wiaRiseuliT SedarebiT Raribia. aq samrewvelo mniSvneloba mxolod torfs aqvs.

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did britaneTSi zamTari rbilia. iSviaTia yinvebi. Tovli mcire xniT modis. zafxuli SedarebiT civia. naleqebi didi raodenobiT modis da haeri teniania. britaneTis kunZuli dafarulia xSiri da mokle mdinaree-biT. maTi umetesoba ar iyineba. didi britaneTis mTian nawilsa da irlandiaSi bevri tbaa, romlebic mdidaria TevziT. Sua saukuneebSi didi britaneTis vrceli raionebi tyiT iyo dafaruli. dRes tyes qveynis farTobis mxolod 6% ukavia. ZiriTadi eTnosis _ ingliselebis garda (1961 w. _ 44 mil.) did britaneTSi cxovroben Sotlandielebi (5 milion 100 aTa-si) da uelselebi (1 milioni). eTnografiul literaturaSi calke gamoyofen mTiel Sotlandielebs (gelebs), romelTa raodenobas 100 aTasi kacis farglebSi angariSoben. xSirad aseve calke gamoyofen menis kunZulis mkvidrT (menelebi) da normandiis kunZulebis mcxovrebT. CrdiloeT irlandiaSi Ta-visebur eTnikur jgufs Seadgenen ingliseli da Sotlandieli kolonistebi, romlebic Sereulebi arian adgilobriv irlan-diur mosaxleobasTan. rigi niSan-TvisebebiTa da, upirveles yovlisa, religiiT isini gansxvavdebian adgilobrivi irlan-dieli mosaxleobisagan da Tavs ar Tvlian arc Sotlandiele-bad da arc ingliselebad. mosaxleobis am jgufis aRsaniSna-vad, romlebic Tavs uwodeben anglo-irlandielebsa da Sot-lando-irlandielebs, literaturaSi Cveulebriv gamoiyeneben termins `olsterelebi~ (daaxl. 1 mil.). CrdiloeT irlandiis danarCen mosaxleobas sakuTriv irlandielebi (400 aTasi) Sea-dgenen. rac Seexeba irlandias, is eTnikurad erTgvarovani sa-xelmwifoa. irlandielTa msxvili jgufebi irlandiis gareT _ didi britaneTis kunZulebze cxovroben (daaxl. 1 milioni). irlandielebis umetesoba emigrantia, romlebic okeanis gaRma (aSS, kanada, agreTve avstralia) cxovroben. maT, faqtobrivad, nacionaluri niSan-Tvisebebi dakarges. ingliselebi, Sotlandielebi da olsterelebi laparakoben inglisuri enis dialeqtebze. inglisuri ena gavrcelebulia uelselebis umetesobaSi, gelebsa da irlandielebSi. miuxeda-vad amisa, maTi nawili yoveldRiurad xSirad saubrobs mSob-liur enebze _ uelsurze, gelurze da irulze (irlandiurze), romlebic keltur enaTa ojaxSi Sedis. did britaneTSi mniSvnelovani raodenobiT arian ebraelebi (450 aTasi), romlebic ZiriTadad londonSi da sxva msxvil qa-laqebSi cxovroben. ebraelTa ZiriTadi nawili aq XIX-XX ss-

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is mijnaze ruseTidan da poloneTidan movida, nawili 1930-1940-ian wlebSi _ germaniidan da mis mier dapyrobili qveynebi-dan. meore msoflio omis Semdeg inglisis xelisuflebam far-Tod gauRo kari emigrantebs. omis Semdgomi xuTi wlis ganmav-lobaSi aq 220 aTasze meti adamiani dasaxlda. amaTgan naxe-vars warmoadgendnen andersis polonuri armiis yofili samxe-dro mosamsaxureebi, romlebic demobilizaciis Semdeg armiaSi darCnen da aq Tavisi ojaxebic gamoiZaxes. omis Semdgomi emig-rantebidan gansakuTrebiT unda gamoiyos `feradi~ muSebis jgufi, romlebic did britaneTSi vest-indoeTidan, dasavleT afrikidan, indoeTidan da britaneTis Tanamegobrobis sxva qve-ynebidan movidnen. maTi umetesoba did samrewvelo centrebsa da portebSi cxovrobs. • • • ingliselTa TviTsaxelwodebaa ingliS. isini didi britane-Tis mosaxleobis ZiriTad nawils Seadgenen. ingliselebis ra-odenoba 48 milion 500 aTasi kacia, romelTaganac 44 milioni did britaneTSi cxovrobs. cxovroben agreTve avstraliaSi (940 aTasi), samxreT afrikis respublikaSi (230 aTasi), kanadaSi (1 milioni), aSS-Si (650 aTasi), axal zelandiaSi (700 aTasi), in-doeTSi (200 aTasi) da sxv. ingliselebi miekuTvnebian didi ev-ropeiduli rasis atlantur-baltiur rasas. inglisuri ena Se-dis indoevropul enaTa ojaxis germanuli jgufis dasavleT-germanul qvejgufSi. inglisur enas aqvs ramdenime dialeqti: dasavluri, samxreTuli, aRmosavluri, Crdilouri da kenturi. damwerloba laTinuri anbanis safuZvelzea Seqmnili. ingliselTa eTnikur safuZvels warmoadgens germanuli to-mebi: anglebi (aqedanaa TviTsaxelwodeba), saqsebi, iutebi da frizebi, romlebic britaneTis kunZulze axali welTaRricx-vis I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi SeiWrnen da romlebmac Zveli kelturi mosaxleobis asimilireba moaxdines. VI s-is dasasru-lsa da VII s-is dasawyisSi warmoiqmna anglosaqsebis adrefeo-daluri saxelmwifo (samefo). VII-IX ss-Si daniel da norvegi-el vikingebTan brZolaSi, romlebmac anglosaqsebis enasa da kulturaze mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdines, Camoyalibda an-glosaqsuri eTnikuri erToba. inglisis eTnikur istoriaSi mniSvnelovani movlena normandiuli dapyroba iyo (1066 w.). Tu-mca inglisis (saerTod britaneTis) eTnikuri istoria ufro dawvrilebiTi yuradRebis Rirsia da jobs Zv.w. 2500-2000 wle-bidan daviwyoT. drois am monakvveTSi britaneTis kunZulze samxreT-dasavleT evropidan migrantTa talRa movida. rogorc

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fiqroben, isini iberiis naxevarkunZulidan da Tanamedrove sa-frangeTis atlantispira olqidan iyvnen. mosuli mosaxleoba xmelTaSuazRvispirul rasas miekuTvneboda da, Cveulebriv, iberielebad iwodeboda. isini dasaxldnen irlandiaSi da ing-lisisa da Sotlandiis dasavleT olqebSi. es iyo sakmaod mravalricxovani miwaTmoqmedi xalxi, romelTa Soris ukve Se-imCneoda socialuri diferenciacia. Zv.w. 2000-1600 wlebs Soris britaneTis kunZulze centralu-ri evropidan gadmosaxlda xalxi, romelTa eTnikurobis Sesa-xeb TiTqmis araferia cnobili. maT britaneTis aRmosavleTi mxare daikaves, rasobrivi TvalsazrisiT ki alpur rasas mie-kuTvnebodnen. icodnen brinjaos gamoyeneba da maTi gavleniT britaneTSi metalis damuSaveba daiwyes. britaneTis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani etapi iyo kunZulis keltebiT dasaxleba. keltebi, romlebsac am dros centralu-ri da dasavleT evropis mniSvnelovani nawili ekavaT, ramdeni-me nakadad gadmosaxldnen. keltebis pirveli gadmosaxleba daaxloebiT Zv.w. 1000 wels moxda, ZiriTadi nawili ki movida Zv.w. 600-300 wlebs Soris upiratesad Tanamedrove belgiisa da safrangeTis sanapiro adgilebidan. ukanaskneli didi migra-ciuli talRa, romlis umetesobas belgebi Seadgendnen, ceza-ris mowmobiT, Zv.w. I s-Si moawyda. maT britaneTis adgilobri-vi mkvidrni amowyvites, nawili ki mosul gamarjvebulebs See-ria, romlebmac miiRes maTi ena da kultura. mosulebi keltu-ri jgufis or ZiriTad Stos ekuTvnodnen: britebs, romlebmac aq dasaxlebis Semdeg Tavisi saxelwodeba misces qveyanas da gelebs, romlebic ZiriTadad irlandiaSi gansaxldnen. kunZulze mosulma kelturma tomebma rkinis damuSaveba ico-dnen. keltebi upiratesad miwaTmoqmedni iyvnen, iyenebdnen gu-Tans. qveynis Sida raionebSi ki mesaqonleoba iyo ganviTarebu-li. ufro ganviTarebuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebiT britane-Tis samxreT-aRmosavleTi olqebi gamoirCeoda, sadac belgebi iyvnen dasaxlebulni. swored aq warmoiqmna pirveli msxvili dasaxlebebi _ qalaqebi. keltebis socialuri struqturis sa-fuZvels warmoadgenda patriarqaluri gvari, romelmac Semdeg SotlandiaSi `klanis~ saxelwodeba miiRo. keltur sazogado-ebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen qurumebi _ druidebi, romlebic ara marto qurumTa saqmianobas asrulebdnen, aramed sasamarTlo funqciebsac iTavsebdnen.

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britaneTis keltebis galiis keltur tomebTan mudmivma kav-Sirma iulius cezari Seaguliana, orjer, Zv.w. 55 da 54 wlebSi, SeWriliyo britaneTSi. magram britaneTis gegmiuri dapyroba romaelebis mier ax.w. 43 wels imperator klavdiusis dros daiwyo. adgilobrivma kelturma tomebma, belgebis gamo-klebiT, romaelebs seriozuli winaaRmdegoba ver gauwies. ax.w. 78 wels romaelebma uelsi daipyres, Semdeg samxreT Sotlan-diaSi SeiWrnen, sadac SotlandielTa Zlier winaaRmdegobas waawydnen. romaelebma SotlandiaSi gamagreba ver SeZles. CrdiloeTidan Tavdasxmebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT romaelebma zRvidan zRvamde ori miwayrili aages. erTi maTganis kedlis naSTebi samxreT SotlandiaSi dRemdea SemorCenili. romaelTa batonobis dros britaneTSi gaiolda metalis mopoveba da gaumjobesda miwaTmoqmedeba. samxreT britaneTi

romis imperiis erT-erTi beReli gaxda. maSin warmoiqmna qala-qebi, romelTa saxelebi `Cester~ (`kaster~)-iT mTavrdeba (la-Tinuri castra _ lageri): Cesteri, gloCesteri, manCesteri, lan-kasteri...

britaneTSi romaelTa batonoba TiTqmis 400 weli gagrZel-da, magram misi romanizacia Zalian susti iyo. laTinur enas mxolod administraciasa da armiaSi iyenebdnen. soflebSi is farTod ver gavrcelda. britaneTidan romaeli legionebis wasvlisa da romTan kavSirebis gawyvetis Semdeg (407 w.), e.w. kelturi aRorZinebis epoqaSi, laTinuri ena TiTqmis yvelgan

daviwyebas mieca. Tumca axali welTaRricxvis pirvel saukune-ebSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis kulturaze mniSvnelovani gav-lena moaxdina qristianobam.

britaneTis kunZulebis eTnikur istoriaSi axali etapi iwye-ba I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi, rodesac aq gadmosaxldnen

Crdilo-germanuli tomebi, romlebic (V-VI ss.) cnobilebi iyv-nen anglo-saqsebis saerTo saxelwodebiT. migrantebis ZiriTa-di nawils sami monaTesave tomi _ anglebi, saqsebsi da iutebi _ warmoadgendnen. SedarebiT gvian gadmosaxlebulTa sakmaod msxvil jgufs frizebi Seadgendnen.

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT yvela es germanuli to-mi maT mier dapyrobil britaneTis keltebze dabla idga. bri-taneTSi mosulebma Tan moitanes TavianTi sameurneo yofa da ar cdilobdnen keltebisagan SeeTvisebinaT da gamoeyenebinaT ufro srulyofili sasoflo-sameurneo teqnika, romlebic maT,

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Tavis mxriv, romaelebisagan gadmoiRes. Semosulma germanulma

tomebma romauli kulturis naSTebi (Senobebi da mTeli qala-qebi) gaanadgures. germanelebi axal adgilebze upiratesobas tradiciul patara soflebad dasaxlebas aniWebdnen. britaneTSi gadmosaxlebisas germanuli tomebi gvarovnuli

wyobilebidan klasobriv sazogadoebaze gadadiodnen. sazoga-doebrivi organizaciis safuZvels warmoadgenda sofeli _ sa-soflo Temi. gadmosaxlebis Semdeg anglosaqsebis socialuri diferenciacia gaZlierda.

britaneTis eTnikur urTierTobebSi gadmosaxlebuli anglo-saqsebis gamarjveba aixsneba ara imdenad maTi samxedro, ara-med raodenobrivi upiratesobiT. dapyrobebis pirvel periodSi

britaneTis kelturi mosaxleoba gawyvites, nawili monebad aq-cies. inglisis aRmosavleT nawilSi kelturi saxelwodebis

dasaxlebuli punqti TiTqmis araa. anglosaqsebma Zveli kel-turi qalaqebi daaqcies da monebi TavianT dasaxlebebSi waiy-vanes, romlebic, Cveulebriv, mdinareebis irgvliv iyo ganla-gebuli. anglosaqsebis zewoliT samxreT britebis nawili V saukunis II naxevarSi kontinentze _ armorikSi (axlandeli

bretoni) gadasaxlda. kelturi mosaxleobis kompaqturi raio-nebi mxolod inglisis Crdilo-dasavleTsa da kornvalisSi

darCa. kelturi darCa Sotlandiis didi nawili, agreTve ir-landia, romelTa dapyrobis pirveli mcdeloba mxolod XII saukuneSi moxda. ZiriTadma kelturma olqebma _ uelsma, So-tlandiam da irlandiam TavianTi specifikuroba SeinarCunes.

XI saukunemde inglisis ramdenime samefos Soris politiku-ri brZola mimdinareobda. am brZolaSi hegemoniam TandaTan

CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken gadainacvla. XI saukunis damwer-lobis ZeglebSi upiratesoba aqvs mopovebuli ueseksis dia-leqts. VI saukuneSi inglisSi xelaxla gavrcelda qristiano-ba, romelmac ingliselTa erTiani eTnikuri erTeulis Camoya-libebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa. VII saukunidan ingli-selebs danielebisa da norvegielebisagan _ normanebisagan

Tavdacvazec uxdebodaT zrunva, romlebic istoriul litera-turaSi cnobilni arian saerTo saxelwodebiT `dani~ anu Crdiloeli (Nordman). pirvelad Tu es Tavdasxmebi gaZarcvis mizniT ewyoboda, IX s-is Sua xanebidan man sxva xasiaTi miiRo,

isini teritoriebs ipyrobdnen. ramdenime aTwleulSi skandina-

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vielebma Tanamedrove inglisis daaxloebiT naxevari daipyres: mTeli aRmosavleTi da centraluri inglisis mniSvnelovani nawili. danielebTan brZolaSi win wamoiwia ueseksis mefis,

alfredis pirovnebam, romelmac SeZlo gaeerTianebina da Ta-visi xelisuflebisaTvis daeqvemdebarebina mTeli danarCeni in-

გlisi. alfredis memkvidrem ganagrZo dawyebuli saqme, magram warumateblad. 1010 wels daniis mefe svenma mTeli inglisi daipyro. misma Svilma knutma ki inglisis marTva daiwyo ara

rogorc ucxoelma dampyrobelma, aramed rogorc inglisis me-fem. britaneTis danielTa mier kolonizaciam qveynis eTnikur saxeze raime mniSvnelovani gavlena ver moaxdina. amasTanave,

danebi eniTa da kulturiT axlos idgnen anglosaqsebTan. da-nebis gavlena kulturuli TvalsazrisiT ufro igrZnoboda.

miwaTmoqmedi anglosaqsebisagan gansxvavebiT, danebi mezRvau-rebi da vaWrebi iyvnen. maTi gavleniT inglisSi ramdenadme ga-mococxlda saqalaqo cxovreba, daiwyo vaWrobis ganviTareba.

danebs hqondaT axali iaraRi _ rkinis didi culi, ramac saxv-neli teritoriebis gafarToebas Seuwyo xeli _ ufro meti tyis gaCexva gaxda SesaZlebeli.

aRniSnul periodSi ucxoelTa SemoWra inglisSi samxreTi-danac _ Crdilo-dasavleT safrangeTidanac xdeboda, sadac

jer kidev IX saukuneSi danielma da norvegielma axalmosax-leebma feodaluri saxelmwifo _ normandia Seqmnes. 1066 w.

normandielTa mefe vilhelmma (romlebic normandiaSi dasax-lebidan ori-sami Taobis Semdeg ukve gafrangebulebi iyvnen)

inglisSi didi jari gadmosxa. man mTeli inglisi swrafad da-ipyro da inglisis samefo taxti daikava. inglisSi normandiu-lma dapyrobam saTave daudo Zlieri mefis xelisuflebas da feodalizaciis procesis dasrulebac ganapiroba. XI saukunis

dasasruls inglisSi 80 qalaqi iyo, romlebSic qveynis mosax-leobis 5% cxovrobda. vilhelmsa da mis memkvidreebTan erTad inglisSi ramdenime aTeuli aTasi normani (ufro sworad, frangi) movida. umetesi maTgani inglisis samxreTSi dasaxlda. pirvelad adgilobrivi mcxovrebni da mosulebi erTmaneTSi TiTqmis ar ireodnen _

isini sxvadasxva enaze laparakobdnen. bevr qalaqSi (magali-Tad, norijsa da notinhemSi) gansakuTrebuli franguli kvart-lebi arsebobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom mosulebi mcirericxo-

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vanni iyvnen, inglisis kulturul cxovrebaze maTi gavlena Za-lian didi iyo. samefo karis mTeli Semadgenloba da samRvde-loeba normanebi iyvnen. samefo karis, marTvis, iusticiisa da

ganaTlebis enad franguli iqca da sazogadoebrivi mdgomare-obis SenarCunebisaTvis yvela anglosaqss franguli unda sco-dnoda. mefe alfredis dros ayvavebuli anglosaqsuri lite-ratura axla Cakvda, radgan yvela mwerali, maT Soris warmo-SobiT anglosaqsic, laparakobda an werda frangulad da la-Tinurad.

vilhelm dampyroblis dros dawyebuli inglisis romaniza-cia swrafad mimdinareobda, miT umetes, rom ramdenime momdevno ingliseli mefe warmoSobiT, eniTa da aRzrdiT frangi iyo. isini inglisisa da safrangeTis mefeebad gaxdomas eswrafodnen. kulturisa da ganaTlebis sferodan gamoZevebul anglosaqsur enas didi xnis manZilze salaparako enad mxo-lod dabali da saSualo fenebi iyenebdnen. am enaze pirveli nawarmoebi XII s. Sua xanebSi daiwera. es iyo qadagebani da traqtatebi religiur Temebze, romlebic ZiriTadad frangu-lidan iyo gadmoTargmnili. franguli enis gavlena Zalian ga-izarda XIII s-Si, rodesac mosaxleobis farTo fenebi metyve-lebaSi bevr frangul sityvas iyenebdnen. am droidan daiwyo Camoyalibeba axalma inglisurma (`saSualo inglisurma~) enam, romelmac gramatikuli wyobis safuZvlad anglosaqsuri (`Zvelinglisuri~) enis wyoba Semoinaxa, magram leqsika fran-guli sityvebiT iyo gajerebuli. es ena TiTqmis yvelas esmoda da man saskolo ganaTlebidan franguli TandaTan gamodevna. daTvlilia, rom Tanamedrove inglisuri enis leqsikaSi germa-nuli sityvebi ufro naklebia, vidre franguli da laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebi. inglisSi franguli enis batonoba XIV saukunis Sua xanebSi

Sewyda, rac 1339 wels safrangeTTan dawyebul axal oms ukav-Sirdeba, romelic istoriaSi aswliani omis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. XIII da XIV saukuneebSi inglisur enaSi dialeqturi dayofa

Zalian SesamCnevi iyo. am periodidan upiratesoba londonur-ma dialeqtma moipova, romelic saerTo-inglisuri salitera-turo enis safuZvladac iqca. Sua saukuneebis inglisis didi poeti, `kenterberiuli moTxrobebis~ avtori, jefri Coseri (1340-1400), Tavis nawarmoebebs londonur dialeqtze werda. igi

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inglisuri nacionaluri literaturis safuZvlis Camyrelad

iTvleba. londonuri dialeqti farTod gavrcelda wignis beW-dvis gamoc, romelic londonSi 1477 wels daiwyo. am Tvalsa-zrisiT gansakuTrebiT didi roli bibliisa da saxarebis Tar-gmanebma iTamaSa, romlis inglisuri Targmani inglisis ekle-siis reformators _ ideolog jon viklefoms ekuTvnis. dia-leqtebis nivelirebas mosaxleobis Sida migraciebmac Seuwyo xeli, rac qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad ufro gaZlierda. inglisis centralizacia henrix VIII-is dros moxda. misi

moRvaweobis dros gawyda kavSiri romis kaTolikur eklesias-Tan (1534 w.) da inglisis eklesiis meTaurad mefe gamocxadda,

romelic niSnavda episkoposebs. damoukidebeli inglisuri ek-lesiis Seqmnam ingliseli xalxis erovnuli TviTSegnebis gan-mtkiceba ganapiroba. epoqa, XV s-is bolodan XVI s-is dasas-rulamde, inglisis istoriaSi Sevida rogorc aRorZinebis epoqa. 1607 wels ingliselma migrantebma amerikis aRmosavleT sanapiroze pirveli kolonia daaarses. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi

axal samyaroSi aTiaTasobiT ingliseli gadasaxlda. migra-ntTa mniSvnelovani nawili gansxvavebuli religiuri Sexedu-lebebis iyo (independentebi, presviterianebi da sxv.). 1788

wlidan ingliselebi avstraliaSic gadasaxldnen, XIX sauku-nis dasawyisidan ki _ afrikis samxreTSi. XIX saukuneSi agra-rulma gadatrialebam da samrewvelo revoluciam aseul aTa-sobiT glexis gaRaribeba da masobrivi emigracia gamoiwvia. XIX saukunis meore naxevrisaTvis inglisidan da uelsidan 1 mil. 400 aTasi kaci wavida. 1881 w. aSS-Si iyo warmoSobiT 1 mi-lioni ingliseli da uelseli, avstraliaSi _ 500 aTasi, kana-daSi _ 170 aTasi.

gadasaxlebulTa didma nakadma ingliselTa ekonomikuri, po-litikuri da kulturuli gavlenis gaZliereba gamoiwvia; ing-lisuri ena aSS-is, kanadis, avstraliis, axali zelandiis sa-xelmwifo enad iqca. migrantebi ki axalformirebadi naciebis birTvs warmoadgendnen. 1961 wlis monacemebiT soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli iyo

inglisis mosaxleobis mxolod 5%. miwebis 70% lendlordeb-sa (Zvel titulovan didgvarovanTa STamomavlebi) da miwis ax-al aznaurebs _ jentrebs ekuTvnodaT.

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mecxoveleobis safuZvels msxvilfexa rqosani saqonlis mo-Seneba warmoadgenda: samxreTSi _ upiratesad sarZeve, centrSi ki _ saxorce saqonlisa. naklebadaa ganviTarebuli meRoreoba,

mecxvareoba da mefrinveleoba. mTavari sasoflo-sameurneo ku-lturebia xorbali da Svria. yvelgan Tesaven kartofils. di-di samrewvelo centrebis irgvliv ganviTarebulia mebaReoba da mebostneoba.

evropis qveynebs Soris Zveli sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRi pi-rvelad didi britaneTidan gandevnes. XVIII saukunemde inglis-Si ori tipis guTani iyo gavrcelebuli: mZime, anglosaqsuri, romelSic 6-8 xars abamdnen da romauli tipis msubuqi guTani

(samxreT raionebSi). es gansxvavebani dResac Semonaxulia ing-lisuri enis dialeqtebSi: samxreT dialeqtebSi, iseve rogorc romanul enebSi, guTans uwodeben "aratr", Crdilo dialeqtebSi ki _ "sull". ingliselTaTvis meurneobis gansakuTrebul dargs meTevzeo-ba da Tevzis damuSaveba warmoadgens, romelic dRes ramdenime kompaniis xelSia Tavmoyrili. TevzWeris ZiriTadi raionia

CrdiloeTis zRva, amitom ZiriTadi TevzsaWeri postebi am zR-vis sanapirozea ganlagebuli. britaneTis aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris klimaturma

sxvadasxvaobam Tavidanve sasoflo dasaxlebis ori tipis ar-seboba ganapiroba _ aRmosavleTSi, sadac miwaTmoqmedeba iyo

ganviTarebuli, dasaxlebis tipi gaxda sofeli, xolo dasav-leTSi, sadac miwa ZiriTadad saZovrad iyo vargisi _ fermebi.

inglisi mciresarTuliani Senobebis klasikuri qveyanaa. tra-diciulad ingliselTa umetesoba izolirebul saxlebSi cxo-vrebisaken miiswrafis. qalaqebSi erTi-ori ojaxisaTvis gan-kuTvnili kotejebis tipis sacxovrebeli nagebobebia gabatone-buli, Tanac yoveli bina or sarTulzea ganlagebuli. warsulSi inglisis soflebSi yvelgan gavrcelebuli iyo

e.w. saqsonuri saxli, romelic dasavleT evropis sxva qveyne-bisaTvisac iyo damaxasiaTebeli. masSi yvela sameurneo da sa-cxovrebeli nageboba moqceuli iyo erTi maRali saxuravis qveS. dReisaTvis sameurneo nagebobebi sacxovreblisagan ukve sruliad gamocalkevebulia.

inglisSi Zveli aristokratiis kuTvnili Sua saukuneebis be-vri cixea SemorCenili. isini soflebSi anda maTgan daSore-

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bul Zveli didi parkebis garemocvaSia ganlagebuli. cixeebi inglisuri landSaftis Tavisebur kolorits qmnis.

rogorc warsulSi, ise axlac ingliselebi sakvebad gamoiye-neben bevr xorcs. rogorc yvelgan evropaSi, inglisSic purs mcire raodenobiT Wamen. sasmelebidan yvelaze popularulia

Cai, romelsac Cveulebriv sauzmeze, sadilis Semdeg da saRa-moTi miirTmeven. ingliseli saSualod dReSi 7-10 finjan tkbil Cais svams.

warsulSi ingliselebi bevr spirtian sasmels svamdnen, gan-sakuTrebiT _ luds. popularulia kasris ludi, agreTve: vis-ki, brendi, romi... ingliselTa saojaxo yofam bevri Zveli da konservatiuli

tradicia Semoinaxa. inglisuri ojaxi Caketil samyaros war-moadgens, romelic Tavisi viwro interesebis sferoTia Semo-sazRvruli _ samyaro romelSic Znelia moxvdes gareSe. Zveli inglisuri andazaa: `Cemi saxli _ Cemi cixesimagrea~.

Zvelad ingliselTa saqorwino asaki sakmaod didi iyo. sapa-tarZlos asaki Cveulebriv 23-dan 25 wlamde meryeobda, saqmro-si _ 30 welze zeviT. XIX saukuneSi ingliselis ojaxi mrava-lSviliani iyo: 1876 wels. ojaxebis 63%-s oTxi da meti bavSvi hyavda, maSin, rodesac im ojaxebis raodenoba, romelTac erTi an ori bavSvi hyavdaT, 12%-is farglebSi iyo. ojaxis ufrosi iyo mamakaci. qali masze damokidebuli iyo

rogorc ekonomiurad, ise iuridiulad. dReisaTvis Zveli sa-qorwino wes-Cveulebebi TiTqmis aRaraa SemorCenili. saqorwi-no ceremonia, Cveulebriv, eklesiaSi misvliT mTavrdeba, sadac saqmro sacoles elodeba. samefo karze Semonaxulia Sua saukuneebis sadResaswaulo ceremonia. zustad icaven koronaciis wess, romlis rituali specialur instruqciaSia Camoyalibebuli.

sportuli TamaSebi yvela dResaswaulis aucilebeli nawi-lia. inglisSi Caeyara safuZveli fexburTs. sportis erT-erT aristokratul saxed cxenosnoba iTvleba. inglisis saxelmwifo religias anglikanizmi warmoadgens.

anglikanuri eklesia dogmatebiT protestantulia, magram Rv-TismsaxurebiTa da mowyobiT bevri msgavseba aqvs kaTolikur eklesiasTan.

anglikanur oficialur eklesiaSi sami mimdinareoba arse-bobs _ maRali eklesia, dabali eklesia da farTo eklesia.

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sakmaod rTul suraTs qmnis anglikanuri eklesiis ierarqiu-li wyoba. eklesiis saTaveSi dgas mefe, romelic mis umaRles mmarTvelad iTvleba, magram eklesiis saTaveSi faqtobrivad

dgas parlamenti. inglisis eklesia administraciulad gayofi-lia or arqiepiskopatad _ kenterberiisa da iorkisa, romleb-Sic 43 eparqia Sedis. inglisis eklesiis sulier winamZRolad

iTvleba kenterberiis arqiepiskoposi, romelic mTeli ingli-sis primasis tituls atarebs. mas aqvs mefis koronaciis uf-leba da inglisis lordTa palataSi samefo gvaris Semdeg sa-patio adgili ukavia. inglisSi romaul kaTolikur eklesiasac hyavs mimdevrebi (2 milionze meti). kaTolicizmi gavrcelebulia CrdiloeT da

samxreT-aRmosavleT inglisSi. inglisuri kaTolicizmi mWid-rodaa dakavSirebuli qalaqebTan. kaTolikuri eklesia Zlie-ria iq, sadac bevrni arian irlandieli emigrantebi. kaToli-cizmis erTguli darCa inglisis aristokratiis nawilic.

mravalricxovani protestantuli seqtebi inglisSi cnobi-lia `Tavisufali eklesiis~ anu `nonkonformistebis~ saxel-wodebiT. nonkonformistul seqtebs erTi saerTo aqvT _ isini

anglikanuri eklesiis ierarqiuli mowyobis winaaRmdeg gamo-dian da kaTolikuri elementebis aRmofxvras moiTxoven. non-konformistuli eklesiebidan yvelaze popularuli da mra-valricxovania meTodist-veslianelebis seqta, e.i. jon veslis

mimdevrebi (300 aTasze meti kaci), romelic XVIII s-Si warmoiq-mna. meTodizmi yvelaze metad korneulSi da CrdiloeTis sag-rafoebSia gavrcelebuli. kongregacionalistebis seqtas mim-devrebi hyavs upiratesad qalaqebSi (230 aTasi). isini ibrZvian

eklesiis centalizaciis winaaRmdeg da religiuri Zmobis Tvi-TmmarTvelobisaTvis. baptistebi inglisSi 300 aTasze metni ar-ian, romelTa RvTismsaxurebis rituali mcired Tu gansxvavde-ba presviterianizmisagan. SedarebiT mcirericxovania kvakere-bis seqta, anu rogorc isini TavianT Tavs uwodeben `megobar-Ta qristianuli sazogadoeba~. am seqtis mimdevrebi ar cnoben mRvdlebs, radgan maTi swavlebis mixedviT qadageba SeuZlia

yvelas, viszec STagoneba daiSveba. kvakerebi araviTar ritua- lebs ar asruleben. Tavisi qvelmoqmedebiT cnobilia e.w. xsnis armia. mas finansurad uzrunvelyofs titulovani zedafena da

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burJuazia. CamoTvlilTa garda inglisSi aris 200-ze meti mci-re seqta. ingliselebSi memkvidreobiTi saxeli (gvarsaxeli) XI s-Si,

normanTa dapyrobis Semdeg, warmoiqmna. Zveli inglisuri gvar-saxelebis garda gavrcelebulia normanuli, iSviaTad keltu-ri, skandinaviuri da franguli gvarsaxelebi. toponimizebuli memkvidreobiTi gvarsaxelebi mTel gvarsaxelTa 32%-s moicavs. isini momdinareobs qveynis, sagrafoebis, raionebis, qalaqebis,

soflebis... saxelwodebebisagan. inglisuri gvarebis 30% genea-logiuria; isini mamis saxelebidan warmoiqmna. profesiisa da

Tanamdebobis aRmniSvneli memkvidreobiTi saxelebi 16-%-ia. in-glisSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli gvarsaxelia Smith _ `mWedeli~

(axla am memkvidreobiT saxels 200 aTasze meti ojaxi ata-rebs). `maxasiaTebeli~ memkvidreobiTi saxelebi mTeli gvarsa-xelebis 12% Seadgens. aseTi gvarebi Tavis droze mis pirvel mflobelebs fizikuri Tvisebebis mixedviT axasiaTebda (Red, Reed, Read, Rede _ `wiTuri~, Littlejohn _ `patara~). XII s-Si mamaka-cTa yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelebi iyo: William, Robert, Ralph da Richard. 1500-dan 1800 wlamde mamakacTa yvelaze popularul saxelebs warmoadgenda: William, John da Thomas. 1600 – 1800 wlebSi qalTa yvelaze popularuli saxelebi iyo: Elizabeth, Mary da Anne. XV-XVI ss-is inglisuri anTroponimiis erT-erTi Tavisebureba iyo mamakacTa saxelebis qalis saxelebad qceva. es moda frangulis gavlenis Sedegi iyo: Alaxandra, Jaco-ba.…inglisSi ori sakuTari saxelis tarebas tradicia XIV s-Si Caeyara. inglisis mSvenebaa misi dedaqalaqi londoni, romelic md. temzis CrdiloeT napirze ax.w. 43 wels romaelebma daaarses. londoni mkveTrad gamijnuli sami nawilisagan Sedgeba: siti (savaWro da administraciuli centri), vest-endi (aq ZiriTadad dasaxlebulia aristokratia) da ist-endi (muSaTa kvartali).

londonSi arqiteqturis bevri SesaniSnavi nimuSia, romelTa-gan SeiZleba XI s-Si agebuli taueris cixe davasaxeloT. XVII-XVIII ss-Si renesansis stilSia aSenebuli wminda pavles taZari.

inglisma msoflios misca araerTi sayovelTaod cnobili me-cnieri da mkvlevari. XVII s. mniSvnelovani samecniero aRmoCe-nebi ekuTvniT: i. niutons, r. boils, u. harveis. 1784 w. j. uatma

daapatenta orTqlis Zrava. misi orTqlis manqana ekonomiuro-

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bis gamo farTod gavrcelda. uatma SemoiRo pirveli simZlav-ris erTeuli _ cxenis Zala. 1785 w. e. kartraitma Seqmna pirve-li saqsovi dazga. 1825 w. ingliselma inJinerma j. stefensonma (stovensonma) aago msoflioSi pirveli rkinigza orTqlis transportiT. msoflioSi cnobilni arian XVIII-XIX saukune-ebis ingliseli qimikosebi da fizikosebi: m. faradei, j. jou-li, j. maqsveli. XIX saukuneSi biologiis ganviTarebis mwver-vali gaxda C. darvinis moZRvreba. 1920-1930 wlebSi j. berdtis da r. uotson-uatis mier Catarebulma samuSaoebma televiziisa da radiolokaciis Seqmnamde migviyvana. 1929 w. ingliselma baqteriologma a. flemingma penicilini aRmoaCina.

msoflios aRiareba moipova inglisis kulturis bevrma moR-vawem. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia genialuri dramaturgis da

poetis, u. Seqspiris (1564-1616) Semoqmedeba. didi ingliseli po-etebidan cnobili arian: j. baironi (1788-1824), p. Seli (1782-1822), dramaturgi b. Sou, mwerlebi C. dikensi (1812-1870) da u. Tekerei (1811-1863), deteqtiuri Janris Semqmneli artur konan doili da bevri sxva. Tanamedrove amerikis Semqmneli sami xalxis _ ingliselebis, espanelebisa da frangebis nacionaluri xasiaTis SedarebiTi Seswavla XX-is 20-ian wlebSi espanelma mecnierna salvador

de madariagam moaxdina. is werda, rom samyaros inglisuri fi-losofia Tavisuflebas efuZneba. ingliseli moqmedebaSi cxo-vrobs. is mudmivad dakavebulia. dasvenebis drosac ki mudmi-vad moZraobaSia da biznesidan ubralod sportze gadadis. in-gliselis mTeli siamaye naciasTanaa dakavSirebuli _ Tu na-cia kargad grZnobs Tavs, maSin isic kargadaa. madariaga ima-sac amtkicebda, rom ingliselebSi nebeloba, Tavisufleba do-minirebs, frangebSi _ inteleqti, espanelebSi _ vneba da gata-ceba. ingliselis cxovrebis principia _ fair play. rogorc mec-nieri aRniSnavs, es gamoTqma ar SeiZleba sxva enaze pirdapir

iTargmnos. daaxloebiT gamoxatavs `patiosan TamaSs~, sandoo-bas, garkveuli poziciis erTgulebas. ingliselebi Tu buneba-sTan SeTanxmebulad cxovroben, frangebi misi daqvemdebarebis surviliT arian aRvsilni. ingliseli cxovrebiT ufro maSinaa

kmayofili, rodesac baRSi muSaobs, mogzaurobs, nadirobs, aS-enebs raRacas, gamoigonebs anda aremontebs. inglisel mecnie-rebs ufro gamoyenebiT mecnierebaSi muSaoba emarjvebaT. lo-

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gikas, maTematikas, metafizikas isini meqanikas, eTikas, fizikas,

biologias, politekonomias amjobineben _ erTi sityviT, fri-ad pragmatikosebi arian. pativs scemen tradiciebs. arian komp-romisebis momxreni.

2.18. holandielebi niderlandebis, belgiisa da luqsemburgis xalxebi evropis Crdilo-dasavleTSi ganlagebul sam saxelmwifoSi cxovroben. maT bevri ram aqvT saerTo rogorc eTnikuri istoriis, ise

yofisa da kulturis (eTnikuri kulturis) TvalsazrisiT. Tu-mcaRa enobrivad indoevropul enaTa ojaxis sxvadasxva jgu-febs miekuTvnebian _ germanulsa (frizebi, holandielebi,

flamandielebi, luqsemburgelebi) da romanuls _ (valoniele-bi). evropis am nawilSi saxelmwifo sazRvrebi ar emTxveva en-obrivsa da eTnikurs. magaliTad, frizebi cxovroben niderla-ndebSi, germaniasa da daniaSi, flamandielebi _ niderlandeb-Si, belgiaSi, safrangeTSi, valonebi _ belgiasa da safrange-TSi. niderlandebSi saxelmwifo enad holandiuri (anu nider-landuri) iTvleba. belgiaSi ori saxelmwifo enaa: flamandiu-ri (holandiurTan axlos mdgomia) da franguli. asevea luqse-mburgSi _ luqsemburguli (romelic sinamdvileSi germanuli enis dialeqtia) da franguli.

niderlandebis (araoficialuri saxelwodebaa holandia) mo-saxleobis umetesobas (1998 wlis monacemebiT maTi saerTo ra-odenoba 15 milion 500 aTasi kaci iyo) Seadgenen holandiele-bi, romlebic dasaxlebulni arian qveynis CrdiloeT, centa-lur da aRmosavleT olqebSi. holandiuri ena miekuTvneba ge-rmanul enaTa ojaxis dasavlur qvejgufs. holandielebTan eniTa da kulturiT Zalian axlos arian flamandielebi. isini

cxovroben niderlandebis samxreT provinciebSi (Crdilo bra-banti, limburgi), romlebic TandaTan erwymian holandielebs

da mxolod ramdenime niSaniRa ganasxvavebs maT holandielebi-sagan, soflis mosaxleobisa da nawilobriv religiuri Tval-sazrisiT (flamandielTa umetesoba kaTolikea im dros, rode-sac holandielebis umetesoba protestantia). qveynis Crdilo-eTSi, frislandiis provinciasa da mis maxloblad dasavleT

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frizis kunZulebze (teqseli, vlilandi, tersxelingi, amelan-di da sxv.) cxovrobs patara xalxi _ frizebi (niderlandebSi

cxovrobs 400 aTasi frizi). frizuli ena miekuTvneba dasav-lur-germanul enaTa jgufis anglofrizul qvejgufs. araerTgvarovania belgiis samefos eTnikuri Semadgenloba.

am qveynis mosaxleoba 1998 wlis monacemebiT 10,1 milionia. Cr-diloeTi belgia (dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi flandria, ant-verpeni, limburgi) ukaviaT flamandielebs (5 milion kacze me-ti). flamandielebi warmoSobiTa da kulturiT axlos dganan

da monaTesaveni arian niderlandielebisa. flamandiurs nide-rlandurTan saerTo gramatika aqvs da misgan mxolod nawi-lobriv leqsikiT gansxvavdeba. belgiis samxreTSi (provincie-bi: eno, namiuri, lieJi, luqsemburgi) dasaxlebulebi arian va-lonielebi (daaxloebiT 4 milioni kaci), romelTa ena fran-guli enis dialeqts warmoadgens. belgia da niderlandebi patara qveynebia (niderlandebi _ 34

aTasi kv.km., belgia _ 30 aTasi kv.km.). orive qveyana Zalian mWi-drodaa dasaxlebuli. niderlandebis didi nawili da Crdi-loeTi belgia dablobs warmoadgens. niderlandebis mniSvne-lovani nawili zRvis doneze, an masze dablac kia. qveynis sa-xelwodeba "Nederland" niSnavs dablobs. didi xania holandie-lebi ara marto ebrZvian zRvis Semotevas, aramed cdiloben mas zRvis monakveTebi waarTvan. Zveli werilobiTi wyaroebiT, niderlandebisa da belgiis teritoriaze Tavdapirvelad keltebi iyvnen dasaxlebulebi. wyaroebSi xSirad moixseniebian menapebi (brabantsa da reinis

sanapiroebze), morinebi (flandriis sanapiroze), nervebi (gene-gauSi, brabantSi). jer kidev centralur da dasavleT evropa-Si germanelTa masobriv gadasaxlebamde, niderlandebSi mkvid-robdnen agreTve germanuli tomebi, romlebic aq aRmosavleTi-dan cezaris laSqrobebamde didi xniT adre movidnen. keltu-ri tomebis gansaxlebis olqebi, upirveles yovlisa, Tanamed-rove niderlandebis da belgiis samxreTi raionebi iyo, germa-nuli tomebi ki dasaxldnen upiratesad CrdiloeTiTa da aR-mosavleTiT. am germanul tomebs Soris yvelaze cnobilia frizebi, romelTac Tavdapirvelad ekavaT CrdiloeTis zRvis

sanapiro flevos tbisa da md. emss Soris. momdevno sauku-neebSi ki gavrceldnen dasavleTSi _ dRevandeli holandiis

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CrdiloeT provinciaSi. frizebTan erTad holandiaSi aRmosav-leTidan gadmosaxldnen germanuli tomebi batavebi, romleb-mac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes holandieli xalxis eTnoge-nezSi.

niderlandebisa da belgiis xalxebis eTnikur istorias mni-Svnelovani kvali daaCnia galebze romaelTa batonobam (Zv.w. I s. _ ax.w. IV s.). misi mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT didia qveynis im nawilisaTvis, romelic romis imperiaSi iyo CarTuli da

romanizacia (samxreT belgia) ganicada. es mxare dasaxle-buli iyo kelturi tomiT _ belgebiT da Sedioda romis pro-vinciaSi _ belgiaSi (Zv.w. I s-Si belgebis didi nawili did britaneTSi gadasaxlda). romaelTa batonobas IV-V ss-Si zRvari daudo germanuli tomebis Zlierma nakadma.

III s-is dasasruls istoriul wyaroebSi pirvelad ixseniebi-an frankebi, romlebmac IV-V ss-Si dasavleTisaken waiwies. uk-ve IV s-Si frankebma samxreTSi dRevandel sazRvrebs miaRwies,

im sazRvrebs, romelic romanul enebs germanulisagan ganaca-lkevebs. dasavleTSi maTi mezoblebi saqsuri tomebi gaxdnen.

V s-Si ukanaskneli romauli legionebi galiidan gamoiyva-nes. galo-romauli olqis yofil teritoriaze Camoyalibda frankebis saxelmwifo, romelic dasavleT evropaSi erT-erT Zlier saxelmwifod iqca. karlos didis dros (768-819) frankTa saxelmwifo (romelmac qristianoba jer kidev V s-Si miiRo) brZolebs awarmoebda

saqsebsa da frizebTan, romlebsac jer kidev Semonaxuli hqo-ndaT gvarovnuli wyobileba da warmarTuli religia. frizebs

erToba ar hqondaT da tomobrivi jgufebi erTmaneTs mtrobd-nen, rac frislandiis dapyrobisas Wkvianurad gamoiyena kar-los I-ma. IX s-Si karlosma frizebi da saqsebi daamarcxa da aiZula isini qristianoba mieRoT.

karlos I-is Semdeg frankebis vrceli imperia daiSala. ver-denis xelSekrulebiT (843 w.) miwis didi nawili, romelzedac

Camoyalibda axlandeli niderlandebi da belgia, lotaringi-is SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, romelic 925 wels aRmosavleT ger-maniis saxelmwifos SeuerTda. Sua saukuneebSi Tanamedrove ni-derlandebisa da belgiis teritoriaze iyo bevri damoukide-beli sahercogo, sagrafo da Tavisufali qalaqi. ekonomiku-rad yvelaze ganviTarebuli flandriisa da holandiis sagra-

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foebi iyo. flamandieli xalxis formireba mimdinareobda upi-ratesad frankuli tomebis, keltebisa da saqsebis Serevis sa-fuZvelze. valonebis CamoyalibebaSi ki mTavari roli Seasru-les belgebis STamomavlebma, romlebmac romanizacia ganica-des. XV-XVI ss-Si polandieli xalxebis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen germanuli tomebis: frankebis, saqsebis, frizebisa da keltur

tomTa darCenili STamomavlebi. 1477 wels yvela olqi gaerTi-anda saerTo saxelwodebiT `niderlandebi~ da masSi Tanamed-rove holandiasTan erTad belgiac Sedioda. karlos V-m (1519-

1555) gaaerTiana germania, espaneTi da niderlandia. XV s-Si ni-derlandebi dasavleT evropaSi erT-erTi yvelaze ganviTare-buli qveyana iyo.

niderlandebisa da belgiis eTnikuri CamoyalibebisaTvis di-di mniSvneloba hqonda niderlandebis revolucias. espaneTis winaaRmdeg erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma omma patriotizmis

grZnoba gaaRviva. am dros moxda sakmaod msxvili eTnikuri ga-daadgilebani. niderlandiis revoluciis Semdeg flamandieli

xalxi gayofili aRmoCnda or saxelmwifos Soris: flamandie-lTa nawili Sevida gaerTianebuli niderlandebis provincieb-Si, nawili ki romanul mosaxleobasTan erTad (valonielebi)

espaneTis xelisuflebis qveS aRmoCnda. amis Semdeg axlad Ca-moyalibebuli saxelmwifoebis _ niderlandebisa da belgiis

politikuri istoria sxvadasxvagvarad warimarTa. niderlande-bSi mrewveloba gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebuli iyo holandiis CrdiloeT da samxreT provinciebSi. aq iyo Tavmoyrili mTeli

mosaxleobis 2/3. amitomac XVII s-dan moyolebuli cneba `nide-rlandebi~ da `holandia~ xSirad erTmaneTs emTxveoda.

XVII s-Si Camoyalibda da TiTqmis yvela provinciaSi gavrce-lda niderlanduri saliteraturo ena, romlis safuZvels wa-rmoadgenda holandiis provinciis, warmoSobiT upiratesad frankuli, dialeqtebi.

revoluciis Semdeg niderlandebSi religiuri Semwynareb-loba sufevda. did warmatebas miaRwies holandielebma xomal-debis mSeneblobaSi. XVIII-XIX ss-Si mimdinareobda niderlanduri naciis Semdgomi

konsolidacia. garkveuli TavisTavadobis mqone sxvadasxva eT-nografiuli jgufebi Seerwynen holandielebs. am eTnikur

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procesebs xels uwyobda agreTve qveynis SigniT mimdinare mig-raciuli procesebi. ukve XVIII s-Si qveynis aRmosavleT provi-nciebSi mcxovrebni (drenti, overeiseli), romlebic upirate-sad saqsebis STamomavlebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, holandielebad iqcnen. holandielTa mier asimilirebul iqna qveynis Crdilo-

dasavleTi olqebi, romlebic adre frizebiT iyo dasaxlebu-li da romelic jer kidev XI s-Si literaturaSi cnobili iyo dasavleT frislandiis saxeliT. zelandielebi (zelandiis provinciis mcxovrebni) da, bolos, flamandielebi (romelTa nawili belgiaSi cxovrobs) aseve erTianad Seerwynen eniTa da kulturiT monaTesave holandielebs.

XVIII s-Si belgia jer avstriis xelisuflebis qveS aRmoCn-da, Semdeg ki _ safrangeTis. 1815 w. venis kongresiT is miuer-Tes niderlandebs, magram 1830 wels gamocxadda belgiis damo-ukidebloba. holandielTa TviTsaxelwodebaa holanders. niderlandebis (holandielebis) saerTo raodenoba 14 milionze metia. aqedan

niderlandebSi cxovrobs 12,3 mil. kaci. isini mkvidroben agre-Tve kanadaSi (410 aTasi kaci), aSS-Si (380 aTasi kaci), dasavleT evropis qveynebSi, afrikaSi. miekuTvnebian atlantur-baltiur rasas. holandiuri (niderlanduri) ena germanuli jgufis erT-erTi enaa (dasavleT-germanuli qvejgufi). niderlandebis

garda, gavrcelebulia belgiaSi, vest-indoeTSi. am enaze mo-laparakeTa saerTo raodenoba daaxl. 20 mil. kacia (maT So-ris, niderlandebSi _ daaxl. 14,5 mil., belgiaSi _ daaxl. 5

mil.). niderlandebis samefos oficialuri ena belgiis same-fos erT-erTi oficialuri enaa (frangulTan erTad). nider-landuri ena Camoyalibda Sua saukuneebSi salikuri frankebis

tomobrivi dialeqtebis frizul da saqsonur tomobriv dia-leqtebTan urTierTobis safuZvelze. niderlandebis enaSi ga-moyofen sam periods: Zvelniderlandur (Zvelqvemofrankul, IX-XI ss), saSualoniderlandur (XII-XV ss), axalniderlandur (XVI s-dan). saliteraturo enis erTiani safuZvlebi Camoyalib-da XVII s-Si. XVII saukuneSive Camoyalibda sametyvelo enis nairsaxeobani. niderlanduri enis SeswavlaSi didi roli iTamaSa f. engelsis naSromma `frankuli dialeqti~, romelSic ganxilulia agreTve fonetikis, morfologiis, leqsikologi-isa da toponimikis sakiTxebi. saSualo niderlanduri enis yvelaze adreuli Zeglebia (XIII s) van marlantis nawarmoebebi,

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iuridiuli sigelebi... holandiur enaSi gamoyofen ramdenime dialeqts: Crdilo-dasavlurs (CrdiloeT-holandiuri diale-qtebi), samxreT-centralurs (brabantisa da aRmosavlur-fla-mandiuri), samxreT-dasavlurs (dasavlur-flamandiuri da ze-landiuri), Crdilo-aRmosavlurs (saqsonuri), samxreT-aRmosav-lurs (limburgiuli), Crdilo-centralurs (samxreT-holandi-uri utrextuli dialeqtebi). damwerloba Seqmnili aqvT laTi-nuri anbanis safuZvelze. sarwmunoebiT holandiis mcxovrebTa umetesoba protestanti

kalvinistia, Tumca zogierT provinciaSi mniSvnelovani rao-denobiT gvxvdebian kaTolikeebi (Crdilo holandia, overeise-li, helderlandi). flamandiur provinciebSi ZiriTadad kaTo-licizmia gavrcelebuli (brabantSi kaTolikeebi mTeli mosax-leobis 89% Seadgenen, limburgSi _ 95%). holandiaSi mkvidro-ben agreTve menonitebi, baptistebi da sxv. soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulia mosaxleobis 12%. soflis meurneobaSi mTavar rols mecxoveleoba TamaSobs. yveli Sua

saukuneebidan saeqsporto produqtia. XVI s-dan qveyanaSi moix-maren damzadebuli yvelis mxolod 2%. XVII s-dan sazRvarga-reT karaqis gatanac daiwyes. niderlandeli xalxis cxovrebaSi Zveli droidanve did

rols TamaSobda TevzWera. Sua saukuneebSi is saxelmwifo Se-mosavlis mTavari wyaro iyo. teqnikuri kulturebidan gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo selis moyvana.

holandiis mosaxleobis umetesi nawili (daaxl. 88%) qalaqe-bSi cxovrobs. qveynis Crdilo-dasavleT nawils, sadac ganla-gebulia sami yvelaze didi qalaqi _ amsterdami, roterdami

da haaga _ da mosaxleobis Zalian maRali simWidroviT gamoi-rCeva, xSirad holandiis konurbacias (konurbacia _ ganaSenia-nebis Sedegad axlomaxlo qalaqebis Serwyma) uwodeben. holan-diis bevrma qalaqma Semoinaxa Taviseburi Suasaukuneobrivi ie-rsaxe. Zveli holandiuri saxli erTi saxuravis qveS aerTianebda

yvela sameurneo da sacxovrebel nagebobas (e.w. saqsonuri sax-li). holandiaSi XIX s-Sic gvxvdeboda didi ojaxebi. magaliTad,

1830 wels q. drenteSi iyo ojaxi, romelic 50-60 kacisagan Sed-

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geboda. dRes holandiaSi mxolod patara ojaxebia. bevria mra-valSviliani ojaxi.

Zvelad holandiaSi arsebobda odesRac yvela germaneli xa-lxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Temi _ marka. aRmosavleT, yofil

saqsonur, olqebSi saTemo urTierTobani ufro didxans Semoi-naxa, vidre sxva provinciebSi. drentSi, magaliTad, jer kidev 1828 wels 116 markas iTvlidnen. yvela marka flobda miwas,

romelic nakveTebad iyofoda da Temis wevrebs Soris nawil-deboda.

holandielTa anTroponimiuli modeli Seicavs individual-ur saxels, gvarsaxels da mamis saxels.

holandiaSi gansakuTrebiT popularulia saxalxo dResaswa-ulebi _ kermesebi (Kermis), romelsac yvela qalaqsa da sofe-lSi adgilobrivi eklesiis wminda mfarvelis saxelze awyo-ben. holandielebi kanonierad amayoben im faqtiT, rom evropaSi pirveli gazeTi XVII s-is dasawyisSi maT qveyanaSi gamovida.

niderlandebis dedaqalaq amsterdams xSirad CrdiloeTis ve-necias uwodeben, radgan aqaa 50 arxi da 500 xidi. amsterdamSia

saxelmwifo da istoriuli muzeumebi, rembrandtis saxli, me-fis sasaxle. qalaq roterdamSi aris xelovnebis akademia, kon-servatoria, erazmis saxelobis universiteti, didi biblioTe-ka, eTnologiis, istoriuli, sazRvao, samxatvro muzeumebi.

holandielebma didi wvlili Seitanes msoflio saxviT xe-lovnebaSi. XVI s-is mxatvarTagan aRsaniSnavia piter breige-lis Semoqmedeba. XVII s. niderlanduri ferweris ayvavebis dro iyo. SesaniSnavi portretebi Seqmna van deikma (1599-1641). holandiuri realizmis didma warmomadgenelma rembrandtma

(1606-1669) Tavisi mravalJanrobrivi Semoqmedeba XVII s. Sua xa-nebSi Seqmna. holandiuri ferweris `oqros saukunis~ tradici-ebi momdevno epoqebSic gagrZelda. sakmarisia gavixsenoT van

gogis (1853-1890) saxeli. qveynis gareT farTodaa cnobili gan-manaTleblis _ erazm roterdamelis (1466-1536) saxeli (namdvi-li saxeli da gvari gerhard gerhardsi). is iyo humanisti, Te-ologi, filosofosi, mwerali, filologi, mTargmneli. werda laTinur enaze. erazm roterdamelis mizani iyo antikurobisa da qristianobis sinTeziT qristianuli humanizmis dafuZneba.

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2.19. frizebi frizebi (TviTsaxelwodeba – frizen, frisen) cxovroben ni-derlandebSi (ZiriTadad frislandiis provinciaSi, nawilob-riv groningenis provinciasa da dasavleT frizis kunZulze)

da germaniaSi (Crdilo-dasavleT raioni Crdilo frizis kun-Zulis CaTvliT da kunZul gelgolandze). frizebis raodeno-ba niderlandebSi 400 aTasze metia, xolo germaniaSi _ 20 aTa-si. daniaSi cxovrobs 2 aTasi frizi. warsulSi frizebi ufro vrcel teritoriaze iyvnen gansaxlebulni. isini CrdiloeTi

zRvis mTel samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroze binad-robdnen. frizebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis at-lantur-baltiur rasas. frizuli ena niderlanduris monaTe-savea. mas bevri saerTo aqvs inglisur enasTan (frizuli ena

Sedis indoevropul enaTa ojaxis germanuli jgufis dasav-lur qvejgufSi). didi msgavseba frizulsa da Zvelinglisurs

Soris aixsneba frizebisa da ingliselebis mWidro ekonomiku-ri da istoriuli kontaqtebiT. frizuli ena XVI s-mde fris-landiis oficialuri ena iyo da am droidan is holandiurma gamodevna. dRes Semonaxulia mxolod yofaSi. 1967 wlis mona-cemebiT frislandiis mosaxleobis mxolod 71% laparakobda

frizul enaze. am enaze teqstis wakiTxva ki 69% SeeZlo. gamo-yofen frizulis oTx dialeqts. frislandiaSi ori dialeqtia:

soflisa da qalaqis metyveleba. qalaqis metyveleba, faqtob-rivad, frizul-holandiuri dialeqtis narevs warmoadgens. ge-rmaniis frizebSi aris Crdilo frizuli da aRmosavlur fri-zuli dialeqtebi (sxva klasifikaciiT, enebi). aq mas qvemo ge-rmanuli aviwroebs. damwerloba laTinuri grafikis safuZve-lze aqvT.

frizebi ZiriTadad kalvinistebi arian; gvxvdebian kaTolike-ebic. ax.w. I saukuneSi frizebis germanuli tomi CrdiloeTis

zRvis mTel samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroze cxov-robda. ax.w. 500-dan 900 wlamde CrdiloeTis zRva `friziis

zRvadac~ iwodeboda. am dros sazRvao vaWrobaSi frizebi mni-Svnelovan rols TamaSobdnen. VIII saukuneSi CrdiloeT evro-pis mTavari savaWro punqti (direstadi) frizebis qveyanaSi iyo. adre Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi saxelganTqmuli

iyo frizuli maudi. misgan Sekeril tansacmels atarebda kar-

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los didi, romelmac es qsovili saCuqrad arab xalifasac ki

gaugzavna. ekavaT agreTve farTo teritoria zelandiidan sam-xreT-dasavleTiT. `frizis~ savaraudo etimologiaa _ `Tavisu-fali~ (fry). TviTsaxelwodeba warmoiSva romaelTa dapyrobebis winaaRmdeg Zlieri winaaRmdegobis dros (romaul wyaroebSi

moixseniebian: Frisii, Frisones anda Frisiones). Sua saukuneebSi fri-zebis eTnikuri teritoria calkeul nawilebad daiyo. XI-XIII ss-Si dasavleTi olqi (e.w. dasavleT frislandiis CaTvliT) holandiis sagrafoSi Sevida. Sua frislandiam (anu sakuTriv

frislandiam) damoukidebloba, faqtobrivad, XVI s-is dasawyi-samde SeinarCuna. am dros isic holandiis SemadgenlobaSi iq-na Seyvanili. dReisaTvis niderlandebis provincias _ fris-landias SenarCunebuli aqvs kulturuli avtonomia. XVIII s-Si

aRmosavleT frislandiis damoukidebeli sagrafo prusiam da-ipyro.

frizebis ZiriTadi saqmianobaa _ sarZeve mecxoveleoba (fri-slandiaSia gamoyvanili sayovelTaod cnobili Sav-Wreli ji-Sis holandiuri sarZeve saqoneli), mecxeneoba da sanapiroze meTevzeoba. misdeven agreTve mecxvareobas. frizebSi dRemde

Semoinaxa tradiciuli xelosnuri dargebi (qsova, qalebis mo-rTulobis damzadeba). ganTqmulia frislandiuri cxenis qarx-nebi.

frislandielebis tradiciuli sakvebia bostneuli (ZiriTa-dad kartofili), rZisa da Tevzis kerZebi.

SeimCneva niderlandebis sami xalxis _ holandielTa, flama-ndielTa da frizTa konsolidaciis procesi. amave dros, gaaq-tiurebulia nacionaluri frizuli moZraoba, romelic germa-nel frizebTan mWidro kavSirs moiTxovs.

frislandiaSi didi qalaqebi araa. frislandiis centri lei-vardeni patara provinciuli holandiuri qalaqia.

sainteresoa frizebis bevri wes-Cveuleba, maTi TamaSebi, gar-Tobani, romelTa Soris Zalian popularulia figuruli sria-li. niderlandebSi frizebi saukeTeso figuruli mosrialeni arian. cigurebs arqeologebi pouloben terpenis gaTxrebSi, romelic VIII-IX saukuneebs ekuTvnis. odiTganve frizi qaliSvilebi TviTon wyvetdnen TavianT

beds; Tavad irCevdnen adamians, visac colad unda gayholod-nen.

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1830-ian wlebSi ganaTlebulma frizebma moZraoba daiwyes mSobliuri enisa da kulturuli memkvidreobis dasacavad. frislandiaSi pirveli umaRlesi saswavlo dawesebuleba _

universiteti 1585 wels gaixsna qalaq franekerSi. frizebi ama-yoben frizuli nacionaluri literaturis fuZemdeblis, poe-tisa da gamoCenili humanistis gisbert iapiksas (1603-1666 ww.) SemoqmedebiT. maT cxovrebaSi didi movlena iyo 1938 wels

friziis mecnierebaTa akademiis gaxsna. gamocemulia iseTi mni-Svnelovani naSromebi, rogorebicaa: `frislandiis enciklope-dia~, `frislandiis istoria~, frizul-niderlanduri da ni-derlandur-frizuli leqsikonebi. 1961 wlidan frizuli ena savaldebulo sagania skolebSi.

2.20. flamandielebi rogorc zemoT iTqva, flamandielebi ZiriTadad or saxelm-wifoSi arian gansaxlebulni: niderlandebSi mkvidrobs 1 mil. 720 aTasi flamandieli, belgiaSi – 5,1 milioni. cxovroben ag-reTve safrangeTSi (250 aTasi kaci). flamandielTa saerTo ra-odenoba 7,23 milionia. anTropologiurad miekuTvnebian didi

evropeiduli rasis atlantur-baltiur rasas. fiqsirdeba ag-reTve Sua evropuli rasis alpuri komponenti. laparakoben niderlanduri enis samxreTul variantze. sarwmunoebiT umete-soba kaTolikea.

flamandielebi holandielTa monaTesaveni arian. flamandie-lTa eTnikur safuZvels Seadgens frankuli, frizuli da sa-qsonuri tomebi. flamandielebi flamandiis sagrafos mosax-leobis ZiriTad masas warmoadgendnen, romelic Sua saukunee-bis evropaSi ekonomikurad erT-erTi ganviTarebuli regioni

iyo. flamandiuri eTnosis formireba XV-XVI ss-Si mimdinare-obda. niderlandebis burJuaziuli (1566-1609) revoluciis Sem-deg, XVI s-Si, flamandielebi gaTiSulebi aRmoCndnen. venis

1814-1815 ww. kongresis gadawyvetilebiT flamandiis orive na-wili niderlandebis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. 1830 w. belgiis revoluciis Semdeg flamandielebma valonielebTan

erTad Seqmnes belgiis damoukidebeli saxelmwifo. flamandie-lTa nawili niderlandebis SemadgenlobaSi darCa. flamandiu-ri belgiis meore saxelmwifo enaa.

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flamandielebTan didxans Semoinaxa Temuri urTierTobis ga-dmonaSTebi, urTierTdaxmarebis wes-Cveuleba, yovelwliuri saerTo sadili. Semonaxulia mdidari folklori _ simRerebi da legendebi. flamandieli iyo cnobili mxatvari piter rubensi (1577-1640). man Seqmna naxatebi religiur da miTologiur siuJetebze. aqvs istoriul-alegoriuli tiloebi, peizaJebi da scenebi glexTa

cxovrebis Sesaxeb. rubensis saxelosnoSi muSaobdnen mxatvre-bi: antonios van deiki (1599-1641) da iakob iordansi(1593- 1678). warmoSobiT flamandieli iyo didi germaneli kompozitori

ludvig van beThoveni. misi warmomavloba gvarsaxelidanac ka-rgad Cans.

2.21. germanelebi germanelebi, romelTa TviTsaxelwodebaa "doiCe", evropis yvelaze mravalricxovani xalxia. isini centralur evropaSi mkvidroben. germanelebis saerTo raodenoba 86 milionia. maT

Soris, germaniaSi 74 mil. 600 aTasia. germanuli eTnosis mrava-lricxovani jgufebi mkvidroben aSS-Si (daaxl. 5 mil. 400 aTa-si), yazaxeTSi (950 aTasi), ruseTSi (843 aTasi), kanadaSi (1 mil.

200 aTasi), braziliaSi (710 aTasi), agreTve evropisa da ameri-kis sxvadasxva qveynebSi, avstraliasa da samxreT afrikaSi. ge-rmanelTa emigracia ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi mimdina-reobda. intensiuri iyo is XIX da XX ss-Sic. magaliTad, 1840-1900 wlebSi germaniidan 4,8 mil. kaci wavida. germanelTa umetesoba miekuTvneba didi evropeiduli rasis atlantur-baltiur rasas. germanelebSi gvxvdebian agreTve

centralurevropuli rasis warmomadgenlebi. Sua reinze fiq-sirdeba samxreTevropuli (indoxmelTaSuazRvispiruli) raso-brivi tipis minarevic. Tumca Zveli romaeli mwerlebis (taci-tusi da sxv.) aRweriT germanuli tomebi erTgvarovanni iyvnen

da gamoirCeodnen simaRliT, qeraTmianobiT, cisferi Tvale-biT. droTa ganmavlobaSi germanelTa anTropologiur tipSi

samxreTevropuli da Suaevropuli tipebis gaCena gamoiwvia ge-rmanel xalxSi slavuri da kelturi tomebis Serevam. ufro

mogvianebiT qveynis ukidures Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi germane-lebs Seerivnen litveli, poloneli da danieli migraciuli

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elementebi. gvian Sua saukuneebSi germanelebs bevri ebraeli

da frangic Seeria. reformaciis epoqaSi protestantebis mniS-vnelovani raodenoba bavariidan da avstriidan CrdiloeTiT

gadasaxlda. aq maT frangi emigranti protestantebic SeuerT-dnen, romlebic XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi berlinis mosaxleo-bis 10% Seadgendnen.

germanuli ena miekuTvneba indoevropul enaTa ojaxis germa-nuli jgufis dasavleTgermanul qvejgufs. gamoiyofa

germanuli enebis ori jgufi: qvemogermanuli da zemogermanu-li. zogierTi mkvlevari ukanasknelisagan gamoyofs saSualo-germanul dialeqtebs. germanelTa damwerloba dafuZnebulia laTinur grafikaze. saerTod, saliteraturo enisagan plat-doiCe sakmaod gansxvavdeba. am dialeqtze, romelic axlosaa

holandiurTan, arsebobs sakmaod vrceli literatura. araer-Ti mRvdeli qadagebs qvemogermanulze. dResac germaniis bevri

olqis (miwis) mosaxleoba saubrisas dialeqts iyenebs. gansxva-veba dialeqtebs Soris imdenad didia, rom zemo saqsoniis

mcxovrebT ar esmiT zRvispireTis raionebSi mcxovrebTa mety-veleba. yvela germanelis saliteraturo enaa luTeris mier

germanulad Targmnili `bibliis~ ena. germanuli ena saxelmwi-fo enaa ara marto germaniaSi, aramed avstriaSi, Sveicariis konfederaciaSi (frangul, italiur da retoromanul enebTan

erTad), luqsemburgSi (frangulsa da luqsemburgulTan er-Tad). germanul enaze 100 milionze meti adamiani laparakobs.

germanelTa TiTqmis naxevari protestant-luTeranelia, naxe-varic _ kaTolike. sxva qveynebSi mcxovreb germanelebSi, gar-da kaTolikeebisa da luTeranelebisa, sakmaod mravalricxo-vanni arian protestantTa sxva _ baptistebis, menonitebis, ad-ventistebis da a.S. warmomadgenlebic.

germanelTa Sesaxeb pirdapiri cnobebi mxolod Zveli wel-TaRricxvis IV saukunes ganekuTvneba. antikurma samyarom ger-manelTa Sesaxeb daaxloebiT Zv.w. 330 wels Seityo. esaa masi-lieli berZenis, pifeis cnoba tevtonebisESesaxeb. iulius ce-zaris dros Tu germanuli tomebi naxevrad mobinadreebi, na-xevrad miwaTmoqmedni iyvnen da Tavisuflad gadaadgildebod-nen erTi adgilidan meoreze, tacitusis dros isini ukve mTlianad miwaTmoqmed da mobinadre xalxs warmoadgendnen. germanuli eTnosis eTnikur safuZvels warmoadgendnen Zvel-

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germanuli tomebi, romlebic axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi mdinareebs _ reinsa da oders Soris iyvnen gansaxlebulni. kerZod, eseni iyvnen germinonuli, istevonuri (iskevonuri) da ingevonuri tomobrivi jgufebi. rogorc samecniero literatu-raSia aRniSnuli, es dasavleTgermanuli tomobrivi kavSirebi sakulto TvalsazrisiT iyvnen gaerTianebulni. pirvel, germi-nonul sakulto kavSirTan (jgufTan) (mas ekuTvnodnen: svevebi, markomanebi, germundurebi, semnonebi, kvadebi, langobardebi, xatebi, alemanebi...) dakavSirebulebi arian samxreT germaniis gviandeli xalxebi: bavarebi, Svabebi, tiuringebi, hesenilebi. maTi STamomavlebi arian agreTve Tanamedrove germanulenovani

Sveicarielebi da avstrielebi. meore jgufi (istevonelTa sa-kulto gaerTianebaSi) reinTan dasaxlebul frankTa tomebs moicavda (batavebi, brukterebi, xamavebi, xatuarebi, ubiebi, uzipetebi, tenkterebi, xeruskebi), romlebmac gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSes ara marto germaniis, aramed adre Sua sau-kuneebis sxva saxelmwifoebis istoriaSi. mesame sakulto sa-tomo jgufSi (ingevonuri) frizebis, saqsebis, anglebis, iute-bis, xalkebis, varinebis, ampsivariebis tomebi Sediodnen. amave jgufs miekuTvnebodnen kimvrebi da tevtonebi, romlebic anti-kurma samyarom sakmaod adre gaicno; isini Zv. w. II s-Si saf-rTxes uqmnidnen roms. Semdeg (V s.) zogierTi ingevonuri tomi _ anglebi, saqsebis nawili, britaneTis kunZulze gadasaxlda. frizebi nawilobriv Seerwynen mezobel xalxebs, nawilma ki dRemde SeinarCuna TavisTavadoba. am qvemogermanul tomTa jgufebis umetesi nawili dRevandeli germaniis mosaxleobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan safuZvlad iqca. germanelTa Soris iyvnen iseTebic, romelTa eTnonimi sxva

xalxebs gadaeca. magaliTad, `frankebis~ saxeli ewoda maT mi-er V-VI ss-Si dapyrobil `frangebis~ qveyanasa da mis mosa-xleobas, Tumca TviT isini (`frankebi~) gaiTqvifnen adgilob-riv romanul mosaxleobaSi. alemanTa tomis saxels frangebi dResac yvela germanels uwodeben _ "Allemands". `nemecebis~ sa-xelwodeba, romelic yvela slavur enaSi Sevida, bevri mkvlevris azriT momdinareobs nemetebis satomo saxelidan da Semdeg tevtonTa tomis saxeli mTeli germaneli xalxis TviTsaxelwodebad iqca: Tewtsche, Deutsche da qveynis _ Deuts-chland. rac Seexeba eTnonims `germanelebi~, rogorc samecniero literaturaSi damajereblad aris axsnili, mas kelturi war-moSoba aqvs da aRniSnavs `axlo mcxovrebT, mezoblebs~ (galu-

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rad ger _ mezobeli). Tvdapirvelad, jer kidev cezaris dros, is keltebis mier gamoiyeneboda ramdenime kelturive xalxis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic qvemo reinis marcxena mxareze cxov-robdnen. magram ukve Zv.w. I saukuneSi is gadatanil iqna ger-manelebze, ris Sedegadac misi pirvandeli mniSvneloba Cqara gaqra.

germanuli modgmis xalxebi didi migraciebis aqtiuri Semom-qmedni iyvnen. maTi es moZraoba II saukunidan VI saukunis CaTv-liT grZeldeboda. am periodSi germanelebis xelSi aRmoCnda

mTeli dasavleT romis imperia. xalxTa gadasaxlebebis epoqa-Si tomebsa da tomTa kavSirebs Soris araerTgzisi Sereva mo-xda. maT adgilze ufro maRali donis eTnosebi Camoyalibdnen. zogierTi germanuli tomi da tomTa kavSiri, romlebic erT dros mravalricxovnobiTa da siZlieriT gamoirCeodnen, saer-Tod gaqrnen istoriis sarbielidan, sxva xalxebs Seerivnen. magaliTad, aRmosavleTgermanuli guTebi da vandalebi, rom-lebmac V s-Si samxreT da samxreT-dasavleT evropis qveynebi (italia, espaneTi, safrangeTis nawili), agreTve Crdilo af-rika daipyres, mogvianebiT adgilobriv xalxebSi gaiTqvifnen. aseTive bedi gaiziares germanulma tomebma: markomanebma, bur-gundielebma, langobardebma, Tumca zogierTi maTganis sa-xelwodeba sxvaenovan qveynebSi SemorCa (burgundia, lombar-dia). yvelaze mniSvnelovani roli germaneli xalxis (eTnosis) formirebaSi frankebma iTamaSes. frankTa tomobrivi kavSirebi SedarebiT gvian Camoyalibda. arc taciti, arc pliniusi da arc sxva klasikosi avtorebi frankebis saxels saerTod ar axseneben. dasavleTgermanul frankebs pirvelad asaxelebs amiane marcelini (III saukunis II naxevari). am droisaTvis frankebi warmoadgendnen Zlier da

mebrZol satomo kavSirs, romlebic reinis Sua da qvemo dine-baze aerTianebdnen mTel rig tomebs (xatebi, xamavebi, nervie-bi, bruqterebi, sugambrebi, uzipetebi...). frankuli tomebi or ZiriTad Stod iyo gayofili: 1. salikuri frankebi (zRvispira;

kelturad sal _ zRva), romlebic Tavdapirvelad md. vislis na-pirebze cxovrobdnen, Semdeg ki IV s. Sua wlebSi md. rainis qveda welze dasaxldnen, 2. ripuaruli frankebi (menapire,

mdinarispira), romlebic rainis zemo welis napirebze, md. mai-namde binadrobdnen. isini Semdeg SeerTdnen da Camoyalibda saerTo dialeqti. frankuli dialeqti mecnierulad fridrix

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engelsma Seiswavla, romelmac gviCvena, rom damoukidebeli

frankuli dialeqti gardamavali iyo zemogermanulsa da qve-mogermanul dialeqtebs Soris. V s-mde frankul tomebs erTgvari TviTmyofadoba hqondaT SenarCunebuli da yvela maTgans hyavda Tavisi winamZRoli, romlebic xSirad mefis titulsac ki atarebdnen. romaelebTan urTierTobam da xangrZlivma omebma frankebSi tomobriobis gaqroba gamoiwvia; gaZlierda satomo memkvidreobiTi zedafena. salikuri frankebis _ meroningebis dinastiis beladebma yvela

frankuli tomis, Semdeg ki sxva germanuli tomebis damorCi-lebac SeZles da maT Seqmnes saxelmwifo, romelic adrefeo-dalur saxelmwifodaa miCneuli. am saxelmwifoSi samxedro zedafena batonobda. gansakuTrebiT cnobilia frankTa mefis

xlodvigis (482-511) dapyrobiTi omebi. mis dros frankTa saxe-lmwifoSi Sevidnen alemanebi, saqsebis nawili da sxva germa-nuli tomebi. dapyrobil iqna galiis didi nawili (axlandeli safrangeTi). xlodvigma qristianoba miiRo. misma memkvidrem dapyrobebis gziT ufro gaafarTova frankTa saxelmwifos sazRvrebi. man daiqvemdebara tiuringebi (531 wels), bavarebi (540-iani wlebis molaparakebiT); daipyro agreTve burgundia da Tanamedrove safrangeTis samxreT-aRmosavleTis sxva miwebi. karolingTa dinastiis warmomadgenlis, karlos didis

dros didi dapyrobiTi omebi grZeldeboda da frankTa saxel-mwifo gadaiqca udides adrefeodalur imperiad (800w.), romel-mac moicva germaniis dasavleTi nawili, mTeli safrangeTi da

italiis CrdiloeTi. karlos didi saqsebis winaaRmdeg xangrZ-liv sisxlian omebs awarmoebda _ ZaliT miaRebina qristiano-ba, raTa maTi gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegoba rogorme Seesuste-bina. karlos didma bevri ibrZola slavuri tomebis winaaRm-degac da misi saxeli slavTa enebSi sazogado saxelis mniSv-nelobiT Sevida _"Король" (mefe). Tavisi moqmedebiT karlos

didma xelqveiT mosaxleobaSi qristianuli eklesiisa da ro-mauli kulturis gavlenas Seuwyo xeli. swored germanelebma

gadaiRes da ganaviTares romis imperiis tradiciebi da kar-los didis memkvidreoba. karolingebis imperiis daSlis peri-odSi germanelebi CrdiloeT da centralur evropaSi erTad-erT stabilur eTnikur elements warmoadgendnen.

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dampyrobeli frankebi TandaTan Seerivnen dapyrobili qve-ynebis mosaxleobas, Tumca imperiis sxvadasxva nawilSi maTi bedi sxvadasxvagvarad warimarTa. dasavleTiT, romanizirebul

qveynebSi (safrangeTi, italia) isini ubralod Seerwynen adgi-lobriv mosaxleobas, romlebic ufro mravalricxovanni iyv-nen. frankuli (germanuli) ena aq Cqara gaqra da gabatonebuli

aRmoCnda romanuli ena. germanulenovan olqebSi, gansakuTre-biT reinispireTSi frankulma elementma gabatonebuli gavle-na SeinarCuna. salikuri frankebis metyveleba ki safuZvlad daedo holandiur da flamandiur enebs.

karlos didis eTnikurad Wreli da sxvadasxvaenovani impe-ria ekonomikuradac ar iyo erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebu-li. is Zalian adre daeca. 843 w. verdenis molaparakebiT kar-los didis SviliSvilebma is erTmaneTs Soris gaiyves: germa-nulenovani qveynebi reinis marjvena napirze ludvig germa-nels miekuTvna. masve miekuTvna marcxena napiris lotaria (lotaringia, elzasi). CrdiloeT italia, dasavleTiT romani-zebuli qveynebi (Tanamedrove safrangeTis adgilze) miiRo karlos melotma. dunais da reinis zemo dinebaze iyo Svabia,

dunais qvemoT _ bavaria. bavariis mosaxleoba kvadebis ad-rindeli tomisagan, agreTve markomanebisagan Camoyalibda, ro-mlebsac sxva tomebic, maT Soris keltebic, Seerivnen. reinis

Sua dinebis marjvena napirze da mainis dinebaSi iyo ganlage-buli frankebis batonobis ZiriTadi olqi frankinia, vezeris

zemo dinebaze da zaalSi _ tiuringia (tiuringebi iyvnen ger-mundurebis STamomavalni). reinisa da elbis qvemo dinebebs

Soris moTavsebuli iyo saqsonia _ Zveli saqsebis miwa. aTas-wleulis bolos saqsebi Zalian gaZlierdnen da isini aRmosa-vleTiTac gadaadgildnen, `Caylapes~ sxva germanuli tomebi da Seaviwroves slavebi. aRmosavleT frankul samefoSi, rome-

lmac germanuli olqebi (miwebi) gaaerTiana, saqsebi gaZlierd-nen. 919-1024 wlebi iyo saqsoniel mefeTa dinastiis mmarTvelo-bis epoqa. TviT saxelmwifos X s-is dasawyisSi tevtonTa saxe-lmwifo ewodeboda _ tevtonTa Zveli tomis saxelis mixedviT. am dros gaibrwyina saerTo germanulma saxalxo TviTSegnebam.

sityva `tevtonuri~ pirvelad Cndeba 786 wlis ZeglebSi laTi-nuri formiT "Theodiscus" `saxalxos~ mniSvnelobiT. IX s. dasa-wyisSi aRmosavleT frankTa saxelmwifos mosaxleobis enas

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uwodebdnen "Teudisca lingua", TviT germanulenovan mosaxleobas ki "nationes theotiscae" (tevtonelTa nacia).

am dros Caisaxa germanuli damwerloba da literatura, Tu-mca masSi nacionaluri elementebi sustad iyo gamoxatuli, radgan dasawyisSi is mxolod religiuri literaturiT iyo warmodgenili (830 w., 868 w.). XII saukuneSi zogierTi germaneli poetis SemoqmedebaSi ukve igrZnoboda saerTo germanuli Tvi-TSegneba. didi mineizerTagani (siyvarulis momRerali) valter fon der fogelveide (1160-1228) aRfrTovanebiT aqebda Tavis qveyanas da germanel qalebs yvelaze saukeTesoebad miiCnevda msoflioSi.

XII-XIII saukuneebSi germanuli eTnikuri elementi aRmosavle-TiT gafarTovda. sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi (XII-XIII ss.) sla-vuri miwebis kolonizacias Tan germanizacia axlda. yofil slavur teritoriebze markgrafebis meTaurobiT `markebi~

Seiqmna. germanelTa kolonizaciis Sedegad Sereuli dialeq-tebi warmoiqmna. aRmosavleT germaniis toponimebma adrindeli

slavuri mosaxleobis nakvalevi dRevandlamde SeinarCunes. ge-rmanul saistorio literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom XI s. meore naxevarSi germaniis mosaxleoba 5-5,5 milion kacs iTvlida,

romelTaganac 90%-s TviT germanelebi Seadgendnen, xolo da-narCen 10%-s _ slavebi da sxva xalxebi.

germaniis saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTareba maT eTnikur formi-rebas fexdafex rodi misdevda. Tu sxva qveynebSi naciebis fo-rmirebas Tan axlda saxelmwifoebrivi centralizacia, germa-niaSi, piriqiT, moxda politikuri daSla. XIII-XIV ss-Si

erTiani saxelmwifo mraval wvril politikur erTeulad dai-yo, magram politikurma daqucmacebulobam erTiani germaneli xalxis daSla ar gamoiwvia, radgan mis siZlieres safuZveli

aRmosavleT frankTa saxelmwifom Cauyara. germanelebis tomo-brivi erToba ganpirobebuli iyo frankTa dapyrobebiT, ramac didi roli iTamaSa germanelTa eTnikur formirebaSi. swored

am dros moxda germanuli tomebis daaxloeba da erTian xal-xad gaazreba. ra Tqma unda, erTian saxelmwifosTan erTad, im dros didi roli iTamaSa germanuli tomebis ekonomikurma, kulturulma, enobrivma da religiurma siaxlovem. rogorc

irkveva, germanelTa saxelmwifoebrivma gancalkevebulobam Se-mdeg maTi eTnikuri SemWidroveba ganapiroba. f. engelsi afa-sebda ra dasavleTis istoriul ganviTarebas V s-dan IX s-mde,

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aRniSnavda: "...какими бесплодными ни представляются эти четыреста лет, они оставили один крупный результат: современные национальнос-ти, новое формирование и расчленение западноевропейской части чело-вечества для грядущей истории". aRniSnul saukuneebSi moxda er-Tiani germanuli eTnosis, naciis Camoyalibebac. X saukunemde wyaroebSi ar gvxvdeba `germaneli xalxis~, an-da germanuli saxelmwifos dasaxeleba. vidukidi (Xs.) germani-is xalxs gansazRvravda, rogorc saqsebisa da frankebis er-Tobliobas. germaniis mosaxleobis yvela `xalxis~ srul Camo-naTvals iZleva vipo. is yveba, rom mefe konrad II-is asarCe-vad Seikribnen: germaniis mxridan _ saqsebi Tavisi mezobeli slavebiT, aRmosavleT frankebi, norikebi (bavarielebi) da alemanebi; galiis mxridan (reins iqidan) - ripuarebi da lota-ringielebi. 983 wlis magdenburgis analebSi laparakia imaze, rom mefem miiwvia saqsebis, frankebisa da sxva erebis (nationes) adamianebi, romlebic gansxvavdebodnen TavianTi eniTa da cxo-vrebis wesiT. X saukunis bolos germania eTnikurad ukve Za-lian SemWidroebuli iyo. amis damadasturebelia is, rom ufro da ufro xSirad gamoiyeneboda saerTo termini Teutonici (germanelebi), Germani yvela germanelis aRsaniSnavad. XI sau-kunis mwerali bruno germanelebze laparakobs, rogorc ger-manuli enis xalxze. germanuli, rogorc samwerlobo ena (saxelmwifo aqtebisa da literaturis ena) praqtikaSi Zalian nela inergeboda. XIII

saukunemde germaniaSi damwerlobis enad, upirvelesad, laTi-nuri rCeboda. masTan erTad calkeul olqebSi TavianT sato-mo enebze werdnen. magaliTad, feodaluri CveulebiTi samar-Tali XIII saukuneSi saqsoniaSi (ostfalia) Caweril iqna adgi-lobriv saqsonur enaze (dialeqtze), SvabiaSi _ Svabur (zemo-germanul) enaze. yvela danarCeni germanuli mxarisaTvis Cveu-lebiTi samarTali Sedgenil iqna zemogermanul enaze. am peri-odis samwerlobo ena iyo zemo germanelTa (alemanelTa) sa-laparako ena. XII saukunis dasasrulisa da XIII saukunis dasa-wyisis monacemebiT irkveva, rom es ena gasagebi iyo yvela ger-manelisaTvis. mis formirebasa da gavrcelebaSi didi roli iTamaSes moxetiale poetebma _ minezingerebma.

XIV saukunis dasasrulsa da XV saukuneSi germaniaSi Seiqm-na universitetebi. XV saukuneSive germaniaSi Caisaxa wignis beWdva.

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1517 wels daiwyo reformaciuli moZraoba, romelsac avgus-tineli beri martin luTeri meTaurobda; igi saeklesio refo-rmebs moiTxovda. luTeri gamodioda romis papizmis winaaRm-deg da ibrZoda germanuli nacionaluri eklesiis Sesaqmne-lad. man biblia germanul enaze Targmna da RvTismsaxureba-sac dedaenaze asrulebda. bibliis am Targmans enobrivi Tval-sazrisiT Zalian didi mniSvneloba hqonda. biblia iTargmna saqsonur dialeqtze, romelic TiTqmis yvela germanelisaTvis iyo gasagebi. luTeris bibliis eniT sargeblobdnen isinic ki, romelTac ar miiRes misi saeklesio reforma (kaTolikeebi), magram reformaciam mainc ar daaCqara germanelTa nacionalu-ri gaerTianeba. feodalur daqucmacebulobas Tan daerTo gaTiSuloba or mtrul banaks _ evangelist-protestantebsa da kaTolikeebs Soris. magram politikuri gaTiSulobis miu-xedavad, germaneli xalxis nacionalur ganviTarebas xeli mainc ar SeSlia. Tumca religiurma gaTiSulobam yofisa da kulturis zogierTi Tavisebureba mainc ganapiroba. germanelTa meurneobis erT-erTi Zveli da wamyvani dargia miwaTmoqmedeba, agreTve mecxoveleoba. jer kidev cezari da taciti aRniSnavdnen, rom saqoneli Zveli germanelebis Ziri-Tadi simdidre iyo. germanelTa mesaqonleoba eqstensiuri iyo. XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi germanelebma saqoneli bagur kvebaze ga-daiyvanes. aqamde wlis umetes dros, ramdenadac bunebrivi pirobebi (amindi) amis saSualebas iZleoda, saqoneli saZovar-ze atarebda. sufTa saxorce mxolod meRoreoba iyo, ris gan-viTarebasac muxis tyeebis (rkos) didi raodenoba ganapirobeb-da. eqstensiuri meurneobis pirobebSi mniSvnelovani iyo mec-xvareoba. germanelTa socialuri yofis Sesaxeb unda aRiniSnos, rom didi ojaxis kvali mxolod Zvel dasaxlebul punqtebs SerCa, romlebic Ingen-iT bolovdeba (magaliTad, gomaringeni, zigma-ringeni), romlis adrindeli mosaxleoba Sedgeboda naTesauri jgufebisagan _ gomar, zigmar. Zvel germanelTa rwmena-warmodgenebi upiratesad agrarul kultebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. qristianobam germanelebSi gav-rceleba IV saukuneSi romidan daiwyo (guTebi, vandalebi, langobardebi...). V saukunis bolos frankebi gaqristiandnen. germaniis farglebSi _ tiuringebSi, bavarielebSi, saqsebSi qristianobam gvian _ VIII s-Si moikida fexi. frankTa mefeebi mas ZaliT, xSirad maxviliT avrcelebdnen. magaliTad, karlos

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didma aTasobiT saqsi, romelsac qristianobis miReba ar sur-da, sikvdiliT dasaja. germaniis eklesia daeqvemdebara romis paps. tevtonelebisa da livonelebis sasuliero-rainduli or-denebi cecxliTa da maxviliT avrcelebdnen qristianobas ba-ltiispireTis mosaxleobaSi (prusebSi, latvielebSi, estone-lebSi) da iqvemdebarebdnen maT. luTeris mier Seqmnilma eklesiam romis papis xelisufleba ar cno da is miwebis mflobelebs dauqvemdebares, feodalebma ki reformaciis gamarjveba Tavisi xelisuflebis gasaZliereb-lad gamoiyenes. amitomac bevri maTgani axali moZRvrebis gav-rcelebas emxroboda. reformaciam moicva TiTqmis mTeli ger-maniis teritoria bavariasa da avstriamde, magram kontrre-formaciam, romelsac meTaurobdnen iezuitebi, kaTolicizms qveynis CrdiloeTsa da alpebSi didi teritoriebi daubruna. mravalwliani omis Semdeg, 1555 wels kaTolikeebsa da pro-testantebs Soris auhsburgis zavi daido, romliTac qveSevr-domTa sarwmunoeba ganisazRvra adgilobrivi Tavadebis mier: `visi xelisuflebacaa _ misia rwmena~. evropaSi reformaciis Tanamdevi iyo religiuri omebi, ramac germaniis teritoriaze didi ngreva gamoiwvia. 1618 wels gaCa-Rebuli ocdaaTwliani omis ZiriTadi arena germania iyo. am omis Sedegad TiTqmis ganadgurda ayvavebuli qalaqi magdenbu-rgi. 1631 wels magdenburgis 30 aTasi mcxovrebidan mxolod 5 aTasi gadarCa. imave mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda germaniis sxva qalaqebic. konfliqtis damTavrebamde berlinma mosaxleobis naxevari dakarga, xemnicma _ 80%. miunxenSi mosulma espanelTa jarma Tan Savi Wiri (Jami) moitana da ramdenime kviris ganmav-lobaSi aq aTi aTasi kaci daixoca. aranakleb mZime iyo sof-lis mosaxleobis gasaWiri. 1641 wlisaTvis viurtemburgis mo-saxleoba 400 aTasidan 40 aTasamde Semcirda, pfalcma ki Tavi-si mosaxleobis oTxi mexuTedi dakarga. bogemiaSi 1618 wlisa-Tvis 3 milioni mcxovrebi iyo, omis dasasrulisaTvis ki mxo-lod _ 780 aTasi. misi 35 aTasi soflidan im droisaTvis mxo-lod 5 aTasiRa arsebobda. omis ukanaskneli 18 wlis ganmavlo-baSi mxolod Sveciis armiam 18000 sofeli, 1500 qalaqi da 200 cixesimagre daangria. mTlianad germaniam Tavisi mosaxleobis 35% dakarga _ 21 milioni kacidan 13,5 milion kacamde Semcir-da. ocdaaTwlianma omma germaniis meurneobac moSala, ris ga-moc is didxans dasustebul da dangreul qveyanad iqca.

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kalvinisturma eklesiam germaniaSi naklebi mimdevari gaiCi-na, vidre luTeranulma. kalvinistebi dRes arian mxolod aR-mosavleT frislandiaSi _ niderlandebis mezoblad da rena-ldsa da pfilcSi, romlebic XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi holandii-dan gadmosaxlebuli frangi hugenotebis STamomavalni arian. germaniis gaerTianeba 1871 wels prusiis egidiT moxda, ramac ganapiroba mTeli germaniis ganviTareba (daiwyo misi prusiza-cia). erTmaneTisagan gaTiSuli germanuli miwebi bismarkis di-plomatiam da prusiis armiis efeqturobam gaaerTiana. sxva ev-ropuli erebisagn gansxvavebiT, germanelebma erTiani centra-lizebuli saxelmwifo gvian, XIX saukunis bolo meoTxedSi Seqmnes. miuxedevad imisa, rom germaneli erisaTvis (naciisaT-vis) damaxasiaTebelia saerTo eTnikuri kultura, misi calkeu-li mxareebi kulturul-yofiT Taviseburebebs karga xans inar-Cunebdnen, rac pirvel rigSi olqebis saxelwodebebma Semoina-xa: bavarielebi, Svabebi, saqsonielebi, frankonelebi, prusie-lebi... teritoriulad qveyana Teqvsmet miwad iyofa, romleb-sac TavianTi kanonebi aqvs, hyavs mTavroba. qveynidan gasvlis nebarTvas iZleva federaluri sagareo saqmeTa saministro, cxovrebisas…ki _ adgilobrivi…mTavroba. saerTo-saxelmwifoe-briv dResaswaulebTan erTad, arsebobs adgilobrivi dResas-waulebic. magaliTad, naTlisReba (6 ianvari) oficialur dRe-saswaulad mxolod baden-viurtembergSi, bavariasa da saqsoni-aSia gamocxadebuli. protestantebi reformaciis dRes (31 oqt-omberi) aRniSnaven brandeburgSi, meklenburgSi, saqsoniaSi, ti-uringiaSi da sxv. bavaria germaniis yvelaze Taviseburi miwaa. am mxridan germanelma tomebma _ bavarielebma V saukuneSi keltebi da romaelebi gaaZeves. 1180 wlidan 1918 wlamde bava-rias vitelsbaxebis dinastia marTavda. dRes bavaria germaniis erT-erTi ganviTarebuli `qveyanaa~. germaniaSi bevri ulamazesi cixesimagre, sasaxle da taZaria, yvelaze didebuli nagebobe-bi ki bavariaSia. bavariaSi mohyavT SesaniSnavi xarisxis svili, romelic aucilebeli produqtia ludis xarSvis dros. ludis siyvaruli bavarielTa erT-erTi mTavari Tvisebaa. qveyanaSi 1300-ze meti ludis mwarmoebelia, 6000 ki _ ludi saxli. yove-lwliurad miunxenSi tardeba ludis dResaswauli, romelsac bavarielebi oqtombris dResaswauls uwodeben. is ori kvira grZeldeba. ludis warmoebas biujetSi ufro meti Semosavali Seaqvs, vidre saxorce da sakonditro mrewvelobas. am Tvalsa-zrisiT is mxolod sarZeve mrewvelobas CamorCeba. ludis ga-

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yidviT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Semdeg germanias msof-lioSi meore adgili ukavia. axali welTaRricxvis avtoris, tacitusis sityviT germane-lebi stumarTmoyvareobiT gamoirCeodnen. cezari ki aRniSnav-da, rom germanelebis ZiriTadi sakvebi rZe, yveli da xorci iyo. ikvebebodnen nanadireviTac. naklebad Wamdnen pureuls _ ese igi Zvel germanelebSi meurneobis wamyvan dargs mesaqon-leoba warmoadgenda. xorblisa da qerisagan ZiriTadad luds amzadebdnen. am xalxSi ludis didi kulti arsebobda da arse-bobs. miwaTmoqmedebas saTemo xasiaTi hqonda. Zveli germanele-bi xis saxlebSi cxovrobdnen. tansacmels ZiriTadad matylis Zafisagan qsovdnen, tilosagan keravdnen. farTod iyenebdnen mxecebis, cxovelebis tyavsac. Zveli germaneli mamakacebi cxo-vrebis ZiriTad nawils nadirobasa da brZolebSi atarebdnen. sasoflo samuSaoebiT, saojaxo saqmeebiT qalebi, moxuci mama-kacebi da monebi iyvnen dasaqmebulni. axalgazrdas iaraRs sa-xalxo krebaze mama an cnobili adamiani gadascemda, romel-sac aRarasdros iSorebda. magram mamakacs srul moqalaqeobas mxolod sakuTreba aniWebda. Zvel germanelebSi mravalcolia-noba ar gvxvdeboda; simruSe mkacrad isjeboda. germanelebs colebi xSirad omebSic mihyvebodnen da isini qmrebs SeZaxi-lebiT amxnevebdnen. sayuradReboa, rom Soba-axalweliwads naZvis xis morTva sxvadasxva xalxSi XIX saukuneSi germaniidan gavrcelda. mTel msoflioSi cnobilia germanuli nacionaluri xasia-Tis niSandoblivi Tviseba _ punqtualoba da akuratuloba, ya-iraTianoba; arian Sromismoyvareni, muyaiTebi. germanelebs Zalian uyvarT ZaRlebi. germania araerTi sa-momxmareblo, sadarajo da samonadireo jiSis ZaRlebis sam-Sobloa: dobermani, rotveileri, germanuli nagazi, germanuli dogi... yvelaze popularul jiSad ki dakeli iTvleba. germaniaSi dasarqmevi saxelebis raodenoba SezRuduli araa. Cveulebriv, axalSobils or an sam saxels arqmeven, romelTa-ganac erT-erTi ZiriTadia. tradiciaa Sedgenili saxelebis da-rqmeva, magaliTad: HKarl-Heinz, Peter-volker, Anne-Rose, Anne-Katrin da a. S. xSirad es saxelebi erTad, defisis gareSe iwereba. dawe-rilobis miuxedavad es ormagi saxelebi erT saxelad iTvle-ba. Sua saukuneebSi germanelebs gvarsaxelebi hqondaT, magram XIX saukunemde maT SeeZloT misi Secvla. gvarebis didi nawi-

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li saxelebidanaa nawarmoebi. mniSvnelovani nawilis fuZes ki profesiis aRmniSvneli termini warmoadgens. germania bevri didi adamianis samSobloa. gansakuTrebiT di-dia germanelebis wvlili filosofiaSi, musikasa da poeziaSi. msoflios kulturis sakuTrebas warmoadgenen didi kompozi-torebi: iohan sebastian baxi (1685-1750), georg fridrix hende-li (1685-1759), ludvig van beThoveni (1770-1827), iohan bramsi (1833-1897), rihard vagneri (1813-1888). didi germaneli poetebi iy-vnen: iohan volfgang goeTe (1749-1832), iohan fridrix Sileri (1759-1809), henrix haine (1797-1865). mTel msoflioSi cnobili arian germaneli filosofosebi: imanuil kanti (1724-1804), iohan gotlib fixte (1762-1814). es ukanaskneli gaerTianebuli germa-niis ideas icavda. franguli revoluciis ideebis gavleniT Ca-moyalibda erT-erTi didi germaneli filosofos-idealistis georg vilhelm fridrix hegelis (1770-1831) msoflmxedveloba. XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi karl marqsma (warmoSobiT ebraelma) da fridrix engelsma Seqmnes mecnieruli komunizmis Teoria, ramac kacobriobas araerTi problema Seuqmna. albaT maTac mi-esadagebaT goeTes sityvebi, rom `germanelebi yvelas, rogorc Tavis Tavs, ise sxvebs, urTuleben yvelafers~. 1901 wlidan 1994 wlis CaTvliT germanelma mecnierebma aTeulobiT nobe-lis premia moipoves: 17 _ fizikis dargSi, 23 _ qimiaSi, 14 _ fiziologiasa da medicinaSi, erTi ekonomikaSi. sxvaTa Soris, 1492 wels germanelma geografma martin behaimma (1459-1507 wle-bi) Seqmna pirveli geografiuli globusi, romelic axali sam-yaros aRmoCenamde dedamiwis zedapiris Sesaxeb warmodgenas gviqmnida.

2.22. avstrielebi avstrielebi cxovroben avstriis saxelmwifoSi. maTi TviTsa-xelwodebaa esteraixer (Österreicher). avstrielebi daaxloebiT 8 mil. 800 aTas kacs iTvlian. TviT avstriis saxelmwifoSi 7 mil. 150 aTasamde arian. garda amisa, 300 aTasi avstrieli cxo-vrobs italiaSi (zogierTi mecnieri maT germanelebad Tvlis). daaxl. 1,27 mil. mkvidrobs aSS-Si, 40 aTasi - kanadaSi, 30 aTasi - argentinaSi. avstrielebSi nawilobriv SemorCenilia olqob-rivi (samxareo) TviTSegnebac. ase, magaliTad, tirolis mcxov-rebni TavisTavs uwodeben tirolelebs, karintiaSi mcxovrebni - karintielebs, StiriaSi mcxovrebni - Stirielebs. Tumca es mxolod avstrielTa eTnografiuli jgufebia. avstrielTa

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saliteraturo enaa germanuli (germanuli enis avstriuli va-rianti). avstrielTa salaparako dialeqtebi axlosaa bavariu-lsa da alemanurTan, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva venis mcxovre-bTa metyveleba. avstrielTa damwerloba dafuZnebulia laTinur anbanze (ig-ive germanuli). religiiT avstrielebi ZiriTadad kaTolikeebi arian. miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis saSualo evro-pul rasas. miuxedavad germanelebTan (ZiriTadad samxreT germaneleb-Tan) saerTo enisa da materialuri da sulieri kulturis zo-gierTi msgavsebisa, avstrielebi damoukidebel xalxad (eTno-sad) miiCneva, gansxvavdebian ra germanelebisagan rogorc is-toriuli ganviTarebiT, ise nacionaluri xasiaTiT, wes-Cveule-bebiTa da tradiciebiT. es aixsneba imiT, rom avstrielebs, germanelebTan saerTo warmoSobisa da kavSirebis miuxedavad, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi mWidro kavSirebi hqondaT slavuri modgmis xalxebTan, italielebTan da ungrelebTan. amave dros, isini sxva saxelmwifos _ habsburgebis imperiaSi Sedio-dnen. garkveuli wreebis gamoklebiT, dReisaTvis avstrielTa umetesoba Tavis Tavs avstriels uwodebs. avstria moTavsebulia evropis centrSi, gzebis gadakveTaze, romlebic miemarTeba CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken, dasavle-Tidan aRmosavleTisaken da piriqiT. avstriis farTobi 83.849 kv. km-ia. misi mezoblebia: Sveicaria, germania, CexeTi, ungreTi, slovenia, slovakeTi, italia, lixtenSteini. avstriis teritoria adreve iyo dasaxlebuli adamianebiT. aq aRmoCenilia paleoliTis, neoliTis, brinjaos, rkinis adreu-li xanis Zeglebi. axal welTaRricxvamde ramdenime saukuniT adre aq cxovrobdnen ilirielebi, etruskebi, forarelbergisa da tirolis olqebSi – retebi; Zv.w. V saukuneSi gamoCndnen ke-lturi tomebi. kulturis TvalsazrisiT didi mniSvneloba hqonda avstriis miwebis dapyrobas romaelebis mier (Zv.w. II s-Si). maT didi roli iTamaSes miwaTmoqmedebis, mevenaxeobis, sa-amSeneblo da mSeneblobis (gzebis, xidebis mSenebloba) ganvi-TarebaSi. V-VI saukuneebSi, marTalia mokle droiT, magram ma-inc sxvadasxva warmoSobis eTnikuri erTeulebis (guTebi, hune-bi, avarebi, langobardebi) mosvlam avstriis eTnikur Semadgen-lobaze erTgvari gavlena iqonia. VI saukuneSi samxreT-aRmosa-vleTidan da dasavleTidan avstriaSi gadmosaxleba iwyes slavebma. maT daikaves qveynis centraluri da aRmosavleTi na-

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wili. TiTqmis erTdroulad avstriis teritoriaze SemoiWrnen germanelebi _ bavarielebi da alemanebi. ukanasknelni dasax-ldnen forarelbergisa da tirolis nawilis olqebSi. am ol-qebis enasa da kulturas dResac rigi Taviseburebani axasia-Tebs, riTac is axlosaa mezobel alemanur SveicariasTan. ro-manizebuli retebis dasaxlebani forarelbergis samxreTSi XI saukunemde SemogvrCa, maTi ena ki _ XVII saukunemde. romani-zmis calkeuli SemTxvevebi dResac damaxasiaTebelia am raio-nebis mosaxleobis enisaTvis. germanuli tomebis _ bavarielebisa da alemanebis slavebTan Serevis Sedegad, romelSic ufro adre romanizebuli xalxe-bic monawileobdnen, Camoyalibda avstrieli xalxi (eTnosi). VII s. dasasruls avstriis didi nawili Sedioda slavuri saxelmwifos _ samos SemadgenlobaSi. misi dacemis Semdeg Ca-moyalibda slavuri samTavro karantania, romlis mosaxleobis ZiriTad nawils slovenielebi warmoadgendnen. masSi Sedioda Tanamedrove karintia, Stiria da kraina. mogvianebiT karan-tania mezobeli bavariis sahercogos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. avstriis CarTvam karlos didis imperiasa (VIII saukune) da aRmosavleT frankul saxelmwifoSi (IX saukune) aq mcxovreb eTnosTa (slavebi da sxv.) germanizaciamde migviyvana. es pro-cesi droebiT SeCerda ungrelTa gamanadgurebeli Tavdasxme-bis Sedegad. am periodSi karintia Sedioda friulis markaSi, dunaispireTis raionebi (ensasagan aRmosavleTiT) _ panoniis (avariis) markaSi. IX saukuneSi isinic aRmosavleT frankebis saxelmwifoSi Sevidnen. X-XI saukuneebis dokumentebSi araerTgzis gvxvdeba saxel-wodeba `avstria~ _ pirvelad is ixsenieba 996 wels. 1156 wels avstria, romelic adre nominalurad iyo dakavSi-rebuli bavariasTan, damoukidebel sahercogod iqca, romlis saTaveSi babenbergebis dinastiis warmomadgenlebi idgnen. XIII saukunidan avstriis hercogebi gaxdnen habsburgebi (XV sauku-nidan _ imperatorebi), romlebsac taxti 1918 wlamde ekavaT. am periodidan iwyeba avstriis saxelmwifos teritoriuli zrda, rac umetesad dinastiuri qorwinebebis gziTa da sxva kombina-ciebiT miiRweoda. am saxelmwifos saerTo saxelwodeba iyo Dominikum Austriae. XV-XVI saukuneebSi mis SemadgenlobaSi ukve Sedioda Tanamedrove avstriis yvela miwa _ tiroli, karintia, Stiria, zemo avstria, qvemo avstria, forarelbergi. XIII sau-kunis avtori ioan fon viktringi `qronikebSi CamogviTvlis

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avstriis xalxebs: tirolelebi, Stirielebi, karintielebi da avstrielebi (zemo da qvemo avstriis mcxovrebni). avstriis sa-xelmwifos farglebs gareT rCeboda mxolod burgenlandi da zalcburgi, Tumca es ori olqi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli avstriis miwebTan. avstriis kulturuli ganviTarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda venis universitetis daarsebas (1365 w.). eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT avstria dakavSirebuli iyo mezobel germanul saxelmwifoebTan, gansakuTrebiT bavariasTan, rom-lis mosaxleoba, rogorc avstrielebis umetesoba, laparakob-da avstro-bavariul dialeqtze. avstrias didi xnis kulturu-li kavSirebi hqonda dunais auzisa da apeninis naxevarkunZu-lis xalxebTan. italiuri kulturis gavlena karintiasa da tirolis mosaxleobis zogierT kulturul maxasiaTebelze dResac aSkarad igrZnoba. marTalia, XVII saukuneSi ocdaaTwlianma omma da TurqebTan xangrZlivma omma, romelic jer kidev XV saukuneSi daiwyo, qveynis Sinagan ganviTarebaze imoqmeda, magram amave omebma mravaleTnikuri avstriis saxelmwifos centralizaciac gana-pirobes. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda CexeTi, ungreTis nawili, xorvatia, dalmacia, zogierTi italiuri miwa. am did saxelm-wifoSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekavaT avstrielebs (zemo da qvemo avstria, tiroli, forarelbergi, burgenlandi, karin-tia, Stiria). sxva miwebze isini kompaqtur jgufebs ar Sead-gendnen. avstriis imperiis mravaleTnikurma Semadgenlobam gav-lena iqonia avstrielTa rogorc sulier, ise materialur ku-lturaze. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi avstria napoleonis winaaRmdeg brZolebSi monawileobda, ramac avstrielebSi patriotizmis grZnoba gaaRviva. gansakuTrebiT Zlier ibrZodnen tirorelebi, romelTa miwa okupirebuli iyo safrangeTis mokavSiris _ ba-variis mier. am ajanyebis meTaurebi iyvnen andreas xoferi da peter xiuberi. XVIII-XIX saukuneebis avstriaSi ekonomikuri aRmavlobis pe-riodi iyo. am periods emTxveva avstriuli kulturis _ arqi-teqturisa (avstriuli baroko) da, gansakuTrebiT, musikis aR-mavloba (i. haidni, v. mocarti, f. Suberti). avstriis imperiaSi daiwyo nacionalur-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba (ungreTi, CexeTi) da avstriis xelisufleba ungrele-bTan daTmobaze wavida. 1867 wels qveyanas axali saxeli _ avs-

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tria-ungreTi ewoda. ungrelma aristokratiam avstrielTa Ta-nabari uflebebi miiRo, sxva eTnosTa mdgomareoba ki ar Secv-lila. sagareo politikaSi avstria germanul saxelmwifoebs Soris hegemonobisaken miiswrafoda. am TvalsazrisiT ufro adre _ XVIII saukuneSi avstriis mowinaaRmdege iyo im drois erT-er-Ti Zlieri germanuli saxelmwifo _ prusia, magram 1866 wels prusiasTan marcxma avstria germanul saqmeebs sabolood Ca-moaSora. germania gaerTianda 1871 wels bismarkis prusiis mi-er. Tanamedrove avstriis sazRvrebi dadgenil iqna 1919 w. sen-Je-rmenis zaviT. adrindeli saxelmwifos daSlam, ekonomikuri ka-vSirebis moSlam progermanuli elementebis gaZliereba gamoi-wvia, romlebic avstriis germaniasTan SeerTebas iTxovdnen ("Anschlif"). avstriis germaniasTan SeerTebis propagandas jer kidev XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi sxvadasxva progermanuli organizaciebi eweodnen, romelTa ideologiuri safuZvelic is iyo, rom avstrieli xalxi germaneli xalxis nawilia, romelsac ara aqvs sakuTari isto-ria da arc nacionaluri kultura. dRevandeli avstria federaciuli respublikaa, romelic ae-rTianebs rva miwas (qvemo avstria, zemo avstria, zalcburgi, tiroli, forarelbergi, karintia, Stiria da burgenlandi). ve-na maTTan gaTanabrebulia administraciuli urTierTobebiT. avstria yovelTvis kaTolikur saxelmwifod miiCneoda. 1869 wlis monacemebiT dRevandeli avstriis teritoriaze kaToli-cizms aRiarebda mTeli mosaxleobis 96%. 2000 wels mosaxleo-bis 90% miekuTvneboda romaul-kaTolikur eklesias, evangeli-sturi eklesiis mimdevari (ZiriTadad luTeranebi) 6,2% iyo, ZvelkaTolikeebi - 0,5%. 264 aTasi (3,8%) Tavs acxadebda aTeis-tad. qveyanaSi aris uamravi eklesia da monasteri. mkacrad ic-aven saeklesio wes-Cveulebebs, dResaswaulebs; Zalze gavrce-lebulia wmindanTa Tayvaniscema. isini xSirad dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva, Zvel qristianobamdel wes-CveulebebTan. magali-Tad, wminda nikolozis xsenebis dRes _ 6 dekembers kostume-biTa da niRbebiT awyoben sadResaswaulo-saxumaro msvle-lobebs, rasac gamoxatavs am wmindanis (klaus-nikolaus) qris-tianobamdeli saxeli _ bartli. saqonlis mfarvelebad iTvle-bian wminda martini, wminda stefani, wminda veiti, wminda seba-stiani. xanZrisa da wyaldidobebisagan damcvelebi arian wmin-

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da floriani, wminda nepomuki (es kulti nasesxebia Cexebisa-gan). qalebis mfarvelia wminda notburgi, glexebisa _ wminda isidori, mwyemsebisa _ wminda vendelini. avstrielTa bevri religiur-magiuri wes-Cveuleba da tradi-cia gadajaWvulia qristianul wesebTan. qristianobamdeli rw-mena-warmodgenebi ZiriTadad sasoflo-sameurneo ciklTanaa dakavSirebuli. avstrielebi 1 da 2 noembers micvalebulTa xsovnis dRes aRniSnaven. sakarnavalo msvlelobiT gamoxataven zamTris ga-cilebasa da gazafxulTan Sexvedras. mdidari da sainteresoa avstriuli folklori (magaliTad, tiroruli simRerebi). xalxuri cekvebidan cnobilia venuri valsis prototipi `len-dleri~. genialuri kompozitori volfgang amadei mocarti (1756-1791) avstriis mkvidri iyo, romelmac 20-ze meti opera da 50 simfo-nia Seqmna. mis samSobloSi (q. zalcburgi) yovelwliurad ew-yoba musikaluri festivali. XVIII saukuneSi avstriis qalaqeb-Si farTod gavrcelebuli valsebi dakavSirebulia mama-Svil Strausebis saxelTan. mama venuri valsis Semqmnelad iTvleba, Svili ki istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc klasikuri valsebis avto-ri. masve ekuTvnis 16 opereta. msoflios musikalur xelovne-bas amSveneben agreTve franc iozef haidnis (1732-1800) da franc Subertis (1797-1828) saxelebi. avstriuli literaturis mniSvnelovani figuraa Stefan cvaigi (1881-1942). avstriaSi bevria samTo-saTxilamuro kurorti. yovelwliu-rad aq 11 _ 12 milioni turisti modis. XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan avstriisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-lia demografiuli situaciis gauareseba _ Sobadobis donis dacemis gamo mosaxleobis raodenoba mcirdeba.

2.23. lixtenSteinelebi lixtenSteinelebis TviTsaxelwodebaa lixtenStainer, rom-lebic lixtenSteinis ZiriTadi mosaxleni arian. maTi raode-noba 20 aTasia. laparakoben germanul enaze (salaparako al-emanur dialeqtze). trizenis mTian TemSi SemorCenilia patara frankoenovani jgufi; isini aq XIII saukuneSi Sveicariis kan-ton valisidan gadmosaxldnen. lixtenSteinelebi ZiriTadad kaTolikeebi arian (mosaxleobis 84%), gvxvdebian protestante-bic (7,5%).

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lixtenSteinelebis winaprebi retebi da germaneli alemanebi iyvnen. XVII saukunis bolos habsburgebis imperiis ganapiras avstrielma Tavadma lixtenSteinma miwa iyida. rogorc damou-kidebeli saxelmwifo, is 1719 wlidan arsebobs. 1815-1866 wleb-Si germaniis kavSirSi Sedioda. 1876-1918 wlebSi politikurad qveyana mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli avstria-ungreTTan, 1924 wlidan _ sabaJo uniiT SveicariasTan. es qveyana lixtenStei-nis interesebs sazRvargareT dResac icavs. XIX-XX saukuneeb-Si maT avstrielTa da SveicarielTa gavlena ganicades. ukana-sknel wlebSi lixtenSteinelebi migranti avstrielebisa da germano-Sveicarelebis asimilirebas axdenen. lixtenSteinele-bi ZiriTadad dasaqmebulebi arian maRalganviTarebul mrewve-lobaSi, maTi umniSvnelo raodenoba ki _ sasoflo meurneoba-Si (sarZeve mecxoveleoba, mevenaxeoba, mebaReoba). tradiciuli dasaxlebis forma da sacxovrebeli avstrielTa da Sveicarie-lTa msgavsia. lixtenSteinelebi musikisa da folkloris did moyvarule-bad iTvlebian. zafxulSi saRamoobiT tiroluri melodiis _ `iodlis~ TanxlebiT cekvaven. tradiciulia mwyemsebisa da me-venaxeebis dResaswaulebi. rTvelis dawyebis dRes eklesiebis zarebi reken da venaxebSi glexebi erovnul tansacmelSi Ca-cmulebi gadian. lixtenSteinSi yovelwliurad TiTqmis 100 aTasi turisti Camodis. aq Sua saukuneebis bevri nagebobaa. erT-erT cixesima-greSi didi raodenobiT inaxeba Sua saukuneebis iaraRi, kera-mika, xaliCebi, aveji. darbazebsa da koridorebSi ferweris mdidari kerZo koleqciebia. dedaqalaq vaducas suraTebis ga-lereaSi aris rubensis, van deikis, rembrandtis, botiCelis, breigelis, Sardenis, riberis koleqciebi, franguli gobeleni. es koleqcia sakuTriv mTavris sakuTrebaa. dedaqalaqSi aris lixtenSteinis istoriis amsaxveli saistorio muzeumi.

2.24. luqsemburgelebi luqsemburgelebi evropis patara saxelmwifoSi _ luqsembu-rgis did sahercogoSi (farTobi 2,6 aTasi kv.km) cxovroben. is-ini eniTa da kulturiT germanelebis monaTesaveni arian. luq-semburgelTa TviTsaxelwodebaa liotceburger. cxovroben ag-reTve italiaSi, germaniasa da safrangeTSi. luqsemburgelebis saerTo raodenoba 300 aTasi kacia (maT Soris, luqsemburgSi _ 285 aTasi). miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis Sua evro-

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pul rasas. laparakoben luqsemburgul enaze, romelic germa-nul enaTa qvejgufSi Sedis. gavrcelebulia agreTve germanu-li da franguli enebi. luqsemburgelebi sarwmunoebiT Ziri-Tadad kaTolikeebi arian; gvxvdebian protestantebic. Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi luqsemburgis teritoria dasaxlebuli iyo kelturi tomebiT, romlebic romaelTa batonobis pirvel saukuneebSi (ax.w.) romanizebul iqnen. V saukuneSi luqsembur-gi daipyres germanulma tomebma _ frankebma, romlebmac adgi-lobrivi mosaxleobis asimilacia moaxdines. luqsemburgelTa eTnikurma asimilaciam luqsemburgis sagrafos Seqmna ganapi-roba. Sua saukuneebSi isini germanelTa da frangTa gavlenas ganicdidnen. XVI saukuneSi luqsemburgelebSi gavrcelda fra-nguli ena. miuxedavad amisa, maT SeinarCunes nacionaluri Tvi-TSegneba. luqsemburgis damoukidebeli politikuri istoria iwyeba 863 wlidan, rodesac karlos didis erT-erTma memkvidrem, gra-fma zigfridma, daipyro es miwebi da aaSena cixesimagre im ad-gilze, sadac dRes qalaqi luqsemburgia. Sua saukuneebSi luq-semburgis grafebis dinastiuri qorwinebebisa da dapyrobebis gziT maTi gavlena Zalian gaZlierda. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi luqsemburgi safrangeTis gavlenis qveS iyo, masTan hqonda mWidro kavSiri da ara monaTesave germaniasa da germaneleb-Tan. ufro ganviTarebuli franguli kulturis gavlenas Tan axlda franguli enis gavrceleba, romelic XVII saukuneSi luqsemburgis ZiriTad kulturul enad iqca. f. engelsi am process `nebayoflobiT gafrangebas~ uwodebda. dRes luqsemburgi samenovani qveyanaa. konstituciiT germanu-li da franguli oficialur enebadaa aRiarebuli. es ori ena yvelam bavSvobidan icis. skolebSi maT Tanabrad aswavlian. quCebSi warwerebi, Cveulebriv, frangul enazea, sasamarTlo-Sic franguli gamoiyeneba, parlamentSi _ franguli da germa-nuli; protestantebTan saeklesio RvTismsaxurebisas germa-nuli gamoiyeneba. mosaxleobaSi dRemde Semonaxulia salapara-ko luqsemburguli metyveleba, romelic mniSvnelovnad gansx-vavdeba saliteraturo germanulisagan. gazeTebi gamodis sam enaze. luqsemburgelebi Tavs damoukidebel xalxad (eTnosad) miiCneven. TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba romaul-kaTolikur eklesias mie-kuTvneba. luqsemburgi evropaSi kaTolicizmis erT-erT cent-rad iTvleba.

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luqsemburgelTa materialuri kultura TiTqmis ar gansxva-vdeba mezobeli franguli da belgiuri olqebis kulturisa-gan. luqsemburgelebs Zalian uyvarT musika. isini TavianT Ta-vze amboben: `erTi luqsemburgeli mebaRea, ori _ esaa kamaTi kafeSi, sami _ orkestri~. luqsemburgSi bevri baRi da venaxia. wiaRiseulidan bevria rkina. XIX s-is Sua xanebSi soflis meurneoba iZleoda nacio-naluri Semosavlis 60%, XX s-is Sua xanebSi ki _ mxolod 10%. xilis (ZiriTadad vaSli) mosavalsa da yurZens amuSaveben (wvenebi, Rvino) da sazRvargareT gaaqvT. aRsaniSnavia agreTve meyvavileoba, ZiriTadad mevardeoba.

2.25. elzaselebi elzaselebi safrangeTis aRmosavleTSi _ elzasis istori-ul olqSi mcxovrebi xalxia. maTi raodenoba monaTesave lo-taringielebTan erTad 2,5 milionia. miekuTvnebian didi evro-peiduli rasis saSualo evropul rasas. laparakoben germanu-li enis alemanur dialeqtze (lotaringielebi ki _ mis fran-kul metyvelebaze). gavrcelebulia agreTve franguli ena. sa-literaturo ena aq germanulia, zemo lotaringiaSi ki _ fran-guli. elzaselTa umetesoba kaTolikea. gvxvdebian protestantebic (luTeranebi, kalvinistebi). elzasisa da lotaringiis uZveles eTnikur safuZvels Sead-gendnen kelturi tomebi: raurakebi, sekvanebi, tulingebi da mediomatrikebi. galiaSi germanuli tomebis SemoWris dros (IV s. II naxevari) lotaringiis teritoria daikaves ripuaris fra-nkebma, elzasi ki _ alemanebma, ramac adgilobrivi kelturi mosaxleobis enobrivi asimilacia gamoiwvia. franguli ena aq XVI saukuneSi gavrcelda frangi hugenotebis migraciis Sede-gad (hugenotebi _ XVI-XVII saukuneebis safrangeTSi protesta-nti-kalvinistebi, romelTac sdevnida kaTolikuri eklesia da mTavroba. hugenotebis xocva-Jleta moewyo 1572 w. _ `barTlo-mes Rames~). 843 wlidan elzasi lotaringiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, X-XVII saukuneebSi _ wminda romis imperiaSi. ocdaaT-wliani omis Semdeg, 1648 wels, elzasi safrangeTs SeuerTda. elzaselebis TviTSegnebis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani ro-li iTamaSa safrangeTis didma revoluciam, romelsac isini aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars. 1870-1871 wlebis safrangeT-prusiis

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omis Semdeg (romelSic safrangeTi damarcxda) elzasi da lo-taringia aneqsirebul iqna germanelTa mier. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg elzasi da lotaringia isev safrangeTis xelSi gadavida. Tanamedrove elzaselebi dakavebulebi arian mravaldargovan mrewvelobaSi (ZiriTadad safeiqro) da sasoflo meurneobaSi (xorbali, qeri, teqnikuri kulturebi, sarZeve mecxoveleoba, meRoreoba). elzasis materialuri kultura axlosaa germanu-lTan. tradiciuli sacxovrebeli nagebobaa frankonuli (Sua-germanuli) saxli. elzasis centris _ strasburgis arqiteqtu-raSi Serwymulia germanuli da franguli niSnebi. aseve SeTa-nawyobilia germanuli da franguli elementebi Cvenamde moR-weul folklorSi. elzasi safrangeTis sxva olqebTan SedarebiT, mosaxleobis yvelaze maRali simWidroviT gamoirCeva. XX saukunis dasawyi-samde aq Sobadobis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli iyo.

2.26. islandielebi islandielebis TviTsaxelwodebaa islendigar. isini cxov-roben islandiaSi, romlis mosaxleoba 255 aTasia. mkvidroben agreTve kanadaSi (30 aTasi), aSS-Si (5 aTasi) da mcire jgufe-bad daniaSi, SveciaSi, norvegiaSi, germaniaSi. islandielebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis atlantur-baltiur ra-sas. laparakoben islandiur enaze, romelic indoevropul ena-Ta ojaxis germanul enaTa jgufis skandinaviur qvejgufSi Se-dis. islandiur enas ara aqvs dialeqtebi mebadurTa Jargonis gamoklebiT, romelsac flandramoli hqvia da romelic ucxo-el mebadurebTan urTierTobisas Camoyalibda. islandielTa damwerloba laTinur anbans efuZneba. sarwmunoebiT protesta-ntebi (luTeranebi) arian. islandia mdebareobs atlantis okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSi. is warmoadgens platos, romelic yvela mxridan mkveTrad wydeba zRvis mxares. platoze aris 1300-1700 metri simaRlis vulkanuri masivebi. farTobis 12% myinvarebs ukavia. myinvare-bisa da amofrqveuli vulkanebis SeTanawyobam mogzaurebs sa-babi misca kunZulisaTvis ewodebinaT poeturi saxelwodeba _ `cecxlisa da yinulis qveyana~. islandiis sityvasityviTi mniS-vneloba ki aris `yinulis qveyana~ _ ase uwodes mas norvegie-lma gadmosaxlebulebma.

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bevri sxva xalxisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTa warsuli Zvel droSi ikargeba, islandielTa istoria kargadaa cnobili TiT-qmis im momentidan, rodesac kunZulze adamianebi movidnen. is-landiis pirvelmosaxleni irlandieli gandegili bermonazvne-bi iyvnen, romlebic aq ax.w. VIII saukuneSi dasaxldnen. kunZul-ze bermonazvnebamde vinmes cxovrebis damadasturebeli arc erTi saistorio dokumenti ar aris dadasturebuli. IX-X saukuneebSi islandiaSi modian norvegiidan gadmosax-lebulebi, sadac am dros feodalur urTierTobaTa damyareba xdeboda da amis gamo gamZafrebuli iyo politikuri da socia-luri brZola. rogorc Cans, am kunZulis Sesaxeb cnobebi mig-rantebs norvegieli vikingebisagan hqondaT. norvegielTa mier islandiis dasaxleba asaxulia adre Sua saukuneebis folklorSi _ sagebSi, riTac cnobilia pirveli skandinavieli migrantebis saxelebi. cnobilia agreTve yvela islandielis genealogia aq dasaxlebidan TiTqmis Cvens drom-de, rodesac kunZulze ukve 32-e Taoba cxovrobs da 33-e ibade-ba. genealogiuri wignebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda, raSic islandielTa nacionaluri TviTSegnebac mJRavndeboda. aseTi genealogiuri wignebi ki qveynis eTnikuri istoriis Seswavlas aadvilebs. pirveli norvegiuli ojaxi, romelic islandiuri sagebis Tanaxmad 874 wels gadmosaxlda islandiaSi da gaagrZela aq Tavisi modgma, Tavisufali miwaTmoqmedisa da mebrZolis, ingi-lvur arnarsonis ojaxi iyo. man pirveli nageboba momavali dedaqalaqis _ reikiavikis adgilze aago. qveynis dasaxleba sa-kmaod intensiurad mimdinareobda. 930 wels, rodesac islandi-is kanonTa pirveli krebuli Seadgines, aq ukve Tanamedrove islandielTa winaprebis 25 aTasamde mcxovrebi iTvleboda. isini iyvnen ara marto Tavisufali norvegielebi monebiT, ro-mlebic Tan moiyvanes norvegiidan, aramed agreTve islandiel-Ta mier Sotlandiasa da irlandiaze Tavdasxmebis Sedegad mo-nebad qceuli tyveebi. kelturi warmoSobis bevri mona (qalebi da kacebi) daqorwinda norvegiel gadmosaxlebulebze _ moneb-sa da Tavisufal adamianebze. amitom SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom islandielebs hyavT ara marto norvegieli, aramed nawilobriv kelturi (irlandiur-Sotlandiuri) modgmis wina-prebi. islandielebis eTnogenezi da eTnikuri istoria naT-lad Cans wignidan `aRebuli miwebis Sesaxeb~ (XII-XIII ss.), ro-melSic moxseniebulia is 400 ojaxi, romelic pirvelad dasa-

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xlda aq IX-X ss-Si (ZiriTadad norvegielebi) da Tavisi `xutorebi~ mdinareebis SesarTav sanapiro dablobebSi moawyo. islandiis mosaxleobas Sua saukuneebSi didi ziani miayena epidemiebma. 1402-1403 wlebSi Savi Wiris epidemiam mosaxleobis mesamedi Seiwira; 1707 w. yvavilma adamianTa mesamedi imsxve-rpla. amave dros, mkveTrma acivebam saqonlis dacema gamoiw-via. XVIII saukuneSi (1727-1728, 1755, 1766, 1783-1784 wlebi) vulka-nebis amofrqvevis gamo saZovrebi ferfliTa da laviT daifa-ra. am movlenas adamianTa da saqonlis didi msxverpli mohyva. gadasaxlebidan pirveli aswleulis ganmavlobaSi islandie-lebs kavSiri hqondaT Tavis mSobliur qveyanasTan – norvegia-sTan, saidanac maT sacxovrebeli saxlebisa da xomaldebis as-agebad mohqondaT xe-tye. sxvaTa Soris, grelandiaSi dasaxle-buli pirveli adamiani islandieli erik qera iyo, romelic mkvlelobisaTvis SurisZiebas gaeqca. man 980-ian wlebSi aRmoa-Cina grelandia (`mwvane qveyana~) da misca tyuili saxelwode-ba, raTa iq islandiidan kolonistebi miezida. islandiis kunZulis Tavdapirvelma kolonizaciam aq origi-naluri sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo wyobileba _ `xalxis xelisufleba~ warmoSva. qveynis umaRles sakanonmdeblo orga-nod iqca `alTingi~ _ kunZulis Tavisufal miwaTmoqmedTa kre-ba (pirvelad Seikriba 930 wels). 1000 wels alTingis gadawyvetilebiT islandielebma qristi-anoba nebayoflobiT miiRes. episkoposebs alTingi irCevda. am-is Semdegac, TiTqmis erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi islandiaSi warmarTebi cotani ar iyvnen. qristianobis miRebis miuxedavad, islandiaSi mravalcolianoba kvlav tradiciad darCa, romelic. Tavdapirvelad mRvdlebs Sorisac Cveulebrivi mov-lena iyo. XI-XII saukuneebSi islandiaSi feodaluri urTierToba Camo-yalibda, magram aq arasdros ar yofila feodalizmis ganviTa-rebuli formebi _ miwaze glexTa damagreba. glexebi islan-diaSi iuridiulad yovelTvis Tavisufalni iyvnen da yovelT-vis hqondaT ufleba sxva miwaTmoqmedTan misvlisa. TviT isla-ndiuri zedafena arasdros ar Camoyalibebula, rogorc memkvi-dreobiTi titulovani aristokratia. XII-XIII saukuneebSi kunZulis mosaxleobam 80 aTass miaRwia. XIII saukunis II naxevridan, imis gamo, rom puri da tye norve-giidan SemohqondaT, islandielebi ekonomikurad da politiku-rad norvegielebze iyvnen damokidebulni. XIV saukuneSi nor-

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vegia da masTan erTad _ islandia daniis daqvemdebarebaSi aR-moCnda. daniis mefeebi islandiis umsxviles miwaTmflobele-bad iqcnen, radgan maT daipyres adgilobrivi zedafenisa da agreTve, reformaciis Semdeg XVI saukuneSi – eklesiis miwe-bic. kunZulis TviTmmarTveloba gauqmebul iqna da alTingma, rogorc adgilobrivma organom, dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba, Tumca formalurad ganagrZobda arsebobas. islandiaSi Cinov-nikebisa da vaWrebis mniSvnelovan nawils danielebi warmoad-gendnen. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi daniuri ena islandiaSi luTe-ranuli eklesiis enad iqca, Semdeg ki administraciisac. miuxe-davad amisa, islandielebze danielebis kulturuli gavlena didi ar yofila. islandielebma danizacias daupirispires ku-ltivirebuli islandiuri ena da literaturuli memkvidreoba. jer kidev XVII s-Si islandielebi gadawerdnen da erTmaneTSi avrcelebdnen sagebs da sxva literaturul Zeglebs. XVIII s-is II naxevarSi islandielebi ibrZodnen islandiuri enis dani-uri leqsikisagan gasawmendad, ramac gamoiwvia Zveli enobrivi normebis gamyareba da misi izolacia skandinaviuri enebisagan. aRdgenil iqna eTnikuri TviTSegnebis iseTi mniSvnelovani do-kumentebi, rogoricaa genealogiuri Canawerebi. islandiurma enam imdenad SeinarCuna arqauli niSnebi, rom nebismier is-landiels Tavisuflad esmis Sua saukuneebis islandiuri li-teratura. amasTanaa dakavSirebuli anTroponimul sistemaSi mxolod saxelisa da mamis saxelis gamoyeneba. specialuri ka-nonis Tanaxmad, arc erT islandiels ar SeuZlia miiRos gvar-saxeli (memkvidreobiTi saxeli). yvela islandiuri saxeli ni-Snadia _ isini momdinareoben apelativebidan. mxolod maT um-niSvnelo nawils aqvs gamWvirvale etimologia. individualu-ri saxelebis umetesobam etimologiuri mniSvneloba qristia-nobis miRebisTanave, Sua saukuneebSi dakarga. iseve rogorc skandinaviis sxva qveynebSi, islandiaSic miRebulia axaldaba-debulTaTvis papisa da bebiis saxelis darqmeva. naTlobisas arqmeven ara erT, aramed or saxels. cxovrebis manZilze ZiriTadad erT saxels gamoiyeneben, magram kritikul situ-aciebSi (magaliTad, mZime avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi) xSirad uars amboben dominirebul saxelze da erTaderT saxelad meores gamoiyeneben. islandielTa anTroponimiul modelSi ma-mis saxeli naTesaur brunvaSia, mas erTvis sityva –son (Svili), qalebisaTvis _ dottr (qaliSvili), magaliTad: Gunnar Benediktsson, Sigrdur Stefansdottr.

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XVIII s. islandielebisaTvis uaRresad mZime iyo. ramdenime vulkanis katastrofulma amofrqvevam da mravalricxovanma mi-wisZvrebma didi ngreva da mravali adamianis sikvdili gamoiw-via. pirvel mefisnacvlad kunZulze dainiSna ara danieli, ar-amed islandieli skula magnuseni (1711-1794). 1800 wels danie-lebma gaauqmes altingi da islandia gadaaqcies daniis provi-nciad. xangrZlivi brZolis Sedegad 1843 wels altingi aRdge-nil iqna. 1854 wels islandia daniis savaWro monopoliisagan gaTavisuflda. mxolod 1918 wels gamocxadda islandia damou-kidebel qveynad daniis piradi uniis farglebSi daniis mefis uzenaesobiT. islandia suverenuli saxelmwifoa 1944 wlidan. islandielTa tradiciuli saqmianobaa mecxvareoba da mecxe-neoba. tradiciulia Ria navebiT Tevzaoba. XIX-XX ss-Si Tevz-gadamuSaveba islandielebis mTavar saqmed iqca. islandiaSi TevzWeris dros masSi monawileobas Rebulobs mTeli mosax-leoba, visac ki Sroma SeuZlia, maswavleblebisa da samRvde-loebis CaTvliT. samrewvelo sawarmoebis didi nawili dakav-Sirebulia Tevzis gadamuSavebasa da Salis damuSavebasTan. xe-losnobis tradiciuli dargebia: xeze, Zvalze, rqaze kveTa (xvewa), metalze graviureba, fexsacmlis damzadeba, mexaliCe-oba, mWedloba, kasrebis damzadeba, Salis qsova. islandia uaRresad araTanabradaa dasaxlebuli; dasaxlebu-lia mxolod sanapiro zoli. aq mosaxleobis simWidrovis yve-laze dabali donea evropaSi. XVIII s. bolomde islandiaSi qa-laqebi ar iyo. 1891 wels dedaqalaq reikiavikSi 300 adamiani cxovrobda. islandielTa sakvebSi Warbobs zRvisa da cxvris produqti. purs moixmaren mcire raodenobiT. amJamad meTevzeobiT mosax-leobis 21%-ia dasaqmebuli. warmatebuli TevzWera yovelTvis dResaswauliT aRiniSneba. 500 aTasi tona daWerili Tevzidan mxolod 3%-s moixmaren, 97% saeqsportoa. dResac islandi-elebs cxvris farebi TiTqmis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi saTe-mo saZovrebze hyavT gaSvebuli da mxolod SemodgomobiT Se-rekaven xis saerTo bakSi, sadac patronebi TavianT saqonels naWdevebis saSualebiT arCeven. saZovrebidan cxvris morekva glexebisTvis didi dResaswaulia. specifikuria islandielTa mecxeneoba. aq aSeneben adgilob-riv dabaltanian cxenebs – ponebs, romlebic didi amtanobiT gamoirCevian. ponebi wlis ganmavlobaSi umetesad sajinibos (Tavlis) gareT hyavdaT. XX s-is pirveli meoTxedis dasasru-

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lamde poni soflad erTaderTi satransporto saSualeba iyo. dResac ki islandiaSi araa arc erTi glexi, Tundac yvelaze Raribi, erTi cxeni mainc rom ar hyavdes; mdidrebs ki 10-20 da meti cxeni (poni) hyavT. islandielebi miwas xeliT amuSavebdnen. mxolod XIX s. da-sasrulisaTvis daiwyes cxenebis guTanSi Sebma. dRes soflis meurneoba meqanizebulia. farTodaa gavrcelebuli sasaTburo meurneoba, sadac kitris, pomidvrisa da yvavilovani kombos-tos garda, mohyavT vaSlic, bananic, yurZenic, kaqtusic da vardic. islandiaSi sarkinigzo transporti araa. ZiriTadi gzatkeci-lebi meore msoflio omis dros da mas Semdeg aSenda. rogorc qalaqad, ise soflad samSeneblo masalad iyeneben tufsa da bazalts; xe-tye SemoaqvT norvegiidan. islandiis mkvidr norvegiel gadmosaxlebulebSi Semoinaxa sazogadoebis socialuri dayofa da didi patriarqaluri ojaxi, romelic 20 da met suls iTvlida. qali skandinaviur ojaxSi yovelTvis didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda, rac Zveli islandiuri sagebidanac kargad Cans. religiuri dResaswaulebidan mTavaria Soba da aRdgoma. mi-Rebulia dResaswaulebze stumrad siaruli. islandielebSi SemorCenilia samezoblo Temisdroindeli urTierTdaxmarebis formebi. islandiaSi pirveli norvegieli kolonistebis droidan Se-moinaxa umdidresi folkloruli memkvidreoba – Tqmulebebi da legendebi, simRerebi da melodiebi, sagmiro da miTologi-uri eposi. arsebobs agreTve Txrobis sxva saxe _ saga, rome-lic XII s-mde ufro tipuri iyo islandiuri folklorisaTvis. masSi mocemulia cxovrebis sxvadasxva suraTi, mravali Tavga-dasavali, maT Soris, tragikuli. gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebu-li iyo e.w. saojaxo an genealogiuri qronikebi, romlebic sa-interesoa mkvlevarTaTvis rogorc mxatvruli, ise istoriu-li, eTnografiuli da geografiuli TvalsazrisiT. islandie-lebis yvelaze Zvel literaturul nawarmoebebad iTvleba XII-XIII ss-Si Cawerili istoriuli naSromebi `qveynis dasaxlebis wigni~, `samefo sagebi~, `poetika~, `umcrosi eda~. XIV s-dan, rodesac damTavrda mravalricxovani sagebis Cawera, litera-turaSi ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani adgili saeklesio Tematikam daikava.

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islandiaSi didi popularobiT sargeblobs cxenosanTa Se-jibrebebi da nacionaluri Widaoba.

2.27. farerelebi farerelebi mosaxleoben fareris kunZulebze, romlebic ga-nlagebulia atlantis okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSi, daaxlo-ebiT 350 km-is moSorebiT Sotlandiis CrdiloeTidan da 450 km-iT islandiis samxreT-aRmosavleTidan. farerelTa TviTsa-xelwodebaa feroingar. farerebi, rogorc TviTmmarTvelobiTi okrugi, Sedis daniis SemadgenlobaSi. farerelTa raodenoba 40 aTasia. garda amisa, 2 aTasi farereli cxovrobs daniaSi. isini miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis atlantur-balti-uri rasis baltiur variants. fiqsirdeba muqpigmenturi kompo-nentis minarevic. Savgvremani farelelebi mecnierebs irlan-dielTa (keltTa) STamomavlebad miaCniaT. farerelebi sxva skandinavielebTan SedarebiT dabaltanianebi arian. laparako-ben farerul enaze, romelic skandinaviur qvejgufSi Sedis. maT enas ukavia Sualeduri adgili dasavlurnorvegiul dia-leqtebsa da islandiur enas Soris. religiiT isini protes-tant-luTeranebi arian. farerelebi dasavleT norvegiidan gamosuli normanebis me-mkvidreebi arian, romlebic kunZulebze IX s-dan dasaxldnen. iqamde ki nawilobriv Seerivnen avqtoqton keltur mosaxleo-bas Sotlandiasa da orkneis kunZulebze. fareris arqipelagi 24 kunZulisagan Sedgeba (romelTaganac dasaxlebulia 18). ar-qipelagis pirvelmosaxleni iyvnen kelti qristiani bermonazv-nebi, romlebic aq VIII s-Si movidnen. maT Sesaxeb werilobiTi mowmoba Semonaxulia `fareris sagaSi~. daaxl. 825 wels kunZu-lebze dasavleTnorvegieli glexebis gadmosaxleba daiwyo. amave dros, Sotlandiidan mosuli bermonazvnebi norvegieli vikingebis Tavdasxmebsac ganicdidnen. qristiani bermonazvnebi da warmarTi normanebi erTmaneTs ver SeeTvisnen da ufro mci-rericxovanma keltebma kunZuli datoves. zogierTi mecnieri ki fiqrobs, rom vikingebis TareSis Sedegad kunZulebidan gaqceuli kelti monazvnebis Semdeg aq TiTqmis saukunenaxev-ris ganmavlobaSi saerTod aravin ar cxovrobda da rom am pe-riodSi maT mier datovebuli irlandiuri jiSis cxvari gave-lurda. mkvlevarTa umetesobas miaCnia, rom kunZulebis saxel-wodeba _ `farerebi~ gamWvirvalea da is @`cxvris kunZulebs~

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aRniSnavs. kunZulis saxelwodeba (farei) pirvelad 1280 wlis ru-kazea aRniSnuli. arsebobs `fareris~ sxva etimologiac. XIX saukunis dasawyisis avtori J. landti mis ornair axsnas iZle-oda. pirveli axsniT is momdinareobs daniuri sityvidan _ fieri, rac bumbuls aRniSnavs. arqipelagze ki uamravi frinveli mar-Tlac iyrida Tavs, e. i. bumbuliT mdidari mxare. sxva varian-tiT ki SesaZloa toponimi nawarmoebi yofiliyo aseve daniuri sityvidan fjerne, rac Soreuls niSnavs. XIX saukunis erT-erTi avtori am ukanasknel mosazrebas iziarebda, magram amasTanave, aRniSnavda, rom is momdinareobs ara daniuri, aramed Zvelkel-turi sityvidan fearann, rac aseve Soreul miwas, qveyanas niS-navs. oras welze metxans fareris kunZulebi damoukidebeli iyo, magram 1035 wels isini norvegiis samefos lenad (administra-ciul-teritoriuli erTeuli, olqi) iqca. am droidan gavrce-lda aq qristianoba. 1380 wlidan ki arqipelagi norvegiasTan erTad daniis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida da farerebSi gaavrce-les luTeranuli sarwmunoeba, romelic dResac arqipelagis oficialuri religiaa. kunZulebs marTavda danieli Cinovniki `lensmani~. XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan farerebi nel-nela savaWro urTierTobebSi CaerTo. misma mcxovreblebmac daiwyes matylis, Tevzis, cxvris xorcis gayidva. saukuneTa ganmavlo-baSi farelelebi izolirebulad cxovrobdnen da maTTvis na-turaluri Caketili meurneoba iyo damaxasiaTebeli. 1948 wels daniis suverenitetis qveS farerelebma miiRes farTo saolqo avtonomia. warsulSi farerelTa Soris feodalizmi saTanadod ar iyo ganviTarebuli. kunZulze ar iyvnen arc batonebi da arc msx-vili miwaTmflobelebi da mesaqonleebi. saeklesio reforma-ciis droidan dasamuSavebeli miwebi mefes ekuTvnoda, anda is glexTa memkvidreobiT sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. samefo miweb-ze dasaxlebuli umiwo adamianebi gamosaRebs mefes uxdidnen. miwis didi nawili ki saTemo sakuTrebaSi iyo. farelelebs cxvris farebic saTemo sakuTrebaSi hyavdaT, saidanac yvela glexuri meurneoba, ojaxi Tavis wil xorcsa da matyls iReb-da. XX saukunis dasawyisamde mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi farerelTa soflis meurneobis ZiriTadi dargi mecxvareoba iyo. aq cxvari mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi Ria cis qveS saZovar-ze hyavdaT gaSvebuli. farerelebi cxvars makratliT ar par-savdnen; isini matyls xeliT glejdnen. 1800 wlisaTvis fare-

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ris arqipelagze mcxovreb erT farerelze saSualod 14-15 cx-vari modioda (am dros kunZulebze sul 5 aTasi kaci cxovro-bda). hyavdaT msxvilfexa rqosani saqonelic. tradiciiT mecx-vareobasTan dakavSirebul yvela samuSaos mamakacebi asruleb-dnen, msxvilfexa rqosan saqonels ki qalebi uvlidnen. miwis dasamuSavebeli iaraRi mxolod niCabi iyo. ZvelTaganve fare-relebi frinvelTa daWerasac misdevdnen, romelic aq didi raodenobiT iyrida Tavs. literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi kargi meCitbade wyalze daaxloebiT 800-900 frinvels iWerda. frinvelis xorcs farerelebi Wamdnen, xolo bumbuli saeqsporto sagans warmoadgenda. farerebSi mrewveloba sustadaa ganviTarebuli. moipoveben torfs, naxSi-rsa da vulkanur tufs samSeneblo mizniT. farerebSi aris ma-rgarinis, sapnisa da veSapis qonis damamzadebeli patara fab-rikebi. meurneobis tradiciuli dargebia: mecxvareoba, meTevze-oba da Tevzis gadamuSaveba, agreTve veSapis rewva da miwaT-moqmedeba. farerelebi taburetebad veSapis malebs iyeneben. tradiciuli sakvebia yveli. farerelTa sakvebSi Warbobs Tev-zi `grinda~. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia marilis mcire raode-nobiT moxmareba. tradiciuli tansacmeli Salisagan mzaddeba. mamakacebSi popularulia naqsovi svitrebi. yvela mqsoveli qali weliwadSi 50 svitrs mainc qsovs. transportis ZiriTadi saSualebaa ialqniani da motoriani navebi. kunZulebis mkvidr-Ta Soris farTodaa gavrcelebuli simZimeebis mkerdiT gada-tana. norvegielTa da Semdeg danielTa TiTqmis aTaswlovani ba-tonobis miuxedavad, farerelTa patara xalxma ena, origina-luri materialuri da sulieri kultura SeinarCuna. reforma-ciis Semdeg daniuri ena farerelTa saRvTismetyvelo enad iq-ca, magram, miuxedavad amisa, arqipelagze farerulma enam Tavi-si poziciebi SeinarCuna. farerul enas TiTqmis yvela kunZul-ze Tavisi dialeqti aqvs. fareruli enis orTografiuli nor-ma pirvelad mxolod XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi SeimuSaves. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi daniis xelisufleba literaturul farerul enas ar cnobda. mxolod 1948 wlis 1 aprilis kano-niT fareruli ena kunZulebis ZiriTad enad iqna aRiarebuli. axla am enaze gamodis Jurnal-gazeTebi, wignebi. skolebSi ki swavleba orive _ farerul da daniur enebze mimdinareobs.

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2.28. norvegielebi norvegielebis TviTsaxelwodebaa nordmen. isini norvegiis mosaxleobis ZiriTad nawils Seadgenen. ukanaskneli monaceme-biT norvegielebi 5,142 mil. kacs iTvlian, romelTagan norve-giaSi 4 mil. 299 aTasi cxovrobs. am eTnosis warmomadgenlebi cxovroben agreTve SveciaSi (38 aTasi), daniasa (1 aTasi) da ev-ropis sxva qveynebSi. didi raodenobiT arian norvegielebi ga-nsaxlebulni amerikis kontinentze (aSS-Si _ 620 aTasamde, ka-nadaSi _ 160 aTasze meti). 1825 wlis Semdeg aSS-sa da kanadaSi emigraciaSi erT milionamde norvegieli wavida. TviT norvegi-aSi norvegielTa procentuli raodenobaa 98,5%. norvegielebis garda, qveynis CrdiloeTSi cxovroben: saamebi (loparebi) _ 21 aTasi da kvenebi (norvegieli finelebi) _ 20 aTasamde kaci, romlebic XVI-XVII saukuneebSi fineTidan migrirebulTa STa-momavlebi arian. XX saukuneSi kvenebis didi nawili norvegie-lTa mier iqnen asimilirebulni. norvegiis samxreT-aRmosavle-TSi umniSvnelo raodenobiT cxovroben Svedebi. norvegias `SuaRamis mzis qveyanas~ uwodeben, radganac Crdi-loeTiT polaruli dReebis periodSi maisidan ivlisis bolo-mde mze horizonts iqiT ar Cadis. zamTarSi ki aq xangrZlivad polaruli Rameebia gabatonebuli. norvegia mTiani qveyanaa. mxolod misi mexuTedia zRvis donidan 150 metrze dabla. qvey-nis miwis 72% kldovan (moSiSvlebul) da myinvar adgilebs ukavia. ixvneba miwis mxolod 4%; 24% _ tyea. ucnobia ra droidan movidnen germanulenovani tomebi norve-giaSi. arc isaa cnobili, ax.w. I aTaswleulis bolomde norve-giel tomebs hqondaT Tu ara saerTo TviTsaxelwodeba, Tumca evropel xalxebSi, magaliTad, IX saukunis inglisur werilo-biT ZeglebSi, isini aRiniSnebodnen saerTo saxelwodebiT _ normanebi, e.i. `CrdiloeTis xalxebi~. maT qveyanas ki uwodebd-nen _ normanalan. saxelwodeba `normanebi~, upirveles yovli-sa, norvegielTa winaprebs miekuTvneba, rac dasturdeba, maga-

liTad, Zveli rusuli "Повесть временных лет"Û-iT, romelSic `urmanebis~ (e.i. normanebis _ norvegielebis) gverdiT moxsenie-bulni arian `sviebi~ (e.i. Svedebi). am dros norvegiis mosaxle-obis umetesoba Sedgeboda Tavisufali meTemeebisagan. isini cxovrobdnen did patriarqalur ojaxebad. VIII-IX saukuneebSi norvegiis miwaze Temis SigniT qonebrivi diferenciacia daiw-yo. tomTa Soris omebis paralelurad sanapiro zolSi mcxov-rebi norvegielTa winaprebi nadavlis mosapoveblad awyobdnen

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Tavdasxmebs jer axlo, xolo Semdeg ufro moSorebiT mcxov-reb tomebsa da qveynebze TiTqmis xmelTaSua zRvamde. xSirad aseTi Tavdasxmebi teritoriuli dapyrobebiT mTavrdeboda. Ta-vdamsxmelebs Tan mihyavdaT tyveebi, romlebzedac xSirad qor-windebodnen. isini didi patriarqaluri ojaxis Tavisufal we-vrebad iqceodnen. monebis didi nawili kelturi warmoSobisa iyo _ Sotlandiidan an irlandiidan. maT Soris iyvnen slave-bi da romanuli qveynebis mcxovrebnic. norvegiis dasavleTi sanapiro raionebidan xdeboda vikingebis sazRvao laSqrobebi keltur-romaul qveynebze, ramac gamoiwvia TeTri da Savgvre-mani anTropologiuri tipebis Sereva. sxvaTa Soris, norvegie-lebi didi evropeiduli rasis atlantur-baltiuri rasis ba-ltiur tips miekuTvnebian. gamoirCevian simaRliT (gansakuTre-biT dasavleTSi). pirveli norvegiuli saxelmwifo IX saukuneSi warmoiqmna, rodesac erT-erTi tomis konungma (winamZRolma), xarald I xo-rfagerma (890-940 ww.) iaraRis saSualebiT moaxdina tomTa-Sorisi centralizebuli kavSiris Seqmna. 1537 wlidan norvegia daniis provinciad iqca. 1814 wels norvegielebma damfuZnebeli kreba moiwvies, damoukidebloba gamoacxades da konstitucia miiRes. amis gamo SvedeTma norvegiasTan omi gaaCaRa. es omi SvedeT-norvegiis uniiT dasrulda. norvegiam sruli damouki-debloba mxolod 1905 wels moipova. norvegiidan gadmosaxle-buli xalxiT dasaxlda fareris kunZulebi da islandia, rom-lebmac dasabami misces adgilobriv mosaxleobas: islandiaSi _ islandiel xalxs da fareris kunZulebze _ farerel xalxs. maTi enisa da kulturis safuZvels warmoadgens Zvel-norvegiuli ena da kultura. iseve rogorc mTel skandinaviaSi, norvegiaSic _ vikingebis qveyanaSi mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda samiwaTmoqmedo teqnika. sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebidan maSin mohyavdaT qeri, Tal-gami, kombosto. qveyanaSi iTvisebdnen axal miwebs. did oja-xebs patara ojaxebi gamoeyofodnen, rac maT gadasaxlebas iw-vevda. norvegiaSi es gadasaxlebebi mimdinareobda baris raio-nebidan. axalgadasaxlebulebi iyvnen Raribi glexebi. X-XIII saukuneebSi mTis tyian velebSi aTasobiT axali meurneoba wa-rmoiqmna. es individualuri meurneobebi (ojaxebi) Semdeg ume-tesad axal did ojaxebad iqceodnen. XI saukuneSi norvegiaSi qristianoba ZaliT gavrcelda. XI-XIII saukuneebi norvegiaSi iyo feodalur urTierTobaTa dam-

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kvidrebis procesi. norvegieli glexebi arasdros ar iyvnen batonymur damokidebulebaSi, saTemo tradiciebi ki norvegiu-lma sofelma Cvens dromdec Semoinaxa. qristianobis SemoRe-biT qveyanaSi saRvTismetyvelo (saeklesio) enad laTinuri iq-ca. XII saukuneSi damwerlobis enad gabatonebuli iyo laTinu-ri. XV saukuneSi gaZlierda daniis kulturuli gavlena. 1536 wels, rodesac daniam Zaladobis gziT Caatara saeklesio re-forma luTeranizmis formiT, daniurma enam Secvala laTinu-ri da igi iqca jer oficialur saeklesio, Semdeg ki admini-straciul da saliteraturo enad. ekonomikurad dawinaure-bul raionebSi, ufro sworad oslos okrugSi, TandaTan Camo-yalibda Sereuli daniur-norvegiuli metyveleba, romlis ba-zaze axali saliteraturo norvegiuli ena riksmoli (saxelm-wifo ena) warmoiqmna, romelic samecniero da mxatvruli li-teraturis enad iqna aRiarebuli. magram provinciebis mcxov-rebni yoveldRiur yofaSi adgilobrivi dialeqtebis erTgul-ni rCebodnen. norvegiuli ena miekuTvneba indoevropul enaTa ojaxis germanuli jgufis skandinaviur enaTa qvejgufs. mas aqvs 5 aRmosavlurnorvegiuli da 26 dasavlurnorvegiuli dia-leqti. norvegielTa damwerloba laTinur anbans efuZneba. Sesabamisad, norvegia istoriul-eTnografiuli olqebis sim-ravliT gamoirCeva: rugalani (dasavleTiT), agderi (samxre-TiT), grenlani (samxreTSi), raumariki (samxreT-aRmosavleTSi), ranriki (samxreT-aRmosavleTSi), halgelani (CrdiloeTSi), trenelagi (Crdilo-dasavleTSi)... religia norvegielTa yofasa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda. norvegiaSi eklesia konstitu-ciiT saxelmwifosagan gamoyofili araa. oficialur saxelmwi-fo religiad aRiarebulia evangelisturi luTeranuli sarw-munoeba. eklesiis umaRles xelisuflad iTvleba mefe, rome-lic konstituciiT evangelistur-luTeranul religias unda aRiarebdes, mxars uWerdes da mfarvelobdes mas. norvegiis luTerani mRvdeli-pastori _ saxelmwifo moxelea. skolebSi RvTismetyveleba aucilebeli sagania. norvegiaSi arian kaTo-likeebic; moqmedebs agreTve ormocdaaTianelTa, baptistebisa da advendistebis mimdinareobani. norvegielTa tradiciuli sakvebia fafebi, Tevzis kerZebi. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi norvegielTa sameurneo cxovrebaSi mTavar rols Tevzis rewva asrulebda. tradiciaa saxlebSi ludis damzadeba. damaxasiaTebelia magari moxarSuli yveli,

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xaWo, brinza; gansakuTrebiT popularulia tkbili cxeli rZe. norvegielTa tradiciuli sasoflo-sameurneo dargia sarZeve mecxoveleoba. meTevzeobas marTalia ZiriTadad mamakacebi mis-deven, magram sanapiroze mis gadamuSavebas qalebi axdenen. no-rvegiis meurneobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia maRalganviTarebu-li sazRvao transporti (XIX s-dan `sazRvao meetleebi~). nor-vegielTa savaWro floti Tavisi sididiT msoflioSi meeqvse adgilzea. Sua saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli iyo tansacmlis asamde saxeo-ba, romelic sermiagisagan (uxeSi maudisagan) ikereboda. norve-giis mTis zogiereT raionSi adgilobrivi mcovrebni frialo kldeebze frinvelis bumbuls agroveben, rac Zalian Zvirad fasobs. mas saZile tomrebisa da tansacmlis maTbuneblebad iyeneben. msoflios cnobil mogzaurTa Soris ramdenime norvegielia, romelTa Soris fritof nansenis (1861-1930), rual amundsenis (1872-1928) da tur heierdalis dasaxelebac ikmarebs. farTodaa cnobili norvegieli dramaturgis, henrik ibsenis (1829-1906) Se-moqmedeba. didi kompozitori iyo edvard grigi (1843-1907).

2.29. Svedebi Svedebis TviTsaxelwodebaa svenskar, romelic ukavSirdeba Zvelgermanul eTnonims `svei~. SvedebiTaa dasaxlebuli Svede-Ti. Svedebis saerTo raodenoba 9 milionia, maT Soris, SvedeT-Si 8,5 milionia. isini cxovroben agreTve aSS-Si (820 aTasi), ka-nadaSi (105 aTasi), fineTSi (300 aTasi), daniaSi, norvegiaSi. Svedebi norvegielebis, danielebis, islandielebisa da fare-relebis monaTesaveni arian. anTropologiurad miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis atlantur-baltiuri rasis baltiur tips. Svedebi laparakoben Svedur enaze, romelic miekuTvneba indoevropul enaTa ojaxis germanuli jgufis Crdilour qve-jgufs. Svedur enaSi ramdenime dialeqts gamoyofen: samxreT-Svedurs, iotskurs (masSi ganasxvaveben esterioturs da veste-riotur dialeqtebs), sveursa (gamoyofen dalis dialeqtebs) da norlandiurs sakuTriv SvedeTSi, agreTve guTniurs got-landiis kunZulze da aRmosavleTSvedurs fineTSi. damwer-loba laTinuri grafikis safuZvelze aqvT Sedgenili. reli-giiT Svedebi ZiriTadad (95%) luTeranebi arian. gvxvdebian ag-reTve kaTolikeebi, baptistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi da sxva.

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SvedeTis mosaxleobis 98% Svedia. mniSvnelovan eTnikur um-ciresobebs warmoadgenen: finelebi (25 aTasi), saamebi anu lo-parebi (10 aTasi) da ebraelebi (5 aTasi), agreTve ramdenime aTasi valoneli, romlebic XVII s-Si safrangeTidan religiu-ri devnis Sedegad gadmosaxlebuli samasi valoneli xelos-nis STamomavlebi arian. qveyanaSi cxovrobs 200 aTasi ucxoe-li _ estoneli, germaneli, norvegieli, danieli da sxv. Svede-Tis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili sanapiro zolsa da qveynis samxreTis patara dablobebSia Tavmoyrili. Svedi xalxis eTnikur safuZvels warmoadgenen germanuli tomebi: svionebi (sveebi), gerulebi, guTebi, gautebi da sxv., romlebic SvedeTSi AZv.w. II da I aTaswleulebSi gadmosaxld-nen. maT adgilobrivi loparebi CrdiloeTisaken gandevnes. Sve-debis eTnogenezSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes finelebma da loparebma. Sveduri enis formireba IX-X saukuneebSi moxda. Sveduri enis uZvelesi Zeglebi (runuli warwerebi) IX sauku-nes miekuTvneba. axali welTaRricxvis I aTaswleulSi SvedeTis mosaxleobis sazogadoebrivi wyoba Temur-gvarovnulidan klasobrivze gar-damavali iyo. SvedeTSi dasaxlebuli germanuli tomebi gva-rovnuli Temidan samezoblo Temze gadadiodnen. VI-VII ss-Si Sua SvedeTSi warmoiqmna pirveli saxelmwifo _ sveisis saxel-mwifo, romelSic gabatonebuli mdgomareoba svionebs ekavaT inligebis dinastiiT. am periodSi farTod gavrcelda patri-arqaluri monoba. VII-IX ss-Si SvedeTs gacxovelebuli vaWroba hqonda ruseTTan, bizantiasTan, arabul aRmosavleTTan, fran-kebis saxelmwifosTan. IX-X saukuneebSi gacxovelebuli vaWro-ba da Svedi vikingebis laSqrobebi Tavisufal meTemeebs Soris socialur da qonebriv diferenciacias mowmobs. XII saukuneSi feodalizmis ganviTarebam qveyanaSi SvedTa ga-qristianeba ganapiroba. Svedebi kaTolikeebi iyvnen, magram re-formaciis Semdeg 1527-1532 wlebSi maTi umetesoba luTeraneli gaxda. SvedeTSi eklesia saxelmwifos arcTu ise didi xnis win gamoeyo. germanelTa batonobisagan Tavis daRwevis mizniT, 1397 wels SvedeTis, daniisa da norvegiis kavSiriT Seiqmna kalmaris unia, rac daniis gavlenis gaZlierebas niSnavda. XIV-XVI sau-kuneebSi jer germanelebTan, Semdeg ki danielebTan brZolam gaaZliera SvedTa nacionaluri TviTSegneba. SvedebisaTvis di-di mniSvneloba hqonda 1477 w. upsalaSi universitetis gaxsnas.

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amave qalaqis RirsSesaniSnaobas warmoadgens skandinaviaSi yvelaze grandiozuli goTuri taZari, romelic XIV saukune-Sia agebuli. aqvT mxareTmcodneobis, eTnografiuli da samxat-vro muzeumebi. upsala XII s-dan iyo arqiepiskoposis reziden-cia da 1719 wlamde SvedeTis mefeebis koronaciis adgili. Svedebis nacionaluri TviTSegnebisa da kulturis ganviTa-rebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda 1523 wlis didi ajanyebis Semdeg daniasTan kavSiris gawyvetas. ajanyebas gustav vazi xelmZRvanelobda, romelic Semdeg mefed iqna arCeuli. ase dairRva kalmaris unia. Svedi xalxis eTnikuri konsolidaciisaTvis didi mniSvnelo-ba hqonda Sveduri enis ganviTarebas. is XVI-XVII saukuneebSi Camoyalibda da daefuZna sveis (centralurSvedur) kilosa da nawilobriv esteretis dialeqts. 1648 wels e. auriviliusma Sveduri enis pirveli gramatika Seadgina, ramac Sveduri enis Seswavla da gavrceleba gaaadvila, magram man mainc ver Se-Zlo mravalricxovani dialeqtebisa da kiloebis aRmofxvra, romlebic glexTa yofaSi dRemdea Semonaxuli. Svedebis aSS-Si emigracia XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi da-iwyo. migrantTa SedarebiTi raodenobiT SvedeTs am saukunis 60-80-ian wlebSi evropaSi, irlandiis Semdeg, meore adgili ekava. dRes SvedeTi konstituciuri monarqiuli saxelmwifoa. saxe-lmwifos meTaurobs mefe. umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organoa erTpalatiani parlamenti _ riksdagi. riksdagis gadawyvetile-biT 1719 wels SvedeTSi absolutizmi moispo, magram 1772 wels is kvlav aRsdga. gvian gauqmda wodebrivi parlamenti da da-wesda arCeviTi orpalatiani riksdagi. mas Semdeg SvedeTi gax-da memkvidreobiTi sakonstitucio monarqia. mefe saxelmwifos meTaurad iTvleba, Tumca misi xelisufleba simboluria. Sve-deTi neitraluri qveyanaa. neitralitets safuZveli dRevande-li monarqiis dinastiis safuZvlis Camyrelma, karlos XIV-em daudo. dinastia warmoSobiT frangulia. soflis meurneobis mTavari dargia mecxoveleoba. is sof-lis meurneobis Semosavlebis 75%-s iZleva. rZis produqtebi soflis meurneobis eqsportis ZiriTad nawils Seadgens. sar-Zeve mecxoveleobis ZiriTadi olqia skone da venernis tbis Se-mogareni. meRoreoba ganviTarebulia samxreT SvedeTSi. aqvea ganviTarebuli mecxeneoba. mecxvareobas umTavresad elandisa da gotlandis kunZulebze misdeven. SvedeTi msoflioSi mowi-

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nave `satyeo~ qveyanaa. tyis produqciis warmoebiT erT sul mosaxleze mas pirveli adgili ukavia. SvedeTis mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari (45%) sofel adgi-lebSi cxovrobs. Sveduri sofeli Cveulebriv 12-15 komlisagan Sedgeba. soflis mosaxleoba dResac qerisagan amzadebs luds. SvedeTi TiTqmis mTlianad akmayofilebs Tavis moTxovnilebas kvebiTi produqtebiT. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT samxreT SvedeTi gamoirCeva. 1870 wlamde SvedeTSi samoqalaqo uflebebi mxolod luTe-ranebs hqondaT. saeklesio-administraciuli TvalsazrisiT qveyana dayofilia 12 eparqiad. Svedebis mTavari saxalxo dResaswaulia Soba, romlisTvi-sac mzadeba 2-3 kviriT adre iwyeba. xarSaven luds, acxoben purs, sadResaswaulo namcxvrebs (Roris, Txisa da var-skvlavebis formebiT). studentebsa da moswavleebs Soris di-di popularobiT sargeblobs liuciis dRe (13 dekemberi). am dros awyoben gogonebis mejliss da irCeven yvelaze lamaz gogos. SvedebSi Semonaxulia folklori: zRaprebi, legendebi, baladebi, simRerebi, cekvebi... Svedebi xalxur kostiums dRe-saswaulebis dros icvamen. SvedeTSi mecnierebis Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena iqonia bunebismetyvelma karl lineim (1707-1778), romelmac 1739 wels samefo akademia Camoayaliba. man safuZveli Cauyara mcenareTa da cxovelTa mecnierul sistematikas. lineim aRwera da sa-xelwodeba miakuTvna mcenareTa da cxovelTa 10.000-ze met sa-xeobas. misi Tanamedrove iyo anders celsiusi (1701-1774), rome-lmac Tavisi saxeli ukvdavyo 1742 w. 100-gradusiani tempera-turuli skalis gamogonebiT. mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi mniSv-nelovani wvlili Seitana agreTve dinamitis gamomgonebelma alfredBbernard nobelma (1833-1896), romelmac daawesa mTel msoflioSi cnobili nobelis premia. msoflioSi aRiarebuli reJisoria ingmar bergmani (daib. 1918), msaxiobebidan ki SeiZ-leba ingrid bergmani (1915-1982) davasaxeloT. saxelganTqmulia mwerali selm lagerliofi (1858-1940). mTeli msoflios bavSve-bis sayvareli mweralia astrid lindgreni (1907-1999). Svedebma msoflioSi pirvelebma dabeWdes qaRaldis fuli. 1661 wels stokholmis bankma vercxlis fulis gamoSveba Sewy-vita da qaRaldis fulis `daleris~ gamoSveba daiwyo. SvedeTis dedaqalaqi stokholmi ToTxmet kunZulzea ganla-gebuli (daarsda 1252 wels), romlebic erTmaneTTan oci xidi-

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Taa dakavSirebuli. Svedebi TavianT dedaqalaqs `CrdiloeTis venecias~ uwodeben. qalaqSi bevria Sua saukuneebis goTikuri taZrebi isriseburi koSkebiT. aqvea mecnierebaTa akademia, li-teraturis, istoriisa da xelovnebis akademia, Teatrebi, umaR-lesi saswavleblebi, muzeumebi, maT Soris muzeumi Ria cis qveS. sainteresoa, rom stokholmis metropolitens xSirad msoflioSi yvelaze grZeli samxatvro galereis saxeliT mo-ixsenieben. asze meti sadguridan samocdaaTze meti sadguris vestibiulSi xelovnebis namdvili nimuSebia gamofenili. Sve-deTSi skolebis umetesoba saxelmwifoa. Svedebma msoflioSi pirvelebma SemoiRes sayovelTao ufaso swavleba 7-14 wlis asakis bavSvebisaTvis. sayovelTao swavleba ki 1842 wels da-aweses. rodesac Svedebze laparakoben, maTi nacionaluri xasiaTis Sesaxebac aRniSnaven. isini TavSekavebulni arian, gamoirCevian araCveulebrivi TviTdiscipliniT, simSvidiT. miuTiTeben Sve-debis gulgrilobis, karCaketilobis Sesaxebac. bevrs weren SvedTa `arakomunikabelurobaze~, cdiloben TavianTi emociebi sxvebs ar daanaxon. isini pasuxis gacemas arasdros ar Cqaro-ben. pasuxs mxolod mofiqrebisa da awon-dawonis Semdeg iZle-vian. aRniSnaven Svedebis stumarTmoyvareobis da Tavazianobis Sesaxebac. sentimentalurobis miuxedavad, gamoirCevian racio-naluri gonebiT, praqtikulobiT. maT yvelaferSi uyvarT si-zuste; arian Sromismoyvareni da kargi organizatorebi.

2.30. danielebi danielebi iutlandiis naxevarkunZulisa da daniis kunZule-bis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi mkvidrebi arian. dania 500-mde kun-Zulis erTobliobas warmoadgens, romelTa Soris 450 umcire-sia. danielTa TviTsaxelwodebaa danskere. isini ZiriTadad ga-nsaxlebulni arian daniaSi. maTi raodenoba 5,7 milionia, ro-melTagan daniaSi 5,1 milionze meti cxovrobs. isini cxovro-ben agreTve SveciaSi (38 aTasi), norvegiaSi (18 aTasi), germania-Si (100 aTasi Slezving-golSteinis miwebze). daniel emigrant-Ta STamomavalni cxovroben aSS-Si (320 aTasi), kanadaSi (90 aT-asi) da avstraliaSi (6 aTasi). danielebi emigrirebulni arian ZiriTadad XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze. mkvidroben agreTve da-nielTa samflobeloSi _ grenlandiaSi (2 aTasi) da fareris kunZulebze (2 aTasi).

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danielebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis atlanti-ur-baltiur rasas. danielebi laparakoben indoevropul enaTa ojaxis germanu-li jgufis skandinaviuri qvejgufis daniur enaze. daniuri ena sam dialeqts moicavs. esenia: dasavleTis (iutlandiuri), kun-Zulebisa (zelandiis, fiunis da mimdebare kunZulebi) da aRmo-savleTis (borxolmis kunZuli) dialeqtebi. daniuri enis ze-landiuri kilo axlosaa skones naxevarkunZulis samxreTSve-dur kilosTan. daniuri enis istoria or periodad iyofa: Zve-ldaniuri (IX-XVss.) da axaldaniuri (XVI s-dan). daniuri dam-werlobis uZvelesi Zeglebi IX-XI saukuneebs miekuTvneba (`ru-nuli~ damwerloba), romlebic amokveTilia konungebis safla-vis qvebze. XIII-XIV saukuneebs ekuTvnis laTinuri grafikis sa-fuZvelze Sesrulebuli xelnawerebi (Zveldaniuri saolqo ka-nonebi). 1495 w. daniur enaze daibeWda pirveli nabeWdi wigni. dania sazRvao qveyanaa. misi saxmeleTo sazRvari mxolod 68 km-s Seadgens, sazRvaosi ki _ 7.438 km. qveynis napirebs ekvris baltiisa da CrdiloeTis zRvebi. reliefiT iutlandia da yve-la kunZuli bornxolmis gamoklebiT _ baria. daniis umaRlesi wertili _ indingsuki Zlivs aRwevs zRvis donidan 173 metrs. naleqebis saerTo raodenoba xelsayrelia memindvreobisaTvis. dania evropaSi yvelaze utyeo qveynad iTvleba. tyeebi aq ada-mianTa mravalsaukunovani sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegad gana-dgurda. daniiis teritoriaze adamianis pirveli nakvalevi Cndeba 12 aTasi wlis win _ mezoliTis xanaSi. Tanamedrove daniisa da samxreT Sveciis teritoriaze mcxovrebi tomebi skandinaviis danarCen mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT ganviTarebis ufro maRa-li doniT gamoirCeodnen. ucnobia, ra droidan movidnen aq is tomebi, romelTa enas SeiZleba germanuli an progermanuli vuwodoT. fiqroben, rom germanulenovani tomebi aq dasaxld-nen brinjaos xanis dasawyisSi. gasuli eris dasasrulsa da Cveni eris dasawyisSi daniis teritoriaze cxovrobdnen tevto-nebi (iutlandiis CrdiloeTiT), maTgan samxreTiT _ kimvrebi, iutlandiis samxreT-dasavleT sanapiroze _ ambronebi, ange-lis naxevarkunZulze, romelic Tanamedrove germanul Slezvi-ngTanaa, cxovrobdnen anglebi. axali welTaRricxvis V sauku-neSi iutebi da anglebi britaneTSi gadasaxldnen. maTgan warm-oiSva geografiuli saxelwodebebi _ iutlandia da inglisi. gvian, X saukuneSi iutlandiis samxreT nawilSi Svedi vikinge-

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bis mier daarsebuli samefo arsebobda. iutlandiidan iyvnen gamosuli agreTve vandalebi, romlebic jer kidev Cvens eram-de aqedan samxreTiT, sileziaSi, agreTve pireneis naxevar-kunZulze da Semdeg CrdiloeT afrikaSi wavidnen. daniis kun-Zulebze da samxreT SveciaSi gerulebi cxovrobdnen, romle-bic III-IV ss-Si danebma Seaviwroves. maT iutlandiac daikaves. danebis tomobrivi saxelwodeba cnobilia bizantieli isto-rikos prokofisaTvis (danoi) da guTebis istorikos iorda-nisaTvis (dani). Zvelinglisuri forma sityvisa `dane~ gvxv-deba anglosaqsur eposSi `beovulfi~. iordanis mixedviT, da-nebi Sveciidan gamovidnen, romlebmac aqedan gerulebi gayares. danebidan warmoiqmna maT mier dakavebuli miwebis sa-xelwodeba _ `danmark~ (sityvasityviT: danebis miwa, anu dania). danebi da zemoT dasaxelebuli tomebis nawili danieli xa-lxis formirebis eTnikur safuZvlad iqcnen. danielebis Sema-dgenlobaSi nawilobriv Sevidnen iutlandiis samxreT-dasav-leTiT mcxovrebi frizebic da baltiispireli slavebi. axali welTaRricxvis I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi iutlan-diisa da kunZulebis mosaxleoba jer kidev Temuri wyobile-biT cxovrobda. maTi mTavari saqmianoba miwaTmoqmedeba da me-cxoveleoba iyo. VI-IX saukuneebSi aq Temis SigniT qonebrivi diferenciacia daiwyo. I aTaswleulis bolos patara tomebi erTmaneTs Seerwynen da warmoiqmna saxelmwifo, romlis saTa-veSi idga konungi. IX saukunis dasawyisSi danieli konungi go-dfredi (+810 w.) ukve flobda mTel danias, Sveciis samxreT nawilsa (skone) da Slezvingis did nawils. skandinaviis istoriaSi pirvelyofili wyobilebidan feoda-lizmze gadasvlis epoqa, esaa e.w. vikingebis epoqa (daaxl. 800 wlidan 1050 wlamde). vikingebis laSqrobebma da dapyrobebma daniaSi feodalizaciis procesi daaCqara. maT safuZveli Cau-yares qveynis politikur gaerTianebas. 866 wels danieli vikin-gi gutrumi gadavida aRmosavleT inglisSi, miwebis mniSvnelo-vani nawili daipyro da Tavi mefed gamoacxada. 911 wels danie-lma da norvegielma vikingebma md. senis SesarTavTan norman-diis sahercogo daaarses. dRes safrangeTis am provincias no-rmandias uwodeben (kontinentur evropaSi yvela skandinavieli vikingi eTnonim `normanis~ saxeliT iyo cnobili). vikingebis periodSi aRmosavleT inglisisa da normandiis axalmosaxlee-bi laparakobdnen maT mSobliur skandinaviur enebze, ZiriTa-

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dad daniurze, rasac aRmosavleT inglisis istoriuli olqis Danelaw-is saxelwodebac adasturebs. inglisur enaSi bevri skandinaviuri sityvaa Sesuli. es sity-vebi xSirad gvxvdeba inglisis Sua saukuneebis iuridiul do-kumentebSi da dRemde Seadgens inglisuri enis leqsikis mniSv-nelovan nawils. Tanamedrove norvegiis, Sveciisa da daniis miwebze Camoyali-bdnen skandinavieli xalxebi: norvegielebi, Svedebi da danie-lebi. maTi Camoyalibebis procesi jer kidev vikingebis dros daiwyo. ramdenime saukunis Semdegac enebs Soris gansxvaveba imdenad araarsebiTi iyo, rom mTlianad yvela skandinaviuri ena jer kidev daniur enad (dansk tugna) iwodeboda. imave dros daniuri da Sveduri enebis sxvadasxva saxelwodebac arsebob-da _ `danskr~ (daniuri) da `sionskr~ (Sveduri), xolo norve-giuli, islandiuri da fareruli enebi XIV saukunemde atareb-da saerTo saxelwodebas _ `nuriont mal~. daniuri saliteraturo enis safuZvlad iqca saxelmwifos yvelaze dasaxlebuli kunZulis _ zelandiis dialeqti, upira-tesad kopenhagenis metyveleba. am dros daniuri ena gavrcelda agreTve CrdiloeTSi, norvegiul miwebze, sadac is administra-ciul da saeklesio enad iqca. danielebma qristianoba miiRes mefe xarald lurjkbilas dros (940-985), romelmac eklesias miwebi misca da feodaluri privilegiebi mianiWa. dRes danielebi ZiriTadad luTeranebi, agreTve sxvadasxva protestantuli mimdinareobis mimdevarni da kaTolikeebi arian. daniaSi kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba XVI saukuneSi Seicvala luTeranizmiT, romelic saxelmwifo re-ligiad iqca; es imas niSnavda, rom eklesiis meTaurs mefe war-moadgenda. danielebSi Zalian popularulia wminda hansisa da wminda luciis dResaswaulebi. wminda hansis dRes daniis mTel sanapiroze koconebs anTeben. wminda luciis dRes ko-leqtiurad aRniSnaven skolebSi, universitetebsa da dawesebu-lebebSi. reformaciis Semdeg laTinuri, romelic eklesiis ena iyo, daniuriT Seicvala da aqedan mokidebuli saeklesio literatura mxolod daniur enaze gamodioda, magram daniur samecniero literaturaSi XVIII saukunis bolomde laTinuri ena iyo gabatonebuli. jer kidev XIX saukunis I naxevarSi da-niis uZveles _ kopenhagenis universitetSi (daarsda 1479 wels) yvela dResaswaulis aRsaniSnavad laTinur enas iyenebdnen. 1874 wels danias CamoSorda norvegia.

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mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi XIX saukunis Sua xane-bamde daniis ZiriTadi produqcia iyo marcvleuli _ xorbali, Wvavi (svili), qeri. gatanili xorblis sanacvlod danielebi samrewvelo nakeTobebs iRebdnen. gvian ganviTarda saxorce-sa-rZeve mecxoveleoba. XX saukunis dasawyisamde mosaxleobis na-xevarze meti soflis meurneobaSi iyo dasaqmebuli. daniis mi-wa nayofieri ar iyo, radgan iutlandiis mTeli dasavleTi sa-napiro uzarmazar unayofo qviSian steps warmoadgenda. Crdi-lo-dasavleTis civi qarebi qviSis mTel `Rrublebs~ qveynis SigniT leqavda, rac mcenareulobas anadgurebda, magram dani-elebma qviSis winaaRmdeg brZola iswavles. iutlandiis mTel dasavleT sanapiros yvela duinSi tyeebi gaaSenes. amave dros aSrobdnen torfis Waobebsac, raTa mis adgilze balaxi moe-yvanaT. danielebi farToT iyenebdnen organul sasuqebsac, ra-mac bevrad aamaRla sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosavali. dania gadaiqca TiTqosda did keTilmowyobil fermad kargad ganviTarebuli miwaTmoqmedebiT, mecxoveleobiT, sarZeve meur-neobiT. danielebma gamoiyvanes msxvilfexa rqosani saqonlis SesaniSnavi jiSebi. danielTa siamayea agreTve bekonis TeTri jiSis Rori. akrZaluli iyo da aris am jiSis Roris qveynidan cocxlad gayvana. ase rom, dania inarCunebs monopolias msof-lioSi am saukeTeso jiSis Rorze. XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi dania industrializaciis gzas daadga. miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanaSi araviTari wiaRiseuli simdidre ar iyo, danielebma moaxerxes TavianTi samSoblos industriul qveynad gadaqceva. kvebis mrewvelobis 80% saeqsportodaa gankuTvnili. karlsbe-rgis ludis qarxnebs didi wvlili SeaqvT qveynis mecnierebi-sa da xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi. karlsbergis fondi iZens xe-lovnebis nimuSebs da uzrunvelyofs samecniero-kvleviTi in-stitutebis dafinansebas. dania iyofa 25 administraciul okrugad (amtebad). saxelmwi-foebrivi mowyobis formiT dania sakonstitucio monarqiaa. da-nielTa 62% qalaqebSi cxovrobs. daniaSi 78 qalaqia da amaT-gan 100 aTasze meti mcxovrebi mxolod sam qalaqSia (kopenhage-ni, orxusi, odense). danielTa xelosnobis tradiciuli dargebia: mWedloba, sai-uveliro, sameTuneo warmoeba, xeze kveTa, qsova, mexaliCeoba. XIX saukuneSi xeze nakveT namuSevrebSi cxovelebis gamosaxu-lebani Warbobda. qsovdnen rogorc qalebi, ise mamakacebi. da-niaSi ganviTarebuli iyo faifuris warmoebac.

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danielebis da maT monaTesave skandinavielTa Tanamedrove tansacmelSi Salis naqsovi qsovilebi Warbobs. daniaSi uaRresad popularulia buterbrodebi (700-mde vari-anti). buterbrodi daniuri samzareulos mefis saxeliTaa cno-bili. dRes daniaSi tradiciuli sasmelia yava, romelmac XX saukunis dasawyisSi Cai gamodevna. soflad popularulia gle-xebis mier moxarSuli ludi. tradiciuli daniuri kerZia fafa (xorblis, Svriis, qeris, burRulis, Tavnafqvavi burRu-lis, brinjis). danielebis TiTqmis yoveldRiur sakvebs Sead-gens Tevzeuli. maT sakvebSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia xor-csac. danielTa mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo dResaswaulia mefis da-badebis dRe, religiuri dResaswaulebidan ki _ Soba, aRdgoma. danieli mecnieri nils bori (1885-1962) Tanamedrove fizikis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli iyo. is aris atomis Teoriis avtori. daniurma nacionalurma kulturam Tavisi wvlili Seitana mso-flio kulturis saganZurSi. am TvalsazrisiT hans qristian andersenis (1805-1875) saxelis dasaxelebac ikmarebs, romlis zRaprebic planetis yvela kuTxeSi uyvarT. sayovelTao evro-puli aRiareba aqvs mopovebuli mweral ludvig holbergs (1684-1754). igi iyo daniuri Teatris fuZemdebeli da avtori wignisa `daniis saxelmwifos istoria~. XVI saukunemde danieli xalxis anTroponimiuli modeli is-eTive iyo, rogoric dRes islandielebs aqvT _ is individua-luri saxelisa da mamis saxelisagan Sedgeboda. modelis meo-re wevri, mamis saxeli bolovdeboda –sen-iT. Zalian xSirad aq mamis saxels sacxovrebeli adgilis saxelwodeba cvlida. Tavdapirvelad gvarovnuli memkvidreobiTi saxelebi Tavadaz-naurobas gauCnda. 1526 wels daniis mefis miwerilobiT aznau-rebs urCies gvarovnuli saxelebis oficialurad gaformeba. glexTa Soris memkvidreobiTi saxelebis damkvidreba XIX sau-kuneSi dasrulda _ mamis saxelebi pirdapir gvarsaxelebad gardaiqmna. daniaSi memkvidreobiTi saxelebis daaxloebiT 40% -sen sufiqsiT bolovdeba. rac Seexeba toponimiuri tipis gva-rebs, isini – (l) iing formants irTaven. danielebi materialuri da sulieri kulturiT axlos arian Svedebsa da norvegielebTan, magram maTgan xasiaTiT gansxvav-debian. Tu Svedebi da norvegielebi Caketilni da Zunwsityvao-biT gamorCeulni arian, danielebi am mxriv maTgan radikalu-

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rad gansxvavdebian: arian Ria, mxiarulni, sityvauxvni; amayoben imiT, rom axasiaTebT gonebamaxviloba da iumoris grZnoba. daniis dedaqalaq kopenhagens `CrdiloeTis parizs~ uwode-ben, romelSic bevri taZari, cixesimagre da muzeumia.

2.31. Sotlandielebi Sotlandielebis TviTsaxelwodebaa skots. isini didi bri-taneTis CrdiloeTSi cxovroben (5,19 mil.). SotlandielTa sae-rTo raodenoba 6,1 milionia. daaxloebiT 900 aTasi sxva qvey-nebSi cxovrobs _ aSS-Si (280 aTasi kaci), kanadaSi (300 aTasi kaci), avstraliaSi (260 aTasi kaci), axal zelandiaSi (45 aTa-si), samxreT afrikis respublikaSi (24 aTasi) da sxv. Sotlan-dielebSi gamoyofen loulenderebisa da gelebis jgufebs. is-ini miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis atlantur-baltiur rasas. laparakoben inglisSi gavrcelebuli inglisuri enis dialeqtze. damwerloba Seqmnili aqvT laTinuri anbanis safu-Zvelze. SotlandielTa umetesoba religiiT protestantia (Zi-riTadad presviterelebi; arian anglikanebic). gelebi umetesad kaTolikeebi arian. inglisisa da Sotlandiis mosaxleobis eTnikuri istoria gansxvavdeboda. es gansxvaveba im faqtiT aixsneba, rom romael-Ta, gvian ki anglosaqsTa dapyrobebi Sotlandieli xalxis ak-vans _ britaneTis CrdiloeT nawils naklebad Seexo. ax.w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi Sotlandiam mTlianad SeinarCuna kulturuli ier-saxe. qveynis ZiriTadi nawili ekavaT piktebs. samxreTSi cxovrobdnen britebi, romlebic inglisis terito-riidan anglosaqsebis mier iyvnen gamodevnilni. V saukunis da-sasrulsa da VI saukunis dasawyisSi Sotlandiis dasavleT sanapiroze gadmosaxldnen kelturi tomebi _ skotebi, romel-Ta tomobrivi saxelwodeba TandaTan mTeli qveynis saxelwo-debad iqca. Sotlandiis Zvel mkvidrTa _ piktebis (romaeli avtorebi maT kaledonelebs uwodebdnen) eTnikuroba gaurkve-velia. britaneTis kunZulze maT Camoyalibebas kelturi mig-raciis pirvel talRas ukavSireben. Sotlandiis toponimebiT aSkaraa, rom piktebi keltur enaze laparakobdnen, romelic axlos iyo gelebis enasTan. IX saukunis Sua xanebSi, skotebis mier piktebis dapyrobis Semdeg, Seiqmna erTiani samefo, romelmac Tavisi gavlena mTel

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danarCen Sotlandiaze gaavrcela. XI saukunis dasawyisSi am samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen ranebi. anglosaqsuri rane-bis Sotlandiis SemadgenlobaSi CarTvam aq Zveli inglisuri enis TandaTanobiT gavrceleba gamoiwvia, radgan es mxare eko-nomikurad ufro Zlier iyo ganviTarebuli, vidre Sotlandiis sxva mxareebi, magram saxelmwifo enad kvlav geluri rCeboda. Sotlandiis samefoSi xSiri iyo feodalTa urTierTbrZole-bi. mas skandinavielTa Tavdasxmebic asustebda. miuxedavad ami-sa, Sotlandiis samefom Sotlandieli xalxis CamoyalibebaSi pirvelxarisxovani roli Seasrula. normandiuli dapyrobebi Sotlandias ar Seexo. vilhelm dam-pyrobeli pirvel rigSi imiT dakmayofilda, rom Sotlandiis mefem Tavi mis vasalad aRiara, magram am dapyrobis arapirda-piri gavlena metad mniSvnelovani iyo. Sotlandiis miwaze mig-ranti anglosaqsebis nakadma, romlebic normanebisagan mirbo-dnen, aq maTi enis gavrceleba ganapiroba. XII saukuneSi ingli-suri gavlena gaZlierda Sotlandiel da inglisel samefo gvarebs Soris qorwinebebiT. Sotlandiis samefo kari gaing-liselda da is SotlandiaSi anglosaqsuri kulturis erTg-var centrad iqca. am kulturis megzurebi iyvnen Sotlandie-li mefeebisagan samsaxurSi miwveuli ingliseli feodalebi. SotlandiaSi feodaluri sistemis gavrcelebam inglisTan kav-Siri gaaZliera. XIII saukunis dasasruls inglisi Sotlandiis dapyrobas cdilobda, magram inglisis armia damarcxda da 1328 wlis xe-lSekrulebiT inglisma misi damoukidebloba cno. damoukideb-lobisaTvis omma Sotlandielebis nacionaluri SekavSireba gaamyara. XIII saukunis dasasruls mniSvnelovani movlena iyo parlamentis Seqmna da, gansakuTrebiT, saeklesio reforma, ro-melmac XVI saukunis Sua xanebSi presviterizmi ganamtkica. 1560 wels parlamentma miiRo kanoni presviterianuli eklesiis Sotlandiis saxelmwifo religiad cnobis Sesaxeb. Sotlandi-is oficialur enad ki gamocxadda ena, romelic Camoyalibda anglosaqs gadmosaxlebulTa enis safuZvelze adgilobrivi kelturi (geluri) enis gavleniT. mas xSirad uwodebdnen Sot-landiurs. TandaTan ekonomikuri da kulturuli kavSirebis gamoisobiT es Sotlandiuri ena inglisuri enis daileqtis donemde CamoqveiTda da mxolod sasaubro enasa (ZiriTadad soflebSi) da xalxur poeziaSi SemorCa.

119933

inglisTan kavSiri mniSvnelovnad Sesustda XVII saukunis dasawyisSi, rodesac Sotlandielebma didi winaaRmdegoba gau-wies karlos I-s, romelsac surda anglikanuri eklesia kaTo-likurTan daeaxloebina da misi gavlena mTel Sotlandiaze gaevrcelebina. 1625 wels Sotlandieli aznaurebis, samRvde-loebisa da burJuaziis warmomadgenlebma Seadgines konventi _ aqti nacionaluri kavSiris Sesaxeb. presviterianuli ekle-siis dasacavad Sotlandielebma Zlieri armia Sekribes, daika-ves inglisis CrdiloeTi da karlos I aiZules piroba daedo, raTa pativi eca SotlandielTa religiuri da politikuri TavisuflebisaTvis. karlosis daxvretis Semdeg, Sotlandie-lebma TavianT mefed cnes misi Svili, Tumca isini taxtisaT-vis brZolaSi mas arsebiT daxmarebas ar uwevdnen. amasTanave, Sotlandiis armiam inglisis nawilis okupacia moaxdina da misi revoluciis miRwevebs erTgvari saSiSroeba Seuqmna. ami-tom 1650 wels kromvelma Tavisi armia CrdiloeTisaken daZra da Sotlandiis mniSvnelovani nawili daipyro. es iyo ukanaskneli Sejaxeba inglisisa da Sotlandiis armiebs So-ris. axali etapi Sotlandiisa da inglisis urTierTobaSi, Sot-landieli xalxis istoriaSi dasrulda 1707 wlis Semdeg _ Sotlandiisa da inglisis uniiT, rac maT erT saxelmwifoSi srul politikur da ekonomikur gaerTianebas iTvaliswinebda, romelmac miiRo saxelwodeba `didi britaneTi~. Sotlandiel xalxSi es kavSiri popularuli ar iyo da nacionaluri sepa-ratizmi aq xelsayrel niadags kidev didxans poulobda. irlandiis nacionaluri moZraobis gavleniT, Sotlandiis zogierT wreebSi XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi daiwyo moZraoba Sotlandiis TviTmmarTvelobisaT-vis, magram am wamowyebam mosaxleobis farTo fenebisagan mxar-daWera ver moipova da parlamentSi ver gavida. gelebis (goidelebis) saxelwodebiT cnobilia mcire eTniku-ri (eTnografiuli) jgufi, romelic dasaxlebulia CrdiloeT Sotlandiis mTian raionebsa da gebridis kunZulebze. es jgu-fi Sotlandiis kelturi mosaxleobis narCens warmoadgens. eTnikurad gelebs mWidro kavSiri aqvT SotlandielebTan da maTgan gansxvavebiT SenarCunebuli aqvT Zveli kelturi (gelu-ri) ena, romelic axlosaa irlandiur enasTan. geluri (gae-luri, Sotlandiuri, eruli) ena, romelic erT-erTi kelturi enaa, Sotlandiis Crdilo-dasavleTisa da gebridis kunZule-

119944

bis garda, gavrcelebulia agreTve kanadis provinciaSi _ axa-li Sotlandia. warmoSobiT is irlandiuri enis dialeqtad iTvleba. pirveli irlandiuri dasaxleba SotlandiaSi V sau-kuneSi gaCnda. gelurma enam irlandiuri enidan gamocalkeveba mxolod XI-XIII saukuneebSi daiwyo. zogierTi fonetikuri niS-niT gelur enaSi sam dialeqtur zonas gamoyofen: aRmosav-lurs, samxreT-dasavlursa da dasavlurs. samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtze molaparakeni SedarebiT advilad ugeben CrdiloeT irlandiur dialeqtebze metyvelT. geluri enis calkeuli Ze-glebi XVI saukunis dasawyisSi Seiqmna, magram XVIII saukunis Sua xanebamde literaturisa da beWdvisTvis ZiriTadad klasi-kur axal irlandiur enas iyenebdnen. dRes gelur enaze mxatv-ruli literatura arsebobs. mas aswavlian skolaSi, gamodis perioduli gamocemebi da aris radiogadacemebi. gelebs aseve Semonaxuli aqvT kulturisa da yofis zogierTi elementi. gelebi ar emorCilebodnen arc eklesias da arc Sotlandi-is mefeebs. TavianTi teritoriidan samxreTiT mobinadre Sot-landielebs gelebi mtrulad epyrobodnen da weliwadSi or-samjer maTze Tavdasxmebs awyobdnen. XV-XVII saukuneebSi mtkiced iyo Semonaxuli gelebis klanu-ri sistema da is daSlis tendencias jer ar amJRavnebda. yo-vel SemTxvevaSi, zogierTi klanis daSlisTanave, axali klane-bi iqmneboda, maT Soris, iseTi Zlevamosilebi, rogoric iyo kempbelTa klani (5 aTasi kaci), da makkenzTa klani (2,5 aTasi kaci). hailenderTa (mTebSi mcxovrebTa) meurneobis safuZveli mesa-qonleoba da miwaTmoqmedeba iyo. klanebis beladebi TandaTan feodalebad iqceodnen, magram es procesi Zalian nela mimdi-nareobda. feodalizms aq aSkarad `patriarqaluri~ xasiaTi hqonda. XVIII-XIX ss-Si gelebSi Semoinaxa miwaTsargeblobis sistema, romelsac "run-rig" erqva. misi arsi imaSia, rom klanis beladi-sagan an misi vasalebisagan erTi Temis wevrebi erTad iRebd-nen miwas ijariT da akeTebdnen zolebs, yoveli ojaxi yovel zolSi iRebda Tavis wil miwas. miwebis gadanawileba xdeboda periodulad. zogjer miwas Temis yvela wevri erTad xnavda da mxolod amis Semdeg iyofdnen mas. saZovari da mdelo saer-To sargeblobaSi iyo. reformacia mTian olqebs sustad Seexo. aq eklesia TiTqmis saerTod ar iyo da mosaxleobis religia Zveli warmarTuli,

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kaTolikuri da presviteruli sarwmunoebis narevs warmoadge-nda. kromvelis dapyrobebi Sotlandiis CrdiloeTs ar Seexo. mTiani klanebis SeiaraRebulma gamosvlam 1745-1746 wlebSi ma-rcxi ganicada, ramac klanuri sistemis rRveva gamoiwvia. kla-nis bevri beladi gandevnes an daxvrites da klanuri miwebis marTva droebiT gansakuTrebuli samTavrobo komisiis xelSi gadavida. TandaTan klanebis beladebi lendlordebad iqcnen da miwidan patara moijareebis gaZeveba zustad iseve daiwyes, rogorc amas ingliseli lendlordebi akeTebdnen. devnidnen Zvel keltur kulturas, aikrZala nacionaluri kostiumebis tareba, Sotlandiuri stviric ki, radgan is `omis iaraRad~ CaTvales. xelisufleba cdilobda Zirfesvianad aR-moefxvra geluri ena. is aikrZala eklesiebsa da skolebSi, ma-gram gelelTa bavSvebis swavleba imdenad Zneli aRmoCnda, rom 1766 w. inglisurTan erTad geluri enis gamoyenebis nebac darTes. 1767 wels gelur enaze gamovida saxareba, XIX sauku-nis dasawyisSi ki _ biblia, magram aman (iseve rogorc uelsSi) saliteraturo enis aRdgena da gacocxleba ver ganapiroba. geluri ena mxolod salaparako enad SemorCa. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi bevrma gelma kaTolikobaze uari Tqva da isini presviterianelebad iqcnen. Seicvala mTielTa garegnuli ier-saxec. isini patara farebsa da maxvilebs daemS-vidobnen. XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi, mas Semdeg, rac mTeli miwis far-Tobi cxvris fermebs gadaeca, 40 aTasi hailenderi amerikaSi emigrirda. ufro bevri glazgosa da sxva samrewvelo qalaqeb-Si gadasaxlda. aman geluris inglisuri eniT gamodevnis pro-cesi daaCqara. jer kidev 1851 wels SotlandiaSi 50 aTasi ada-miani erTenovani iyo. 1961 wlis monacemebiT, geluri ena icoda 77 aTasma kacma, Tanac 1 aTasi geli (gebridis kunZulebze) mxolod mSobliur gelur enaze laparakobda. Sotlandiis soflis meurneobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa sar-Zeve-saxorce mecxoveleoba. adre saqonels mTis saZovrebze mi-erekebodnen. gelebsa da Sotlandiis samxreTSi ganviTarebu-lia mecxvareoba. adgilobrivi jiSis cxvari wlis ZiriTad mo-nakveTs mTis saZovrebze atarebs. Sotlandielebs mohyavT xorbali, qeri, Saqris Warxali da kartofili. SotlandielTa umetesoba cxovrobs qalaqebsa da qalaqis tipis dasaxlebebSi.

119966

mTebSi dResac SemorCenilia tradiciuli Sotlandiuri ave-jis nimuSebi, romelsac adgilobrivi ostatebi amzadebdnen. Sotlandielebis nacionalurikerZia poriji _ Svriis Txeli fafa, romelic ingliselebSic gaxda popularuli. Zvelad sasmelebidan yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli iyo rZe, magram XIX saukuneSi is Caim gamoaZeva. nacionalur spirtian sasmelad iTvleba viski. "whisky"-s saxelwodeba momdinareobs geluri sityvidan "Uisgebeather", rac `sicocxlis wyals~ niS-navs. yvela Sotlandieli qali grZel qvedatans atarebda. mTian SotlandiaSi gogonebi Tavsaburavis gareSe dadiodnen. quds pirvelad gaTxovebis Semdeg ixuravdnen, rasac Tan axlda gar-kveuli wes-Cveulebis Sesruleba. Sotlandieli da irlandieli mamakacebis tradiciul kabas jer kidev XIV-XV ss-Si bevri saerTo hqonda erTmaneTTan. ro-gorc erTni, ise meoreni zafranisfer selis perangs atarebd-nen, romelic muxlamde aRwevda. aseTi perangi 27 metrze met selis qsovils iTxovda. Sua saukuneebidan dRemde Sotlandi-uri kostiumisaTvis yvelaze niSandoblivia kubokruli qveda-tani. evropis sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, SotlandiaSi Semor-Ca gvarovnulobis gadmonaSTebi. dResac ki erTi soflis mcxovrebT aqvT erTi da igive gvari da bevri Sotlandiuri gvari iwyeba sityviT "Mac" (Svili): Mac Donald, rac niSnavs donaldis klanis (gvaris) Svils, Macintosh _ beladis, winam-ZRolis (toschach) Svili, MacPherson – mRvdlis (parson) Svili. magram, rodesac qals axsenebdnen, “Mac”-s “Nic” cvlida. “MacLevid” Tu levidis klanis Svils niSnavs, NicLevid _ levi-dis klanis qaliSvils. SotlandielebSi bevri toponimizebu-li memkvidreobiTi saxelic gvxvdeba, rac Sotlandiur sazo-gadoebaSi gvarsaxelebis Camoyalibebis dros mtkice feoda-luri niSnebis arsebobis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs. Sotlandiuri klanuri memkvidreobiTi saxeli yovelTvis ar migvaniSnebs maT sisxlismier naTesaobaze, radgan aq mtkice iyo Svilad ay-vanis wes-Cveuleba _ amowyvetili klanebis gadarCenili warmo-madgenlebi xSirad iRebdnen sxva klanebis memkvidreobiT sa-xels. Cveulebriv micvalebulebs saojaxo sasaflaoze krZalaven, im SemTxvevaSic, Tu is Zalian Sors gardaicvala.

119977

1690 wlidan Sotlandias aqvs sakuTari presviterianuli na-cionaluri eklesia. mas milion-naxevari morwmune hyavs. meore adgilzea kaTolikuri eklesia (500 aTasi kaci). sxva eklesiebi 500 aTas morwmunes iTvlis. soflis mosaxleobaSi, gansakuTrebiT gelebSi, didi xnis ga-nmavlobaSi SemorCa Zveli religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi: wminda Webis, wyaroebisa da qvebis Tayvaniscema da maTTvis mo-netebisa da naWrebis Sewirva. aqvT rwmena jadoqrebis, mTis sulebis Sesaxeb. am rwmenaTa gamoZaxili Cans Sotlandiur zRaprebSi, legendebsa da baladebSi. Tavisi xalxis folklo-rul sawyisebTan aqvs kavSiri didi Sotlandieli poetis r. bernsis (1759-1796) Semoqmedebas.

2.32. irlandielebi irlandielebis TviTsaxelwodebaa erinax, airiS (inglisu-rad). irlandiaSi irlandielTa raodenoba 3,6 milionia; cxov-roben agreTve did britaneTSi (2,5 milioni kaci), aSS-Si (1,6 milioni), kanadaSi (200 aTasi kaci), avstraliaSi (72 aTasi). ma-Ti saerTo raodenoba 7,8 milionia. irlandielebi miekuTvnebi-an didi evropeiduli rasis atlantur-baltiur rasas. lapara-koben inglisur enaze. irlandiuri (geluri) ena ZiriTadad ga-vrcelebulia irlandiis dasavleTsa da samxreTSi. irlandiu-ri ena kelturi jgufis enaa. is irlandiaSi, inglisurTan er-Tad oficialur saxelmwifo enad iTvleba. irlandiur enaze laparakoben CrdiloeT irlandiaSic. sul irlandiur enaze molaparakeTa raodenobas daaxloebiT 600 aTasi kaciT gansaz-Rvraven. irlandielTa udidesi nawili inglisuri eniT sarge-blobs. gamoyofen sam dialeqts: munsteruls, konaxtursa da ulsteruls, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, mravalricxovan qvedia-leqtebad da kilokavebad iyofa. dialeqtebs Soris gansxvaveba zogjer imdenad didia, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi urTierTga-gebineba Wirs. irlandiuri enis istoriaSi gamoiyofa ramdeni-me periodi. masSi aris laTinur nasesxobTa ramdenime fena, romelic britebis gziT gavrcelda. gvxvdeba nasesxobani TviT brituli enebidan. XII saukunidan XV saukunemde irlandiur enaSi bevri franguli sityva SeiWra (anglo-normandiuli). irlandiur enaze inglisuri enis gavlena dResac grZeldeba. XVIII-XIX saukuneebis yvela Zegli ama Tu im dialeqtis amsax-velia. erTiani axali saliteraturo enis normebi XX saukunis

119988

dasawyisSi gamomuSavda. irlandiuri enis damwerloba axali welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi Seiqmna. ogamis warweras IV-VII saukuneebs miakuTvneben. laTinuri damwerloba V-VI sau-kuneebis mijnaze SemoiRes. xelnaweri literaturuli Zeglebi XI-XII saukuneebidan aris cnobili. irlandiur enaze arsebobs mdidari originaluri da naTargmni literatura. mas aswavli-an skolebSic. mkvlevarTa varaudiT, irlandiis Zveli mosaxleoba iberiu-li tomebis monaTesave iyo, romlebic gansaxlebulni iyvnen pireneis naxevarkunZulze. Zv.w. IV saukuneebSi irlandiaSi ev-ropidan gadmosaxldnen kelturi tomebi, romlebic gelebis saerTo saxelwodebiT iyvnen cnobili. es termini (irlandie-li gelebi) qveynis ZiriTadi mosaxleobis aRsaniSnavad dRemde SemorCa. kunZulis adgilobrivi mosaxleoba keltebma nawi-lobriv Seaviwroves da nawilobriv Seerivnen maT, rac irlan-dieli xalxis Camoyalibebis eTnikuri safuZveli gaxda. irla-ndiaSi keltebma Tan moitanes sakmaod ganviTarebuli kultu-ra da gvarovnuli organizacia. Taviseburma geografiulma da istoriulma pirobebma Zvel irlandielTa yofis konservacia ganapirobes. arcTu ise didi xnis win qveynis Sida raionebSi (provincia koniuti, dasavleTSi) SemorCenili iyo materialu-ri da sulieri kulturis arqauli elementebi, romlebic Zve-li keltebis kulturidan momdinareobda. adre Sua saukuneebSi irlandiis kunZulebze ramdenime feo-daluri saxelmwifo Camoyalibda. V saukunidan irlandiaSi gavrcelda qristianoba. irlandiis istoriaSi XII saukune sa-bediswero saukuned iTvleba. 1169 wels irlandiis terito-riaze pirvelad SemoiWrnen anglosaqsebi. am droidan daiwyo irlandiis dapyroba. dampyroblebi Tavdapirvelad mxolod aRmosavleT da samx-reT-aRmosavleT sanapiroze gamagrdnen. maT irlandielTa Zlieri gavlena ganicades. klanebis beladebTan kargi urTier-Tobis dasamyareblad, ingliselma lordebma daqorwinebis gziT maTTan danaTesaveba daiwyes. dampyroblebis gelizacia ise swrafad mimdinareobda, rom 1367 wels parlamentma gamos-ca e.w. kilkeniis statuti, romliTac irlandielebTan Sereu-li qorwineba aikrZala da, saerTod, yovelgvari piradi ur-TierToba isjeboda, rogorc saxelmwifo Ralati. inglise-lebs aekrZalaT irlandiuri saxelebis darqmeva, agreTve tan-sacmlis, enisa da wesebis gamoyeneba, rac qonebis konfiska-

119999

cias iTvaliswinebda. amis Semdeg dampyroblebsa da irlandie-lebs Soris urTierToba Seicvala. irlandielTa Seviwroveba gansakuTrebiT XVI-XVII saukuneeb-Si gaZlierda, rodesac religiurma reformaciam aq religiur-nacionaluri ajanyebebi gamoiwvia. 1649 wels kromvelma sasti-kad CaaxSo irlandielTa ajanyeba. irlandielebis raodenoba 1646 wels 1,5 milionidan 1652 wlisaTvis 850 aTasamde Semcir-da. XVII saukunis bolos irlandiis dapyroba dasrulda da qveyana arsebiTad inglisis koloniad iqca, magram irlandie-lebi dampyroblebs ar emorCilebodnen da ramdenjerme aujan-ydnen. XVII saukuneSi, antiinglisuri ajanyebis Caqrobis Sem-deg, irlandiis intensiuri kolonizacia mimdinareobda. am dros araerTi irlandiuri klani mTis unayofo adgilebSi gadasaxlda. XIX saukunisis Sua xanebSi erTma milionma irlandielma sa-mSoblo datova. ingliselebi devnidnen gelur enasa da kul-turas, krZalavdnen irlandiur simRerebs, tradiciuli tansa-cmlis tarebas. pirveli msoflio omis dros irlandielTa na-cionalur-ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam axali masStabebi miiRo. mTeli irlandiis dakargvis SiSiT ingliselma xeli-suflebma mas iZulebiT dominionis statusi mianiWes. Semdeg ki _ 1948 wels irlandiis sruli damoukidebloba cnes, Tumca winaswar CrdiloeT irlandia moswyvites. XIX saukunemde irlandia samiwaTmoqmedo qveyana iyo. XIX sa-ukunis meore naxevarSi, inglisis zewoliT, romelsac mecxo-veleobis produqtebi esaWiroeboda, moxda agraruli gadatri-aleba da irlandiaSi mecxoveleobam wamyvani poziciebi daika-va. saxnavebis saZovrebad gadaqcevam miwidan glexebis masobri-vi gamodevna gamoiwvia. amis gamo, glexobis didi nawili iZu-lebuli iyo sazRvargareT emigrirebuliyo. irlandiis mTavari samiwaTmoqmedo kulturaa kartofili, romlis mosavlis aRebaSi TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba monawi-leobs. dasavleTis mTian raionebSi ganviTarebulia mecxvare-oba. irlandielTa tradiciuli saqmianoba meTevzeobac iyo. sofel adgilebSi sawvavis erTaderTi saxe iyo torfi. Zvel irlandiaSi, iseve rogorc SotlandiaSi, safuariani puris gamocxoba ar icodnen; Svriisa da qerisagan Txel purs acxobdnen. rogorc aRvniSneT, XIX saukuneSi irlandielTa ZiriTadi sakvebi produqti kartofili iyo. kartofilis mousavlianoba

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SimSils iwvevda. gansakuTrebiT saSineli iyo 1845-1847 wlebis SimSiloba, ramac masobrivi sikvdilianoba gamoiwvia. SimSi-lobam biZgi misca mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani raodenobis ing-lissa da okeanis gaRma gadasaxlebas. amis Semdeg irlandiel-TaTvis migracia Tanmdev movlenad iqca. sakvebSi tradiciu-lad didi adgili ukavia kartofils, rZis produqtebs, Svriis fafas, Tevzs. irlandielebi rZes didi raodenobiT miirTmeven. rZis moxmarebiT isini msoflioSi pirvel adgilze dganan. ir-landielTa sayvareli sasmelia tkbili da Zalian magari Cai. irlandielebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia gviandeli qorwineba. mamakacebis 62% 30-35 wlis asakSi jer kidev dasaojaxebelia. qalebis 42% amave asakSi martoxelaa. evropis umetesi qvey-nebisaTvis gviandeli qorwineba qalaqebis mkvidrTaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, irlandiaSi ki piriqiTaa _ soflis mcxov-rebni qalaqis mkvidrebze gvian qorwindebian. es movlena ekonomikuri mizezebiTaa gamowveuli. miuxedavad amisa, irlan-dielebSi mosaxleobis mateba normaluria, radgan maTi ojaxe-bi, Cveulebriv, mravalSviliania. soflebSi jer kidev SemorCenilia patriarqaluri urTier-Tobani. yvela ucolo mamakacs, misi asakis miuxedavad, uwode-ben "boy" - biWi da gasaTxovar qals _ "girl" _ gogona. xSirad aseTi `biWi~ 50 welze metisaa da qalaqSi gasamgzavrebeli fu-li mamas unda sTxovos. bevri saqorwino wes-Cveuleba axlacaa SenarCunebuli, oRond Secvlili saxiT. adre qorwinebas win maWankloba (garigeba) uswrebda. britaneTis yvela keltebSi qorwilis dRes nefe-de-doflis naTesavebi asparezobdnen _ patarZlis saxls romeli mxare miaRwevda pirveli. XIX saukunidan emigraciaSi wamsvle-lTa gacilebis wes-Cveuleba damkvidrda. XIX saukuneSi irlandiaSi jer kidev arsebobda gvarovnu-li wyobilebis gadmonaSTebi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Zveli kel-tebis klanuri sistema. aq arsebobda miwaze koleqtiuri gva-rovnuli sakuTreba, gvaris uxucesis, anu beladis xelisuf-leba, Svilad ayvanis wes-Cveuleba da sxv. klanuri sistemis gadmonaSTebi gvarebis saxelwodebebSia Semonaxuli. gvarsaxe-lebis mniSvnelovani raodenoba TavsarTiT _ "Mac" _ iwyeba, ise rogorc SotlandiaSi. magram irlandiaSi iwereba "Mc" an "O", magaliTad `o'braien~, rac adre niSnavda `brainis klanis SviliSvils~. irlandielebSi gvarsaxelebi X-XI saukuneebSi warmoiqmna. patronimiuli xasiaTis gvar-saxelebis garda, ir-

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landiaSi bevria iseTi memkvidreobiTi saxeli, romlebsac sa-fuZvlad toponimebi aqvs. irlandiaSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli sakuTari saxelebia wmindanTa da bibliis personaJTa saxele-bi, radgan kaTolikuri eklesia aq ganusazRvreli gavleniT sargeblobs da bavSvebisTvis saxelis darqmeva misi preroga-tivaa. gansakuTrebiT popularulia iseTi saxelebi, rogorebi-

caa: John, Patrick, Michael, James, Thomas, qalTa saxelebidan − Mapy. inglisis politikis Sedegad Zveli kelturi saxelebi XVII saukuneSi TiTqmis gaqra. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi irlandiaSi yvelgan arsebobda sasof-lo Temi, romlis gadmonaSTebi XIX saukunemde SemorCa. drodadro xdeboda miwebis gadanawileba; Waobi da saZovari ki saerTo sargeblobaSi iyo. irlandielTa umravlesoba kaTolicizmis mimdevaria (76% mTel kunZulze da 94% _ irlandiis respublikaSi). bevri pro-testanti cxovrobs olsterSi. isini ZiriTadad Sotlandiis presveterianul da anglikanur eklesiebs miekuTvnebian. 1847 wels, SimSilobis dros, ingliselebma isargebles irlandie-lebis ubedurebiT da bevri maTgani mciredi daxmarebis sanac-vlod protestantad moaqcies. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mezobe-li kaTolikeebi aseT protestantebs zizRiT "sawvneebs" uwo-debdnen. religiuri ganxeTqileba gansakuTrebiT Zlieri iyo olsterSi. swored am ganxeTqilebiT isargebla inglisma ir-landiis gayofisas. saerTod irlandielebSi kaTolikur ekle-sias didi gavlena aqvs, rac imiT aixsneba, rom saukuneebis ga-nmavlobaSi irlandielebi masSi protestanti ingliselebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mokavSires xedavdnen. irlandilebma saerTod ar icodnen gunduri simRerebi, rom-lebic ase gavrcelebuli iyo uelselebSi. sakravebidan Zali-an popularuli iyo arfa. is irlandielebis nacionaluri emb-lemacaa. xalxuri cekvebidan ufro gavrcelebulia Zalian swrafi da ritmuli `ril~ da `Jiga~ (am cekvebs Sotlandiele-bic cekvaven). misi damaxasiaTebeli niSani isaa, rom mocekvaves tanis zeda nawili yovelTvis uZrav mdgomareobaSi aqvs. dRei-saTvis mestvireTa orkestris musikosebi stilizebul xalxur kostiumebs icvamen. sadResaswaulo tansacmelSi mwvane feri Warbobs, romelic nacionalur ferad iTvleba. ingliselTa xangrZlivma batonobam irlandiuri enis TiTq-mis sruli daviwyeba gamoiwvia. dReisaTvis irlandiur enaze laparakoben mxolod dasavleTis da samxreTis zogierT adgi-

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las, agreTve olsteris Crdilo-dasavleTiT. im olqebs, sadac jer kidev SeiZleba gaigo kelturi metyveleba, uwodeben "Gael-tacht". 1936 wels irlandiurad metyvelebda 667 aTasi kaci, Ta-nac TiToeuli maTgani orenovani iyo. 1946 wels irlandiur enaze molaparakeTa ricxvi 589 aTas kacamde Semcirda. dReisaTvis irlandiuri ena skolebSi iswavleba. is savalde-bulo sagania da unda icodes yvela saxelmwifo moxelem, mas-wavlebelma. saxelmwifo dokumentebi or enaze _ inglisursa da irlandiurze gamoicema. irlandiur enaze werda poeti pat-rik o’konori. irlandieli iyo modernistuli poeziis warmo-madgeneli jeims joisi (1882-1941). warmoSobiT irlandieli iyo cnobili amerikeli mwerali Tomas main ridi (1818-1883).

2.33. olsterelebi olsterelebi CrdiloeT irlandiis (olsteris) protestanti inglisurenovani anglo-irlandielebisa da Sotlando-irlan-dielebis pirobiTi saxelwodebaa. maTi raodenoba 1 mil. 200 aTasi kacia. isini ZiriTadad XVII s-Si inglisidan da Sotlan-diidan gadmosaxlebulTa STamomavlebi arian. irlandiis sxva olqebisagan gansxvavebiT, olsterSi britanelTa mier misi da-pyrobis Semdeg, miwas ara msxvil lendlordebs aZlevdnen, ar-amed wvril fermerebs, ramac ricxobrivad Warbi protestantu-li (ZiriTadad anglikanuri da presviterianuli) mosaxleobis Camoyalibeba gamoiwvia. isini qalaqis mosaxleobis did na-wils Seadgendnen. kolonizaciis dawyebidan olsterelebisa da kaTolike irlandielebis urTierToba mtruli iyo da is mxolod ekonomikuri urTierTobiT Semoifargleboda. Sereu-li qorwineba iSviaTi iyo da am ori jgufis ganviTareba da-moukideblad xdeboda. olsterelebi inglisis samefo taxtze kaTolike iakob II-is winaaRmdeg aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars vi-lhelm oranelis samxedro qmedebebs. 1690 wlis 12 ivniss _ ia-kob II-is ganadgurebis dRes CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, rogorc dResaswauls ise aRniSnaven. aRniSnuli ori eTnikuri jgufis dapirispireba CrdiloeT irlandiaSi dResac grZeldeba. dapi-rispireba dRes eTnoreligiur xasiaTs atarebs. irlandielebi didi britaneTisagan politikuri damoukideblobisaTvis ibrZ-vian. olsterelebi ki am kavSiris momxreni arian. 1921 wlis in-glisisa da irlandiis xelSekrulebiT CrdiloeT irlandiam gansakuTrebuli statusi miiRo didi britaneTis Semadgenlo-

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baSi. aq mcxovrebi irlandielebi ki diskriminaciuli umcire-sobis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. materialuri kulturis sferoSi olsterelebi axlos arian ingliselebsa da SotlandielebTan. irlandielebsa da ols-terelebs Soris sulier kulturaSi gansxvaveba ki ZiriTa-dad religiiTaa gapirobebuli, romelic aq mniSvnelovani eT-nikuri niSania.

2.34. uelselebi (valielebi) uelselebi (valielebi) did britaneTSi uelsis naxevarkun-Zulis mkvidri mosaxleobaa. maTi raodenoba 800 aTasia. uelse-lebi (valielebi) cxovroben agreTve aSS-Si (50 aTasi kaci), ka-nadaSi (30 aTasi kaci), samxreT afrikis respublikaSi, avstra-liasa da axal zelandiaSi. saerTo raodenoba 1 milioni ka-cia. miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis atlantur-balti-ur rasas. uelselebis (valielebis) ena indoevropul enaTa ojaxis kelturi jgufis britul qvejgufs ekuTvnis. damwer-loba Seqmnili aqvT laTinuri grafikis safuZvelze. uelsele-bis umetesoba (510 aTasi) laparakobs inglisur enaze. uelsur enaze daaxl. 10 aTasi kaci laparakobs argentinaSi. gamoyofen or dialeqtur zonas: Crdiloursa da samxruls. Tanamedrove saliteraturo ena Camoyalibda XVI saukunis dasasruls. mas Semdeg man mxolod umniSvnelo cvlileba ganicada. religiiT isini ZiriTadad anglikanuri eklesiis mimdevrebi arian. Cveni eris dasawyisSi uelsi ZiriTadad kelturi tomebiT _ kimrebiT (kambrielebiT) iyo dasaxlebuli. romaelebis kultu-ruli gavlena adgilobriv mosaxleobaze, Tu ar CavTvliT qristianobis gavrcelebas, umniSvnelo iyo. uelsis mosaxleo-bisaTvis ufro seriozuli aRmoCnda anglosaqsuri dapyrobebi. ukve VII saukunisaTvis kimrebi aq gadmosaxlebul britebTan erTad sxva kelturenovan raionebs miawydnen, magram dapyrobi-lni ar aRmoCndnen. anglosaqsebis winaaRmdeg brZolisas safu-Zveli Caeyara uelsel xalxs. normandielTa mier uelsis politikurma daqucmacebulobam misi dapyroba gaaadvila. normandielebma Tavdapirvelad daip-yres samxreT uelsis erTi raioni _ pembriki. XIII saukuneSi is TiTqmis gawmendili iqna kelturi mosaxleobisagan da dasax-lebul iqna norman-frangebiT da maT mier mowveuli flaman-dielebiT. normanebma SeZles dablobebis dapyroba, SedarebiT

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maRlobi adgilebi ki kelturi gvarebis mflobelobaSi darCa. normanebma aq daaarses dasayrdeni punqtebi _ cixesimagreebi, romelTa irgvliv gvian miwaTmoqmed anglosaqsTa soflebi wa-rmoiqmna. XIII saukunis meore naxevarSi uelsi damoukidebel saxelmwi-fod mogvevlina. es periodi iyo uelsuri poeziis, saerTod, literaturis ayvavebis dro. am periodSi iyo cdebic, rom uelsis eklesia kenterberieli arqiepiskoposis daqvemdebare-bidan gamosuliyo. 1277-1282 wlebSi inglisis mefem, eduard V-em mTeli uelsi daipyro, ramac uelselTa kulturul TavisTavadobas wyali Seuyena. am droidan inglisurma enam gza gaikafa uelsis sazo-gadoebis yvela fenisken. aman piruku procesic gamoiwvia _ ue-lselTa nacionaluri grZnoba kvlav gamococxlda. daiwyo ue-lsuri literaturis axali aRmavloba, romlis SesaniSnavi wa-rmomadgeneli iyo daviT gvelimi (1325-1380). henrix VIII cdilo-bda uelselTa nacionaluri separatizmis aRmofxvras _ yvela sagrafoSi inglisuri oficialur enad gamocxadda. uelsSi reformaciam SedarebiT wynarad Caiara, Tumca bevrma uelselma kaTolikoba SeinarCuna. uelsuri mxolod sasaubro enad SemorCa. elisabedis mefobis dros, 1563 wels, parlamen-tma miiRo dadgenileba uelsur enaze bibliis Targmnis Sesa-xeb. uelsur enaze bibliis Targmnam uelsuri enis gadarCena-sa da SenarCunebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa. is gaiwminda bevri vulgarizmisa da inglisuri enis nasesxobebisagan. XVIII saukunis bolos uelsSi Seiqmna ramdenime sazogadoeba, rom-lebmac skolebi daaarses. am skolebSi bavSvebs ganaTlebas mSobliur enaze aZlevdnen. XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi uelsuri kulturuli cxovrebis gamo-cocxlebam inglisuri enis gavrceleba ver SeaCera, romlis codna aucilebeli iyo uelsis sazogadoebis yvela fenisaT-vis. esmodaT ra am procesis Seuqcevadoba, uelseli nacio-nalistebi miiswrafodnen SeenarCunebinaT Tundac orenovneba, umTavresad skolebSi uelsuri enis danergvis gziT, magram sufTa uelsuri skolebi cota iyo, Sereul skolebSi ki ise iyo gabatonebuli inglisuri, rom uelselma axalgazrdobam ufro kargad icoda inglisuri, vidre uelsuri. inglisuri enis SeRweva gansakuTrebiT intensiurad mimdinareobda samx-reT uelsSi. CrdiloeTsa da mTian raionebSi uelsuri enis poziciebi sakmaod didxans myari iyo. 1891 w. uelsuri enis

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mcodneTa saerTo ricxvi 910 aTasidan 656 aTasamde Semcirda. 1961 wels uelsis mosaxleobis 25% icoda uelsuri ena. esaa ZiriTadad dasavleTi da centraluri raionebi. qalaqelebs Soris uelsuri enis mcodne Zalian cotaa: 1931 wels _ 4%, 1951 wels _ 1,7%. uelselebi cxovroben inglisis sxvadasxva raionSic. 1951 wlis monacemebiT, inglisis provinciebSi 600 aTasi uelseli mkvidrobda. uelsis soflis meurneobis mTavari dargia mecxoveleoba: saxorce _ CrdiloeTSi, sarZeve _ samxreTsa da centrSi. mecx-vareoba aq ufro naklebadaa ganviTarebuli, vidre Sotlandia-Si, Tumca CrdiloeT uelsis mTebSi mxolod cxvris moSenebas misdeven. uelselebis tradiciuli saxli e.w. grZeli saxlia. esaa er-TsarTuliani grZeli nageboba, romelSic erTi saxuravis qveS moqceulia sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobani, magram axla sameurneo nagebobani ukve calke, saxlisagan moSorebiT dgas. Sotlandiisa da irlandiisagan gansxvavebiT, uelsSi klanis saxelwodebebs gvarsaxelebad ar iformebdnen. isini XVI s-dan gvarad iRebdnen winapris saxels, romelic xSirad oTxi-xuTi Taobis win cxovrobda. uelselebis anTroponimiuli modeli maSin aseTi iyo: "David ap Richard ap Gwilliam" ("ap", "ab" iyo "mab"-is Semoklebuli forma, rac Svils niSnavs). qaliSvile-bic aseve mamis saxeliT iwodebodnen, oRond sityvas "ap" am SemTxvevaSi cvlidnen sityviT "ver" ("verch" _ qaliSvili). es sistema XIX saukuneSi gaqra. dRes uelselTa gvarebis umete-soba mamis saxelidan momdinareobs. uelselTa umetesoba anglikanur eklesias miekuTvneba, mag-ram XIX saukunisaTvis uelsis mosaxleobis 80% nonkonformi-stTa seqtis mimdevari iyo. anglikanobis erTguli darCa upi-ratesad samiwaTmoqmedo aristokratia. uelsSi bevria seqta da maT Soris qorwinebac sakmaod xSiria. aseTi qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi coli gadadis qmris seq-taSi. es iseT Cveulebriv movlenad iTvleba, rogorc colis mier qmris gvaris miReba. 1920 wlidan uelsis anglikanuri eklesia faqtobrivad didi britaneTis anglikanuri eklesiis daqvemdebarebidan gamovida _ is ufro nacionaluri gaxda. amis Semdeg uelselTa Soris am eklesiis mimdevrebi gamravldnen. ukanasknel wlebSi gaiza-rda kaTolicizmis gavlenac. kaTolike mRvdlebma SeZles ue-lselTa nacionalur grZnobebze eTamaSaT.

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2.35. bretonelebi bretonelebi safrangeTSi mcxovrebi kelturi modgmis xal-xia. cxovroben bretanis dasavleT nawilsa da safrangeTis sxva provinciebSi. bretonelebi milionze metni arian. anTro-pologiurad miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis atlan-tur-baltiur rasas. bretonelebi momdinareoben kelturi to-midan _ britebidan, romlebic ax.w. V-VII ss-Si britaneTis kun-Zulidan pimorokis naxevarkunZulze gadmosaxldnen. britebma naxevarkunZuls Tavisi saxeli uwodes. kontinentze gadmosax-lebisas bretonelebi ukve qristianebi iyvnen. karlos didis dros bretani mis imperiaSi Sedioda. maSin bretanis mmarTve-li iyo grafi rolandi _ cnobili eposis, `simRera roland-ze~ gmiri. Semdeg bretoni damoukidebel sahercogod iqca. bretonelebi damoukideblobisaTvis xangrZlivad ibrZodnen anglosaqsebis, frankebis, normanebis winaaRmdeg. bretonuli ena Camoyalibda britebisa (galurTan axlos md-gomi ena) da galo-romanuli enebis urTierTobis safuZvelze. bretonelebSi franguli enis gavrcelebam bevri maTganis bu-nebrivi asimilacia gamoiwvia. XIII saukunidan bretonis herco-gebi safrangeTis mefis uSualo vasalur damokidebulebaSi imyofebodnen. 1491 wels bretoni safrangeTs SeuerTda da mi-si provincia gaxda, Tumca amave dros bevri privilegia Seina-rCuna. bretonis safrangeTTan SeerTeba dinastiuri gziT mox-da, rodesac karlos VIII-em ana bretonelze iqorwina. 1532 wlis xelSekruleba, romliTac bretani safrangeTs Seu-erTda, mis avtonomias iTvaliswinebda, magram centri mudmivi zewolas axorcielebda. samefo xelisuflebis zewola, Tavis mxriv, bretonelTa winaaRmdegobas aRvivebda. dRes sami milioni bretonelidan bretonul enaze mxolod erTi milioni kaci laparakobs. bretonul enaSi gamoyofen oTx dialeqts. saliteraturo enas safuZvlad udevs leonuri dialeqti. XI-XVII saukuneebSi bretonuli ena franguli enis mudmiv gavlenas ganicdida da misi gavrcelebis areali Tanda-Tan mcirdeboda. XIX saukuneSi bretonuli enis reformaciisa da kodifikaciis cdebs hqonda adgili, rac, upirveles yovli-sa, franguli nasesxobebis aRmofxvras iTvaliswinebda. breto-nul enaze ramdenime perioduli gamocema arsebobs. aRmosav-leT bretanSi gavrcelebulia franguli enis dialeqti _ ga-lo. sazogadoebrivi, politikuri, ekonomikuri da religiuri

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TvalsazrisiT bretonuli enis roli yofaSi minimumamdea day-vanili. XIX saukunidan da gansakuTrebiT ki XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan bretonelebSi farTo moZraoba daiwyo nacionaluri aRorZinebisaTvis, maTi kulturisa da enis ganviTarebisaTvis. bretani safrangeTis konservatiul mxareT iTvleba. amave dros, bretonelebi ufro eklesiurebi arian, vidre qveynis sxva mxareTa mkvidrni. bretonelTa cxovrebaSi religias yove-lTvis didi adgili eWira. marTalia, isini kaTolikeebi arian, magram maT Semoinaxes qristianobamdeli bevri rwmena-warmod-gena. qvebis, wminda wyaroebisa da cecxlis kultisadmi Tayva-niscema kaTolikur sarwmunoebasTanaa Serwymuli. bretonelebSi soflis meurneobis tradiciuli dargia sar-Zeve mecxoveleoba, mecxeneoba, meRoreoba. sanapiro zolis mcxovrebni mezRvaurebi da mebadurebi arian. nantis raionSi ganviTarebulia mebostneoba. aqve awarmoeben wiTelsa da TeTr Rvinos. bretonelebs mohyavT adreuli bostneuli da xili. Za-lian bevria vaSlis baRebi. vaSlisagan akeTeben sidrsa da ar-omatul da magar arays _ kalvadoss. bretoni ganTqmulia ara mxolod TevziT, aramed sxva `zRvis saCuqrebiT~, pirvel rig-Si, xamanwkiTa da saWmeli niJarebiT. xamanwka Zviri delikate-sia. Cveulebrivi adamianebi mas mxolod dResaswaulis dros miirTmeven. bretoni safrangeTis TiTqmis erTaderTi olqia, sadac yofi-dan sasoflo kustaruli aveji ar gaqra. muxisa da kaklis xi-sagan damzadebuli aveji mdidruladaa ornamentirebuli. bretanSi didi qalaqebi araa. mxolod sam maTganSi _ nantSi, rensa da brestSia 100 aTasze meti mosaxle. SemorCenilia Zve-li cixesimagreebi, romelTa sqeli kedlebisa da koSkebis da-ngreva Tanamedrove artileriasac ki gauWirdeba. 2.36. latvielebi latvielebis TviTsaxelwodebaa latvieSi, romelic momdina-reobs Zveli latvieli xalxis eTnonimidan _ latgalebi (le-tgalebi). rusul wyaroebSi isini moxseniebulni arian letgo-lis saxelwodebiT. mkvidroben latviis respublikaSi. Llatvi-aSi latvielebis raodenoba 1 milion 390 aTasia. cxovroben agreTve ruseTis federaciaSi (46 aTasi), litvaSi, estoneTSi, belorusiaSi, aSS-Si, kanadaSi, avstraliasa da sxva. maTi saer-To raodenoba 1 milion 540 aTasia.

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latvielebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis belomo-rul-baltiur rasas (atlantur-baltiuri rasis niSnebiT). latvielebi laparakoben latviur enaze, romelic indoevro-pul enaTa ojaxis baltiur jgufSi Sedis. latviuri enis dia-leqtebia: saSualo-latviuri, zemolatviuri anu latgaluri da livoniuri. saliteraturo enas safuZvlad udevs saSualo-latviuri. XVI s-is dasasrulidan damwerloba dafuZnebulia laTinuri grafikis safuZvelze. latvielebi ZiriTadad prote-stantebi arian (luTeranebi); latgaliaSi arian kaTolikeebi. latvielTa winaprebi iyvnen baltiuri tomebi, romlebic la-tviis teritoriaze Zveli welTaRricxvis II aTaswleulis da-sawyisSi dasaxldnen. baltiispireTSi baltiuri tomebi samx-reTidan migrirdnen. maT aq Seaviwroves ufro adre _Zv. w. III aTaswleulSi dasaxlebuli estonelTa da livTa winapari fi-nur-ugoruli tomebi. baltiispireTSi dasaxlebuli latviel-Ta winapari tomebis ZiriTadi sameurneo saqmianoba mesaqonle-oba da miwaTmoqmedeba iyo. ax.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi ku-lturuli TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTTan axlos mdgomi eTnikuri erTeulebi Camoyalibdnen: baltiis zRvis sanapiroze _ kurSe-bi, md. daugavas CrdiloeTiT _ latgalebi, md. lulupes auz-Si _ zemgalebi, latviis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi _ selebi. aR-niSnuli satomo jgufebis safuZvelze istoriuli da social-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad Camoyalibda Sua saukunee-bis latviis sami ZiriTadi kulturul-istoriuli olqi^_ ku-rzeme, vidzeme da latgale. es mxareebi eTnografiuli Tval-sazrisiT dResac garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. V-IX saukuneebSi Zvelbaltiur tomebSi pirvelyofil-Temuri wyobi-lebis daSla da klasobriv sazogadoebaze gadasvla daiwyo. IX-XII saukuneebSi warmoiqmna xelosnobisa da vaWrobis cent-rebi _ feodaluri qalaqebi. X-XII saukuneebSi latgalebis mi-waze gaCnda pirveli saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi _ talavas, ersikasa da kokneses samTavroebi. XII saukunis dasas-ruls latviaSi germanelTa kolonizacia daiwyo, rac misi mi-webis livoniis ordenisa da sxva germanul samTavroebTan mierTebiT damTavrda. germanelebis mier ganadgurebul iqna yvela saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni da latviel feodalTa fena. gabatonebuli klasi mxolod germanelebisagan Sedgebo-da. germaneli jvarosnebis mier latviis dapyrobis Semdeg, latvielebi 700 wlis ganmavlobaSi uuflebo mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen. saxelmwifoebrivi da ekonomikuri xelisufleba

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ki germanelTa xelSi iyo. yovelive aman bevrad gansazRvra latvielTa sulieri kulturis ganviTareba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Tanamedrove latviaSi ZiriTadad sam kulturul-istoriul mxares gamoyofen, esenia: vidzeme (yofili lifla-ndia), kurzeme (yofili kurlandia) da latgale anu latgalia (yofili polonuri liflandia). ukanaskneli 1629 wlidan poloneTis saxelmwifos, Semdeg ki _ 1772 wlidan ruseTis sa-xelmwifos xelSi aRmoCnda. aqedan gamomdinare, liflandi-isagan latgalia ara marto politikurad aRmoCnda gancalke-vebuli, aramed kulturuli ganviTarebiTac. latgalias saek-lesio reformacia praqtikulad ar Seexo, rac germanelTa wyalobiT, XVI saukunis 30-iani wlebidan liflandiasa (vidzeme) da kurlandiaSi (lurzeme) intensiurad gavrcelda. latviis am or ukanasknel mxareSi Tu luTeranizmi gavr-celda, latgalia kaTolikur mxared darCa. latviis terito-riaze gavrcelda kaTolicizmi, XVI saukunis I naxevridan ki _ protestantizmi. 1561 wels latviis didi nawili litvis did samTavroze, mogvianebiT ki _ reCpospolitaze gaxda damo-kidebuli. 1620 wels latviis dasavleTi nawili SvedeTis xelSi gadavida. XVIII s-Si CrdiloeTis omisa da 1772 da 1795 wlebSi poloneTis gayofis Sedegad latvia ruseTis imperiis nawili gaxda. XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi Sualatviuri diale-qtis safuZvelze Camoyalibda saliteraturo ena. 1920 wels latvia damoukidebeli gaxda. 1940-1990 wlebSi is ssrk-Si Sedioda. sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Seyvanis Semdeg, latvia eTnikurad mozaikur qveynad iqca. intensiurad daiwyo rusebis migracia. amis Sedegi iyo is, rom 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi latviaSi latvielTa raodenoba mxolod 53,7% iyo, xolo rusebis raodenoba (mcirericxovan ukrainelebsa da belorusebTan erTad) 39%-iT ganisazRvreboda. 1990 wlidan latvia kvlav damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa. latvielTa tradiciuli saqmianobaa miwaTmoqmedeba (Wvavi, xorbali, qeri, Svria, barda, kanafi...) da mecxoveleoba (msxvi-lfexa rqosani saqoneli, cxvari, Rori, cxeni), sanapiroze mis-deven meTevzeobas. mecnierebs SeniSnuli aqvT, rom latvielTa yofa-cxovreba-ze, tradiciebze didi gavlena moaxdina im eTnikurma kontaqte-bma, romelic maT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi hqondaT sxvadasxva xalxebTan (germanelebTan, polonelebTan, rusebTan). gamoTv-lilia, rom Tanamedrove latviur enaSi slavuri enebidan daa-

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xloebiT 500 sityvaa Sesuli. mezobel xalxebTan kontaqtebi gansakuTrebiT aisaxa latviur anTroponimiaSi, miuxedavad imi-sa, rom gvarsaxelebi am xalxSi sakmaod gviandeli _ XIX sau-kunis 20-30-ian wlebSia warmoqmnili. latvielTa sakuTar saxe-lebSi gamoyofen rogorc qristianobamdel latviur saxelebs, romlebic XX saukuneSi iqna gacocxlebuli da romlebic la-tviuri miTologiidan iqna aRebuli (magaliTad, laima bedniere-bis qalRmerTia), ise nasesxeb sakuTar saxelebs. nasesxebi saxelebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia germanuli, polonuri da rusuli saxelebi. nasesxebi rusuli saxelebi ZiriTadad XIII saukunidan gavrcelda, rac qristianobis miRebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. latvielTa Soris gansakuTrebiT didi raode-nobiT gvxvdeba germanuli warmoSobis gvarsaxelebi; aucileb-lad unda davasaxeloT agreTve slavuri, litvuri, finur-ugoruli warmoSobis gvarebic. polonuri da rusuli nasesxo-bebi gvarebis sufiqsebiTac kargad Cans (-skis, -iCs, -ovs). sxvaTa Soris, 1940-ian wlebSi latvielebma gvarsaxelebis erTgvari unificirebac moaxdines da bevri maTgani –ian sufiqsiT gaaformes. saerTod, latviuri gvarebis arsebobis istoria sul raRac 180 wels iTvlis da am xalxSi misi warmoqmna emTxveva eris konsolidaciis periods, latviuri literaturuli enis formirebas. LL

2.37. litvelebi litvelebi (TviTsaxelwodeba letuvaia) ZiriTadad gansax-lebulni arian litvis saxelmwifoSi. aq maTi raodenoba 2 mi-lion 924 aTasia. isini cxovroben agreTve ruseTSi (70 aTasi), latviaSi (34 aTasi), belorusiaSi (7,6 aTasi), ukrainaSi (11,3 aTasi), poloneTSi (15 aTasi), aSS-Si (290 aTasi), kanadaSi (28 aTasi), urugvaiSi (12 aTasi), yazaxeTSi (11 aTasi), avstrali-aSi (11 aTasi), argentinaSi (10 aTasi) da sxva. maTi saerTo ra-odenoba 3 milion 450 aTasia. litvelebi mTeli litvis mosax-leobis daaxloebiT 80%-s Seadgenen. litvelebi anTropologiurad didi evropeiduli rasis be-lomorul-baltiur rasas miekuTvnebian. isini laparakoben litvur enaze, romelic indoevropul ena-Ta ojaxis baltiur jgufSi Sedis. litvuri enis ZiriTadi di-aleqtebia: Jemaituri (qvemolitvuri) da aukSaituri (zemolit-vuri). XVI s-dan aqvT damwerloba laTinuri grafikis safuZve-lze. litvelebi kaTolikeebi arian.

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litvelTa winaprebi iyvnen baltiuri tomebi, romlebmac mdinareebis _ nemanisa da daugavas auzebSi Zv.w. II aTaswleu-lis pirvel naxevarSi SeaRwies. ax.w. dasawyisSi litvis teri-toriaze Camoyalibdnen tomebi, romlebic gvian litvelTa Se-madgenlobaSi Sevidnen _ sakuTriv litvelebi, anu aukStaite-bi, Jemaitebi, skalvebi da nadruvebi, agreTve sudavebis, kurCe-bis, zemgalebisa da selebis nawili, CrdiloeT prusebis nawi-li (bartebi, notangebi, sembebi). skalvebma, nadruvebma da pru-sebis nawilma XVI saukuneSi Camoayaliba letuvinebis (litov-nikebis) subeTnikuri jgufi. IX_XII saukuneebSi Camoyalibda saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebi _ samTavro `miwebi~: deltuva, kar-Suva, letuva da sxv., romlebic XIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gaerTiandnen litvis did samTavroSi. is moicavda agreTve be-lorusiis Crdilo-dasavleT olqebs (e.w. Cornaia rus), XIII sa-ukunis meore naxevridan _ dasavleT-rusul miwebs, XVI sauku-nis Sua xanebisaTvis ki miwebs zemo dneprispireTis, okisa da volgis saTaveebamde. XIII-XIV saukuneebSi litva tevtonTa or-denis agresiis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda, romelmac 1283 wels xelSi Caigdo prusebis miwebi da 1382-1398 wlebSi _ Jemaitia. 1387 wels kaTolikobis miRebis Semdeg gaZlierda litvis kavSiri poloneTTan, romlebmac 1569 wels Camoayalibes erTiani po-lonur-litvuri saxelmwifo _ reCpospolita, rac gapolone-buli litvuri feodaluri zedafenis ZalisxmeviT moxda. sa-literaturo enam Camoyalibeba daiwyo XVII saukuneSi aukStai-turi dialeqtis safuZvelze. 1795-1815 wlebSi litvelTa eTni-kuri teritoria ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. 1919 wels Camoyalibda damoukidebeli litvis saxelmwifo; 1940-1990 wlebSi litva ssrk-is SemadgenlobaSi iyo. 1990 wlis martidan is damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa. litvelebis tradiciuli sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianoba iyo saxvneli miwaTmoqmedeba (Wvavi, qeri, Svria, xorbali, barda, seli). misdevdnen mecxeneobas, msxvilfexa rqosani saqonlisa da Rorebis moSenebas. tradiciuli iyo mefutkreoba. zRvis sa-napiroze ganviTarebuli iyo meTevzeoba. ZiriTad sakvebs warmoadgenda Wvavis, iSviaTad xorblis pu-ri, qerisa da Svriis fafa, barda, rZe, xorci. axlac gansa-kuTrebiT popularulia Roris xorci. qveyanaSi warmoebuli xorcis 47% Roris xorcze modis. gamoyvanili hyavT adgilob-rivi TeTri jiSis Rori. XVIII saukunis dasasrulidan da XIX saukuneSi farTod gavrcelda kartofilis kerZebi. sasmelebi-

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dan tradiciuli iyo Savi ludi (alusi). buraxs amzadebdnen msxlisagan da alaosagan. litvur soflebSi Zlieri iyo Temuri tradiciebi _ urTier-Tdaxmareba, saqmisaRamo da a.S. XIII-XIV saukuneebSi Warbobda didi ojaxebi, romelic gvian patara ojaxebiT Seicvala. sao-jaxo urTierTobebSi mTavari adgili mamas ekava. komli memkvi-dreobiT ufros Svils gadaecemoda. tradiciuli xalxuri se-irnoba SemorCenilia dResac. litvelebi XX saukunis dasawyi-sidan awyoben simReris festivalebs. dRemde SemorCenilia ko-conebis irgvliv seirnoba da saqanelebze qanaoba. litveli glexebi xis damuSavebis originaluri xelosnebi iyvnen. magi-debi, skamebi, TiTistarebi, sarTavi jarebi, kovzebi, mqalozebi (zardaxSebi) CuqurTmebiT hqondaT morTuli. samlocveloeb-Tan da memorialur adgilebSi moTavsebuli aqvT xis skulp-turebi. litvur folklorSi yvelaze popularulia legende-bis Janri. vilniusSi XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisidan regularulad tardeba simReris dResaswaulebi. vilniusis daarsebis Sesaxeb Semdegi legenda arsebobs: 1323 wels didi mTavari gediminasi aq sanadirod mosula. saRamoTi man maRal borcvze daiZina. sizmarSi naxa rkinis mgeli. umaRlesma quru-mma sizmari Semdegnairad ganumarta _ RmerTebs aq qalaqis aS-eneba surT, romelic iqneba uZleveli da misi dideba mTel msoflioSi cnobili gaxdebao. gediminasma daujera winaswar-metyvels da borcvze cixesimagre aago, sadac trakaidan deda-qalaqic gadmoitana. kanti erT-erTi wignis winasityvaobaSi litvelebs axasiaTeb-da, rogorc erTgulebs, gulwrfelebs, TavianTi piradi Rir-sebebis cnobierebis mqone adamianebs. evropaSi erT-erTi uZve-lesia vilniusis universiteti _ is 1579 welsaa daarsebuli. litvelebi xSirad awyoben folklorul festivalebs. am dros icvamen tradiciul litvur tansacmels. qalis tansacme-li ZiriTadad moqargulia. litvur enaSi sxvadasxva sufiqss irTaven mamakacis, misi me-uRlisa da qaliSvilis gvarebi. magaliTad, mamakacis gvari ga-moiTqmis rogorc brazauskasi, colisa _ brazauskene, qaliS-vilisa _ brazauskite. Sesabamisad: balukonisi (kaci), baluko-nene (coli), balukonite (qaliSvili); sabonisi (kaci), sabonine (coli) da sabonite (qaliSvili).

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2.38. polonelebi polonelebi ZiriTadad poloneTis saxelmwifoSi cxovroben. isini am qveynis mosaxleobis 98,5% Seadgenen. danarCeni 1,5% sxva eTnosebis warmomadgenlebi arian (belorusebi, Uukraine-lebi, litvelebi, rusebi, Cexebi, slovakebi, ebraelebi, germa-nelebi). polonelTa TviTsaxelwodebaa `poliaci~. 1998 wlis monacemebiT poloneTSi 38 milion 459 aTasi poloneli mkvid-robda. poloneTis farglebs gareT isini cxovroben beloru-siaSi (417,7 aTasi kaci), litvaSi (258 aTasi kaci), ukrainaSi (219,2 aTasi kaci), ruseTis federaciaSi (94,6 aTasi kaci), yazaxeTSi (60 aTasi kaci), litvaSi (60 aTasi), aSS-Si (5 milion 600 aTasi), germaniaSi (erTi milion 500 aTasi), safrangeTSi (1 mil.), kanadaSi (400 aTasi), did britaneTSi (140 aTasi), braziliaSi (200 aTasi), argentinaSi (100 aTasi), CexeTsa da slovakeTSi (40-40 aTasi), belgiaSi (60 aTasi) da sxv. maTi saerTo raodenoba 49 milionze metia. polonelebi laparakoben polonur enaze, romelic indoev-ropul enaTa ojaxis slavuri jgufis dasavlur qvejgufSi Sedis. polonuri enis dialeqtebia: didi polonuri, mcire po-lonuri, mazovecuri, selebiuri da kaSuburi. miRebulia sali-teraturo enis Semdegi periodizacia: Zveli polonuri ena _ 1500 wlamde, saSualo polonuri ena _ XVI s. _ XVIII s-is meo-re naxevari, axali polonuri _ XVIII s-is meore naxevridan. damwerlobis uZvelesi Zeglia sventokSiis qadagebani (XIV s-is Sua xanebi). damwerloba Seqmnili aqvT laTinuri anbanis safuZvelze. polonelebi kaTolikeebi arian. mcire raodeno-biT gvxvdebian protestantebic. poloneli xalxis Camoyalibeba Zvelpolonuri saxelmwifos formirebasa da ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba (X-XI saukuneebi). mis safuZvels Seadgendnen dasavlur slavuri tomebi: polonebi, slenzanebi, vislianebi, mazovSanebi, pomorianebi. feodaluri daqucmacebulobis periodSi (XI-XIII saukuneebi) poloneTis ca-lkeuli mxareebi politikurad erTmaneTs gaeTiSa, magram maT Soris ekonomikuri da kulturuli kavSirebi ar Sewyvetila. germanelTa agresiis periodSi (XIII-XV saukuneebi) aSkarad ga-moikveTa polonuri miwebis gaerTianebisadmi miswrafebis ten-dencia; amasTanave, gaZlierda kavSirebi mis mosaxleobas So-ris. amave dros, germanelTa mier dapyrobil dasavleT da CrdiloeT miwebze (qvemo silezia, pomoria mazovia) mimdinare-obda germanizaciis procesi, romelic gansakuTrebiT XVIII-XIX

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saukuneebSi gaZlierda. XIV-XV ss-Si erTiani polonuri saxe-lmwifos Camoyalibebam polonelTa nacionaluri konsolida-ciis procesi ganapiroba, rac gansakuTrebiT XVII s-Si gaZlie-rda. mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifos reC-pospolitas fargleb-Sic (Camoyalibda 1569 wels litvis samTavrosTan gaerTianebis Sedegad) eris konsolidaciis procesi ar SeCerebula. erovnuli konsolidaciis procesze uaryofiTi gavlena iqo-nia XVIII saukunis dasasruls (1772, 1793, 1795 wlebi) reC-pospo-litas gayofam ruseTs, avstriasa da prusias Soris, magram XIX saukuneSi polonelTa nacionalur-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba ar Sewyvetila. ramdenjerme moxda ajanyeba. polone-li xalxi samSoblos, mSobliuri enisa da wes-Cveulebebis er-Tguli darCa, magram poloneTis politikuri gaTiSuloba er-Tgvarad daRs asvamda maT eTnikur istorias. XIX saukuneSi jer kidev iyo SemorCenili polonelTa ramdenime jgufi, rom-lebic gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan dialeqtebiTa da zo-gierTi eTnografiuli TaviseburebiT. XIX saukuneSi am eTnog-rafiul jgufebs Soris sxvaobam waSla daiwyo. pirveli msoflio omis win polonur miwebze (Tanamedrove sazRvrebSi) polonelebis garda cxovrobdnen germanelebi, rusebi, belorusebi, ukrainelebi, ebraelebi, karaimebi (ebrae-lTa e.w. protestantebi. Kkaraimuli moZraobis meTauri iyo ba-RdadSi mcxovrebi ebraeli anan ben davidi (VIII s). karaimebi ar cnoben zepir Toras. cxovrobdnen yirimsa da litvaSic. fiqroben, rom xazarebma iudaizmi karaimuli formiT miiRes. karaimebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixileT Sesabamisi Tavi). ger-manelebi aq pirvelad XII saukuneSi dasaxldnen. Zalian bevri germaneli movida XIII-XIV saukuneebSi. maTi umetesoba XVI-XVII saukuneebSi arsebiTad ukve polonelad iyo qceuli. po-loneTis miwaze germanelTa axali talRa poloneTis pirveli danawilebis dros movida. ebraelebis pirveli dasaxleba aq XI saukuneSi moxda; isini ZiriTadad qalaqebSi mkvidrobdnen da xelosnobasa da vaWrobas misdevdnen. mravali saukunis man-Zilze ebraelebi poloneTis mkvidr mosaxleobasTan ar asimi-lirdnen da SeinarCunes TavianTi religia, ena da zogierTi wes-Cveuleba. ruseTSi saeklesio reformis Semdeg, XVII s-Si, polonelTa aRmosavleT miwebze rusi staroverebi dasaxldn-en. XIV saukunis bolos poloneTsa da litvaSi dasaxleba da-iwyes TaTrebma. marTalia, maT polonizacia ganicades, magram SeinarCunes islami. rac Seexeba karaimebs, isini XIV s-Si yiri-

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midan migrirdnen da Caketil cxovrebas eweodnen. Tavis mxriv, polonelebi mezobel qveynebSi gadasaxldebodnen xolme. polonelTa naxevarze meti qalaqebSi cxovrobs. soflis meurneobis mTavari dargia marcvleuli kulturebis moyvana. dasavleT da aRmosavleT pomorieSi ZvelTaganve gan-viTarebuli iyo meTevzeoba. SemorCenilia Tevzis koleqtiuri Weris Zveli wes-Cveuleba. ganviTarebulia mefutkreoba, sokos Segroveba. Zveladac da axlac poloneTis soflebSi ZiriTadad Zeluri saxlebi Warbobs. xSirad isini erTi gzis gaswvriv ramdenime kilometrzea gaWimuli. xalxur tansacmels dRes polonelebi ZiriTadad sayovelTao-saxalxo dResaswaulebze icvamen. polonelebs arc tradiciul saWmelebze uTqvamT uari _ dia-saxlisebi xSirad amzadeben moSuSuli kombostosi da Warx-lis SeWamands, cnobil bigoss (moSuSul kombostos xorciT). Zveli receptiT xarSaven Wvavis, simindis da Svriis fqvilis fafebs. acxoben kalaCebs (yuriani puris kverebs), didi puris kverebs. polonelebsa da turistebs Soris didi moTxovnile-baa cnobili istoriuli pirovnebebis gamosaxulebian Taflak-verebze. saxlis mSeneblobis dros SemorCenilia urTierTdax-marebis wes-Cveuleba. ar daukargavs mniSvneloba xalxur dRe-saswaulebs, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia yvelieris dros Ca-tarebuli karnavalebi. zogierT regionSi yvelieris dros go-gonebi erT romelime saxlSi qaTmis bumbulis sabdRvnelad ikribebodnen. am dros maTTan Wabukebi midian, rasac simRere-bi, cekvebi da seirnoba mosdevda. yovelwliurad maisis TveSi krakovis universitetis studentebi atareben `iuvenalias~ _ TavianT dResaswauls. sami dRis ganmavlobaSi krakovi maT xe-lSi gadadis da naTel samaskarado formebSi gamowyobilebi modebuli arian quCebsa da moednebze. sxvadasxvagvarad damuSavebuli polonuri xalxuri cekvebi (polonezi, krakoviaki, mazurka) gavrcelebulia evropaSi. qristianoba poloneTSi X s-Si gavrcelda. poloneli Tava-di meSko I 966 wels Cexi Tavadis qalze, dubravkaze daqorwin-da. man Tavis karTan erTad qristianoba kaTolikobis formiT miiRo. xalxi axali religiis gavrcelebas winaaRmdegobas uw-evda; Sexvda mas ajanyebebiTa da eklesiebis gadawviT. iyo Sem-Txvevebi, rodesac jvrebs Wridnen; am dros qristiani sasuli-ero pirebi xalxis winaaRmdegobis Sesustebis mizniT Zvel rwmena-warmodgenebTan erTgvar daTmobaze wavidnen. Sua sauku-

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neebSi poloneTSi slavur RvTaebebsac scemdnen Tayvans. sla-vuri warmarTuli religia mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli samiwa-Tmoqmedo yofasTan. maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo bunebis Za-lebis kultis Tayvaniscema. polonelTa erovnuli kulturis centria varSava, romlis asaki 700 wliT ganisazRvreba. XV saukunis dasawyisidan is mazovis olqis centrad iqca, XVI saukuneSi ki _ mTlianad poloneTisa. XIV-XV saukuneebSi poloneTis dedaqalaqi iyo krakovi. aqaa XII da XIII saukuneebSi agebuli kaTolikuri ek-lesiebi. krakovSivea qveynis uZvelesi universiteti, romlis 600 wlis iubile 1964 wels aRniSnes. krakovis universitetSi swavlobda didi poloneli astronomi, samyaros helocentru-li sistemis Semqmneli nikoloz koperniki (1473-1543). kopernik-ma Tavisi TxzulebiT `cis sferoebis Sesaxeb~ gadatrialeba moaxdina bunebismetyvelebaSi. polonelTa adreuli saxelebi, iseve rogorc bevri sxva xa-lxisa, uSualod apeliativebisagan warmoiqmna, magaliTad: vilk _ mgeli, koval _ mWedeli, goli _ SiSveli. yvelaze po-pularulebi sakuTar saxelebad sabolood damkvidrda, miT umetes, rom isini Zalian xSirad arqmevdnen gardacvlili na-Tesavis saxels. IX-X saukuneebSi polonelTa Soris farTod gavrcelda qristianuli saxelebi (laTinuri, berZnuli, arame-uli, Zvelebrauli), bolos ki mxolod kaTolikuri eklesiis mier rekomendebul saxelebs mieniWa prioriteti, Tanac bevri maTgani xSir SemTxvevaSi fonetikurad sakmaod saxeSecvli-lia, magaliTad: ioane (ivane) gamoiTqmis rogorc iani, marga-rita _ rogorc malgoJata da sxva. poloneTSi, iseve rogorc sxva kaTolikur da protestantul qveynebSi, tradiciulia orwevriani da samwevriani saxelebis tareba (ana-maria-luiza). poloneTSi gvarsaxelebi XV saukunidan gavrcelda. polonel-Ta gvarebi sxva slavuri eTnosebis msgavsia _ patronimiuli, teritoriul-toponimiuri da eTnikuri. polonelTa gvarsax-elebis absoluturi umravlesoba sufiqsiania (-ski, -cki, -oviC, -k). tradiciulad qali qmris gvars atarebs. polonur gvars dombrovskis Seesatyviseba qalis gvari dombrovska, kovalevs-kis _kovalevska, potockis _ potocka, novaks _ novaka. polo-nuri anTroponimiuli modeli orwevriania _ is gvarsaxelisa da individualuri saxelisagan Sedgeba. polonuri musikaluri xelovnebis didi warmomadgeneli iyo kompozitori da pianisti frederik Sopeni (1810-1849). sxva po-

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lonel kompozitorTagan sayovelTaod cnobilia mixail ogin-ski (1765-1833). polonuri romantizmis fuZemdebelia poeti adam mickeviCi (1798-1855). 1364 welsaa daarsebuli krakovis universi-teti.

2.39. Cexebi Cexebis TviTsaxelwodebaa CeSi. 1998 wlis monacemebiT CexeT-Si 10 mil. 300 aTasi Cexi cxovrobda (adre Cexebis Semadgenlo-baSi SehyavdaT jgufebi, romlebmac 1991 wlis aRweraSi Tavi daifiqsires rogorc moravanelebma da selezelebma). Cexebi cxovroben agreTve slovakiaSi (53 aTasi), aSS-Si (550 aTasi ka-ci), kanadaSi (55 aTasi), germaniaSi (27 aTasi) da sxv. maTi saer-To raodenoba 11 milioni kacia. Cexebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis saSualo evro-pul, gardamaval rasas. Cexebi laparakoben Cexur enaze, rome-lic Sedis indoevropul enaTa ojaxis slavuri jgufis dasav-lur qvejgufSi. Cexuri enis ZiriTadi dialeqtebia: CeSuri, Su-amoraviuli, aRmosavleTmoraviuli, liaSuri. damwerloba da-fuZnebulia laTinur anbanze. Cexuri damwerlobis pirveli Ze-glebi XIII saukunis dasasruliT TariRdeba. XIV saukuneSi ar-sebobda erTiani saliteraturo ena, magram 1620 wlidan XVIII saukunis bolomde, habsburgebis dinastiis batonobis gamo, mi-si ganviTareba Sewyvetili iyo, radgan am periodSi oficia-lur enas germanuli warmoadgenda. Cexuri saliteraturo enis aRorZineba XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnidan iwyeba. Cexebi kaTo-likeebi arian. gvxvdebian protestantebic. Tanamedrove CexeTis teritoriaze slavebi pirvelad VI-VII saukuneebSi damkvidrdnen, romlebmac aq kelturi da germanu-li tomebis mcirericxovani mosaxleobis asimilireba moaxdi-nes. werilobiTma wyaroebma bogemiis teritoriaze (laTinurad CexeTi) mcxovrebi tomebis saxelwodebani Semogvinaxes. eseni iyvnen: Cexebi, xorvatebi, luCanebi, zliCanebi, deCanebi, fSova-nebi, litomerJcebi, xebanebi, glomaCebi. maT Soris yvelaze Zlieri Cexebis satomo samTavro iyo. IX saukuneSi CexeTi Se-dioda didmoraviis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi. am periodSi aq qristianoba bizantiidan gavrcelda. IX saukunis bolosa da X saukuneSi Camoyalibda CexeTis (praRis) samTavro, rom-lis SemadgenlobaSi moraviac Sevida. am droidan Cexebi da moravielebi TandaTan erTmaneTs Seerwynen. XII saukunis meore

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naxevridan CexeTi wminda romis imperiis SemadgenlobaSia. ger-manelTa kolonizaciam qveynis eTnikuri erTobis darRveva da nacionaluri dapirispireba gamoiwvia. am da sxva mizezebma XV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi husitebis moZraoba gamoiwvia. 1526 wels CexeTi habsburgebis xelisuflebis qveS aRmoCnda, rom-lebic maT germanizacias axdendnen. XVIII saukunisaTvis azna-urobam germanuli ena da wes-Cveulebebi miiRo. Cexuri enisa da kulturis matarebeli ki mosaxleobis dabali fena iyo. XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnaze gamococxlda Cexuri naciona-luri moZraoba. 1918 wels, avstria-ungreTis daSlis Semdeg, warmoiqmna CexTa da slovakTa nacionaluri saxelmwifo. 1993 wlidan Cexoslovakiis saxelmwifos slovakeTi gamoeyo. CexebSi ramdenime eTnografiuli jgufi gamoiyofa, romlebic tradiciuli yofisa da kulturis zogierTi niSniT erTmaneTi-sagan gansxvavdeba. CexeTis samxreT-dasavleT sazRvarze Ta-visebur eTnografiul jgufs warmoadgenen xodebi. warsulSi maT davalebuli hqondaT saxelmwifo sazRvrebisa da samefo tyeebis dacva. isini dadiodnen ("Ходили") sazRvrebis gaswvriv da aqedanaa warmomdgari maTi saxelwodeba. TavianTi samsaxu-ris gamo, xodebi zogierTi privilegiiT sargeblobdnen. XVII saukunemde maT ar icodnen batonymoba. am privilegiis dakarg-vis Semdeg isini didxans ibrZodnen TavisuflebisaTvis. karCa-ketilobam da cxovrebis gansakuTrebulma pirobebma xodebis materialuri da sulieri kulturis Taviseburi tradiciebi Camoayaliba. 1348 wels praRaSi universiteti gaixsna. am periodSi qveyana-Si kaTolikuri samRvdeloeba gaZlierda. situacias arTuleb-da is, rom umaRlesi sasuliero wodebis warmomadgenlebi ge-rmanelebi iyvnen. am dros nacionalur moZraobas saTaveSi Cau-dga ian husi, romelic Cexuri enis sruli uflebebisaTvis ib-rZoda. man Camoayaliba saliteraturo Cexuri ena. ian husis qa-dagebani Cexur enaze aTasobiT xalxs ikrebda irgvliv. manve 1409 wlidan praRis universiteti Cexur nacionalur umaRles saswavleblad aqcia. CexTa tradiciuli dasaqmebis sferoa miwaTmoqmedeba (marcv-leuli kulturebi, Saqris Warxali, mebaReoba, mebostneoba). did rols TamaSobs mecxoveleoba (msxvilfexa rqosani saqo-neli, meRoreoba, mefrinveleoba). mosaxleobis naxevarze meti patara qalaqebSi cxovrobs, ro-mlis umetesoba Sua saukuneebSi warmoiqmna. CexeTis dedaqala-

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qi praRa evropis erT-erTi ulamazesi qalaqia. is aTasi wlis win warmoiqmna. dedaqalaqis siamaye da simboloa XIV s-Si age-buli naxevarkilometriani qvis xidi. Cexebma mniSvnelovani wv-lili Seitanes msoflio kulturis saganZurSi. kompozitore-bidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT bedrJix smetana (1824-1884), anto-nin dvorJaki (1814-1904). mweralTagan sayovelTaod cnobilia ian neruda (1834-1890), iaroslav haSeki (1883-1923) da karel Capeki (1890-1938).

2.40. slovakebi slovakebis TviTsaxelwodebaa slovaci. isini ZiriTadad da-saxlebulni arian slovakeTSi (4,5 mil. kaci). cxovroben agre-Tve aSS-Si (530 aTasi), CexeTSi (390 aTasi), ungreTSi (80 aTasi), serbeTSi (67 aTasi), kanadaSi (25 aTasi), poloneTsa da rumine-TSi (22-22 aTasi) da sxv. slovakebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis Crdilo-ev-ropuli rasis alpur tips. laparakoben slovakur enaze, rome-lic indoevropul enTa slavuri jgufis dasavlur qvejgufSi Sedis. slovakuri ena iyofa sam ZiriTad dialeqtad: dasavleT-slovakurad, Suaslovakurad da aRmosavlurslovakurad. dam-werloba Seqmnili aqvT laTinuri grafikis safuZvelze. slo-vakuri damwerlobis Zeglebi XV-XVI saukuneebis mijniT Tari-Rdeba, Tumca slovakizmebi ufro adrindel ZeglebSic gvxvde-ba, romlebic Cexur, germanul da laTinur enebzea dawerili. XVIII saukunemde saliteraturo enad slovakeTis teritoria-ze Cexurs iyenebdnen. slovakTa umetesoba _ 64% kaTolikea, gvxvdebian protestantebi (luTeranebi) da greko-kaTolikeebi (uniatebi). slovakeTis teritoriaze slavebi VI saukunidan Cndebian. mo-Zraobdnen ra samxreT-aRmosavleTisa da CrdiloeTis mimarTu-lebiT, maT nawilobriv STanTqes adrindeli kelturi, germa-nuli da Semdeg avaruli mosaxleoba. slovakeTis samxreTi raionebi Sedioda pirvel dasavleTslavur saxelmwifoSi _ samoSi (VII s.). slovakTa winaprebis pirveli satomo samTavro nitranelTa, anu pribinebis samTavro iyo, romelic IX saukunis dasawyisSi warmoiqmna mdinareebis _ vagasa da nitris dinebaSi. daaxloebiT 833 wels is moraviis samTavros SeuerT-da, romelic momavali didmoraviis saxelmwifos birTvi iyo.

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863 wels slovakebma daiwyes glagolicaze wera. ungrelTa zewoliT IX saukunis dasasruls didmoraviis samefo daeca. misi aRmosavleTi olqi TandaTan ungreTis saxelmwifos Sema-dgenlobaSi Sevida, Semdeg ki (1526 wlidan) _ habsburgebis mo-narqiaSi (avstriis saxelmwifoSi, 1867 w-dan avstria-ungreTi). termini `slovaki~ (slovaci) gaCnda XV saukunis Sua xanebSi. ufro adrindel wyaroebSi gvxvdeba eTnonimi `sloveni~, `slo-venka~, teritorias ki `slovenko~ ewodeboda. ungreTis saxelmwifoSi slovacia (slovakia) gansakuTrebu-li administraciuli statusiT ar iyo Sesuli. mxolod XVI s-Si, osmalTa okupaciis droidan, sakuTriv ungrul olqebSi warmoiqmna eTnoteritoriuli gageba `slovakia~. slovakTa `na-cionaluri aRorZineba~ 1780-ian wlebSi daiwyo. slovakebis sa-literaturo ena husitebis moZraobis droidan (XV s.) Cexuri iyo. XVIII s. bolos slovakuri saliteraturo enis warmoqmnam nacionaluri konsolidaciisa da TviTSegnebis amaRleba gana-piroba. 1918-1993 wlebSi slovakia Cexoslovakiis Semadgenlo-baSi Sedioda. 1993 wlidan is suverenuli saxelmwifoa. slovakTa xalxur kulturaSi dRemde arsebobs olqobrivi (samxareo) gansxvaveba. SemorCenilia lokaluri TviTSegnebac. kulturisa da yofis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani gansxvave-baa samiwaTmoqmedo barsa da mesaqonleobis mimdevar mTian ra-ionebs Soris. slovakebis tradiciul tansacmels 60-mde varianti aqvs. ma-Ti tradiciuli sakvebia fafebi, kartofilisa da kombostos kerZebi, rZis produqtebi da xorci. saojaxo yofaSi dRemde Semonaxulia patriarqaluri niSnebi. SemorCenilia tradiciuli samezoblo urTierTobebi. saojaxo tradiciebidan yvelaze sazeimod aRiniSneba qorwili, romel-Sic adre yvela naTesavi da mezobeli Rebulobda monawileo-bas; is mTel kviras grZeldeboda. saojaxo da kalendaruli dResaswaulebis aRniSvnasTan dakavSirebuli iyo Teatraluri warmodgenebi.

2.41. luJielebi luJielebis (sorbebi, vendebi, luJicis serbebi) TviTsaxel-wodebaa serbi, serbski liud. isini cxovroben aRmosavleT ge-rmaniaSi (saqsoniasa da prusiaSi md. Sprees zemo welze). mie-kuTvnebian did evropeidul rasas. luJielTa dasavleTslavu-

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ri (serboluJicuri) ena iyofa or kilokavad: zemoluJiurad da qvemoluJiurad. Sesabamisad ori saliteraturo ena aqvT. maTi raodenoba 100 aTasi kacia. luJielebSi gavrcelebulia germanuli ena. XVI saukunidan aqvT damwerloba laTinuri grafikis safuZvelze. maTi umetesoba protestantia (luTera-ni). arian kaTolikeebic. isini germanelebTan Sereulad cxov-roben. ufro kompaqturad arian dasaxlebulebi kaTolikeebi. luJielebi odesRac mravalricxovani xalxis _ polabieli slavebis STamomavlebi arian, romelTa miwa X s-is dasasruls germanelebma daipyres. mxolod amis Semdeg miiRes maT qristi-anoba. XIV saukuneSi CexeTis samefoSi Sediodnen, 1526 wlidan _ habsburgebis imperiaSi, 1635 wlidan ki _ saqsoniaSi, 1815 w. maTi miwa prusiam da saqsoniam gaiyo. miuxedavad mravalsauku-novani asimilaciis mcdelobisa, luJielebma SeinarCunes mSob-liuri ena da kulturis zogierTi Tavisebureba. Tanamedrove luJielebi kulturuli avtonomiiT sargebloben. XX saukuni-dan aRmosavleT germaniaSi erTmaneTisagan izolirebul or raionSi _ qvemo luJicSi (centri qalaqi kotbusi) da zemo luJicSi (centri qalaqi bauceni) cxovroben. maTi tradiciuli saqmianobaa saxvneli miwaTmoqmedeba (Wvavi, Saqris Warxali) da mesaqonleoba. qvemo luJiCeSi, Sprevaldis istoriul olqSi, ganviTarebulia mebostneoba, mebaReoba, me-Tuneoba da sxv. dRemde luJielTa zogierT sofelSi SemorCe-nilia erTsarTuliani Zeluri saxlebi, romlebSic erTi saxu-ravis QqveS moqceulia sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebi. damaxasiaTebelia agreTve CarCosebri konstruqciis da orsar-Tuliani saxlebic. aseTi saxlebis pirveli sarTuli morebi-sagan (axla _ agurisagan) iyo agebuli, meore _ karkasuli. sa-xuravi, Cveulebriv, kramitis hqonda. saxli Signidan samnawi-liani dagegmarebisa iyo. Semonaxulia xalxuri gamoyenebiTi xelovneba: saaRdgomo kvercxebis moxatva, maqmanis dawvna, nai-rferovani keramika. damwerloba laTinuri anbanis safuZvelze luTeranobis gavrcelebis Semdeg XVI saukuneSi warmoiqmna. nacionaluri aRorZinebis epoqaSi _ XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi Camoyalibda luJielTa profesiuli kultura.

2.42. bulgarelebi bulgarelebi samxreT slavebi arian. cxovroben bulgareTis saxelmwifoSi. maTi TviTsaxelwodebaa `bolgari~. dRevandeli monacemebiT bulgareTSi 7 mil. 850 aTasi bulgareli mkvid-

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robs. bulgareTis sazRvrebs gareT daaxloebiT 600 aTasi bu-lgareli cxovrobs: ukrainaSi (234 aTasi), aSS-Si (100 aTasi), moldoveTSi (88 aTasi), mcire jgufebad isini gansaxlebulni arian ruseTSi, rumineTSi, saberZneTSi, TurqeTSi, ungreTsa da sxv. ukrainis, rumineTisa da serbeTis teritoriebze bulgare-lebi gadasaxldnen ZiriTadad XVIII s-is ukanasknel mesamedsa da XIX s-Si, sxva qveynebSi _ XIX s-is dasasrulidan meore msoflio omamde. bulgarelebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis indox-melTaSuazRvispirul rasas. zogierT raionSi Warbobs balka-nur-kavkasiuri rasis niSnebi. gvxvdebian Sua evropuli rasis warmomadgenlebic. bulgarelebi laparakoben bulgarul enaze, romelic Sedis indoevropul enaTa ojaxis slavuri jgufis samxreTul qvej-gufSi. damwerloba Seqmnili aqvT kirilicis safuZvelze. bu-lgarul enaSi ZiriTadad ori dialeqti gamoiyofa: aRmosav-luri da dasavluri. saliteraturo ena Camoyalibda XIX sau-kunis Sua xanebSi. bulgaruli enis uZvelesi Zeglebi X sauku-niT TariRdeba. bulgarelebi ZiriTadad marTlmadidebeli qristianebi ari-an. mcire raodenobiT arian kaTolikeebi da protestantebi, ag-reTve muslimebi. bulgareTSi daaxloebiT 5 aTasi gagauzi cxovrobs, romelTa dedaena Turqulia, magram isini qristiane-bi arian da yofiTa da kulturiT irgvliv mosaxle bulgare-lebisagan TiTqmis arafriT ar gansxvavdebian. aRmosavleT bu-lgareTSi arsebobs Turquli da Turqul-bulgaruli sofle-bi. Turqebi Seadgenen qveynis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 8%-s. isini Turqi kolonistebis STamomavalni arian, gvxvdebian ag-reTve bulgarelebi, romlebsac ZaliT miaRebines islami; Tu-rquli mosaxleobis garemocvaSi isini gaTurqdnen. bulgareT-Si mcire jgufebad cxovroben agreTve boSebi. bulgarelTa eTnogenezisSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes slavurma tomebma, romlebic balkaneTSi VI-VII saukuneebSi ga-dmosaxldnen. Zvel eTnikur komponents Seadgenda balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze brinjaos xanidan mcxovrebi TrakielTa eT-nosi. mesame komponents Turqulenovani protobulgarebi war-moadgendnen, romlebic aq daaxloebiT 670 wels SavizRvispi-reTis stepebidan movidnen. Trakielebs Zveli berZeni avtorebi Tanamedrove bulgareTis teritoriaze Zv. w. VI-V saukuneebSi ixsenieben. V saukuneSi

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Trakielebis mier Camoyalibebul tomTa kavSirs monaTmflo-beluri saxelmwifos rigi niSnebi axasiaTebda. TrakielTa mTavari saqmianoba miwaTmoqmedeba iyo. maTTan maRal doneze iyo ganviTarebuli mevenaxeoba. hyavdaT msxvilfexa rqosani sa-qoneli, cxvari, cxenebi. patara qalaqebSi dawinaurebuli iyo xelosnoba (metalebis damuSaveba, meTuneoba da sxv.). Trakie-lebi cnobilebi iyvnen, rogorc madnis daxelovnebuli mompo-veblebi. maT gacxovelebuli vaWroba hqondaT berZnul kolo-niebTan, romlebic Savi da egeosis zRvebis sanapiroebze iyo ganlagebuli. am koloniebTan urTierTobis Sedegad Trakie-lebma mniSvnelovani elinuri gavlena ganicades. Zv.w. IV-II sau-kuneebSi Trakia makedonielma mefeebma daiqvemdebares (makedo-niis saxelmwifo balkaneTis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi Zv. w. V-II saukuneebSi arsebobda. makedonelTa eTnogenezis sakiT-xebi sabolood gadawyvetili araa; yvelaze ufro gavrcelebu-li TvalsazrisiT makedonieli xalxi berZnuli da iliriul-Trakiuli tomebis Serevis Sedegad iyo Camoyalibebuli). balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani kvali datova romaelTa batonobam. am dros daaarses aq bevri qala-qi. romaelebma samxedro mizniT balkaneTSi gzebis qseli gaiy-vanes, romelmac Tavisi mniSvneloba axal dromde SeinarCuna. qalaqebi da cixesimagreebi TrakielTa romanizaciis centre-bad iqca, rac yvelaze kargad meziaSi igrZnoboda, sadac bevri romaeli legioneri da kolonisti iyo. amave dros samxreTsa da aRmosavleTSi kvlav igrZnoboda berZnuli kulturis gav-lena. Trakieli xalxis ZiriTad nawils SenarCunebuli hqonda Tavisi ena da wes-Cveulebebi (Trakiuli ena indoevropul ena-Ta ojaxs miekuTvneboda. fiqroben, rom Trakiul-dakiuri ena axlos idga baltiur enebTan (litvuri, latviuri, prusiu-li...). am mosazrebas is garemoebac amyarebs, rom bolo dros didi raodenobiT daiZebna Trakiul-baltiuri paralelebi. Trakiul-berZnul-romanuli antikuri kultura adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan aq dasaxlebulma slavebma miiRes. misi gavle-na bulgarelTa materialuri da sulieri kulturis zogierT mxares dRevandlamde etyoba. tradiciul kulturaSi Trakiu-li elementi ufro gamokveTilad balkaneTis qedis samxreTiT SeiniSneba. bulgareTis CrdiloeT da dasavleT olqebSi uf-ro slavuri kulturis plastebia gamokveTili. ax.w. pirvel saukuneebSi Trakiis mosaxleobis eTnikuri Sema-dgenloba mravalferovani gaxda. aq gaiares, nawilobriv dasa-

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xldnen da adgilobriv mosaxleobas Seerivnen bastarnebi (II s.), guTebi (IV s.), hunebi (V s.) da sxva xalxebi. am tomebis Se-moWra ZiriTadad Tanamedrove bulgareTis CrdiloeTSi moxda. barbarosebma qveyana aaoxres, misi bevri mcxovrebi gawyvites, bevri ki mTebs Seexizna. V-VI saukuneebSi balkaneTisaken slavebi daiZrnen, romlebic VI saukunis meore naxevrisaTvis mTel naxevarkunZulze gansax-ldnen. bulgareTis miwaze sklavinebis tomi dasaxlda, rome-lic aq gadmosaxlebamde axlandeli valaxiisa da ungreTis teritoriaze mosaxleobda. samxreT ruseTis stepebidan mo-vidnen antebi. Trakiuli mosaxleoba, romelic barbarosebs ga-daurCa, mTebidan barSi Camovida da TandaTan mosul slavebs Seerwya. romanizebul TrakielTa nawili, romlebic ZiriTadad mesaqonleebi iyvnen, naxevarkunZulis samxreT-dasavleT raio-nebSi gadaadgilda (valaxelTa winaprebi). bulgareTis teritoriaze mosul slavur tomebSi SemorCeni-li iyo gvarovnuli wyobilebis gadmonaSTebi, gansakuTrebiT saojaxo Temi (zadruga). isini umTavresad miwaTmoqmedebas mis-devdnen. ganviTarebuli iyo agreTve mesaqonleoba da xelos-nobis zogierTi dargi. balkaneTSi gadmosaxlebulma slavebma antikuri kulturidan bevri ram SeiTvises da gvarovnuli wyo-bilebis gadmonaSTebic maTSi sabolood gaqra. bulgarelTa winapar aRmosavlurbalkanur slavebSi feodaluri urTier-Toba sabolood VII saukuneSi Camoyalibda. saxelmwifo orga-nizaciis formireba pirvelad qvemo meziaSi (CrdiloeT bulga-reTi) daiwyo. 670 wels, dunais velze, samxreT ruseTis stepebidan xan as-paruxis meTaurobiT momTabare Turqulenovan protobulgarTa urdoebi SemoiWrnen. saerTo mtris (bizantielTa) winaaRmdeg brZolam slavebi da protobulgarebi daaaxlova. bulgareTis saxelmwifoSi, romelic bizantiam 680 wels cno, gabatonebu-li mdgomareoba protobulgarulma zedafenam daikava. slaveb-Si Turquli fenis politikuri batonobis damyareba gamowveu-li iyo ara am ukanasknelTa (TurqTa) kulturuli upirateso-biT, aramed maTi samxedro organizaciiT. migrirebuli momTa-bare Turqulenovani bulgarebi male am miwaze damkvidrdnen. VIII-IX saukuneebis manZilze bulgareTSi ori Zlieri da, amas-Tanave, gansxvavebuli eTnikuri elementis Serwyma moxda. am procesSi slavurma enam da kulturam gaimarjva, bulgareleb-

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ma ki mxolod Tavisi saxelwodebaRa dautoves qveyanasa da xalxs. imavdroulad mimdinareobda TviT slavuri tomebis konso-lidaciis procesi, romelic bulgaruli saxelmwifos farg-lebSi ufro intensiuri iyo. bulgareli xalxis Camoyalibeba mezieli slavebis garSemo moxda. VIII saukuneSi mas zagorie SeuerTda, IX saukuneSi _ miwebi stara-planinsa da rodops Soris da makedoniis didi nawili. bulgareTs daeqvemdebarnen timoCebi da moravelebi. bulgareTis mcxovrebTa erTian xal-xad Camoyalibeba 865 wels qristianobis miRebam, slavuri dam-werlobis gavrcelebam da IX saukunis bolos saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebam ganapiroba. bulgarelebma qristianoba bizantielebisagan miiRes da ami-tom Tavdapirvelad isini berZnuli damwerlobiT sargeblobd-nen, magram am dros ukve arsebobda slavuri damwerloba, rom-elic Zmebma ganmanaTleblebma _ kirilem (konstantinem) da me-Todem Seqmnes. isini warmoSobiT Tesalonikidan (soluni) iyv-nen. maT saRvTismetyvelo wignebi berZnulidan soluneli sla-vebis enaze Targmnes, romelic im droisaTvis sxva slavi xal-xebisaTvisac gasagebi iyo. aq Seqmnili anbani Semdeg yvela slavs gadaeca. qveyanaSi pirvel slav ganmanaTleblebs did pativs miageben. kirilesa da meTodes dRes _ 24 maiss, bul-garuli ganmanaTleblobisa da kulturis, slavuri damwerlo-bis dRes sazeimod aRniSnaven. adre Sua saukuneebis bulgaruli kulturis ayvaveba simeo-nis mefobis dros (893-927ww.) moxda. am dros bulgareTis saxelmwifo sazRvrebi egeosisa da adriatikis zRvebis napire-bamde gafarTovda. maSin mis SemadgenlobaSi zogierTi arabu-lgaruli miwac Sevida. simeonis sikvdilis Semdeg bulgareTi daiSala. misi didi nawili bizantiam daipyro. bulgareTis saxelmwifos tradiciis gamgrZelebeli mxolod dasavleTi bulgareTi iyo. bizantielTa batonobis dros (1018-1186) qveynis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilsa da sofiis mindorze paWanikebi da yivCayebi dasaxldnen, romlebic Semdeg adgilobriv mcxov-reblebTan asimilirdnen. bizantielTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebis Semdeg (1185-1186ww.) war-moiqmna meore bulgaruli samefo, romelic moicavda dunaispi-reTis mxares, zagoriesa da Tanamedrove dobruJs. am samefos dedaqalaqi iyo tirnovo. XIII-XIV saukuneebi meore bulgaruli saxelmwifos kulturuli ayvavebis xana iyo. TurqTa dapyrobe-

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bis (1393 w.) Semdeg, XIV saukunis Sua xanebSi bulgareTi daiyo sam damoukidebel samefod: dobruJa, bidiniis olqi da cent-raluri bulgareTi. TurqTa dapyrobebs Sedegad mohyva bevri qalaqis daqceva, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis amowyveta da maTi aqedan garekva. mxolod XV saukuneSi gamococxlda saqalaqo cxovreba, magram am dros mosaxleobis umravlesobas ukve Tu-rqebi da berZnebi Seadgendnen. qalaqebi TurqTa kolonizaciis sayrdeni punqtebi iyo, sadac Turquli kulturis gavlena aS-karad igrZnoboda. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi Turqebma rodopis mTebSi mosaxle bulgarelebs islami ZaliT miaRebines. reli-giam muslimi bulgarebi maTi qristiani Zmebisagan erTgvarad ganacalkeva. mahmadianma bulgarelebma bolo dromde ufro me-

tad Semoinaxes Zveli rodopuli dialeqtebi da Zveli slavu-ri kulturis Taviseburebani, vidre qristianma bulgarelebma. amasTanave rodopSi dasaxldnen Turqebi, agreTve Turquli tomebi iuriukebi, romlebic mesaqonleobas misdevdnen da XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde momTabareobdnen. XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi CrdiloeT da Crdilo-aRmosavleT bulgareTSi TaTrebisa da Cerqezebis jgufebi dasaxldnen. TurqTa batonobis periodSi

moxda bulgareTis socialuri struqturis deformacia: zeda-fenam arseboba Sewyvita. eTnikuri kulturis matarebelni XVIII saukunemde ZiriTadad glexebi iyvnen. ena, wes-Cveulebebi,

sasoflo Temis tradiciebi, agreTve marTlmadidebluri sarw-munoeba naTlad gamomxatvel eTnomadiferencirebel niSnebs

warmoadgenda. monastrebi bulgarelTa istoriuli maxsovro-bis mowmeni iyvnen. bulgareTSia Sua saukuneebis petriwonis (baCkovos) monasteri, romelic 1089 wels daaarsa bizantiis

gamoCenilma politikurma da samxedro moRvawem, erovnebiT qa-rTvelma grigol bakurianisZem. XIX saukuneSi bulgareTSi nacionalur-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba daiwyo. TurqeTTan omSi rusebis gamarjvebam (1877-1878 ww.) bulgarel xalxs nacionaluri damoukidebloba da saxelmwifoebrioba moupova.

bulgarelTa tradiciuli saqmianoba saxvneli miwaTmoqmede-ba da mesaqonleoba iyo. qalaqebSi ganviTarebuli iyo xelos-nobis mravali dargi. bulgareTs dRes pirveli adgili ukavia

msoflioSi vardis zeTis warmoebiT. sazogadoebrivi yofisaT-vis damaxasiaTebeli iyo urTierTdaxmarebis sxvadasxva forma.

bulgarelebSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SemorCenili iyo xal-

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xuri yofis iseTi mniSvnelovani elementi, rogoricaa didi

patriarqaluri ojaxi (zadruga). bulgareTis dasavleT nawi-lSi XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi jer kidev gvxvdeboda Te-mebi, romlebSic 100-dan 150 kacamde iTvlidnen. aRmosavleTSi ki imave periodSi yvelaze didi Temi 50 kacisagan Sedgeboda.

naTesavebs Soris, romlebic TavianT warmoSobas erT saer-To winapars ukavSirebdnen (gvari, род), gamoiyo ufro mcire jgufebi (gvarsaxeli, фамилия). bevrgan `familiurma~ saxelma Seaviwrova (gamodevna) ufro farTo gvarovnuli (`rodovoe~) saxeli. qristianobis miRebisTanave (865 w.) bulgarelTa Soris farTod gavrcelda marTlmadidebluri saxelebi, Tumca didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ganagrZobda arsebobas saxelebi, romleb-sac axalSobili avi sulebisa da yovelgvari ubedurebisagan unda daecva _ bliako, dobri, Jivko, zdravko, liuben, ognian, stoian. qalis saxelebi regularulad mamakacebis piradi saxelebisagan iwarmoeboda: zlat>zlatica, prodan>prodana. gvarebi bulgarelTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar iyo _ is XIX s-Si warmoiqmna. osmaleTis imperiisagan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg (1878 w.) bulgarelebs orwevriani anTroponimiuli modeli CamouyalibdaT saxelisa da gvarsaxelis erTobliobiT.

bulgarelebSi dRemdea Semonaxuli SromiTi urTierTdaxma-rebis formebi: saxlis mSeneblobis dros, mziTvis saswrafod momzadebisas da sxv. dasaxmareblad iwvevdnen naTesavebsa da

mezoblebs. socialuri sferosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo ko-leqtivizmis tradiciebi. sxva samxreT slavebis msgavsad didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SemorCenili iyo didi ojaxi (zadruga) da ojaxebis naTesauri gaerTianeba mamis xaziT (patronimia). bulgarelTa tradiciul qorwils Tan axlda mravalgvari

wes-Cveulebis Sesruleba. dakrZalvis ceremonialidan saguli-syuroa is, rom gardacvlils enis qveS monetas udebdnen (an-tikuri wes-Cveuleba), anda misTvis mohqondaT fuli, vaSli. sa-saflaoze yvela naTesaur gaerTianebas Tavisi adgili hqonda.

dakrZalva mTavrdeboda sulis mosaxseniebeli trapeziT, ro-melsac, Cveulebriv, miwaze Slidnen. bulgarelebisa da sxva

samxreT slavebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia `zaduSnicebi~ _ mic-valebulTa moxseniebis dReebi, rodesac yvelani saflavze mo-xarSuli xorbliT midian da iq awyoben sulis mosaxseniebel

trapezs. `zaduSnicis~ dReebSi ojaxebi naTesauri niSniT jgu-fdebodnen; saerTo winaprebis xsovna maT erTmaneTTan aaxloe-

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bda. bulgarelTa eTnografiul yofaze rodesac vlapara-kobT, ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT, rom maT wes-CveulebebSi Zve-li gvarovnuli organizaciis gadmonaSTebic SemorCa. wminda mfarvelis dRe _ `sveteci~ saerTo iyo ojaxTa jgufisaTvis

(gvarisaTvis). amdenad, aq gvarebs ara marto saxeliT asxvave-bdnen erTmaneTisagan, aramed `svetecis~ dResaswauliTac.

bulgarel glexebSi didxans iyo SemorCenili Zveli, qristi-anobamdeli rwmena-warmodgenebi (zogierTi mcenarisa da cxo-velis mimarT crurwmeniTi damokidebuleba). muxebs wminda xee-bad miiCnevdnen; aRniSnavdnen "mglebis dResaswauls". zogier-Ti dResaswauli Tavisi warmoSobiT antikur epoqas ukavSirde-ba. magaliTad, dResaswauls `trifon zarezanis~, romelsac 14 Tebervals zeimoben, diliT venaxebSi aRniSnaven. glexebis sadResaswaulo procesia miemarTeba venaxisken, sadac Wrian

gadaberebul rqebs (lerwebs) da asxamen maT Rvinos, `raTa ka-rgi mosavali movides~; erTad umaspinZldebian stumrebs da irCeven `venaxebis mefes~. saaxalwlod dasavleT bulgareTis soflebSi gadacmuli axalgazrdebi zoomorfuli niRbebiT dadian. maT acileben xumara personaJebi. rogorc mecnierebi fiqroben, am wes-CveulebaSi sinTezirebulia Zveli slavuri da Trakiuli tradiciebi. 6 maiss, giorgoba dRes (mesaqonleTa dResaswauli) wesad aqvT batknis msxverplad Sewirva da misi Sewva.

bulgarelTa sulier cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uka-via literaturas. XIX saukunis bolo periodisa da XX sauku-nis dasawyisis didi prozaikosi da poeti iyo ivan vazovi (1850-1921 wlebi). farTodaa cnobili mweral-satirikos aleko konstantinovis saxeli (1863-1897 wlebi).

2.43. makedonielebi

makedonielebis TviTsaxelwodebaa makedonci. ZiriTadad

cxovroben makedoniis saxelmwifoSi (1,4 milioni kaci). cxov-roben agreTve saberZneTSi (150 aTasi), iugoslaviaSi (46 aTasi), albaneTSi (15 aTasi), aSS-Si (30 aTasi), avstraliaSi (115 aTasi). maTi saerTo raodenoba 1,77 milioni kacia.

makedonielebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis balka-nur-kavkasiur rasas. laparakoben makedoniur enaze, romelic

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Sedis indoevropul enaTa ojaxis slavuri jgufis samxreT qvejgufSi. damwerloba Seqmnili aqvT kirilicas safuZvelze. makedoniur enaSi miRebulia marTlweris fonetikuri principi. makedonielebi marTlmadidebeli qristianebi arian; gvxvdebian muslimebic (torbeSi).

VII saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi slavebma makedoniiis teri-toria mTlianad daikaves. maT moaxdines adgilobrivi iliri-ul-Trakiuli mosaxleobis asimilacia. teritoriam, romelze-dac makedonieli slavebi dasaxldnen, SeinarCuna Zveli geog-rafiuli saxelwodeba _ makedonia. IX-X saukuneebisaTvis dama-xasiaTebeli iyo feodaluri urTierTobis damyareba da qris-tianobis farTod gavrceleba. Sua saukuneebSi makedoniis te-ritoria bulgareTis, bizantiis, serbeTis SemadgenlobaSi Se-dioda. am droisaTvis makedoniis mosaxleoba eTnikurad Wre-li Semadgenlobisa iyo berZnebis, vlaxebis, serbebis da sxva-Ta gadmosaxlebis xarjze.

osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi makedoniis Seyvanis Sem-deg (XIV saukunis dasasruli) aq albanelebisa da, gansakuT-rebiT, Turqebis dasaxleba intensiuri gaxda, romlebic ara marto qalaqebSi, aramed nayofier sasoflo raionebSic damk-vidrdnen. maTma dasaxlebam adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mTebSi gaxizvna gamoiwvia. feodalebis, vaWrebisa da xelosnebis na-wilma privilegiebis SenarCunebis mizniT islami miiRo. zogi-erTi glexic mahmadiani gaxda, magram maT ena da wes-Cveule-bebi SeinarCunes. mahmadianebi makedoniaSi bevrad mcire raodenobiT iyvnen, vidre bosniaSi. makedonielTa istoriuli warsulisa da, nawilobriv, maTi

sabinadro adgilis sxvadasxvaobis gamo (qvabulebi, mTebi) ra-mdenime eTnografiuli jgufi Camoyalibda: Sopebi, miakebi, brsiakebi, tobeSebi... TiToeul am jgufs SenarCunebuli aqvs zogierTi kulturul-yofiTi Tavisebureba.

soflis meurneobis mTavari dargia miwaTmoqmedeba (marcvle-uli, teqnikuri kulturebi _ Tambaqo, yayaCo (xaSxaSi), bamba). misdeven mebaReobas, mevenaxeobas, mebostneobas, mesaqonleobas (mTebSi ZiriTadad mecxvareobas). erT-erTi damxmare dargia mefutkreoba. mciremiwianobis gamo, warsulSi makedonieli glexebi gare samuSaoze midiodnen rogorc mezobel qveynebSi, ise amerikaSi.

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makedoniaSi didi soflebi iSviaTia. 80-komliani soflebi did soflebad iTvleba. osmalTa batonobis bolo wlebSi da TurqTa uRlisagan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg mosaxleobis didi

gadaadgileba moxda. mTebidan adamianebi barSi, gzebisa da sa-vaWro centrebis maxloblad gadasaxldnen. makedoniam samxreTslavur qveynebs Soris yvelaze didxans SeinarCuna gvarovnul-tomobrivi urTierTobis gadmonaSTebi

da saojaxo yofa. XX saukunis dasawyisamde soflebSi monaTe-save ojaxTa didi jgufebi gamoiyofoda, romlebic erT sa-xels (gvarsaxels) atarebdnen. am jgufis wevrebs Soris qor-wineba akrZaluli iyo. tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi yofisaT-vis damaxasiaTebeli iyo sasoflo Temi uxucesTa sabWos meTa-urobiT da sasoflo yriloba. farTod iyo gavrcelebuli ur-TierTdaxmareba. yofaSi iyo ori tipis ojaxi: patara da didi. `zadruga~ aq XX saukunemde SemorCa.

marTalia, makedonielebi marTlmadidebeli qristianebi ari-an, magram maTTan aSkaradaa gamoxatuli qristianobisa da war-marTuli warmodgenebis gadmonaSTebis sinkretizmi. yvela so-fels hyavda Tavisi mfarveli, romelic maT ubedurebisagan

icavda. mfarvelis (stopanis) gulis mosalbobad sofeli saer-To msxverpls swiravda. gavrcelebuli iyo wminda xeebis, qve-bis, wyaroebis Tayvaniscemac. makedonielebisaTvis erT-erTi saTayvanebeli dResaswaulia giorgoba. makedonielTa folklorSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs simRerebs.

makedonuri gvarebi Zalian gviandeli warmoSobisaa. maTi Ca-moyalibeba ZiriTadad XIX saukunis meore naxevridan daiwyo

da mxolod meore msoflio omis Semdeg dasrulda. gvarsaxe-lebs safuZvlad mamis saxelebi udevs, iSviaTad _ geografiu-li saxelwodebani. qveynis aRmosavleT nawilSi -ev /-ov forma-ntiani gvarebi Warbobs, dasavleTSi _ -ski /-vski sufiqsianebi.

2.44. bosnielebi (muslimebi) bosnielebis TviTsaxelwodebaa muslimane, bosanci. isini dRes ZiriTadad bosniasa da hercogovinaSi cxovroben (1,8 mil.). cxovroben agreTve iugoslaviaSi, xorvatiaSi, avstriaSi, TurqeTSi, aSS-Si. maTi saerTo raodenoba 2,1 milioni kacia.

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laparakoben serbul-xorvatul enaze. bosnielTa metyvelebaSi

bevri nasesxobaa Turquli da sxva aRmosavluri enebidan. bos-nielebi muslimi-sunitebi arian. iugoslaviis aRwerebSi isini ZiriTadad aRiricxebodnen rogorc eTnikuri muslimebi: 1948

wels _ gaurkveveli muslimebi, 1953 w. _ gaurkveveli iugosla-vebi, 1961 w. _ `muslimebi~ (eTnikuri mikuTvnebuloba), 1971 w. _ `muslimebi~ xalxis mniSvnelobiT, 1981 da 1991 wlebi _ `muslimebi~. bosnielebi im serbebisa da xorvatebis STamomavalni arian,

romlebmac bosniisa da hercogovinis istoriul olqebSi, os-malebis batonobis dros, islami miiRes. maTSi Rrmad SeiWra

Turquli kultura. gansakuTrebiT Zalian bevr Turqul sity-vasa da gamoTqmas aqvs fesvi gadgmuli xalxis cxovrebis im

sferoebSi, romlebmac ufro metad ganicada Turquli kul-turis gavlena (xelosnoba, aveji, sakvebi, tansacmeli...). sameu-rneo (miwaTmoqmedeba, mesaqonleoba) terminologiaSi Turqiz-mebi TiTqmis ar SeWrila.

bosnielTa saxelebi, gansakuTrebiT mamakacebis, TiTqmis yo-velTvis arabuli da Turqulia. islamis miRebis miuxedavad, bosnielebma SeinarCunes adrindeli gvarsaxelebi, romlebic Cveulebriv -viC-ze da -iC-ze bolovdeba.

Tanamedrove bosnia da hercogovina, ise rogorc sxva samxre-Teli slavebis teritoria, slavi tomebiT VI-VII saukuneebSi

iqna dasaxlebuli, romlis safuZvelze Semdeg serbebi da xo-rvatebi warmoiSvnen.

X-XI saukuneebSi serbuli miwis SemadgenlobaSi bosnia gan-sakuTrebuli Jupa iyo. is serbTa qveSevrdomobisagan XII sau-kuneSi ganTavisuflda da faqtobrivad damoukidebeli gaxda,

Tumca Semdeg iZulebuli iyo lavirebis politika ewarmoe-bina ungreTsa da serbeTs Soris da xan kaTolikur, xan ki

marTlmadidebel eklesias eyrdnoboda. bosniaSi xalisiT Re-bulobdnen da izidavdnen kidevac bulgareTidan gamoqceul seqtantebs (bogomilebs). am politikam qveyanaSi religiuri

Semwynareblobis atmosferos Seqmna ganapiroba. TurqTa bato-nobis dros dasavluri (kaTolikuri), serbul-marTlmadidebe-li da bogomilstvos eklesiebis urTierTSoris brZolam aq islamis SeRweva erTgavarad gaaadvila. bosniaSi bevri Turqi, arabi, qurTi, kavkasieli gadmosaxlda. amis gamo, bosnielebSi sakmao raodenobiTaa sxva xalxTa minarevi. ukve XVI saukuneSi

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aq muslimebi sakmao raodenobiT iyvnen. rogorc im drois sai-storio wyaroebiT irkveva, xSiri iyo SemTxveva, rodesac erT-sa da imave ojaxSi Zmebis nawili qristiani iyo, nawili ki _ muslimi, anda Svilebi _ muslimebi da mSoblebi _ qristianebi. erTsa da imave sofelSi gverdigverd cxovrobdnen muslimebi

da qristianebi. islamis miReba ZiriTadad ekonomikuri mizeze-biT iyo ganpirobebuli: muslimebi ufro nakleb gadasaxadebs

ixdidnen, vidre qristianebi. farTod gavrcelda islami bogo-milebs Soris, magram sakmao raodenobiT iyvnen gamahmadianebu-li kaTolikeebi da marTlmadideblebic. osmalTa batonoba bosniasa da hercogovinaSi XV saukunis meore naxevridan 1878 wlamde gagrZelda. rodesac osmaleTis imperiam evropaSi samflobeloebis dakargva daiwyo (XVII s-is dasasruli), sxvadasxva samxreTslavuri miwebis mahmadianurma

mosaxleobam bosniaSi moiyara Tavi da misi eTnikuri Semadgen-lobac ufro metad aWrelda. bosnielTa (muslimTa) kulturis safuZvelia Zveli slavuri kultura, romelsac Turqebisa da mcire aziidan mosuli xalxebis kultura daefina. es gavlena gansakuTrebiT qalaqebis arqiteqturaSia sagrZnobi (meCeTebi,

saxelosnoebi, didi bazrebi), sacxovreblis dagegmarebaSi (sa-xlebis gayofa mamakacTa da qalTa oTaxebad), sakvebSi _ cxi-miani kerZebi da tkbileuloba, tansacmelsa da, gansakuTrebiT, religiur yofaSi, sakuTar saxelebSi.

mTebSi ganviTarebulia mecxvareoba, barSi bevri hyavT msxvi-lfexa rqosani saqoneli. mdinare savis gaswvriv mohyavT mar-cvleuli da teqnikuri kulturebi. bosniaSi qliavis bevri baRi aqvT gaSenebuli. mohyavT Tambaqo, leRvi, nuSi, zeTis-xili, yurZeni.

miuxedavad imisa, rom islami poligamiis nebas rTavda, bos-niel muslimebSi mravalcoliani mamakaci iSviaTad Segxvdebo-daT. aseve ar miiRes maT naTesavebze daqorwinebis wesi.

2.45. serbebi samxreT slavebis eTnogenezi saTaves Soreul warsulSi iR-ebs. balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis dasavleTi nawili odiTganve

iliriuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romlebmac antikur epo-qaSi elinuri gavlena ganicades. slavuri tomebis CrdiloeTi-

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dan, dunais mxridan, SemoWra ax.w. I s-Si daiwyo, VI-VII ss-Si ki

am procesma farTo xasiaTi miiRo. iliriuli mosaxleoba sla-vebs arc amouwyvetiaT da arc SeuviwroebiaT, isini maT Tan-daTan Seerivnen. naxevarkuZulis dasavleT nawilSi `sklavine-bi~ dasaxldnen, aRmosavleTSi _ antebi.

serbebis TviTsaxelwodebaa srbi. ZiriTadad cxovroben ser-beTSi (6 mil. 428 aTasi). cxovroben agreTve bosniasa da her-cogovinaSi (1 mil. 380 aTasi), xorvatiaSi (581 aTasi), mezobel evropul qveynebSi _ rumineTSi (34 aTasi), avstriaSi (35 aTasi),

ungreTSi (13 aTasi), germaniaSi, agreTve aSS-Si (230 aTasi), ka-nadaSi (60 aTasi), argentinaSi (10 aTasi), avstriaSi (25 aTasi).

serbebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis balkanur-kav-kasiuri rasis samxreT Stos.

isini laparakoben indoevropul enaTa ojaxis slavuri jgu-fis serbul-xorvatul enaze (slavuri jgufis samxreT qvej-gufi), romelSic sami kilo gamoiyofa. im raionebSi, sadac se-rbebi sxva xalxebTan erTad cxovroben, magaliTad, voevodina-Si, isini xSirad orenovanni arian. damwerloba Seqmnili aqvT kirilicas safuZvelze. serbTa umetesoba marTlmadidebelia,

umniSvnelo nawili _ kaTolike da protestantia, arian musli-mi-sunitebic.

samxreT slavebis, maT Soris, serbebis eTnikuri istoria da-kavSirebulia VI-VII saukuneebSi slavebis masobriv gadmosax-lebasTan balkaneTSi. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba umetesad asi-milirebul iqna, nawilobriv ki Seviwroebuli dasavleTisa da

mTiani olqebisaken. serbebis, Cernogorielebisa da bosniel-he-rcogovinelTa winaparma slavurma tomebma yofili iugosla-viis mniSvnelovani nawili daikaves (savisa da dunais auzebis

samxreTi Senakadebi, dinaris mTebi, adriatikis samxreTi nawi-li). eseni iyvnen: sakuTriv serbebi, tervuniebi, konavliebi, za-xlumiebi, nareCanebi. serbebis winaparTa gansaxlebis centri

iyo raSkas olqi, sadac VIII saukunis meore naxevarSi saxelm-wifo Camoyalibda. IX saukunis Sua xanebSi Seiqmna serbeTis samTavro. X-XI saukuneebSi politikuri cxovrebis centri xan

samxreT-dasavleTSi gadainacvlebda, xan raSkaSi. serbeTis sa-xelmwifom dapyrobiTi politikis Sedegad XII saukuneSi, XIII

saukunis meore naxevarsa da XIV saukuneSi mniSvnelovnad gaa-farTova Tavisi sazRvrebi, maT Soris, bizantiuri miwebis xar-

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jze, aman ki bizantiuri cxovrebis gavlena ganapiroba serbu-li sazogadoebis cxovrebis sxvadasxva mxareze, kerZod, feo-dalur urTierTobebze, iurisprudenciaze, xelovnebaze da სxv. serbeTis saxelmwifom bizantiuri miwebi male dakarga. miu-xedavad amisa, bizantiurma samarTalma da sazogadoebrivma in-stitutebma, specifikurma bizantiurma feodalurma sistemam,

literaturam, romelic bizantiuri wiaRidan amoizarda, Zali-an didi gavlena moaxdina Sua saukuneebis serbul kultura-ze. adreuli Sua saukuneebis periodSi mniSvnelovani eTnikuri procesebi mimdinareobda: gaslavda romanizebuli iliriuli mosaxleobis _ vlaxebis nawili. adriatikis zRvis sanapiroze

mdebare romaulma qalaqebma ufro metad miiRo slavuri eTni-kuri ier-saxe, Tumca SeinarCuna romauli kulturisaTvis da-maxasiaTebeli niSnebi. germaneli gadmosaxlebulebi _ saqsebi, romlebic aq XIII saukuneSi movidnen, rogorc maRaros muSebi, aseve asimilirdnen serb mosaxleobasTan. 1383 wels, kosovos

velze damarcxebis Semdeg, serbeTi osmaleTis imperiis vasa-lad iqca, 1459 wels ki mis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. serbeTis Semdeg maleve daimorCiles bosnia (1463 w.), hercogovina (1482

w.), Cernogoria (1499 w.). osmalTa batonoba xuT saukunes gagr-Zelda, ramac serbTa ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli ganviTareba Seaferxa. osmalTa batonobis periodSi serbebi araerTxel gadasaxldnen rogorc qveynis SigniT (ZiriTadad

mTian raionebSi), ise mis farglebs gareT, ZiriTadad Crdilo-eTsa da ungreTis farglebSi _ voevodinaSi. am gadaadgilebam mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis Secvla da sasazRvro zolSi serbebisa da xorvatebis Sereva gamoiwvia. balkaneTSi

ki dapyrobili slavuri teritoriebis kolonizacia mimdinare-obda Turqebisa da albanelebis mier. serbTa orma ajanyebam (1804-1813, 1815 ww.) isini jer avtonomiamde (1833 w.) da Semdeg

damoukideblobamde miiyvana (1878 w.). am movlenebma serbTa na-cionaluri TviTSegnebis amaRleba gamoiwvia. ganTavisufle-bul mxareebSi mosaxleobis axal did gadaadgilebebs hqonda adgili. erT-erTi centraluri olqis _ Sumadiis mosaxleobis absolutur umravlesobas migrantebi Seadgendnen. es olqi serbi xalxis konsolidaciis centrad iqca. daiwyo naciona-luri aRorZinebis procesi. serbebis istoriuli bedi ise warimarTa, rom xangrZlivi

drois ganmavlobaSi isini politikuri, ekonomikuri da kul-

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turuli TvalsazrisiTac sam saxelmwifos Soris iyvnen gada-nawilebulni (serbia, osmaleTis imperia, avstria-ungreTi), ra-mac serbeTis mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufebis yofasa da ku-lturas garkveuli daRi daasva. serbebi maRali nacionaluri

erTobiT gamoirCevian, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTSi SemorCeni-lia regionaluri jgufebis saxelwodebani (Sumadielebi, uJiC-nebi, mosavelebi, maCvanebi, kosovelebi, sremcebi, banaCanebi da

sxv.). serbTa calkeuli lokaluri jgufebis kulturaSi mkve-Trad gamokveTili sazRvrebi ar arsebobs. serbebi erT saxelmwifoSi 1918 wels gaerTiandnen, rodesac Seiqmna serbebis, xorvatebisa da slovenebis samefo.

warsulSi serbeTSi ganviTarebuli iyo miwaTmoqmedeba (mar-cvleuli kulturebi), mebaReoba (gansakuTrebiT qliavis kul-tura), mevenaxeoba. mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda mesaqonleo-ba, meRoreoba. misdevdnen agreTve TevzWeras, monadireobas. ga-nviTarebuli iyo xelosnoba-meTuneoba, xeze da qvaze kveTa, safeiqro saqme, maT Soris, xaliCebis qsova da a.S.

serbTa tradiciuli sakvebi eTnografiuli mxareebis mixed-viT mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda. yvelgan Wamdnen purs. mniS-vnelovani adgili ekava siminds (misgan acxobdnen purs, xarSa-vdnen fafas), lobios, kartofils, kombostos, wiwakas. xorcs (gansakuTrebiT _ Roris xorcs) zamTarsa da sadResaswaulo dReebSi miirTmevdnen.

serbTa sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaTvis warsulSi damaxasia-Tebeli iyo sasoflo Temi. farTod iyo gavrcelebuli urTie-rTdaxmarebis sxvadasxva formebi. serbebSi ojaxis ori tipi arsebobda _ ubralo (patara) da rTuli (didi). jer kidev XIX saukuneSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli zadruga (erT ojaxSi 50 da meti adamianis cxovreba). zadrugisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo miwis koleqtiuri sakuTreba. qristianoba serbebma jer kidev adre Sua saukuneebSi bizan-tielebisagan miiRes. DdRes mosaxleobis didi nawili marTl-madidebelia, magram gvxvdebian kaTolikeebic (Sokebi) _ 8 800

kaci, protestantebi _ 7 000 kacze meti da muslimebi _ 57 aT-asi. TurqTa batonobis dros mosaxleobis nawilma islami mii-Ro, magram SeinarCuna serbul-xorvatuli ena da Zveli wes-Cve-ulebebi. SemorCenilia qristianobamdeli rwmenis (magaliTad, wvimis gamowvevis) elementebi.

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IX saukunidan serbebs Soris kanonizebuli qristianuli sa-xelebi gavrcelda. kanonizebul saxelebs didi xnis ganmavlo-baSi serbuli saxelebi winaaRmdegobas uwevda, magaliTad, vuk

(mgeli). TurqTa batonobis dros serbuli saxelebi TviTmyo-fadobis SenarCunebis erT-erTi gamoxatuliba iyo. serbul sa-xelebs daaxloebiT 50 sufiqsi erTvis. mravalricxovani aqvT

Sedgenili saxelebi, maT mamakacebis mesamedi atarebs (miros-lav, radomir). yvelaze gavrcelebul aT saxels Soris SeiZ-leba davasaxeloT: dragani, zorani, milani, slobodani, miro-slavi, milodragi, duSani, radomiri, petari, vladimiri. serb-Ta gvarebis 94% -iC formantiT bolovdeba. zogierT sofelSi,

garda oficialuri gvarebisa, aqvT paraleluri gvarebic, rom-lebsac mcxovrebni mxolod soflis SigniT iyeneben.

2.46. xorvatebi xorvatebis TviTsaxelwodebaa xrvati (hrvati). dasavleT ev-ropul enebSi miRebulia eTnonimis laTinizirebuli forma

kroati (die Kroaten, Les Croates). isini ZiriTadad cxovroben xo-rvatiis saxelmwifoSi (4,5 milioni kaci 1998 wlis monaceme-biT). cxovroben agreTve serbeTSi, romelic iugoslaviis res-publikaSi Sedis (1991 wlis monacemebiT 109 aTasi kaci), bosni-asa da hercogovinaSi (755 aTasi kaci), germaniaSi (150 aTasi kaci), avstriaSi (100 aTasi), ungreTSi (15 aTasi), italiaSi (15

aTasi), rumineTSi (8 aTasi), aSS-Si (120 aTasi), kanadaSi (70 aTa-si), avstraliaSi (147 aTasi). xorvatTa saerTo raodenoba 5,65 milioni kacia.

xorvatebi anTropologiurad didi evropeiduli rasis bal-kanur-kavkasiuri rasis dinaris variants miekuTvnebian. xorva-tebi sxvadasxva eTnografiul jgufs moicavs: zagorelebi,

mediumurelebi, prigorelebi, liCanebi, fuCkebi, CiCebi, buneve-lebi... xorvatebi laparakoben indoevropul enaTa ojaxis

slavur enaTa samxreT qvejgufis serbul-xorvatul enaze. xo-rvatebisa da serbebis leqsikas Soris mxolod zogierTi

sxvaobaa. xorvatuli ena ZiriTadad sami dialeqtisagan Sedge-ba: Stokavis (masze laparakobs xorvatTa umetesoba. mis safu-Zvelze warmoiqmna saliteraturo ena. am dialeqtze laparako-ben bosnieli serbebi da Cernogorielebic), kaikavurisa da Ca-

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kavurisagan. damwerloba xorvatebs Seqmnili aqvT laTinuri grafikis safuZvelze.

iseve rogorc yvela samxreT slavis, xorvatTa eTnikuri is-toriac balkaneTSi VI-VII saukuneebSi slavebis masobriv gad-mosaxlebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. xorvatTa winaprebma (kaCiCebi, SubiCebi, svaCiCebi, magoroviCebi...) adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

asimilacia moaxdines. IX saukunis bolos Camoyalibda xorva-tiis saxelmwifo. XII saukunis dasawyisSi xorvatuli miwebis didi nawili ungreTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda, xolo XV saukunis Sua xanebidan _ veneciisa (romlebmac jer kidev XI saukuneSi dalmaciis nawili daipyres). XVI saukuneSi

xorvatTa miwebis nawili habsburgebis gamgeblobaSi iyo, nawi-li ki osmalebisa (am periodSi xorvatebis nawilma islami mi-iRo). XVII saukunis dasasrulsa da XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi

xorvatia mTlianad habsburgebis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Se-vida. osmalTa Tavdasxmebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT Seiqmna gama-grebuli zoli (e.w. samxedro sazRvari), romlis mosaxleobis ZiriTadma nawilma graniCarebis saxelwodeba miiRo, romlebic

aRmosavleT xorvatiidan, serbeTidan da bosniidan gamoqceu-li xorvatebisa da serbebisagan Sedgebodnen. XVIII saukunis

meore naxevridan habsburgebma centralizaciisa da germaniza-ciis politika gaaZlieres, ramac 1790 wels xorvatebi ungre-Tis samefoze politikurad damokidebulebi gaxada. ungreTis

xelisufleba ki madiarizaciis politikas atarebda. XIX sau-kunis 30-40-ian wlebSi gaZlierda xorvatuli nacionaluri ku-lturis aRorZinebisaTvis brZola. 1918 wels xorvatebi serbe-bTan da slovenebTan erTad erT samefoSi gaerTiandnen (1929 wlidan _ iugoslavia). 1920 wels adriatikis xorvatTa nawili italiis gamgeblobaSi aRmoCnda. meore msoflio omis Semdeg xorvatia iugoslaviis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida; 1991 wlidan is damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa. sameurneo tipisa da bunebrivi pirobebis mixedviT xorvatias

sam ZiriTad olqad yofen. esenia: panoniis, dinariisa da adri-atikis (zRvispireTis) olqebi. panoniis olqSi ganviTarebulia miwaTmoqmedeba (ZiriTadad mohyavT marcvleuli kulturebi),

mebostneoba, mebaReoba, mevenaxeoba. mohyavT teqnikuri kultu-rebic. misdeven mesaqonleobasac. warsulSi dinariis olqSi meurneobis wamyvani dargi iyo mecxvareoba. adriatikis olqSi

ganviTarebulia mevenaxeoba da mexileoba. marcvleuli kultu-

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rebi mohyavT mcire raodenobiT. aq miwaTmoqmedebis terasuli sistemaa gavrcelebuli.

xorvatebi, iseve rogorc serbebi, marcvleuli kulturebi-dan Tesaven xorbals, Wvavs, qers, Svrias, siminds. adriatikis zRvis sanapiroze mohyavT citrusebi, nuSi, leRvi, zeTisxili. sanapiros mcxovrebni misdeven meTevzeobas. adriatikis zRvis sanapiroze xmelTaSuazRvispiruli tipis qalaqebi gvaqvs (rieka, zadari, spliti, dubrovniki...), romelTa umetesoba warmoqmnilia berZnul da romaul epoqebSi. maTTvis

damaxasiaTebelia Zalian viwro, mixveul-moxveuli, xSirad sa-fexurebrivi quCebi. zRvispira qalaqebSi SemorCenilia antiku-ri epoqis mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli Zeglebi.

pureuliT ganTqmul raionebSi ZiriTadad xorblis purs Wa-men, zagoriis xorvatul nawilSi ki _ simindisas. zogierT ad-gilas saWmelad gamoiyeneben Wvavisa da qeris purs. xSirad purs simindis fafas unacvleben. xorvatebSi didxans iyo Se-morCenili Temuri tradiciebi _ urTierTdaxmareba, TviTmmar-Tveloba da a.S. jer kidev XIX saukuneSi arsebobda mamakacTa kavSirebis gadmonaSTebi. xorvatebSi didi ojaxis (zadruga) daSla ufro adre daiwyo, vidre sxva samxreT slavebSi. xorvatebi romaul-kaTolikur eklesias miekuTvnebian. maTi

umniSvnelo nawili marTlmadidebeli da protestanticaa. ram-denime aseuli ojaxi kalvinistia. kalvinizmi xorvatebSi 1550-

1700 wlebSi, TurqTa mmarTvelobis periodSi, gavrcelda. zo-gierTi soflis mosaxleobaSi gvxvdeba nazarenelTa da adven-tistTa seqtebi. kaTolikurma eklesiam didi gavlena iqonia xorvati xalxis cxovrebis yvela mxareze. glexobis zogierT nawilSi SemorCenilia qristianobamdeli rwmena-warmodgenebi. dResaswauloben wminda giorgobas. 6 maisis es dRe zamTrisa da zafxulis gamyofad iTvleba _ am dros iwyeba saqonlis sazafxulo saZovrebze gadarekva. dalmaciaSi arcTu didi xnis win jer kidev mefis arCevis wes-Cveuleba iyo SemorCe-nili. dResaswauliT arCeul mefes qaRaldis gvirgvins, kverTxs da dairas gadascemdnen. xorvatTa zepir xalxur Se-moqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia sagmiro eposs. gav-rcelebulia `CastuSkis~ tipis simRerebi, romlebsac ZiriTa-dad cekvebis dros asruleben.

kaTolikur xorvatiaSi ZiriTadad romis eklesiis mier ka-nonizebuli qristianuli saxelebia gavrcelebuli. zedafena umetes SemTxvevaSi Sedgenil saxelebs atarebda. romelTa meo-

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re komponenti -mir da -slav iyo. xorvatielTa anTroponimiu-li modeli orwevriania (sakuTari saxeli + gvarsaxeli). gva-rebis umetesoba –iC sufiqsiT bolovdeba. gvxvdeba –k, -rc, -nc, -ar, -S sufiqsiani gvarsaxelebuc. yvelaze xSiria gvarsaxeli xorvati. saocaria am gvaris geografia: misi 20715 matarebli-dan 20 aTasze meti CrdiloeTis patara teritoriaze cxov-robs. zogierT sasoflo dasaxlebaSi gvarTan erTad sxva mem-kvidreobiT saxelsac gamoiyeneben, romelic soflis yvela mcxovrebma icis.

2.47. Cernogorielebi Cernogorielebis TviTsaxelwodebaa crnogorci. isini cxov-roben Cernogoriis saxelmwifoSi (380,4 aTasi kaci, 1991 w.). ma-Ti saerTo raodenoba 520 aTasi kacia. mkvidroben agreTve aSS-Si (15 aTasi), sadac XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi emigrirdnen. 5 aTasi Cernogorieli albaneTSi cxovrobs. Cernogorielebi didi evropeiduli rasis samxreTul Stos miekuTvnebian. laparakoben serbul-xorvatuli enis Stokavur dialeqtze. damwerloba Seqmnili aqvT kirilicas safuZvelze. ZiriTadad marTlmadideblebi arian; gvxvdebian mahmadianebic. samxreT slavebisa da, maT Soris, CernogorielTa eTnikuri

istoriac dakavSirebulia balkaneTSi VI-VII saukuneebSi sla-vuri tomebis masobriv gadmosaxlebasTan. am dros adgilobri-vi mosaxleoba slavebis mier an asimilirebuli, an kidev Sevi-wroebul iqna dasavleTis mimarTulebiTa da mTiani olqebis-ken. Sua saukuneebis manZilze Cernogoriis teritoria an damo-ukidebeli iyo, an Sedioda sxva samxreT slavuri saxelmwi-fos, agreTve bizantiis, bulgareTisa da veneciis Semadgenlo-baSi. 1499 wels Cernogoria Turqebma daipyres, magram isini

maT Seupovar winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen da dampyrobTa xelisu-flebas ar cnobdnen. osmalTa imperiis winaaRmdeg Cernogori-elTa Seupovari brZola maTi, rogorc damoukidebeli xalxis, formirebisTvis arsebiTi faqtori iyo. Turqebma CernogoriaSi

TavianTi xelisuflebis damyareba srulad verasodes ver moa-xerxes. TurqTa da venecielTa winaaRmdeg ganuwyvetelma brZo-lebma CernogorielebSi gansakuTrebuli mebrZoli suli ga-moawrTo. yvela mamakaci, uklebliv, meomari iyo. samxedro yo-fam, ekonomikurma CamorCenilobam da qveynis izolaciam Zveli

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gvarovnul-tomobrivi wyobis SenarCuneba ganapiroba. damouki-deblobisaTvis brZolaSi marTlmadidebeli samRvdeloebac

monawileobda. eklesiis meTauri _ meufe (mitropoliti, rome-lic imyofeboda cetinSi) erTdroulad Cernogorieli xalxis

meTauric iyo, mis xelSi iyo moqceuli sasamarTlo xelisuf-lebac. zetis mTebSi sxva serbuli olqebidan mudmivad modio-dnen TurqTa uRlisagan nawamebi ltolvilebi. Cernogorie-lebs mudmivi Sexeba hqondaT albanelebTanac. amitom maT So-ris mcire raodenobiT ar arian asimilirebuli albanelebi. CernogorielTa ganuwyvetelma brZolam 1796 wels es xalxi

faqtobriv damoukideblobamde miiyvana. 1918 wlidan Cernogo-ria serbeTis, xorvatiisa da sloveniis samefos Semadgenloba-Si iyo (1929 wlidan _ iugoslavia). miuxedavad imisa, rom Cernogorielebi warmoSobiT, eniTa da

kulturiT axlos arian serbebTan, maT Soris arsebiTi gansx-vavebacaa. CernogorielTa eTnosis yofa da kultura gansxva-vebulia, rac ara marto mTian geografiul garemoSi cxovre-bam ganapiroba, aramed im gasamxedroebuli cxovrebis wesmac, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi hqondaT Camoyalibebuli.

CernogorielTa tradiciuli meurneobis wamyvani dargi mom-Tabaruli mesaqonleobaa (saqonels mTaSi 5-6 Tve mierekebod-nen), gansakuTrebiT _ mecxvareoba. ganviTarebuli iyo miwaTmo-qmedebac (marcvleuli, teqnikuri kulturebi. bolo dros _ Tambaqo, bamba, kanafi). miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis Cernogorielebi mTiswineTSi nakveTebs wmendnen da miwa Soridan kalaTebiT mohqondaT. mTis ferdobebze, velebsa da, gansakuTrebiT, adri-

atikis zRvis sanapiroze mohyavdaT xili, maT Soris, citruse-bi, yurZeni da zeTisxili. misdevdnen meTevzeobas. ganTqmuli iyvnen xisa da qvis damuSavebiT, saiuveliro nawarmiT.

Cernogorielebis tradiciuli sakvebia puri, simindi, karto-fili, lobio, kombosto. zRvispireTSi Wamen bevr bostneulsa da Tevzs, mTebSi _ rZis produqtebs, gansakuTrebiT cxvris

rZisagan damzadebuls. axal xorcs cotas Wamdnen. mas ZiriTa-dad zamTrisaTvis amzadebdnen, amarilebdnen, axmobdnen da kvamlSi gamohyavdaT. dResaswaulebze wvavdnen cxvarsa da goWs. XIX saukuneSi CernogorielebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo gvarovnul-tomobrivi organizaciis arseboba. CernogorielTa

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tomebi imavdroulad samxedro-tomobrivi kavSirebi, teritori-ul-administraciuli da sameurneo erTeulebi iyvnen. isini

iyofodnen saZmoebad da gvarebad. stara Cernogoria oTx ol-qad _ naxiad iyofoda, TiToeuli maTgani ki Sedgeboda aTi da

meti `tomisagan~. tomebi Camoyalibebuli iyo sxvadasxva eTni-kuri komponentebisagan (xalxuri warmodgeniT yovel toms hya-vda Tavisi winapari). aq bevri migrirebulia serbeTidan,

hercogovinidan, albaneTidan. albanelTa minarevi gansakuTre-biT mniSvnelovania kuCis tomSi, Tumca, gadmocemiT, tomis yve-la wevrs saerTo winapari hyavda da isini dakavSirebulebi arian sisxliT naTesaobiT. aqedan gamomdinare, CernogorielTa

tomebSi gabatonebuli iyo egzogamia. farTod iyo gavrcele-buli mesisxleoba.

Cernogorielebi ganTqmulni arian stumarTmoyvareobiT, qa-lisadmi pativiscemiT. gavrcelebuli iyo daZmobilebis wes-Cveuleba. Cernogorielebma qristianoba jer kidev adre Sua saukuneeb-Si miiRes. Turq xelisufalTa zewoliT maTma nawilma (e.w. po-turCencebi) islami miiRo. mitropolitma danilom (1697-1735 ww.) marTlmadidebelTa mxardaWeriT maT mkacri brZola gamo-ucxada. am dros bevri maTgani ganadgurebuli da amowyvetili

iqna, sxvebma ki moaswres TurqeTSi gaqceva. poturCenelTa mi-webi monastrebisa da tomebis sakuTrebad gamocxadda. ukve

XVII saukuneSi eklesia qveynis umsxvilesi feodali iyo. ro-gorc aRiniSna, mitropolitebis xelSi iyo Tavmoyrili ara marto sasuliero, aramed saero xelisuflebac.

2.48. slovenebi slovenebis TviTsaxelwodebaa slovenci. isini sloveniis sa-xelmwifos ZiriTadi mkvidrni arian da mosaxleobis 96%-s Se-adgenen (1 mil. 700 aTasi kaci). slovenebi cxovroben agreTve

xorvatiasa da serbeTSi, italiaSi (daaxl. 120 aTasi), avstria-Si (70 aTasi), aSS-Si (45 aTasi), avstraliaSi (25 aTasi). slovenebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis alpur tips. slovenuri ena indoevropul enaTa ojaxis slavuri

jgufis samxreT qvejgufSi Sedis da aqvs 49 dialeqti, romle-bic Svid ZiriTad jgufSia gaerTianebuli (karintiuli, promi-

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ruli, rotvaruli, dolenuri, gorenuli, Stiruli, panoniuri).

slovenebs damwerloba Seqmnili aqvT laTinuri grafikis sa-fuZvelze. uZvelesi Zegli _ briJinis (freizingenis) nawyvetebi

X saukunis dasasruliTa da XI saukunis dasawyisiT TariRde-ba. saliteraturo enis dasawyisi dakavSirebulia protestan-tizmTan da XVI saukuneSi primoJ trubaris moRvaweobasTan,

romelmac saRvTismetyvelo wignebi dolenis dialeqtze Targ-mna. es dialeqti safuZvlad udevs saliteraturo enas. XVII saukuneSi gamarjvebulma kontrreformaciam saliteraturo

enis ganviTareba daamuxruWa. XVIII saukunis dasasrulidan sa-literaturo enisadmi interesi gaizarda. XIX saukunis Sua xa-nebidan poet franc preSernis Semoqmedebis Sedegad sabolo-od Camoyalibda Tanamedrove slovenuri saliteraturo ena. slovenebi kaTolikeebi arian; umniSvnelo nawili protestanti da marTlmadidebelia.

balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze VI-VII saukuneebSi, slavebis ma-sobrivi gadmosaxlebis dros, Tanamedrove slovenebis winap-rebma misi ukiduresi Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili, agreTve Sua

dunaispireTi da qvemo panonia daikaves. balkaneTis naxevar-kunZulze dasaxlebisTanave slovenebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ucxoel dampyrobTa batonobis qveS aRmoCndnen. VII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi slovenTa nawili ganTavisuflda avarielTa

batonobisagan da male maT Seqmnes damoukidebeli saxelmwi-fo, romlis centri Tanamedrove karintiaSi iyo. slovenebs Sua saukuneebSi karantanelebs an xorutanebs uwodebdnen. VIII

saukunis Sua xanebSi karantania aRmoCnda bavariisa da frank-Ta saxelmwifos mflobelobis qveS, IX saukunis dasawyisidan ki Sevida karlos didis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. IX saukunis Sua xanebidan sloveniis didi nawili germaneli feodalebis

gamgeblobaSi aRmoCnda. adgilobriv slavebSi kaTolikoba gav-rcelda da daiwyo intensiuri germanuli kolonizacia. slo-venTa aristokratia faqtobrivad gagermanelda, magram glexo-ba kvlav slavuri rCeboda. IX saukunis bolos slovenTa wina-prebis nawili, romelic qvemo panoniaSi iyo gansaxlebuli,

ungrelTa xelisuflebis qveS aRmoCnda, ramac maTi nawi-lobrivi madiarizacia gamoiwvia. XVI saukunis dasawyisSi

slovenielTa miwis didi nawili avstrielma habsburgebma dai-qvemdebares.

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miuxedavad imisa, rom slovenebma politikuri damoukideb-loba adre dakarges da xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi ger-manelTa da ungrelTa gavlenas ganicdidnen, TavianTi ena da

kultura SeinarCunes. slovenebis brZola eTnikuri Tavis-Tavadobis SenarCunebisaTvis reformaciis periodSi (XVI-XVII

ss.) daiwyo. am periodSi gavrcelda damwerloba slovenur en-aze, gaCnda slovenuri skolebi da daiwyo ganviTareba nacio-nalurma slovenurma kulturam, magram es moZraoba XVII sau-kuneSi kaTolikuri eklesiisa da habsburgebis imperiis admini-straciisa da adgilobrivi feodalebis erToblivi Zalisxme-vis Sedegad CaaxSves. 1848 wels avstriis imperiis mier damor-Cilebul xalxebsa da, maT Soris, slovenebSi nacionalur-gan-maTavisuflebeli moZraoba daiwyo. XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi samxreT slavur qveynebs Soris

sloveniaSi kapitalizmi yvelaze metad iyo ganviTarebuli. ka-pitalistur ganviTarebas Tan axlda gaZlierebuli germaniza-cia, ramac, Tavis mxriv, erovnuli moZraoba gaaaqtiura. am moZ-raobam sloveniis mosaxleobis yvela fena moicva. serbeTis, xorvatiis da sloveniis samefos SeqmniT (1918 w.)

yvela sloveni erT saxelmwifoSi ar gaerTianebula. sloveni-is mosaxleobis mesamedi italiis xelisuflebis qveS aRmoCnda (slovenuri zRvispireTi, istriis Crdilo nawili). karintiniis

nawili avstriis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi iyo. meore mso-flio omis Semdeg italiis gamgeblobaSi myofi sloveniis na-wili iugoslavias SeuerTda. 1991 wlidan slovenia damoukide-beli saxelmwifoa.

sloveni xalxis istoriulma warsulma da bedma misi jgufe-bis kulturas mniSvnelovani kvali daaCnia; qveyana oTx eTno-grafiul olqad iyofa _ alpiuri, Suaslovenuri, xmelTaSua-zRvispiruli da panoniuri. magaliTad, Crdilo istrielebma

friulTa da italielTa Zlieri gavlena ganicades. karantie-lebma, Stirielebma da, nawilobriv, zemo krainis mosaxleobam

xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi germanizacia ganicada. ser-buli eTnikuri komponenti Cans belokrainelTa jgufSi. ung-ruli kulturis gavlena ganicades sloveniis Crdilo-aRmosa-vleT nawilis mkvidrma prekmurebma, magram yvela slovenma Zi-riTadad Tavisi nacionaluri kultura SeinarCuna. sloveni

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xalxis calkeuli jgufebis kulturis formirebaze mniSvne-lovani gavlena iqonia agreTve geografiulma pirobebma (zRvis sanapiro, bari, mTa). amis gamoa, rom slovenia oTx eTnografiul olqad (mxared) iyofa, Tumca maT Soris

mkveTrad dadgenili sazRvrebi ar arsebobs. mxolod zogier-Ti sxvaoba SeimCneva sasoflo arqiteqturaSi (samSeneblo ma-salebi, dagegmareba...), sakvebSi, wes-CveulebebSi.

soflis meurneobis tradiciuli dargia Wvavis (svilis), ag-reTve xorblis, Svriis, parkosnebis, bardis, kartofilis, bos-tneulis moyvana. misdeven mebaReobas, meRvineobas, cxvris, Txis, msxvilfexa rqosani saqonlis moSenebas. tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan slovenebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia koleqtiuri Sroma da urTierTdaxmareba, ga-nsakuTrebiT saswrafo sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebisa da sa-xlis mSeneblobis dros.

samxreT slavebis sxva xalxebisagan gansxvavebiT, slovenebi-saTvis didi ojaxi (zadruga) damaxasiaTebeli ar iyo.

2.49. rusebi rusebis TviTsaxelwodebaa ruskie. am eTnonimiT XVII sauku-nemde ukrainelebic moixseniebodnen _ is maTi endoeTnoni-miMiyo. evropelebi velikorusebs ki `maskals~ uwodebdnen. bo-lo dromde ukrainelebisaTvis rusebi `maskalebi~ iyvnen. dRe-sac am termins iyeneben polonelebi. 1989 wlis monacemebiT, ruseTis federaciaSi cxovrobda 119 milion 866 aTasi rusi (mTeli mosaxleobis 81,5%). gansaxlebulni arian saxelmwifos mTel teritoriaze. ruseTis federaciis sazRvrebs gareT

isini cxovroben ukrainaSi (11 mil. 355 aTasi, ukrainis mosax-leobis 22%), yazaxeTSi (6 mil. 227 aTasi, 37,8%), uzbekeTSi (1

mil. 653 aTasi, 8%), belorusiaSi (1 mil. 342 aTasi, 13,2%), yir-gizeTSi (916 aTasi, 21,5%), latviaSi (905 aTasi, 37,6%), moldo-veTSi (562 aTasi, 13%), estoneTSi (474 aTasi, 30%), azerbaijanSi (392 aTasi, 5,5,%), tajikeTSi, (388 aTasi, 7,6%), litvaSi (344 aTasi, 9,3%), TurqmeneTSi (333 aTasi, 9,4%), saqarTveloSi (341

aTasi, 6,3%), somxeTSi (51 aTasi, 1,5%), agreTve aSS-Si (1 milio-ni), kanadasa da rig sxva qveynebSi (daaxl. 1,4 milioni kaci).

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rusebi miekuTvnebian did evropeidul rasas. CrdiloeT ol-qebSi Warbobs atlantur-baltiuri rasa, centrSi _ Sua evro-puli rasis aRmosavleTevropuli tipi, Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi _ belomoriul-baltiuri rasis aRmosavlurbaltiuri tipi;

samxreTSi fiqsirdeba monRoloiduri da xmelTaSuazRvispiru-li minarevebi. rusebi laparakoben indoevropul enaTa ojaxis slavuri jgufis enaze. rusuli anbani _ kirilicas variantia. XIV-XV saukuneebSi rusuli ena gamoeyo Zvel rusul enas, romlisagan

momdinareobs agreTve ukrainuli da belorusuli enebi. ruse-bis umetesoba marTlmadidebelia, maT Soris _ staroverebic.

rusi xalxis istoria saTaves Zvelrusuli saxelmwifos epo-qaSi iRebs, romelic warmoiqmna ax.w. IX saukuneSi aRmosavleT-slavuri tomebis gaerTianebis Sedegad. Zveli rusi xalxi

saerTo aRmosavleTslavuri TviTsaxelwodebiT adrefeodalu-ri Zvelrusuli kievis saxelmwifoSi (Киевская Русь, IX s. _ XII s-is dasawyisi) Camoyalibda. Zvelrusuli saxelmwifos Semad-genlobaSi, garda Zvelrusebisa, Sediodnen finur-ugruli, ba-ltiuri da Turquli tomebi. IX-X saukuneebSi rusebis isto-riul-eTnikur teritoriaze cxovrobdnen agreTve finur-ugru-li tomebi (vesi, muruma, meSCera, meria), agreTve baltiuri wa-rmoSobis goliadebi. adgilobrivi tomebi gadmosaxlebul

slavebTan asimilirdnen, rasac finuri tomebis mcirericxov-nobiTa da gadmosaxlebulTa sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis uf-ro maRali doniT xsnian. asimilirebulma finur-ugrulma tomebma gadmosaxlebulebs zogierTi anTropologiuri niSani da toponimikuri nomenklatura (mdinareebis, tbebis, soflebis da sxva adgilebis saxelwodebani) da agreTve tradiciuli

rwmena-warmodgenebis elementebi dautoves. TviT toponimi `mo-skovi~ finuri eniT ixsneba. finuri tomebi iyvnen gansaxlebu-lni dRevandel centralur ruseTSi, mdinareebis _ okisa da volgis SuamdinareTSi. ara marto mdinare moskva, aramed mdi-nareebi protva, silva, kosva da sxv. finuri eniT ixsneba. marto mdinare okas oci Senakadi `va~ sufiqsiT bolovdeba,

rac finurad wyals niSnavs. oka ki finurad mdinares aRniS-navs. Tu kievis ayvavebis xanaSi cnebebi `rusi~ da `ruseTis miwa~,

uwinares yovlisa, vrceldeboda mxolod kievisa da Cernigo-

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vis miwebze, XIII-XIV saukuneebSi isini Crdilo-aRmosavleT re-gionebTan asocirdeboda. XII saukuneSi vladimir monomaxi da

misi Svili iuri dolgoruki kievis samefos taxtisaTvis brZo-laSi Crdilo-aRmosavleTis rusebs eyrdnobodnen. XI saukune-Si Zvelrusul saxelmwifoSi 90-ze met qalaqs iTvlidnen, XII saukuneSi ki _ 224-s.

XII saukunis meore naxevari Zvelrusuli saxelmwifos isto-riaSi gardatexis periods warmoadgens. daiwyo misi daSlis procesi, dadga mravali politikuri centris arsebobis epoqa,

romelmac aRmosavleT evropis eTnopolitikur da demografi-ul situaciaSi cvlilebebi Seitana. vladimir monomaxis gar-dacvalebis Semdeg (1125 w.) damTavrda ruseTis mTavrebis ba-tonoba da uflebebi Crdilo-aRmosavleTis miwebze. Zvelrusu-li miwebis politikurma centrma vladimirSi gadainacvla. am dros daiwyo kriviCebis gaZlierebuli koloniuri moZraoba

dasavleTisaken da viatiCebisa _ Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT. Crdi-lo-aRmosavleTSi gaCnda axali qalaqebi, maT Soris, 1221 wels _ niJni novgorodi. feodaluri daqucmacebulobis periodSi

saerTo TviTSegneba TiTqmis ar dakargula, rac im eTnonime-bis formirebaSi aisaxa, romlebic momdevno sami saukunis gan-mavlobaSi sam aRmosavlel slav xalxs aRniSnavda (velikoru-sebi, malorusebi, belorusebi).

rusebze TaTar-monRolTa batonobam aRmosavleT evropis si-vrceSi politikuri situacia Secvala. dairRva Crdilo-aRmo-savleTis rusuli samTavroebis kavSiri samxreTrusul miweb-Tan, novgorodis respublika da fskovi sxva rusuli olqebi-sagan gancalkevdnen. Cingisxanis mier mWidrod dasaxlebuli

miwebisa da maTi centrebis (vladimiri, suzdali, rostovi, pe-reiaslavli) aoxrebisa da XIII s-is meore naxevarSi aq mon-Rol-TaTarTa SemoWris Semdeg daiwyo rusuli mosaxleobis

ukuqceva aRmosavleTiT da Crdilo-aRmosavleT ruseTis cent-ridan ufro metad tyian da usafrTxo dasavleTSi, md. mosko-vis auzisa da volgis zemo dinebisaken. XIII saukunis bolos aman moskovisa da tveris gaZliereba ganapiroba. volga-okis SuamdinareTis Sinagan kolonizacias xels boiarebi, Tavadebi da monastrebi uwyobdnen. aSkara gaxda moskovis, tverisa da

niJni novgorodis (mdebareobis) upiratesoba. volga-okis Suam-dinareTSi sxvadasxva olqebidan mosulTa Tavmoyram rusi xa-

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lxis ZiriTadi birTvis Camoyalibeba ganapiroba. momdevno sau-kuneebSi misi eTnikuri teritoriis gafarToebam moicva Crdi-loeTis olqebi kareliidan uralis mTebamde, romelmac pomo-ries SemkreblobiTi saxelwodeba miiRo. isini miadgnen TeTr

zRvasa da CrdiloeT yinulovan okeanes. pomoriaSi gadasaxle-buli rusebi eTnikurad rTuli Semadgenlobis mosaxleobas _ karelebs, vepsebs, komi-zirianebs, komi-permelebs, nencebsa da sxv. Sexvdnen. baTo-yaenis Semosevisa da Crdilo-aRmosavleT

ruseTis aoxrebis Semdeg mosaxleobis CrdiloeTiT gadasax-lebis procesi gaZlierda. XIV-XV saukuneebi am mxaris inten-siuri aTvisebis periodi iyo. 1620 wlisaTvis CrdiloeTSi 22.226 dasaxlebuli punqti aRiricxeboda.

XVI saukunisaTvis pomories samxreTi raionebi ise iyo dasa-xlebuli, rom intensiurad viTardeboda saxvneli miwaTmoqme-deba. pomories dasavleTi nawilisa da centris dasaxleba ru-suli eTnikuri teritoriis SeqmnisTvis saetapo mniSvnelobis movlena iyo _ aq gadmosaxlebulebi da maTi STamomavalni rusi xalxis eTnokulturis gansakuTrebul nawilad iqcnen, romelTac materialuri da sulieri kulturis Taviseberebani axasiaTebdaT. A 1380 wels kulikovos velze mamai xanis ganadgurebam ruseTi urdos batonobisagan ar gaaTavisufla, magram nacionaluri konsolidaciisaTvis, romelic moskovis didi mTavris _ ivane

III-is (1462-1505 ww.) mmarTvelobis wlebSi damTavrda, mas gadam-wyveti mniSvneloba hqonda. urdos batonobis damxobasa (1480 w.) da Sua ruseTis velis AZiriTadi nawilis gaerTinebas rusi

xalxis istoriaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda. rusuli mi-webi TandaTan erT saxelmwifoSi erTiandeboda. vasil III-is mmarTvelobis dros damoukidebloba dakarga fskovma (1510) da riazanma (1521), gaqra ramdenime samTavro. XVI saukuneSi cneba `samTavro~ sabolood gaqra. XVI saukunis Sua xanebSi rusebma gaanadgures yazanisa da astraxanis saxanoebi. yirimis saxanosa da TurqeTTan brZola

ki XVIII saukunis bolomde gagrZelda. migraciis Sedegad ru-sebiT dasaxlebuli eTnikuri teritoria TandaTan izrdeboda.

maT aiTvises uralis, volgispireTisa da Semdeg cimbiris te-ritoriebi. uralsa da cimbirSi mosaxleoba ZiriTadad XVII

saukuneSi pomoriedan gadasaxlda. XVII saukunis meore naxe-varSi rusebi intensiurad dasaxldnen permis miwaze, sadac

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finur-ugrul mosaxleobas _ komebs, xantebsa da mansebs See-jaxnen. XVIII saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis ruseTis saxelmwifo

aRmosavleTiT vrcel teritoriaze iyo gadaWimuli da is ev-raziul saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. saxelmwifoebriv gafar-Toebas, Cveulebriv, Tan axlda rusebis migracia. XVIII saukunisaTvis cimbirSi migrirebuli rusi mosaxleoba

adgilobriv sxvadasxva eTnosebs raodenobrivad ukve aWarbeb-da. 1710 wels cimbirSi 314 aTasi rusi gadasaxlebuli iyo,

rac 100 aTasiT aWarbebda adgilobriv mosaxleobas. 1795 wli-saTvis cimbirSi rusi mosaxleobis raodenobam ukve 1 milions gadaaWarba.

XVI saukuneSi rusebi intensiurad saxldebodnen samxre-TSiac. XVIII saukuneSi baltiispireTsa da ukrainaSi rusuli

mosaxleoba cota iyo. XVIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi rusi xal-xis istoriul-eTnikuri teritoria sakmaod maRali bunebrivi

matebis pirobebSi, upirveles yovlisa, samxreTis mimarTule-biT gafarTovda, romelmac moicva samxreT urali, qvemo vol-gispireTi, SavizRvispireTi (novorosia), azovispireTi, stavro-poli, yirimi, CrdiloeT kavkasia, Semdeg ki yubani. es procesi TurqeTTan warmatebuli omebis Sedegad imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

1721 wels SveciasTan dadebuli niStadtis zaviT ruseTis im-periis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida estlandia da liflandia, gvian ki kurlandia; XIX saukunis dasawyisSi _ finlandia, besarabia

da saukunis meore naxevarSi _ Sua azia da Soreuli aRmosav-leTi. rusebma am regionebSi dasaxlebac daiwyes. dapyrobil

axal mxareebSi eTnikuri situacia rTuldeboda da yalibde-boda axali raionebi, sadac eTnikurad narevi mosaxleoba

mkvidrdeboda. novorosiasa da yirimSi eTnikurad rTuli rai-onebi iqmneboda (rusul-ukrainuli da rusul-yirimul-TaTru-li).

sabWoTa periodSi dabeWdil saxelmZRvaneloebSi xazgasmiT iyo aRniSnuli, rom monRol-TaTarTa batonobam rusi xalxis erTian rusul saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebis procesi Seaferxa.

Tumca revoluciamde da sabWoTa imperiis daSlis Semdeg da-stambul wignebSi sruliad sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebia gamoT-qmuli: monRolebma ki ar Seaferxes rusebis erT saxelmwifod

gaerTianebis procesi da rusi xalxis Camoyalibeba, aramed pi-

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riqiT _ gaerTianeba faqtobrivad aRmosavleTidan mosuli da-mpyroblebis gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad moxda da ru-si eris formirebaSi, sxva eTnosebTan erTad, monRolebma erT-erTi komponentis roli Seasrules. am mosazrebisa iyvnen

trubeckoi da karamzini. ruseTis teritoriaze monRolTa mos-vlis dros, kievis samefo calkeul rusul samTavroebad daS-lil-daqucmacebuli iyo. monRolebTan brZolaSi yoveli sam-Tavro calke icavda Tavs. droTa ganmavlobaSi moskovis mTav-rebma, eSmakuri politikis wyalobiT, didi samTavros iarli-yic ki miiRes. is oqros urdos politikis gamtarebelic ki

Seiqna. trubeckoi aRniSnavda, rom moskovis saxelmwifo TaTa-rTa uRlis wyalobiT Seiqmnao. `TaTarTa uRlis dacemas~ Ta-TarTa yaenis marTlmadidebeli mefiT Secvla mohyva da xanis

sadgomis _ moskovSi gadatana. moskovis samefos zedafenis wa-rmomadgenelTa mniSvnelovan nawils TaTarTa zedafena warmo-adgenda. es zedafena, romelic male gaqristianda, faqtobri-vad axali rusuli saxelmwifos formirebis aqtiur Semoqme-dad iqca. zemoxsenebuli avtori imasac ki werda, rom `Cven ufleba gvaqvs viamayoT ara mxolod slavi winaprebiT, aramed Turaneli winaprebiTac da valdebuli varT madlieri viyoT rogorc erTis, ise meorisa~.

zemoT aRniSnuli WeSmaritebasTan Zalian Aaxlosaa. faqtob-rivad calkeuli rusuli samTavroebis erTad Sekreba oqros

urdos SemadgenlobaSi moxda; oqros urdos batonobisas mos-kovis samTavros TviT monRolebma mianiWes prioriteti, rome-lmac Semdeg TandaTanobiT, bunebrivia, dampyroblebis Sesus-tebis gamoisobiTac, daiwyo rusuli da ararusuli miwebis Se-kreba, oqros urdos yofili teritoriebis axla ukve moskovis garSemo gaerTianeba.

ismis kiTxva: ratom ver SeZles dampyrobelma monRol-TaT-rebma dacalkevebuli rusebis eTnikuri asimilireba da ratom moxda piriqiTi procesi? cnobilia, rom yvela dampyrobels, imperiis Semqmnels dapyrobil xalxebSi Tavisi ideologia Sehqonda. magaliTad SeiZleba arabebi moviyvanoT, romlebsac dapyrobil xalxebSi islami SehqondaT da xSirad ZaliTac avrcelebdnen mas. es ki eTnikur asimilacias, bunebrivia, aCqa-rebda. monRolebs aseTi religia arc hqoniaT. oqros urdo, romlis mTavari Stabi da administraciuli centri volgis

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dablobSi, dRevandeli volgogradis maxloblad mdebareobda, mxolod materialuri keTildReobiT (fuliTa da saZovrebiT) iyo dainteresebuli. monRolebi damorCilebuli rusebisa (da sxva xalxebis) pirad cxovrebaSi TiTqmis ar ereodnen. piri-qiT, oqros urdos kargi damokidebuleba hqonda marTlmadide-bel eklesiasTan. es ukanaskneli gadasaxadebisaganac ki iyo ganTavisuflebuli. eklesia uzenaes xelisuflebas garkveul samsaxursac uwevda. aseTi legendac arsebobs: kaTolikurma eklesiam mengu xans winadadebiT mimarTa, raTa kaTolicizmiT dainteresebuliyvnen. xanis pasuxi aseTi yofila: TaTrebs RmerTi swamT, misTvis cxovroben, misTvis kvdebian, magram Rme-rTs bevri TiTi aqvs da misken bevri gza midis. rac ver moa-xerxes monRolebma (es maT mizans arc Seadgenda), moaxerxes oqros urdos faqtobrivma memkvidreebma _ moskovis didi sam-Tavros mTavrebma (Semdeg mefeebma). dapyrobil xalxTa umete-sobas, TavianT qveSevrdom sxvadasxva eTnosebs isini qristia-nuli (marTlmadidebeli) religiis (ideologiis) saSualebiT aerTianebdnen, rac, TavisTavad cxadia, garusebis process aCqarebda.

cnobilia, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs naciis Camoya-libebaSi saxelmwifosa da eklesias (religias). swored aseTi

roli ikisra moskovis saxelmwifom da rusulma marTlmadide-belma eklesiam. garda TaTar-monRolebisa, rusuli eTnosis

SemadgenlobaSi araerTi sxva eTnosis warmomadgenelic Sevi-da. ruseTis saxelmwifo da didi rusuli kulturis Semqmneli

rusi eri centridan periferiebisaken mosaxleobis TandaTano-biTi migraciis, axali teritoriebis aTvisebisa da sxvadasxva

xalxis asimilaciis Sedegad Camoyalibda. mecnierebs gamoT-vlili aqvT, rom rusuli eTnosis SemadgenlobaSi evraziis sivrceSi mobinadre da momTabare 50-dan 100-mde eTnosi Sevida. Tavdapirvelad aRmosavleT slavebs xom Tanamedrove ruseTis

teritoriis mxolod umniSvnelo nawili eWiraT. esaa am teri-toriis dasavleTi monakveTi im mdinareTa auzebSi, romlebic baltiisa da Sav zRvebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebda. Tanamedrove

ruseTis didi nawili Tavdapirvelad `Turanuli~, anda `ura-lur-alTauri~ tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. pirvel rigSi bul-garelTa da xazarTa samefoebi SeiZleba gavixsenoT. rusebis aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT gadaadgilebas Tan axlda zemoT

aRniSnuli eTnosebis garuseba. `Turanul~ anu `uralur-alTa-

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ur~ xalxebSi ki Semdegi jgufebi igulisxmeba: ugro-finuri

modgmis xalxebi, samoedebi, Turqebi (gansakuTrebiT bulgare-bi, xazarebi, yivCayebi, paWanikebi), uigurebi, monRolebi, man-jurielebi. ruseTi evropisa da aziis mijnaze mdebare saxelmwifo iyo da rusebic evropelebsa da azielebs Soris cxovrobdnen da,

rogorc aRvniSneT, rusuli eTnosi evropuli da aziuri kom-ponentebis Sereva-Sejvarebis Sedegad warmoiqmna. dRevandel rusul istoriografiaSic Zalian bevri avtori xSirad xazs usvams maT araevropelobas. miaCniaT, rom isini evrazielebi

arian Sesabamisi mentalitetiT. evropuli da aziuri kulture-bis Sereva ki mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareo-bda. saintereso dakvirveba aqvs mocemuli XVIII saukunis pete-rburgis Sesaxeb l.-f segiurs: `peterburgSi yvelaferi gaore-bulia. adamiani erTdroulad xvdeba ganaTlebasac da barba-rosobasac, X saukunisa da XVIII saukunis nakvalevs, aziasa da

evropas, skviTebsa da evropelebs, brwyinvale da amay aznau-robas da ubir brbos. erTis mxriv naxavT modur morTulobas,

mdidrul tansacmels, Cinebul nadimebs, didebul dResaswau-lebs, sanaxaobebs, iseTebs, rogorebiTac parizisa da londo-nis rCeuli sazogadoeba erToba; meore mxriv _ aziur tansac-melSi gamowyobil vaWrebs, meetleebs, mosamsaxureebs, glexebs

cxvris tyapuWebiTa da grZeli wverebiT, bewvisa da tyavis qu-debiTa da xelCagebiT (TaTmanebiT), romlebsac xSirad qamreb-Si culebic ki aqvT garWobili. es tansacmeli da Salis fex-sacmeli xSirad gvaxsenebda skviTebs, dakebs, roskolanebs,

guTebs, romlebic odesRac saSiSroebas uqmnidnen romaul sa-myaros. romis traianis koloniis bareliefebze gamosaxuli velurebi TiTqos Cven Tvalwin cocxldebian da moZraoben.

geCveneba, rom igive ena da yvirili ismis, rogoric romaeleb-sa da bizantielebs esmodaT balkaneTsa da alpebis mTebSi.

magram es xalxi barakebsa da sazidrebze mRerian TavianT er-Tferovan da naRvlian simRerebs, maSin gaxsendeba, rom isini arian ara Zveli damoukidebeli skviTebi, aramed moskvitebi, romlebmac TavianTi siamaye TaTarTa batonobisa da rusi bo-iarebis uRels qveS dakarges, magram SeinarCunes adrindeli siZliere da Tandayolili mamacoba~.

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miuxedavad imisa, rom petre pirvelma evropisaken gza gaWra

da ruseTSi evropuli kultura farTod gavrcelda, XIX sau-kunis 80-iani wlebidan evropelebi (gansakuTrebiT frangebi)

ruseTs ara aRmosavleT evropad, aramed aziad Tvlidnen. pir-veli ideologi, romelsac miaCnda, rom rus xalxs da, amde-nad, mTel rusul kulturas araferi aqvs saerTo evropasa da evropis xalxebTan, iyo cnobili frangi liberali istorikosi da senatori anri marteni (1810-1883ww.). Tavis wignSi `ruseTi da evropa~ is amtkicebda, rom rusebi ar arian slavebi da arc indogermanelebi, aramed _ Turanebi, romle-bic miekuTvnebian Turqul-alTaur tomebs da rom isini mxo-lod garegnulad hgvanan evropelebs da araferi aqvT maTTan saerTo. igive avtori aRniSnavda rusebis crumorwmuneobisa da maTSi ganaTlebis SeuRwevadobis, monurad morCili xasia-Tis Sesaxeb. xazs usvamda rusebis garegnulad mironcxebulo-bas, magram ara Semsruleblobas. aRniSnuli avtori rusebis mxolod gamravlebis unaris mqoneblobaze saubrobs, Tan iqve amatebs, rom am xalxisagan zneobriv amaRlebas ar unda velo-doTo. anri monteni rusebs aziatebs uwodebda da evropisa-Tvis maT saSiS xalxad miiCnevda da maTgan Tavis daRwevis saSualebad urals iqiT gayra miaCnda. dasaxelebuli avtoris sityvebSi ara mxolod rusebis, aramed marTlmadidebluri qristianobis mimarT garkveuli uaryofiTi damokidebuleba da zizRic ki igrZnoba. aseT Sexedulebebs ufro momdevno peri-odis avtorebi aviTarebdnen. magaliTad, pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg gamosul wignSi `dasavleTis dacva~ aseve frangi avtori anri masi werda: rusebi imitom ar arian namdvili evropelebi, rom romauli qristianobis mimdevrebs ar warmoadgenen. `maTi qristianoba dogmaturad amorfulia, RvTismsaxureba moufiqrebeli, aRmosavluris msgavsad misti-kuri, burusiT moculi da bundovani, socialurad uintereso. yvelaferi es marTlmadideblobas aaxloebs induizmTan da aSorebs dasavleTisagan~. amjerad am avtorTan kamaTisa da sapirispiro daskvnebis moyvanis adgili araa, magram ar Se-iZleba ar aRiniSnos misi subieqturoba, marTlmadideblobi-sadmi siZulvili, marTlmadidebelTa mier Seqmnili didi ku-lturis daunaxaoba. marTlmadidebloba xom, kaTolicizmisa-gan gansxvavebiT, erovnuli enebis, kulturebisa da mwerlobis ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleoda. yvela marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi RvTismsaxureba erovnul enebze mimdinareobda. mar-

225533

Tlmadideblurma qveynebma arc inkvizicia icodnen, arc getoebi da sxva sarwmunoebis mimarT SemwynarebloboT gamo-irCeodnen. rusul sabWoTa istoriografiaSi kategoriulad miuReblad da arasandod acxadebdnen rusuli saistorio wyaroebis

cnobebs pirveli rusuli saxelmwifos _ kievis ruseTis vikin-gebis mier Seqmnis Sesaxeb. dRes damajereblad dadgenilia,

rom rusuli saistorio wyaroebis monacemebi realur sinamd-viles asaxavs da rom aRmosavleT slavebis aRmniSvneli endo-eTnonimi `rusi~ ar iyo. Tavdapirveli rusebi iyvnen skandina-vieli vikingebi (`variagebi~), romlebic savaWro gzebs eZebdnen

slavebiT, baltielebiT da ugro-finebiT dasaxlebul teri-toriebze. vikingebi yvela wina da momdevno dampyroblebisagan

imiT gansxvavdebodnen, rom isini ara momTabareebi, aramed mo-binadreni iyvnen. skandinavielma rusebma moaxerxes mdinare dnepriT bizantiasTan dakavSireba da vaWrobis gabma. rusul

wyaroebSi weria, rom am savaWro gzis (dnepris) gaswvriv mobi-nadre slavebi rusebis (anu vikingebis) gamoCenas xalisiT

xvdebodnen. am dros slavebis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris mud-mivi dapirispireba iyo da maT rusebi miiwvies, raTa es dapi-rispireba moewesrigebinaT. mosul rus-vikingebs miewerebaT

qalaq kievis aSeneba da slavuri rusuli saxelmwifos Seqm-nac. ase gadaeca eTnonimi `rusi~ erTi xalxidan meore xalxs. aRmosavleT slavebis pirveli saxelmwifo _ kievis ruseTi

evraziis sivrceSi pirveli saxelmwifo iyo, romelic mobinad-reebma Seqmnes. es saxelmwifo sakmaod vrcel teritoriaze iyo ganfenili da mudmivi saSiSroebis winaSe idga rogorc

dasavleTidan, ise aRmosavleTidan. aRmosavleTidan es saSiS-roeba mas Semdeg gaZlierda, rac xazareTis saxelmwifos mos-pobiT uralsa da kaspiis zRvas Soris teritoriaze erTgvari `Ria kari~ Seiqmna. ruseTi bunebrivi sazRvrebiT daculi ar

iyo. amitom is did Zalebsa da saSualebebs xarjavda sazRvre-bis dasacavad. man nel-nela daiwyo gafantuli momTabare to-mebisa da didi eTnikuri jgufebis Caylapva. sxvadasxva eTni-kuri teritoriebis dapyrobaSi da aq gansaxlebuli sxvadasxva

eTnosebis asimilaciaSi rusebs xels uwyobda is, rom am eT-nikur erTobaTa zedafenis warmomadgenlebs isev privilegire-

225544

bul mdgomareobaSi tovebda _ isini daubrkoleblad rusul zedafenaSi Semohyavda.

rusebis aRmosavleTisa da samxreTis mimarTulebiT migra-cia Tavdapirvelad ganpirobebuli iyo soflis meurneobis wa-rmoebis siZneleebiT. aseT mizezTa Soris xSirad sazRvrebis

Riaobasac asaxeleben. migraciulma procesebma intensiuri xa-siaTi XVI saukunidan miiRo. intesiurobis sababi gadasaxade-bis amkrebTa umowyalobac iyo. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi daus-rulebeli migraciuli nakadi xan Zlierdeboda da xan sust-deboda. kliuCevski migraciul da kolonizaciur procesebs

`ruseTis istoriis maxasiaTebels~ uwodebda. gadasaxleba Zi-riTadad tyiani zolidan stepebSi mimdinareobda. axal sac-xovrebel adgilebSi marTalia niadagi ufro nayofieri iyo, magram momTabareTa TareSis gamo cxovreba saSiSi iyo. axal sasoflo-sameurneo garemoSi dasaxlebulebs axali sameurneo

teqnikis aTviseba uxdebodaT. stepebis miwa guTniT moxvnas sa-Wiroebda. guTans ki gamwevi Zala sWirdeboda, ramac, Tavis

mxriv, mesaqonleobis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. stebebSi da-saxlebul rusebSi wamyvani marcvleuli kulturebis moyvana gaxda. axali dasaxlebis adgilebSi migranti rusebi mkvidr ararus

mosaxleobasTan aqtiur urTierTobas amyarebdnen (vaWroba, Se-reuli qorwinebebi). damxvduri da mosuli mosaxleoba ganvi-Tarebis TvalsazrisiT TiTqmis Tanabar doneze idga. rusebma adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan bevri ram SeiTvises. maTgan SeiTvises Samanizmis, animizmis elementebi. zogierT regionSi rusebma adgilobrivebisagan araerTi kulturuli realiac gadaiRes (samzareulo, tansacmeli). kolonizaciis procesi mTlad umtkivneulo ar yofila. ruseTis xelisufleba momTa-bareebs binadar cxovrebaze gadasvlas aiZulebda. aseTi poli-tika mtrobas aRvivebda. rusebs gansakuTrebiT baSkirebi upirispirdebodnen. CrdiloeT kavkasielebidan gansakuTrebiT daumorCilebelni CaCnebi iyvnen. yalmuxebma ki saZovrebis didi nawili mosul mosaxleobasa da mis armias dauTmes. volgis qvemo dinebaze yalmuxebs normaluri ganviTarebis saSualeba aRar hqondaT, amitom gacla amjobines, centralur aziaSi winaparTa samSobloSi gadasaxleba gadawyvites, magram 1770 wels mxolod mesamedma miaRwia mizans (daaxloebiT 100

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aTasi kaci SimSilisagan, avadmyofobisagan, sicxisagan, sicivi-sagan da momTabare yazaxTa Tavdasxmebisagan daiRupa).

ganapira mxareebis rusTa gansaxlebis centrebSi paradoqsu-li situacia iqmneboda. xelisuflebisagan gaqceuli glexebi

gansaxlebis axal adgilebSi saZulveli xelisuflebis dasay-rdeni xdebodnen. saxelmwifosagan gaqceuli glexebi misgan mxardaWeras cdilobdnen. migraciuli procesebi mosaxleobis swraf zrdasac ganapirobebda. amis Sedegad XVIII saukuneSi

rusebi evropis TiTqmis yvelaze mravalricxovan xalxad iqc-nen. 1897 wlis aRweriT qveynis mTeli mosaxleoba 116 milioni

iyo, romelTagan rusebi 48%-s warmoadgendnen (55 milioni ka-ci). maTi umetesi nawili evropul nawilSi mkvidrobda. ssrk-is daSlis Semdeg ruseTSi or milionamde ltolvili movida.

rusebis kulturisa da yofis TvalsazrisiT sagrZnobi sxva-obaa mis or did eTnografiul regions _ Crdilo ruseTsa da

samxreT ruseTs Soris. moskovuri metyveleba safuZvlad dae-do rusuli enis formirebas. Crdilo rusul eTnografiul zonaSi gamoiyofa pomorielebis jgufi, romelic rusi migran-tebisa da maT mier asimilirebuli finur-ugruli, saamuri da

nenuri warmoSobis jgufebisagan Sedgeba. pomorielebis mTa-vari saqmianoba ZvelTaganve meTevzeoba da zRvis mxecebze sa-rewao nadiroba iyo. gamoyofen agreTve polexebis, goriunebis jgufebsac. mniSvnelovani kulturul-yofiTi TaviseburebebiT gamoirCevian kazakebi. iseve rogorc sxva slav xalxebSi, rusebSic miwaTmoqmedeba

odiTganve iyo ganviTarebuli. mohyavdaT marcvleuli kultu-rebi (Wvavi, xorbali). qers gamoiyenebdnen rogorc sakvebad,

ise ludisaTvis. SedarebiT axali kulturaa kartofili, ro-melmac soflis meurneobaSi wamyvani adgili mxolod XIX sau-kunis dasasruls daikava. farTo masStabiani migraciis dawye-bamde soflis meurneoba eqstesiuri xasiaTis iyo. tyis gakaf-visa da misi dawvis Semdeg miwaze sasoflo-sameurneo kultu-rebs Tesavdnen. kaviT zedapirulad damuSavebuli miwa male

ifiteboda, ris Semdegac sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebi me-zobel nakveTebze gadahqondaT. kaviT moxnuli miwa mxolod

niadagis zedapirs afxvierebda. erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi sak-

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mao raodenobis miwis farTobs xnavdnen. am meTodiT damuSave-buli miwa imden mosavals iZleoda, ramdenic gamosakvebad hyofnidaT, magram mousavlianobis SemTxvevebSi maragi aRar

rCebodaT. ruseTSi zafxuli Zalian mokle iyo. glexoba zog-jer mosavlis aRebas Zlivs aswrebda. yinvebis adre daWeris SemTxvevaSi meore wlisaTvis ubralod Teslis maragic aRar

rCebodaT. ZvelTaganve iyo gavrcelebuli mecxoveleoba (Zro-xa, cxeni, cxvari, Txa, Rori), Sinauri frinveli.

Sua saukuneebSi rusi glexis racionSi ZiriTadad marcvleu-li kulturebi Sedioda. pirvel rigSi SeiZleba Wvavi davasa-xeloT, romelic ZiriTadad civ da nestian niadagSi izrdeboda. xorbali fufunebad iTvleboda mas Semdegac ki, rac rusebi XVIII saukuneSi samxreT stepebSi gadasaxldnen da misi moyvana daiwyes. yvelgan mohyavdaT barda _ misgan fafas xarSavdnen. fafas akeTebdnen Svriisaganac. Svrias saqonelsac aWmevdnen. yvelanairi marcvleuli kulturisagan comis gufTa-sa da blinebs amzadebdnen. mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi ZiriTadi bostneuli kultura Talgami iyo. didi raodenobiT mohyavdaT Warxali da kombosto. Zveli droidanve icodnen kombostosa da kitris damwnileba. sakvebad gamoiyenebdnen so-kosa da kenkras, riTac rusuli tyeebi Zalian mdidari iyo. ruseTis mdinareebi da tbebi mdidari iyo TevziT. rusebi ara mxolod zafxulSi, aramed zamTarSic Tevzaobdnen. ruseTSi tradiciulad popularuli sasmelia arayi, Tumca saistorio literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom arayi ruseTSi XVI saukunis Sua xanebSi gaCnda, rodesac misi gamoxda moskovelma sasuliero pirebma italiaSi _ feraro-florenciis taZarSi stumrobisas iswavles. Zalian magar spirtian sasmelebs Tav-dapirvelad monastrebSi svamdnen. arays ZiriTadad marcvleu-lisagan xdidnen. aryis garda rusebi svamdnen bragas (Sinauri ludi), medovuxas, buraxs. sxvaTa Soris, friad sainteresoa rusul wyaroebSi daculi cnoba, romelic ruseTSi qris-tianobis gavrcelebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. wyaros Tanaxmad, rusebma islamis miRebaze uari imitom Tqves, rom is alkoholis smas krZalavda. monastrebSi alkoholian sasme-lebs Tu zomierad svamdnen, ojaxebSi ubralo adamianebi mas didi raodenobiT miirTmevdnen. XV saukunis Sua xanebSi ruse-TSi miiRes kanoni, romelic mxolod damokidebul glexebze vrceldeboda. am kanonis Tanaxmad, soflebSi dResaswaulebis dros mxolod miwveulebi unda misuliyvnen da nasvami

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stumrebi Ramis gasaTevad maspinZlis ojaxSi ar unda darCe-niliyvnen. XVI saukuneSi eklesiis msaxurni aRSfoTebulni iyvnen samikitnoebSi mimsvlelTa raodenobis gazrdiT. maSin-deli mRvdlebis aRniSvniT, rusuli Rreobebi qristianuli moralis CarCoebSi ar jdeboda. qristianuli dResaswaulebi alkoholis gadaWarbebuli xmarebiT isev warmarTul iers atarebda. erT-erTi imdroindeli avtoris TqmiT, `kacebi da qalebi danaSaulebriv siamovnebebs eZlevian. gamabruebeli sasmelis smaSi zoma ar ician. Semdeg yvela mkrexelobs, mRe-rian ugvano da uxams simRerebs. ismis eSmakeuli musika, aw-yoben samarcxvino TamaSobebs, xumrobebs. yoveli mamakaci sxvis cols usxamda sasmels da kocnida mas. qali ki amas iwonebda. irgvliv usaqmo laparaki da eSmakiseuli garyvnile-baa~. XX saukunis adamianebis azriT, loToba rus adamianebs exmareboda cxovrebis siZneleebis daZlevasa da monotonuro-bis daZlevaSi. imasac aRniSnaven, rom alkoholi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda Temis cxovrebaSi _ erTad sma adamianebs aaxloebda. literaturaSi isicaa aRniSnuli, rom rusebs ori ukiduresoba axasiaTebdaT _ an Zalian magar sasmels svamdnen (arays), an Zalian msubuqs (buraxs). buraxs tradiciulad mar-cvleulisagan amzadebdnen. Tumca cnobilia, rom am sasmels msxlisa da Warxlisaganac (ZiriTadad Saqris Warxlisagan) akeTebdnen. magari sasmelis SedarebiT didi raodenobiT miRe-bisas ki Zalian male Tvrebodnen. mxolod XVIII saukunis bo-los gavrcelda ruseTSi Cais sma. monRoluri da Turquli modgmis xalxebTan mezoblad mcxovrebi rusebi fqviliT, mariliT da cximiT Sezavebul Cais miirTmevdnen. rusebma Seqmnes Cais originaluri asaduRebeli WurWeli _ samovari, romelic qalaqad da soflad sacxovrebeli saxlebis erTgvar simbolod iqca. imdroindeli sasuliero pirebi da socialu-ri reformatorebi Tvlidnen, rom Cais sma adamianebs da-exmareboda odnav mainc mowyvetiliyvnen aryis smisagan. saW-mels ZiriTadad Tixisagan gakeTebul qoTnebSi xarSavdnen,

magram XIX saukunidan daiwyes Tujis qoTnebis gamoyeneba. mra-valferovani hqondaT kasris, mownuli da aryis xisagan gake-Tebuli WurWeli. rusebis sacxovrebeli nagebobebisaTvis samSeneblo masalad farTod iyo gamoyenebuli xe. XVIII saukunemde rusi glexebi upiratesad tyeebsa da mis axlomaxlo cxovrobdnen. amitomac iyo, rom yvelanairi inventari, culis gamoklebiT, xisagan

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hqondaT gakeTebuli (saxvneli, farcxi, aveji, dgam-WurWeli

_kovzebi, TefSebi, jamebi, gobebi, cigebi, marxilebi). rac mTa-varia, xis morebisagan hqondaT agebuli sacxovrebeli qoxi. utyeo adgilebSi gadasaxlebis Semdegac xis sacxovreblebs agebdnen. aq aseT sacxovreblebs garedan namjaSereuli TixiT lesavdnen, Semdeg ki aTeTrebdnen. aseTi konstruqcia `xatad~ iwodeboda. sacxovrebelSi araxis mxolod Rumeli hqondaT. nagebobaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovans swored is warmoadgenda. sacxovrebels Tu mTeli ojaxi aSenebda, Rumels mxolod spe-cialisti agebda, radgan mis gaumarTaobas seriozuli garTu-lebebi SeiZleba Seeqmna mobinadreebisaTvis. Rumels saxlSi sakmaod didi adgili ekava. Cveulebriv, is agurisa da Ti-

xisagan Sendeboda. Rumeli gamoiyeneboda ara mxolod saWm-lis dasamzadeblad da gasaTbobad, aramed ZilisTvisac. oja-xis mravalricxovnobis SemTxvevaSi, zogierTi misi wevri We-ris qveS gakeTebul specialur Taroebze iZinebda. XVIII sauku-nemde ruseTSi qalaqebsac xisagan aSenebdnen. 1557 wels ru-seTs ewvia ingliseli vaWari entoni jeniqsoni, romelic qa-laq vologdis Sesaxeb werda, rom saxlebi aSenebulia naZvisa-gan; rom arsad qva da rkina gamoyenebyli araa da saxlebi ga-redan aryis xis qerqiTaa dafaruli. eklesiebis umetesobac xisagan Sendeboda, Tumca agurisa da qvis eklesiebic bevri iyo.

rusebis saojaxo yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo didi oja-xi, patriarqaluri tradiciebis dacva. didi, anu gauyofeli ojaxi aerTianebda ramdenime saojaxo wyvils. ojaxis es tipi

XX saukunemde iyo SemorCenili. didi ojaxisaTvis damaxasia-Tebeli iyo qonebis erToblivi floba, saerTo meurneoba, sae-rTo sacxovrebeli da magida. marTlmadidebel rusTa saqor-wino urTierTobebSi jvriswera aucilebeli iyo. saqorwino asaki 18-dan 25 wlamde meryeobda. CrdiloeTSi ufro gvian-deli qorwinebebi SeiniSneboda, samxreTSi _ adreuli. marTl-madidebluri tradiciebidan gamomdinareobda Svidi Taobis ganmavlobaSi saqorwino urTierTobebis akrZalva. ikrZale-boda qorwineba naTel-mironebs Soris.

farTod iyo gavrcelebuli SromiTi urTierTdaxmarebis fo-rmebi. mTeli sofeli Tevzs erToblivad SemorekviT iWerda;

erToblivad nadirobdnen ciyvze, erToblivad agrovebdnen ke-daris kakals.

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1917 wlamde marTlmadidebloba rusebis saxelmwifo reli-gia iyo, romelic maT oficialurad X saukunis bolos miiRes.

qristianobis gavrcelebaSi didi roli iTamaSes Zmebma kiri-lem da meTodem, romlebic bizantielebma 860 wels slavur

samyaroSi samisionero mizniT gaagzavnes. maTve Seqmnes slavu-ri anbani, rac, TavisTavad cxadia, qristianobis gavrcelebas

friad uwyobda xels. gaqristianebisTanave mTavarma vladimi-rma dauyovneblivi moqmedeba daiwyo da demonstraciulad mo-Sala warmarTuli RmerTebis kerpebi. kievSi `peruni~ maRlobi-dan CamoaTries da dneprSi Caagdes. novgorodSi ki, rodesac Seecadnen `perunis~ Camogdebas, qalaqSi masobrivma ajanyebam

ifeTqa. warmarToba Tavisi ritualebiT kidev didi xnis ganma-vlobaSi rusebisaTvis wamyvan religiad rCeboda. qristianoba

xalxSi sakmaod nela vrceldeboda. masSi Serwymuli iyo qri-stianobamdeli rwmena-warmodgenebi. warmarTobisa da qristia-nobis erTgvar simbiozs `iurodivTa~, anu netari sulebis Se-saxeb warmodgena warmoadgenda. is yofaSi farTod iyo gavr-celebuli XVII saukunis bolomde. `netari sulebi~ wmindan

adamianebad iTvlebodnen, romlebic quCebSi daZonZilebi, SiS-vlebi, WuWyianebi, borkilebdadebulni dadiodnen. isini yvela

adamianuri qcevisagan Zalian Sors idgnen da xSirad amora-luradac iqceodnen, mkrexelobdnen, isrodnen qvebs, urcxvad xumrobdnen. wyaroebSi aRniSnulia, rom moskovelma iurodivma (netarma sulma) vasilma, romlis saxelTanac dakavSirebulia

wiTel moedanze pokrovskis taZris mSenebloba, erTxel ram-denime gogona daabrmava, Tumca Semdeg mxedveloba aRudgina.

iurodivebis wes-Cveuleba iyo saocari axirebebis, gansacvif-rebeli asketizmis, silamazeze, komfortze, cxovrebiseul am-bebze uaris Tqmis, zogjer amoralurobis da ugonobis erTob-lioba. `netari sulebis~ TviTaRkveTa, pirad sikeTeze uaris Tqma Raribebisa da dabeCavebul-daCagrul adamianTa garkveul

simpatiebs iwvevda. mecnierebs miaCniaT, rom iurodivoba aRmo-savleTis religiebis mimarT garkveuli Riaobis Sedegi iyo da mis SamanizmTan kavSirsac xedaven. XVII saukuneSi oficialur

eklesias gamoeyo staroveroba. amave droidan daiwyo Camoya-libeba sxvadasxva religiurma seqtam (duxoborebi, xlistebi,

moloknebi da sxv.). XIX s-is dasasruls 10 milionamde sta-roversa da seqtants iTvlidnen.

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Zvelrusuli anTroponimia Tavdapirvelad mxolod sakuTari

saxelisagan Sedgeboda. saxelebis umetesoba sazogado saxe-lebi iyo (volk, Jdan, dobrinia). Zvel rusebs bevri saxeli hqondaT nasesxebi finur-ugoruli, Turquli da sxva enebidan. Tavdapirvelad rusul zedafenaSi mniSvnelovani raodenobiT

iyo gavrcelebuli skandinaviuri saxelebi (olegi, olga, igo-ri). es bunebrivicaa, radgan, rogorc cnobilia, rusebs saxel-mwifo vikingebma Seuqmnes. zedafenaSi popularuli iyo orkom-ponentiani saxelebi (sviatoslavi, mtislavi, vladimiri, tver-dislavi, ostromiri). am modelis warmomavlobaze mecniereba-Si sxvadasxva Sexedulebaa gamoTqmuli. rogorc sxva xalxeb-Si, rusebSic qalis saxelebi Zalian mcire raodenobiT gvqon-da. qalebs xSirad mamis saxelebis mixedviT moixseniebdnen

(Zvelrusuli eposis yvelaze cnobili personaJis saxelia ia-roslavna), anda qmris saxelis mixedviT _ wyaroebSi moxsenie-buli novgorodelebi zaviJaia da poliuJaia savidas da poli-udas colebi iyvnen. Cvenamde moRweuli Zveli rusuli qalis saxelia _ krasova. 988 wels qristianobis gavrcelebas Tan mohyva kanonizebuli marTmadidebluri saxelebis gavrceleba.

maT Soris gansakuTrebiT bevri iyo ZvelberZnuli saxeli (and-ria, aleqsandre, basili, Elena, irina). laTinuri saxelebidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT sergei, konstantine, tatiana, matrona; arameuli, Zvelebrauli, siriuli saxelebidan _ ivane, foma, maria, ana. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi kanonizebuli saxelebis

yoveldRiuri formebi icvleboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom ekle-sia mxolod marTlmadideblur-qristianul (wmindanTa) saxe-lebs arqmevda, xalxi mainc arasaeklesio saxelebs iyenebda (Jdani, neJdani, istoma, tomilo, negodiai, duraki, Juki; qa-lisa _ milava). rusebSi gvarsaxelebi sakmaod gvian warmoiqm-na. aznaurebs Soris gvarsaxelebi ZiriTadad XVII saukuneSi gavrcelda. XIX saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis gvarebi ukve yvela

sasuliero pirs, vaWars da raznoCinels hqonda. glexobas gva-rsaxelebis tarebis ufleba mxolod 1861 wels _ batonymobis

gadavardnis Semdeg misces. rusuli gvarebis TiTqmis absolu-turi umravlesoba patronimiulia, rac miuTiTebs gvaris pir-veli matareblis winapris (mamis, papis) saxelze: ivanovi ivanes STamomavalia, zaicevi _ araqristianuli saxelis matareblis

_ zaicisa, borisovi _ borisisa da a. S. gvarsaxelebi ZiriTa-

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dad –ov, -ev, -in sufiqsebiT iwarmoeba. gvarsaxelebis daaxlo-ebiT 1% -ski da –ix formantebiT bolovdeba. sabWoTa period-Si saxelebis rqmevis ufleba eklesias CamoerTva da rusul anTroponimiaSi ucxo, aqamde ucnobi saxelebis nakadi Semo-iWra: 1. sxva xalxebSi gavrcelebuli saxelebi (eduardi, al-berti, ala, Jana); 2. apelativebi _ ucxoenovani nasesxobebi (avangardi, idea, poema); 3. abreviaturebi (vladleni _ vladi-mer lenini, revmira _ revolucia mirovaia); 4. TiTqmis daviwye-buli saxelebi (olegi, igori); 5. Cveulebrivi saxelebis for-masTan axlos mdgomi nawarmoebi saxelebi (oqtiabrina, svet-lana); 6. sruli saxelebis kninobiTi formebi (dima, olia, le-na). uintereso ar unda iyos, rom rusuli marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis kalendarSi 874 mamakacis saxeli da 228 qalis saxe-lia Setanili. zemoT aRniSnuli gvqonda, rom rusuli eTnosi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Tavis rigebSi araerT sxva eTnoss ierTebda _ es gvarebidanac kargad Cans. qvemoT mogvyavs zogierTi monacemi rusuli Tavaduri gvarebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. TaTruli

warmoSobisani arian: ermolovebi, davidovebi, Cerkaskebi, uru-sovebi, rastopCinebi, bibikovebi, muxanovebi, daSkovebi, uvaro-vebi, apraskinebi, derJavinebi, mordvinovebi, arsenievebi, karam-zinebi da sxvebi. inglisuri warmoSobisani arian: xamutovebi

(hamiltonebidan), burnaSevebi, fomicinebi, bestuJevebi, bestu-Jev-riuminebi. Zirad polonelebi arian: CerniSevebi, potiomki-nebi, buninebi, griboedovebi, baratinskebi, lanskebi. prusie-lebs miekuTvnebian: Sermetevebi, saltikovebi, morozovebi. li-tvuri Zirisani arian: golicinebi, menSikovebi, trubeckoebi, kurakinebi, lixaCevebi, nelidovebi. germanelyofilebi arian:

xvostovebi, beklemiSevebi, orlovebi, levSinebi, markovebi, go-roxovebi, vostokovebi, protopopovebi, puSkinebi. Svedi winap-

rebi hyavdaT xrulevebs da suvorovebs. italielebidan momdi-nareoben: nariCkinebi, CiCerinebi, paninebi, koloSinebi. ungre-lebis STamomavlebad iTvlebian: bludovebi, baturinebi da

kolaCevebi. briusebi Sotlandielebi arian, voroncovebi _ vi-kingebi, Sarifovebi _ ebraelebi, fon-vizinebis winapari iyo

ivane mrisxanes mier tyved ayvanili livoneli raindi, ler-montovebisa _ poloneTidan mosuli larmanti. Y msoflio kulturis saganZurSia Sesuli gamoCenili rusi

mwerlebis (a. puSkini, m. lermontovi, T. dostoevski, l. tols-

226622

toi, a. Cexovi, i. bunini...) Semoqmedeba. didi popularobiT sar-gebloben rusi kompozitorebi: p. Caikovski, m. musorgski, a. bo-rodini (warmoSobiT qarTveli gedevaniSvili), n. rimski-korsa-kovi, i. stravinski da sxva. rusebi iyvnen msoflioSi aRiare-buli mecnierebi: m. lomonosovi, d. mendeleevi, i. meCnikovi, n. Jukovski, i. pavlovi, s. Capligini da sxva.

2.50. ukrainelebi ukrainelebis TviTsaxelwodebaa ukrainci. isini ZiriTadad ukrainis saxelmwifoSi mkvidroben (37,4 milioni). cxovroben

agreTve ruseTSi (4,36 milioni), yazaxeTSi (896 aTasi), moldo-veTSi (600 aTasi), belorusiaSi (290 aTasi), yirgizeTSi (109 aTasi), uzbekeTSi (153 aTasi), poloneTSi (350 aTasi), kanadaSi (550 aTasi), aSS-Si (535 aTasi), argentinaSi (120 aTasi) da sxv. ukrainelTa saerTo raodenoba 46 milioni kacia.

ukrainelebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis Sua ev-ropul rasas. mis SemadgenlobaSi gamoyofen meore rigis anT-ropologiur tipebs: poleso-volinurs, desnianurs (valdai-urs), karpatuls, centralur-ukrainuls, neoponturs.

ukrainelebi laparakoben ukrainul enaze, romelic indoev-ropul enaTa ojaxis slavur jgufSi Sedis. gamoyofen Semdeg

kiloebs: Crdilours, samxreT-dasavlursa da samxreT-aRmosav-lurs, XIV s-dan aqvT damwerloba kirilicas safuZvelze. ga-vrcelebulia agreTve rusuli ena (upiratesad samxreTsa da marcxena napirze, gansakuTrebiT qalaqelTa Soris), dasavleT ukrainaSi ki xanSiSesul adamianebs Soris _ polonuri ena. ukrainelebi marTlmadideblebi arian, romlebic moskovis

patriarqatis ukrainul marTlmadidebel eklesias, kievis pat-riarqatis marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da agreTve ukrainis av-tokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias miekuTvnebian. dasav-leT ukrainaSi cxovroben kaTolikeebi, romelTa 90% kaToli-kea bizantiuri wesiT (berZen-kaTolikeebi, uniatebi), danarCene-bi ki arian kaTolikeebi laTinuri wesiT. ukrainelebs Soris arian agreTve protestantebi (ormocdaaTianelebi, baptistebi, adventistebi da sxv.).

ukrainelebi axlomonaTesave rusebTan da belorusebTan er-Tad miekuTvnebian aRmosavlel slavebs. maT SemadgenlobaSi

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gamoiyofa karpatuli (boikebi, guculebi, lemkebi) da polesu-ri (litvinebi, poliSCukebi) eTnografiuli jgufebi. Uukraine-li xalxis Camoyalibeba XII s-dan aRmosavleTslavuri mosax-leobis samxreT-dasavluri nawilis safuZvelze moxda, rom-lebic adre Zvelrusuli saxelmwifos _ kievis ruseTis (IX-XII ss.) SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen. politikuri daqucmacebulobis

periodSi kulturis, yofisa da enis adgilobriv Tavisebureba-Ta gamo (XII s-Si warmoiqmna toponimi `ukraina~) Zvelrusuli mosaxleobis safuZvelze Seiqmna ukrainelebis, rusebisa da

belorusebis formirebis winapiroba. ukraineli xalxis Camo-yalibebis ZiriTadi istoriuli centri iyo Sua dneprispireTi _ kievSCina, periaslavSCina, CernigovSCina. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa 1240 wels oqros urdoelTa mier ganadgurebulma da kvlav aRmdgarma kievma, sadac mdebareobda marTlmadidebelTa umniSvnelovanesi salocavi _ kiev-peCoris

lavra. am centrisaken miiwevda sxva samxreT-dasavluri aR-mosavleTslavuri miwebi (siverSCina, volini, podolia, aRmo-savleTi galicia, CrdiloeTi bukovina da karpatispireTi). XIII

saukunis dasawyisidan ukrainelebma ungrelTa, litvelTa, po-lonelTa da moldovelTa dapyrobebi ganicades. XV saukunis dasasrulidan Savi zRvis CrdiloeTSi TaTrebi damkvidrdnen, rasac Tan axlda ukrainelTa masobrivi datyveveba. XVI-XVII saukuneebSi ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi ukrai-neli xalxi gaerTianda, raSic mniSvnelovani roli kazakTa

mier Seqmnilma saxelmwifom _ zaporoJies seCma Seasrula, ro-melsac Taviseburi respublikuri wyoba axasiaTebda. is ukrai-nelTa Taviseburi sayrdeni iyo. XVI saukuneSi warmoiqmna mwi-gnobruli ukrainuli (e.w. 'Zvelukrainuli) ena. Suadneprispi-ruli kilokavebis safuZvelze XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi Tanamed-rove ukrainuli (axalukrainuli) saliteraturo ena Camoyali-bda.

1654 wels marcxena napiris ukraina avtonomiis uflebiT ru-seTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. XVII saukunes ukrainelTa mniSv-nelovani gadaadgileba axasiaTebda. XVIII saukunis 90-ian wle-bSi ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida marjvena napiris ukraina

da samxreTi nawili, XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ki _ duna-ispireTis ukrainis miwebi.

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saxelwodeba `ukraina~ XII-XIII saukuneebSi Zvelrusuli miwe-bis samxreTisa da samxreT-dasavleTi nawilis aRsaniSnavad

gamoiyeneboda. is Semdeg qveynis da iq mcxovrebi xalxis eTno-nimad iqca. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi ruseTis oficialur dokume-ntebSi mas `malorosias~ da iq mcxovreblebs `malorosia-nebs~ uwodebdnen.

ukrainis sxvadasxva nawilis istoriuli ganviTarebis Tavi-seburebam, geografiuli pirobebis sxvadasxvaobam Semdegi uk-rainuli istoriul-eTnografiuli raionebis _ polesies, cen-traluri dneprispireTis, samxreT podoliis, karpatebis, sloboJanSCinas warmoqmna ganapiroba. ukrainelebma Seqmnes TviTmyofadi nacionaluri kultura. ukrainelTa tradiciuli sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianoba iyo

saxvneli miwaTmoqmedeba. mohyavdaT Wvavi, xorbali, qeri, შvria, barda, kanafi, XVII saukunis dasasrulidan _ simindi, Tambaqo,

XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan _ mzesumzira, kartofili. uk-rainelebisaTvis odiTganve damaxasiaTebeli iyo sakarmidamo mebaReoba (vaSli, msxali, alubali, qliavi, Jolo...).

ukrainelTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi XIX saukunis bolom-de Semoinaxa patriarqaluri urTierTobis gadmonaSTebi, mniS-vnelovani adgili ekava samezoblo Tems _ gromada. damaxasia-Tebeli iyo koleqtiuri Sromis bevri tradiciuli forma. po-lesiesa da karpatebSi SemorCenili iyo didi patriarqaluri

ojaxis gadmonaSTebi. mdidari da mravalmxrivi iyo ukrainel-Ta xalxuri Semoqmedeba: saxviTi xelovneba (sacxovreblis mo-xatuloba, qargva Tavisi tradiciuli saxeebiT da sxv.), simRe-rebi, qoreografia, folklori. sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi ukrainuli enis gamoyenebis sferoebi Zalian Semcirda. 1991 wels ukraina damoukidebeli saxelmwifo gaxda da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ukrainuli

enis gamoyeneba daiwyo (1996 wlis konstituciiT is saxelmwi-fo enad gamocxadda), gaaqtiurda kontaqtebi ukrainul dias-porebTan, ukrainelTa nawili yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respu-blikebidan (ruseTi, yazaxeTi da sxv.) ukrainaSi gadasaxlda. dRevandeli ukrainisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia winaaRmdegoba or ukrainul marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris.

1982 wels ukrainelebma dedaqalaq kievis 1500 wlisTavi aRni-Snes. is V saukuneSi polianTa tomis centrSi iqna daarsebu-

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li, matianeebSi ki pirvelad moxseniebulia 860 wlidan. kievSi

Semonaxulia bevri arqiteqturuli Zegli. samSeneblo xelov-nebis RirsSesaniSnavi nawarmoebia XI saukunis sofiis taZari. amave saukuneSia agebuli iaroslav brZenis mier daarsebuli

vidubickis monasteri. bevri siZvelea Semonaxuli qalaq Cerni-govSi, romelic md. desnis marjvena napirze mdebareobs. is pi-rvelad XI saukuneSi ixsenieba. XIII-XIV saukuneebis ramdenime eklesia-monasteria dasavleT ukrainis qalaq lvovSi. XIII-XIV saukuneebis mijnaze is iyo galicis samTavros dedaqalaqi, 1340 wlidan avstria-ungreTSi, Semdeg ki poloneTSi Sedioda.

ukrainelebi amayoben didi SemoqmedebiT, romelTaganac SeiZ-leba davasaxeloT poeti da mxatvari taras SevCenko (1814-1861), poeti da mwerali ivan franko (1856-1916), poeti lesia ukrainka

(1871-1913). am ukanasknelma sicocxlis bolo wlebi saqarTve-loSi gaatara da suramSi gardaicvala. ukraineli iyo warmo-SobiT rusi mwerali nikoloz gogoli.

2.51. belorusebi belorusebis TviTsaxelwodebaa `belarusi~. isini ZiriTadad gansaxlebulni arian belorusiis saxelmwifoSi (7 milion 904 aTasi). cxovroben agreTve ruseTSi (1 mil. 206 aTasi), litvaSi (63 aTasi), latviaSi (119 aTasi), estoneTSi (28 aTasi), ukrainaSi (440 aTasi), yazaxeTSi (182 aTasi), poloneTSi (160 aTasi), aSS-Si (20 aTasi), kanadaSi (5 aTasi), argentinaSi, avstraliaSi, did britaneTSi, safrangeTsa da sxva qveynebSi. maTi saerTo rao-denoba daaxloebiT 10 milionia. belorusebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis saSualo-evropuli rasis aRmosavleT-evropul tips. zogierTi mkvleva-ri belorusebSi gamoyofs polesiur da zemodneprispirul an-Tropologiur tipebs. belorusebi laparakoben belorusul enaze, romelic Sedis indoevropul enaTa ojaxis slavur jgufSi. gamoyofen samx-reT-dasavlur da Crdilo-aRmosavlur dialeqtebs. gavrcele-bulia agreTve rusuli, polonuri da litvuri enebi. litvis sazRvarze (grodnos olqSi) gvxvdeba orenovani litvur-belo-rusuli soflebi. belorusebs damwerloba Seqmnili aqvT ki-rilicas safuZvelze. belorusebi ZiriTadad marTlmadideb-

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lebi arian. 25% kaTolicizmis nairsaxeobis _ grekokaTolici-zmis (uniaturi eklesia) mimdevaria. belorusebi rusebTan da ukrainelebTan erTad miekuTvnebian aRmosavlel slavebs. yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli koncefci-iT belorusebis uZveles eTnikur safuZvels Seadgendnen aR-mosavlur-slavuri tomebi: dregoviCebi, samxreT-dasavleli kriviCebi, radimiCebi, nawilobriv mezobeli drevlianebi, seve-rianebi da volinianebi. belorusTa winaparma aRmosavlur-slavurma tomebma nawilobriv leto-litvuri tomebis (iatvia-gebis) asimilaciac moaxdines. IX-XI saukuneebSi dRevandeli belorusiis teritoriaze mcxovrebi aRmosavluri slavuri tomebi sxva aRmosavlur slavur tomebTan erTad Sediodnen kievis ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi, romlis farglebSi gaerTian-dnen sxva Zveli rusi xalxebi. X saukunis bolosa da XII sau-kunis dasawyisSi misi Semadgenlobidan polockis, tutovo-pin-skis da sxva samTavroebi gamocalkevdnen. feodaluri daquc-macebulobis Semdeg, XIII-XIV saukuneebSi belorusiis miwebi litvis didi samTavros SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, xolo 1569 wlidan reCpospolitas SemadgenlobaSi. XIV-XVI saukuneebSi mimdinareobda belorusi xalxisa da maTi kulturis formire-bis procesi. reCpospolitas mmarTveli zedafena belorusTa kolonizaciis politikas atarebda da kaTolicizms nergavda. Zvelrusuli enis dasavluri dialeqti _ Zvelbelorusuli litvis did samTavroSi saxelmwifo enis funqciebs asruleb-da. XVI s-Si am enaze daibeWda wignebi. saxelwodeba belorusebi (belorusci) dakavSirebulia topo-nimTan belaia rus, romelic XIV-XVI saukuneebSi gamoiyenebo-da vitebSCinisa da Crdilo-aRmosavleT mogilovSCinasTan mi-marTebiT, XIX-XX ss-Si ki man moicva belorusebis mTeli eT-nikuri teritoria. XIV-XVI saukuneebSi minskisa da vitebskis momavali guberniebis dasavleT nawils, grodnenSCinas (brest-SCinis) gamoklebiT, ewodeboda Cornaia rusi, samxreT Waobian da tyian vels ki polesie. belorusebis dRevandeli saxelwo-deba XVII saukuneSi gaCnda. amave dros belorusul-ukrainuli mosaxleobis aRsaniSnavad gaCnda saxelwodeba _ poleSCukebi. erTdroulad arsebobda eTnonimebi litvinebi, rusinebi, rus-kie. TviTsaxelwodeba, eTnonimi _ belorusebi, farTod gavr-celda mxolod belorusiis ssr-is Camoyalibebis Semdeg (1919). belorusuli eTnikuri erTobis formireba marTlmadideble-bsa da kaTolikeebs Soris konfesiuri dapirispirebis fonze

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mimdinareobda. reC-pospolitas SemadgenlobaSi Tu poloniza-ciis politika xorcieldeboda, ruseTma es rusifikaciiT Sec-vala (belorusia ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi XVIII s-is bolos Sevida). XVII s-is bolos Zvelbelorusuli ena sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan gamoidevna polonuris mier. belorusul salite-raturo enaze, romelic cocxali salaparako enis safuZvelze Seiqmna, publikaciebi mxolod XIX saukunesa da XX s-is dasa-wyisSi daibeWda. faqti damoukidebeli belorusuli eTnosis arsebobis Sesaxeb eWvqveS dgeboda, cdilobdnen belorusebi rusebis an polonelebis nawilad warmoedginaT. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli politikis Sedegad arsebuli konfesiuri gaTiSulobis gamo belorusebis TviTSegneba xSi-rad icvleboda; isini xan erT konfesias miekuTvnebodnen, xan meores. xSirad isini TavianT Tavs `kaTolikeebs~ an `marTl-madideblebs~ uwodebdnen, zogjer ki `tuteiSebs~, e.i. adgilo-brivebs. XIX s-is dasasruls belorusTa nacionaluri formi-rebis procesi gaZlierda. belorusuli kulturis erTgvarovnobis pirobebSi Camoyali-bda misi regionaluri erTeulebi. gamoyofen eqvs istoriul-eTnografiul raions. belorusuli salitaraturo enis normebi SemuSavda sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros, magram omis Semdgom periodSi misi gamo-yeneba mkveTrad SeizRuda. belorusebis didi nawili sazoga-doebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi rusul enas iyenebda. 1988 wels belorusul skolebSi moswavleTa mxolod 14% swavlo-bda. seriozuli cvlilebebi xdeboda ara marto enobriv qce-vaSi, aramed mentalitetSic. belorusTa zogierTi nawilisaT-vis damaxasiaTebelia gulgrili damokidebuleba nacionaluri kulturis mimarT. belorusiis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis Semdeg (1991 w.) mimarTaven mTel rig RonisZiebebs belorusuli enisa da kulturis aRorZinebisaTvis. belorusTa tradiciuli saqmianobaa miwaTmoqmedeba, mecxove-leoba, agreTve mefutkreoba, Semgrovebloba. mecxoveleobaSi did rols TamaSobda meRoreoba, msxvilfexa rqosani mesaqon-leoba. belorusiis mTel teritoriaze gavrcelebuli iyo mec-xvareoba. belorusebis yoveldRiur sakvebs warmoadgenda Wvavis, iSvi-aTad xorblis puri. sasmelebidan cnobilia aryis xis wveni, Taflis, puris, Warxlis buraxi.

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tradiciuli belorusuli sacxovrebeli Zeluri qoxi iyo. adre is sami nawilisagan Sedgeboda: sakuTriv xata (sacxovre-beli oTaxi), saTive farduli da sakuWnao. saxelganTqmulia belorusuli naqargoba, romliTac ornamentirebuli aqvT ro-gorc sayofacxovrebo sagnebi, ise tansacmeli. A XIX s-Si bevri glexi did ojaxebad cxovrobda. soflebSi SemorCenili iyo Temuri organizaciis elementebi _ urTierT-daxmarebis formebi. bevri mniSvnelovani sakiTxi sofelSi yrilobaze wydeboda, romelSic monawileobas Rebulobdnen ojaxis ufrosebi. dakrZalvis wes-CveulebebSi Semonaxuli iyo bevri arqauli elementi _ sulis mosaxseniebeli trapezi, ro-melSic aucileblad unda yofiliyo kolio. belorusebi qristianebi arian, Sesabamisad gavrcelebulia kanonizebuli qristianuli saxelebi, magram mecnierebs SeniS-nuli aqvT, rom belorusTa Soris, Zvelslavur saxelebTan erTad, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli baltiuri, ZiriTadad lit-vuri da prusiuli sakuTari saxelebi, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom belorusTa eTnogenezSi aRniSnulma xalxebmac miiRes mo-nawileoba. SemorCenilia qristianobamdeli saxelebic, magali-Tad, `vouk~(mgeli), `garnastai~(yaryumi). dasavleT belorusiSi kaTolicizmis gavrcelebas kaTolikuri saxelebis gavrceleba mohyva. isini aq ZiriTadad poloneTidan gavrcelda. Tanamed-rove samsafexuriani anTroponimiuli modelis (saxeli+mamis saxeli+gvarsaxeli) formireba XVIII saukunidan daiwyo. belo-rusuli gvarsaxelebi ramdenime sufiqss irTaven. gvarebis 18,2% -ov / -ev formantiT bolovdeba. -oviC / -eviC, -iC sufiqsi-ani gvarebis raodenobas 10,6 %-iT gansazRvraven. belorusul anTroponimiaSi mesame adgili ukavia -ski sufiqss _10,5%. gva-rebis 41% apeliativebisaganaa Camoyalibebuli. belorusul gvarebSi sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdeba baltiuri warmomavlo-bis gvarebic. saerTo slavuri kulturis cnobili moRvawe iyo warmoSo-biT belorusi simeon polocki (1629-1680 wlebi). gamoCenili poetebi arian ianka kupala (1882-1942 wlebi) da iakub kolasi (1882-1956), romlebmac nacionaluri poeziis, prozis da drama-turgiis klasikuri nimuSebi Seqmnes.

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2.52. finelebi finelebiT dasaxlebuli qveyana fineTi dedamiwis erT-erTi yvelaze Crdilouri qveyanaa. finelebis TviTsaxelwodebaa su-ome (suomalaiseti). isini fineTis mosaxleobis ZiriTad na-wils warmoadgenen (4 mil. 650 aTasi kaci). cxovroben agreTve aSS-Si (305 aTasi), kanadaSi (53 aTasi), SveciaSi (310 aTasi), no-rvegiaSi (22 aTasi), ruseTSi (47 aTasi) da sxv. maTi saerTo ra-odenoba 5 mil. 430 aTasi kacia. norvegiaSi kvenebis saxelwo-debiT arian cnobilebi. anTropologiurad finelebi araerTgvarovanni arian. Crdi-loeTSi gvxvdeba atlantur-baltiuri rasis aRmosavlur-bal-tiuri tipi, samxreT-dasavleTSi _ sakuTriv baltiuri. aRmosa-vleT finelebSi sustad gamoxatulia mongoloiduri minare-vic. finuri ena Sedis uralur enaTa ojaxis finur-ungruli jgu-fis baltiispirul-finur qvejgufSi. Tanamedrove saliteratu-ro ena dafuZnebulia dasavlur dialeqtebze aRmosavluri leqsikis CarTviT. finelebSi gavrcelebulia agreTve Sveduri ena, romelic finurTan erTad qveynis oficialuri enaa. sali-teraturo enaSi gamoyofen or ZiriTad periods: Zvelfinursa (1540-1820) da axalfinurs (XX s. 20-iani wlebidan). 1863 wlidan finurma enam formalurad Sveduris Tanabari uflebebi moipo-va. SemoiRes misi swavleba skolebsa da universitetebSi, masze daiwyes gazeTebis, Jurnalebis, mxatvruli literaturis Seqm-na. XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebisaTvis Seiqmna Tanamedrove finu-ri saliteraturo enis safuZvlebi. 1919 wels finuri ena fine-Tis oficialur enad gamocxadda. damwerloba dafuZnebulia laTinur grafikaze. finelebi aRmsareblobiT ZiriTadad pro-testant-luTeranebi arian. farTodaa gavrcelebuli sxvadas-xva pietiuri moZraobebi (pietizmi _ erT-erTi mimdinareoba luTeranul eklesiaSi; warmoiSva XVII s-Si). aris ramdenime sxva seqtac. mosaxleobis 1,5% marTlmadidebelia; isini qveynis samxreT-aRmosavleT raionebSi cxovroben. finelebis winaprebi _ baltiur-finuri tomebi Tanamedrove fineTis teritoriaze aRmosavleTidan Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi SemoiWrnen. VIII saukunisaTvis TiTqmis mTlianad daikaves fi-neTis didi nawili da aq mcxovrebi saamebi (loparebi) Crdi-loeTisaken gandevnes. finelebma am ukanasknelTa nawilobrivi asimilaciac moaxdines. droTa ganmavlobaSi fineTSi Camoya-libda sami ZiriTadi tomobrivi jgufi: samxreT-dasavleTSi _

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suomi, qveynis centraluri nawilis samxreTSi _ hiame, aRmosa-vleTSi _ kariala (kareli). suomis, hiamesa da dasavleT kare-lielebis Serevis Sedegad Camoyalibda fineli xalxi. skandi-naviis qveynebSi fineli migrantebisagan, romlebic sxvadasxva tomebs miekuTvnebodnen, Camoyalibda finelebis gansakuTrebu-li jgufi _ kveni. ax.w. I aTaswleulSi finelma tomebma binadar cxovrebaze ga-dasvla daiwyes da miwaTmoqmedni gaxdnen. fineTi mudmivad iyo Svedebis agresiis obieqti. maTi eqspan-sia aq VIII saukuneSi daiwyo. XII-XIII saukuneebSi Svedebis agre-siis mizezi warmarTi finelebi iyvnen, romelTa qristianebad moqceva hqondaT ganzraxuli. am droisaTvis maT fineTis miwa kidec daipyres. amis Semdeg qveyana xangrZlivad (XIX saukunis dasawyisamde) SvedeTis mefis xelisuflebis qveS aRmoCnda. SvedTa xangrZlivma batonobam Tavisi daRi daaCnia finur ku-lturas (agraruli urTierTobani, sazogadoebrivi institute-bi). Svedebma finelebi ZaliT gaaqristianes; reformaciis peri-odSi (XVI s.) Seiqmna finuri damwerloba. miuxedavad amisa, XIX saukunis meore naxevramde finuri ena mxolod RvTismsa-xurebisa da yoveldRiuri urTierTobis enad rCeboda, forma-lurad Svedur enasTan erTad Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblob-da. ruseT-SvedeTis omSi Svedebis damarcxebis Semdeg fineTi 1809 wels ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. 1809-1917 wlebSi fi-neTis didi samTavro avtonomiis statusiT Sedioda ruseTis imperiaSi. 1917 wlis dekemberSi gamocxadda fineTis damouki-debloba. finelebis kulturis dasavlur da aRmosavlur nawilebs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. dasavleTSi ufro sagrZno-bia Sveduri kulturis gavlena. XIX saukunis dasasrulamde soflis meurneobaSi wamyvani dargi miwaTmoqmedeba iyo. XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi ZiriTadi mimarTu-leba sarZeve mecxoveleoba gaxda. dRes soflis meurneobaSi mosaxleobis mxolod 9%-ia dasaqmebuli. ganviTarebulia met-yeveoba da meTevzeoba. finelebSi ganviTarebuli iyo wylis transporti. maT 12 ti-pis navi hqondaT Seqmnili. xmeleTze gadasaadgileblad far-Tod gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva saxis saTrevela da marxili (maT Soris sazafxulo). borbliani transporti aq gvian gavr-celda. zamTarSi ZvelTaganve farTod gamoiyeneboda Txilamu-

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rebi. Tanamedrove Txilamurebi xisaa, viwro. adre gamoiyenebo-da farTo, romelsac tyavi hqonda gadakruli. xSirad marcxe-na Txilamuri iyo viwro, grZeli, sriala, marjvena ki _ mok-le, tyavgadakruli. qveynis aRmosavleTSi regularulad acxoben maRal rbil purs. dasavleT raionebSi tradiciulad amzadeben luds, aR-mosavleTSi _ buraxs. kalendaruli dResaswaulebidan finelebSi yvelaze metad miRebulia Soba. SemorCenilia zogierTi qristianobamdeli rwmena-warmodgena (magaliTad, `ivanov-dRes~ koconebis anTeba). cnobilia finuri eposi `kalevala~, romelSic moTxrobilia finelTa da karelielTa cxovrebis ambebi qristianobis miRe-bamde. pirvelad is 1835 w. gamoaqveyna finuri literaturis mo-Rvawem elias lenrotma (1802-1884 ww.). dReisaTvis yovelwliu-rad aRiniSneba `kalevalas” dRe. fineli iyo msoflioSi cno-bili kompozitori, simfoniuri nawarmoebebis avtori ian sibe-liusi (1865-1957 ww.). ruseTSi, leningradis olqSi mcxovreb finelebs finel-inge-rmanlandelebs uwodeben. sxvanairad isini peterburgel fine-lebadac moixseniebian. maTi TviTsaxelwodebaa finelebi (suo-malaiset) da inkeriliaiset, e.i. inkeriis (iJorelTa miwis, anu ingeriis finuri saxelwodebidan _ inkeria) mcxovrebni. germa-nulad peterburgeli finelebi ingermanlandelebis saxelwo-debiT arian cnobili. ruseTis federaciaSi aRniSnuli eTniku-ri jgufis raodenoba 47 aTasze metia. aq isini mkvidroben ka-reliaSi (18,4 aTasi), leningradis olqis gatCinisa da vsevo-loJis raionebSi (11,8 aTasi) da sankt-peterburgSi (5,5 aTasi). estoneTSi daaxloebiT 16,6 aTass iTvlian. fineli-ingermanla-ndelebi finuri enis aRmosavlur dialeqtze metyveleben. isi-ni protestant-luTeranelebi arian. warsulSi mcire raodeno-biT gvxvdebodnen marTlmadideblebi da seqtanti-prigunebi. finelebi ingeriis teritoriaze 1617 wlis Semdeg dasaxld-nen, rodesac Crdilo-dasavleT ladogispireTi SvedeTis Sema-dgenlobaSi Sevida, romlis SemadgenlobaSic maSin, Tavis mxriv, fineTic Sedioda. literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom fine-li migrantebis umniSvnelo raodenoba am teritoriaze ufro adrec _ XIV saukuneSic cxovrobda. ZiriTadi nawili ki XVII saukuneSi dasaxlda, rodesac SvedeTis xelisufleba finel-ingermanlandielebs ZaliT aRebinebda luTeranobas, ramac, Tavis mxvriv, marTlmadidebeli mosaxleobis (iJorelebi, vo-

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debi, karelielebi, rusebi) samxreTiT, ruseTis kuTvnil teri-toriebze gadasaxleba gamoiwvia. gamoTavisuflebul miwebze ki finelebi dasaxldnen. finelTa aq gadmosaxleba XVIII da XIX saukuneebSic grZeldeboda. migranti finelebi adgilob-riv mosaxleobasTan saerTod ar urTierTobdnen. meore msof-lio omis dros fineli-ingermanlandielebi sabWoTa kavSiris sxva regionebSi gadaasaxles (daaxl. 2/3). okupirebul terito-riaze darCenilni fineTSi iqnen evakuirebulni (daaxl. 60 aTa-si kaci). fineTsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris zavis dadebis Sem-deg evakuirebuli mosaxleoba ukan dabrunda, magram maT adri-ndeli gansaxlebis adgilebSi dasaxlebis neba ar misces. 1980-ian wlebSi finel-ingermanlandielebs Soris gaiSala moZrao-ba kulturuli avtonomiis aRdgenisa da Zveli binadrobis ad-gilebSi dabrunebis moTxovniT. peterburgeli finelebi irgvliv mcxovreb sxvadasxva xal-xebs iSviaTad ereodnen. luTeranuli eklesiis wyalobiT maT Tavidanve ganaTlebisadmi didi midrekileba hqondaT. aleqsan-dre III rusifikatoruli politikis miuxedavad skolebSi fi-nur enaze swavleba SeinarCunes. 1870 wels peterburgSi gamos-ces pirveli finurenovani gazeTi.

2.53. loparebi (saamebi) loparebi CrdiloeT evropis mcirericxovani xalxia. maTi TviTsaxelwodebaa saami, lopari. norvegiaSi cxovrobs 40 aTa-si kaci, SvedeTSi _ 18 aTasi, fineTSi _ 4 aTasi, ruseTis fe-deraciaSi (kolis naxevarkunZulze) _ 2 aTasi kaci. rogorc enaTmecnierebi aRniSnaven, sityva `lopari~ etimologiurad dakavSirebulia finur sityvasTan L`appu~, rac `dasasruls~, `mxares~ niSnavs. loparebiT dasaxlebul mxares skandinaviasa da fineTSi laplandias uwodeben. anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT loparebs Soris gabatone-bulia laponoiduri tipi, romelic evropeiduli da mongolo-iduri didi rasebis Zvel sakontaqto zonaSi Camoyalibda. lo-parebis (saamebis) damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia: dabali simaRle (155-160 sm. mamakacebisaTvis), mniSvnelovania braxikefalia, Se-darebiT muqi pigmentacia. mongoloiduri minarevi TvalsaCi-nod araa gamoxatuli. loparTa ena miekuTvneba finur-ugrul enaTa ojaxis Crdi-lo-finur Stos. loparebis enaSi gamoiyofa eqvsi dialeqti.

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gansxvaveba maT Soris imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom sxvadasxva raionebSi mcxovreb loparebs xSirad erTmaneTis ar esmiT. Sveciis, norvegiisa da fineTis loparTa (saamebis) enas XVII saukunidan damwerloba aqvs laTinuri grafikis safuZvelze. loparebis enas aswavlian dawyebiT klasebSi. fiqroben, rom loparTa winaprebi aRmosavleTidan _ cimbi-ridan movidnen. loparebi warsulSi maTi dRevandeli gansax-lebis arealidan mniSvnelovnad samxreTiT cxovrobdnen. lo-parebis ufro samxreTiT gansaxlebis damadasturebelia Svede-Tisa da fineTis toponimebi. Zveli avtorebidan loparebs pir-velad I saukuneSi taciti moixseniebs. maT Sesaxeb cnobebi gvxvdeba prokofisTan (VI s.) da adam bremenelTan (1066 w.). Zalian didi xnis ganmavlobaSi loparebi damoukidebelni iy-vnen, magram XIII s. dasasrulidan laplandiis tyian da mTian raionebSi mosaxle loparebi Svedebis gamgeblobaSi aRmoCnd-nen. XVI s-dan loparebs Soris misioneruli saqmianoba daiwyo. XVII s-mde loparebis mTavari saqmianoba monadireoba da meTevzeoba iyo. am droidan swrafad ganviTarda meirmeobac. gamoiyofa loparebis sami jgufi: I _ sazRvao da sanapiro zolis binadari loparebi, romlebic norvegiel loparTa ume-tesobas Seadgenen, maTi mTavari saqmianobaa meTevzeoba. XX s-is dasawyisSi loparebSi ganviTarebas iwyebs mesaqon-leoba (cxenebis, Zroxebis, Txebis, cxvrebis moSeneba) da miwa-Tmoqmedeba; II _ mdinaris loparebi, romlebic Sveciis Sida raionebsa da fineTSi mkvidroben. maTi ZiriTadi saqmianobaa monadireoba da meTevzeoba tbebsa da mdinareebze; III _ momTa-bare loparebi; cxovroben ZiriTadad SveciaSi. mTavari saqmia-nobaa meirmeoba. arcTu ise didi xnis winaT loparebi gvarovnuli wyobiT cxovrobdnen. skandinaviel da finel loparebSi XIX saukunis dasawyisamde SemorCa gvarovnuli metsaxeli, rac, Cveulebriv, gvarebs (familiebs) Seesatyviseboda. es saxelebi sufTa loparuli warmoSobisa iyo, radgan masSi Sedioda sityva `aia~, rac `mamas~, `winapars~ niSnavs. XX s-is dasawyisSi lopa-rebi ukve patara ojaxebad cxovrobdnen. loparebisaTvis dama-xasiaTebeli iyo saxelis gadarqmeva. saxelis Secvla xdeboda gansakuTrebiT mZime avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi. micvalebulebs marxavdnen cigiT, romelsac kubos nacvlad iyenebdnen. dakrZa-lvis adgilebs, Cveulebriv, sacxovreblisagan moSorebiT ir-Cevdnen. saflavze tovebdnen gadabrunebul cigas, culs,

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mSvilds, isars, agreTve sakvebs. qristianobis miRebamde lopa-rebi poliTeisturi sarwmunoebis mimdevrebi iyvnen. laplandi-aSi gavrcelebuli iyo wminda qvebis Tayvaniscema. loparebma qristianoba XVI s-Si miiRes, ramac warmarTuli rwmena-war-modgenebis gamodevna gamoiwvia. dReisaTvis loparebis Zlieri asimilacia mimdinareobs (gansakuTrebiT norvegiaSi).

2.54. karelielebi karelielebis TviTsaxelwodebaa karialaizet. isini cxovro-ben ruseTSi. maTi saerTo raodenoba 124,9 aTasi kacia. kareli-is ZiriTadi mkvidri mosaxleoba 78,9 aTasia. gansaxlebulni arian agreTve tveris olqSi (23,2 aTasi), leningradis, murman-skis, arxangelskis, moskovis, kemerovosa da sxva olqebSi. cxovroben agreTve ukrainaSi (2 aTasi kaci), belorusiasa da estoneTSi (aTas-aTasi kaci). saerTo raodenoba 130,9 aTasi ka-cia. laparakoben uralur enaTa ojaxis finur-ugruli jgufis kareliur enaze. karelielTa enas, romelsac ZiriTadad yofa-Si iyeneben, aqvs sami dialeqti: sakuTriv kareliuri (romelic yvelaze axlosaa finurTan), livikovuri da liudikovuri (ro-melSic mkveTradaa gamoxatuli vepsuri enis niSnebi). kareli-elebSi gavrcelebulia agreTve finuri ena. sarwmunoebiT mar-Tlmadidebeli qristianebi arian. karelielebi anTropologiurad miekuTvnebian didi evropei-duli rasis atlantur-baltiur rasas. zogierT jgufSi Seini-Sneba susti mongoloiduri minarevi. karelielTa formireba moxda samxreT kareliisa da samx-reT-aRmosavleT fineTis aborigenuli tomebis safuZvelze. ax.w. I-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze karelielebis winaprebi dasa-xlebulni iyvnen ladogis tbis sanapiroze. karelielebis mig-racia CrdiloeTiT XI saukuneSi daiwyo. maT Seeria vesebis (vepsebis) nawili. kareliis CrdiloeTSi karelielTa Semadgen-lobaSi Sevida saamebis nawili. kareliis teritoria Sedioda novgorodis respublikis SemadgenlobaSi, 1478 wlidan ki cen-tralizebul rusul saxelmwifoSi. Zveli karelielebi rusul wyaroebSi pirvelad 1143 wels arian moxseniebulni, gvxvdebian agreTve skandinaviur sagebSi, qronikebSi, romis papis bulebSi. karelielebSi ganviTarebuli iyo saxvneli miwaTmoqmedeba, agreTve mecxoveleoba, monadireoba, meTevzeoba, xelosnoba,

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xe-tyis damuSaveba, CrdiloeTSi _ meirmeoba. XVIII saukunidan daiwyes saSovarze wasvla. XIX saukunis dasasrulisaTvis SemorCenili iyo 3-4 Taobis momcveli didi ojaxebi (25-40 kacis SemadgenlobiT). Tanamedrove karelielebis sakuTari saxelebi ZiriTadad rusuli anTroponimiidanaa nasesxebi, Tumca xSirad fonetiku-rad isini saxecvlilia. magaliTad, giorgi gamoiTqmis ro-gorc diurgi, feodor _ xodori, iakobi _ diuako, anastasia _ naSto. rusulis gavleniT kareliuri anTroponimiuli modeli samwevriania.

2.55. estonelebi estonelTa TviTsaxelwodeba XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan aris eestlased, ufro adre ki iyo _ maarahvas (sityvasityviT `Cveni miwis xalxi~). pirvelad eTnonimi `esti~ gvxvdeba ax.w. I saukuneSi romaeli istorikosis tacitusis naSromebSi, magram maSin is aRniSnavda ara dRevandel estonelTa winaprebs, ara-med erT-erTi baltiuri modgmis xalxs, romlebic vislidan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT cxovrobdnen. IX saukunidan terminiT `estland~ ukve eTnikur estonelTa miwa iwodeba. rusul sais-torio wyaroebSi baltiis sxva finur tomebTan erTad estone-lebi `Cudis~ saxeliT moixseniebian. rac Seexeba eTnonims `es-tebi~ (estonelebi) is XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan gavrcelda. estoneTis saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs 1 mil. 460 aTasi kaci, romelTagan estonelia 963 aTasi kaci (qveynis mosaxleobis 61,5 %). cxovroben agreTve ruseTSi (46,4 aTasi kaci), SvedeTSi (25 aTasi kaci), aSS-Si (25 aTasi), kanadaSi (25 aTasi kaci), avst-raliaSi (6 aTasi kaci). estonelTa mcire jgufi saqarTvelo-Sic (afxazeTSi) mkvidrobs. estonelebis saerTo raodenoba 1,1 milionia. anTropologiurad miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis atlantur-baltiuri rasis dasavlur-baltiur da aRmosavlur-baltiur tipebs. laparakoben estonur enaze, romelic Sedis uralur enaTa ojaxis finur-ugruli jgufis baltiispirul-finur qvejgufSi. estonur enaSi gamoyofen ramdenime dia-leqts. saliteraturo ena dafuZnebulia Crdilour dialeqt-ze. Tanamerove estonur enaSi mecnierebi 150-mde baltiur sity-vas iTvlian. nasesxeb sityvebs Soris 350 germanul sityvasac

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uTiTeben. amave dros estonur enaSi 70-mde slavuri sityvacaa dafiqsirebuli. estonur enaSi ucxo substratuli, super-stratuli da adstratuli leqsikuri erTeulebi estonelTa eTnogenezsa da eTnikur istoriaSi baltiuri, germanuli da slavuri eTnikuri elementebis monawileobaze miuTiTeben. es-toneli xalxis formirebaSi ZiriTadi roli Crdiloestonur-ma tomebma iTamaSes, romelTa dialeqtic Semdgom literatu-rul enas daedo safuZvlad. mecnierebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom estoneTis aRmosavleTsa da Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi estone-lebs vodebis nawili Seerwya, romelTa enac baltiur-finur enebs miekuTvneboda. XVI s-dan estonelebs aqvT laTinuri grafikis safuZvelze Seqmnili damwerloba. estonelTa umete-soba protestant-luTerania. gavrcelebulia agreTve baptizmi, adventizmi. estoneTis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi, setes eTnogra-fiul jgufSi, arian marTlmadideblebic. estonelebma qristi-anoba gvian miiRes. XVI s-Si maT kvlav axlad moqceulebs uwo-debdnen. SemorCenilia animisturi rwmena-warmodgenebi. XIX s-Sic qorwineba kanonierad ara saeklesio jvrisweris Semdeg, aramed xalxuri saqorwilo ritualis Semdeg iTvleboda. estonelebi Camoyalibdnen aRmosavleT baltiispireTSi Zve-li aborigenuli mosaxleobisa da Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi aRmo-savleTidan mosuli finur-ugruli tomebis Serevis Sedegad. gvian maT SeiTvises aRmosavlur finur-ugruli, baltiuri, ge-rmanuli da slavuri elementebi. ax.w. I aTaswleulisaTvis Ca-moyalibda estonuri tomebis ZiriTadi dajgufebani. axali we-lTaRricxvis II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi estonelebSi ZiriTa-di sazogadoebriv-teritoriuli erTeuli sasoflo Temi iyo. sasoflo Temebi ki ufro msxvil erTeulebad (`kixelkondebi~) iyvnen gaerTianebulni. am dros estonelTa teritorias poli-tikuri erToba jer kidev ar hqonda. XIII saukuneSi estoneTis samxreTSi daiwyo livonis ordenis eqspansia, xolo Crdilo-eTSi _ danielebisa. 1227 wlisaTvis estoneTis teritoria li-voniis ordenis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida; 1238-1346 wlebSi esto-neTis CrdiloeTi nawili danias ekuTvnoda. livoniuri omebis Sedegad 1558-1583 wlebSi estoneTis teritoria gayofil iqna reCpospolitas (samxreTi nawili), SvedeTsa (CrdiloeTi nawi-li) da danias (kunZuli saaremaa) Soris. XVII saukunis Sua xa-nebisaTvis estoneTi SvedeTs CamoSorda. 1521 wlis reformaci-am, RvTismsaxurebisa da wignis beWdvis gavrcelebam, XVII sau-kunis dasasrulidan estonur enaze saskolo swavlebam esto-

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nuri nacionaluri kulturis formireba ganapiroba. 1632 wels derptSi Seiqmna universiteti, sadac swavleba laTinur da Svedur enebze mimdinareobda, gvian ki _ germanul enaze (axla-ndeli tartus universiteti). estonur enaze pirveli wignebi 1525 da 1535 wlebSi daibeWda. es iyo saeklesio literatura. 1700-1721 wlebis CrdiloeTis omis Sedegad estoneTi ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. 1918 wels gamocxadda estoneTis damo-ukidebloba. 1940 wels estoneTi ssrk-is SemadgenlobaSi Seiy-vanes, 1991 wels aRdgenil iqna estoneTis damoukidebloba. estonelTa ZiriTadi saqmianoba iyo saxvneli miwaTmoqmedeba, mecxoveleoba (msxvilfexa rqosani saqoneli, Rori, cxvari). estoneTis tradiciulma kulturam skandinaviuri, finuri, ba-ltiuri da slavuri gavlena ganicada. estonelTa tradiciuli sakvebia Wvavis puri, fafa (ZiriTa-dad qeris), Tevzi, xorci. sasmelebidan popularulia buraxi da ludi. estonelebs Soris friad popularulia sagundo simRerebi, sasuliero orkestrebi. pirveli saerTo-estonuri simReris dResaswauli 1869 wels tartuSi gaimarTa. ganviTarebulia gamoyenebiTi xelovneba. estonelebSi ZiriTadad qristianul-protestantuli sakuTa-ri saxelebia gavrcelebuli. Zveli qristianobamdeli saxele-bi (dokumenturad daaxloebiT asamde aseTi saxelia daculi) XV-XVI saukuneebisaTvis TiTqmis gaqra. am saxelebis mxolod umniSvnelo raodenoba SemorCa yofas: lembiti, kaupo, himoti, meelisi da sxva. qalTa Zveli saxelebi dokumentebSi Semor-Cenili araa. aseTebad ki miaCniaT XIX saukunis bolosaTvis moRweuli saxelebi: aita, leida, salme, virve. qalaqebSi mkvidr estonelebs Soris gvarebma Camoyalibeba XIV-XVYsaukuneebSi daiwyo, soflebSi es procesi mxolod 1816-1835 wlebSi ganxorcielda. gvarsaxelebad ara mxolod estonuri enis sityvebi, aramed germanuli, Sveduri, daniuri, rusuli, polonuri da inglisuri sityvebicaa gamoyenebuli. gvarsaxel-ebi ZiriTadad piradi saxelebidan momdinareobs da xSirad isini –son (Svili) formants irTaven _Adam+son, Karel+son (Sesa-bamisad, adamis Svili da karelis Svili). gvarsaxelebis for-mantebad gamoyenebulia agreTve sityva maa (miwa) _ Jurimaa= iu-ri+miwa. gvarebis sxva jgufi etimologiurad sagnebsa da bu-nebis movlenebTanaa dakavSirebuli. gvarebis mesame jgufi sa-zogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da adamianebis sawarmoo saqmianobis

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mimaniSnebelia. aseTi gvarebi profesiisa da dasaqmebulobis saxelwodebebidan momdinareobs. maT Soris pirveli adgili ukavia Sepp-s (mWedeli). es sityva adre ostatobis simboloc iyo, amitom bevri profesiis aRmniSvneli gaxda: King (is) sepp _ mewaRe, Ratsepp _ mkeravi, TerZi, Luksepp _ zeinkali, Kuldsepp _ iuveliri. 1929-1940 wlebSi estonelebma maTTvis gaugebari, ucxoenovani gvarsaxelebi Secvales. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis germanuli warmomavlobis gvarebze _ bergmani pargmaa gaxda, mormani _ merimaa, trumani _ truumaa da a. S. aseve Secvales –son-iT daboloebuli gvarebi; andersoni>andersoo, iurgen-soni>iurisoo, bertelsoni>partelsoo (soo sugu-dan=gvari). es-tonelebis anTroponimiuli modeli orwevriania. is saxelisa da gvarsaxelisagan Sedgeba.

L2.56. livebi livebis TviTsaxelwodebaa livli, kalamiez (`meTevze~), ran-dalist (`sanapiros mcxovrebi~). livebis eTnosi mkvidrobs latviis (daaxl. 135 kaci) Crdilo – dasavleTiT, kurlandiis mxareSi (talsinisa da ventspilis raionebi). livebis nawili asimilirebulia latvielebTan. asimilirebuli mosaxleobis CaTvliT maTi saerTo raodenoba 226 kacia. isini metyveleben finur-ugrul enaTa ojaxis baltiispirul-finuri jgufis li-vur enaze. livebi sarwmunoebiT luTeranebi arian. livebi XII saukunis rusul wyaroebSi moxseniebul libTa tomis STamomavlebi arian. XII-XIII saukuneebSi Tavis qronikaSi maT ixseniebs agreTve henrix latvieli. XIII saukuneSi livebis nawilma asimilacia ganicada latvielTa winaprebis _ kurSe-bisa da latgalebis mier. livur enaze yvelaze adrindeli we-rilobiTi Zegli XIX s-is Sua xanebiT TariRdeba. 1920-1939 wlebSi damwerloba hqondaT laTinuri anbanis safuZvelze. ga-modioda saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebi da Jurnali. dRes li-vur enas mxolod saSinao – saojaxo metyvelebis funqciaRa aqvs SenarCunebuli. cocxalia mxolod kurlandiuri dialeq-ti. gamqrali saliciuri dialeqti XIX saukuneSi arsebobda rigis yuris aRmosavleT sanapiroze. livebis tradiciuli saqmianoba iyo meTevzeoba, tyis mefut-kreoba, nadiroba. XX saukunis dasawyisamde cxovrobdnen Sua-

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cecxlian qoxebSi. Tanamedrove livebi ZiriTadad TevzsaWer artelebSi muSaoben.

2.57. ungrelebi ungrelebi ungreTis saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mkvidrni arian. maTi TviTsaxelwodebaa madiari (magyar), romlis mniSvneloba axsnili araa. zogierTi mkvlevari am sityvis pirvel Semadge-nel nawils magy xant-mansur sityva mes ukavSirebs, rac `fra-trias~ niSnavs. ukanaskneli monacemebiT Zvelungrul enaze `madiari~ `adamians~ aRniSnavs. ungrelTa qveyana centralur evropaSi mdebareobs. ugri maTi dasavleTevropuli da slavu-ri saxelwodebaa. fiqroben, rom is momdinareobs Turquli tomisagan _ onogurebi, magram arsebobs mosazrebac misi hunebTan dakavSirebisa. ungreTSi ungrelTa raodenoba 9,95 mi-lioni kacia. cxovroben agreTve rumineTSi (1,8 mil), slovakeTSi (580 aTasi), iugoslaviaSi (400 aTasi), ukrainaSi (163 aTasi), agreTve aSS-Si (600 aTasi), kanadaSi (120 aTasi), samxreT amerikaSi (ZiriTadad argentinasa da braziliaSi), germaniaSi, avstriaSi, xorvatiaSi, ruseTSi (5,7 aTasi kaci) da sxva qveynebSi. ungrelTa saerTo raodenoba 13,83 mil. kacia. 1980 wlis aRweriT, ungrelebis garda, ungreTSi dafiqsirebu-li iyo 9 aTasi slovaki, 11 aTasi germaneli, 14 aTasi xorvati, 3,5 aTasi serbi, 9 aTasi rumineli da 6,4 aTasi boSa. ungreTSi araungrelTa saerTo raodenoba 3%-ia. ungrelebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis saSualo evropul rasas. ungrelebis nawils monRoloiduri minarevi aqvs. ungrelTa ena mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sxva evropeli xalxebis enebisagan. is miekuTvneba uralur enaTa ojaxis finur-ugo-rul jgufs. Tavisi ZiriTadi leqsikuri maragiTa da gramati-kuli struqturiT ungrelTa ena ugoruli Stos enebis _ xan-turisa da mansuris msgavsia. Zveli Zireuli sityvebidan Semo-naxulia 1000-1200 sityva. Tavis droze ungrulma enam iranuli da Turquli enebis gavlena ganicada. gvian ungrelTa enaSi be-vri slavuri (mecxoveleobasTan, miwaTmoqmedebasTan, xelos-nobasTan, saojaxo organizaciasTan, religiasa da politikur cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli) da germanuli (samoqalaqo yofa-sTan, samxedro cxovrebasTan, mrewvelobasTan, xelovnebasTan dakavSirebuli...) sityva Sevida. SedarebiTNnaklebi raodenobi-

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Taa Sesuli laTinuri sityvebi (ZiriTadad samarTlis, mmarT-velobisa da mecnierebis sferoSi). Sua saukuneebSi, reformaciamde, laTinuri iyo oficialuri ena, reformaciis Semdeg _ laTinuri da germanuli enebi. es enebi ara marto saxelmwifo, aramed nacionaluri salitera-turo enebic iyo. ungruli damwerloba, romelic dafuZnebu-lia laTinur anbanze, X saukunidan arsebobs. ungrulma enam ganviTareba mxolod XIX saukunis pirveli naxevridan daiwyo. am droidan iqca is qveynis oficialur enad. ungrul enaSi ar-sebobs dialeqtTa rva didi jgufi da ramdenime kilokavi, ro-mlebic erTmaneTisagan didad ar gansxvavdebodnen. ungrelebi ZiriTadad kaTolikeebi arian (75%); gvxvdebian ka-vinistebi da umniSvnelo raodenobiT _ luTeranebi. dRevandeli ungreTis teritoria Tavdapirvelad dasaxlebu-li iyo ilirielebiTa da TrakielebiT. Zv.w. IV saukunis dasa-wyisSi aq gadmosaxldnen kelturi tomebic. antikuri epoqis dasasruls ungreTis teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili roma-elTa batonobis qveS aRmoCnda. romaelTa gamoCenisTanave ung-reTis teritoriaze iranuli warmoSobis momTabare sarmatebi movidnen. isini gansaxldnen panoniasa da dakiaSi. ungreTis zogierT adgilas sarmatuli mosaxleobis jgufebi germanele-bisa da hunebis drosac iyo SemorCenili. V saukunis dasawyis-Si panoniaSi hunebi SemoiWrnen. am saukunis Sua xanebSi maTi samefo gadaWimuli iyo volgidan dunaimde. atilas dros misi centri gadatanil iqna ungreTis alfeldis CrdiloeTSi, mag-ram 453 wels, atilas sikvdilis Semdeg, misi samefo daiSala. amis Semdeg erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi ungreTis es terito-ria erTmaneTSi hqondaT gayofili sxvadasxva germanel tomebs (gerulebs, svevebs, guTebs, gepitebs, langobardebs). maT to-mobriv SuRls bolo mouRo avarTa SemoWram, romlebic aq di-di xnis ganmavlobaSi batonobdnen (VI-VIII ss.). maTi vrceli samefos centri dRevandeli ungreTi iyo. avariis kaRanati frankTa da bulgarTa samxedro laSqrobebma gaanadgura. ung-reTSi slavebis gansaxleba avarTa mosvlamdec moxda, magram Zalze gaZlierda avarTa samefos dacemis Semdeg (803 w.). sla-vebTan erTad aq frankebic mkvidrobdnen. IX saukunis bolos dunais Sua dinebis olqi momTabare ung-relebma, anu madiarebma daipyres. ungruli naxevrad momTabare tomebi, romelTa samSoblod uralis iqiTa aRmosavleTi ol-qebi iTvleba, ax.w. I aTaswleulSi, savaraudod, kamis auzSi

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gadasaxldnen, Semdeg ki VI-VIII saukuneebSi _ SavizRvispira da azovispira stepebSi da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi onogurebisa da agreTve protobulgarebis xelisuflebis qveS imyofebod-nen. mWidro kavSiri hqondaT xazarebTanac. social-ekonomiku-ri TvalsazrisiT es Turquli eTnosebi ufro maRal safexur-ze imyofebodnen, vidre ungrelebi. ungrelTaTvis maTTan kon-taqtebi friad nayofieri aRmoCnda rogorc samiwaTmoqmedo yofis, ise mesaqonleobis ganviTarebis, agreTve social-po-litikuri organizaciis TvalsazrisiT. 895-896 wlebSi isini karpatebze gadavidnen da Sua dunaispireTSi dasaxldnen. ung-relebis mier axali eTnikuri teritoriis aTvisebis procesi mTeli X saukunis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda. ungrul isto-riografiaSi ungrelTa dunaispireTSi dasaxleba `samSoblos SeZenis (mopovebis)~ saxels atarebs. aq mosulma ungrelebma avarebis, bulgarebis da slavebis asimilacia moaxdines. `sam-Soblos SeZenis (mopovebis)~ dasawyisisaTvis ungrelTa raode-noba 400-500 aTasi kaci iyo. mecnierebi imasac varaudoben, rom ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi maT daaxloebiT 200 aTasi adgilo-brivi mosaxleobis asimilacia moaxdines. mas Semdeg binadari cxovreba daiwyes da miwaTmoqmedni gaxdnen. XI saukunis dasawyisSi warmoiqmna ungruli feodaluri samefo; amave pe-riodSi miiRes maT kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba. im periodisaTvis ungreTis adrefeodaluri saxelmwifo, Tanamedrove ungreTis teritoriis garda, dRevandeli slovakeTis, transilvaniis, xorvatiis da SuadunaispireTis mTel rig sxva olqebsac moicavda. qveynis mosaxleoba izrdeboda rogorc aRmosav-leTidan (paWanikebi, oRuzebi, yivCay-kumanebi, iasebi), ise dasa-vleTidan (germanelebi, frangebi, valonebi, italielebi) gad-mosaxlebulTa xarjze, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi ungre-lebSi iqnen integrirebulni. mosaxleobis zrdis procesi XIII saukunis Sua xanebSi (1241-1242 ww.) TaTarTa gamanadgurebelma Semosevebma SeaCera. Sua saukuneebSi maTiaS korvinis mefobi-sas (XVI saukunis meore naxevari) ungreTi ayvavebuli saxelm-wifo iyo. misi mosaxleoba 3,5 – 4,0 milions Seadgenda, romelTaganac eTnikuri ungreli 80% iyo. ungrelTa eTnikur teritoriaze saxldebodnen, xSirad ank-lavebs qmnidnen da ungrelebs ereodnen sxvadasxva xalxebis warmomadgenlebi: yivCayebi da sxva Turqebi, vlaxebi, germa-nelebi, frangebi, italielebi. maTTan kontaqtebma gavlena mo-axdina ungrelTa materialur da sulier kulturaze. Sua sau-

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kuneebSi laTinuri, gvian ki germanuli, iyo saxelmwifos ofi-cialuri ena. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda mosax-leobis migracia qveynis SigniT da gareT, kerZod aRmosavleT karpatispireTSi. XVI saukunebSi, osmalTa batonobis damyare-bis Semdeg, samxreT da centraluri ungreTidan glexebi mis CrdiloeTsa da aRmosavleTSi gadasaxldnen. Semcirda mosax-leobis raodenoba. maTi ricxovnoba 1,8 milionamde davida. avstria-TurqeTis 1689-1699 wlebis omisa da 1703-1711 wlebis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Sedegad ungrelTa eTnikuri teritoria habsburgTa xelisuflebis qveS aRmoCnda (ungreTis samefosa da transilvaniis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi). avst-riis mTavrobam ungreTSi kolonistebi, upiratesad germanele-bi, gadaasaxla. 1867 wels avstria-ungreTis samefos Camoyali-bebam nacionaluri winaaRmdegobebi ver mospo. mimdinareobda zogierTi araungruli jgufis (gansakuTrebiT germanelebis, slovakebis) madiarizacia. 1918 w. ungreTi damoukidebeli sa-xelmwifo gaxda. dReisaTvis ungrelebSi ramdenime eTnografiuli jgufi ga-moiyofa, rac am qveynis rTuli eTnikuri istoriis, sxvadasxva istoriuli, geografiuli da ekonomikuri pirobebis Sedegia. am eTnografiuli jgufebis formireba sabolood XVIII sauku-nis dasawyisSi moxda. maT zogierTi Tavisebureba materialu-ri da sulieri kulturis sferoSi SeinarCunes. saintereso eTnografiul jgufs warmoadgenen kumanebi, romlebic yivCa-yTa STamomavalni arian da aq 1239 wels gadmosaxldnen mon-Rolebis Semosevis Sedegad. kumanebTan erTad movidnen iasebi (kavkasiis stepidan mosuli osebis monaTesaveni). naxevrad mom-Tabaruli cxovrebis gamo isini didxans gancalkevebul jgufs warmoadgendnen, magram ukve XV saukuneSi maTi materi-aluri kultura TiTqmis iseTive iyo, rogoric alfeldis glexebisa. XVI s-Si isini ungrul enaze gadavidnen. TurqTa batonobis dros iaso-kumanuri mosaxleoba Zalian Semcirda. SedarebiT axali Camoyalibebulia haidukebis eTnografiuli jgufi. XV saukunis bolosa da XVI saukunis dasawyisSi hai-dukebs uwodebdnen SeiaraRebul mwyemsebs. isini TavianTi cxo-vrebis wesiT ramdenadme rus kazakebs hgvanan. maTi subeTniku-ri jgufi q. debrecenis SemogarenSi mkvidrobs. ungreTis CrdiloeTSi ungrelTa Taviseburi jgufi _ palocebi cxov-robs, romelsac dRemde aqvs Semonaxuli zogierTi specifiku-ri niSani sacxovrebel nagebobebSi, kostiumSi, wes-Cveu-

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lebebSi, xalxur Semoqmedebasa da sxv. calke gamoiyofa mati-os eTnografiuli jgufi, romelic gawafuli mqargvelebis saxeliT aris cnobili. SeiZleba davasaxeloT agreTve Sem-degi eTnografiuli jgufebi _ drava, xeteSebi, geCebi, rabaki-ozebi. transilvaniis (rumineTi) samxreT-aRmosavleTSi ungre-li sekebi binadroben, romlebic gadmocemebiT hunuri war-momavlobisani arian, zogierTi ki maT paWanigebis STamomavle-bad Tvlis. sekebi erTaderTi eTnografiuli jgufia, romelic maRalmTianeTSi mkvidrobs. maT Soris didi xnis ganmavloba-Si SemorCenili iyo Temuri urTierTobebi. sekebis ZiriTadi saqmianoba ki mesaqonleoba iyo. rigi jgufebi, romlebic sxva-dasxva dros sekebisagan gamocalkevdnen, cnobilni arian Can-gos saerTo saxelwodebiT. saerTod, ungreTi rogorc geogra-fiuli, ise istoriul-eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT or nawi-lad iyofa. dunais dasavleTiT mdebare teritorias dunantu-li ewodeba, aRmosavleTiT mdebares _ alfeldi. zemoT CamoT-vlili istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebi am or did region-Sia gaerTianebuli, romlebic dialeqturi da eTnografiuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. ungrelTa soflis meurneobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mesaqonleoba iyo, xolo XIX saukunidan _ miwaTmoqmedeba. didi tradiciebi aqvs mecxeneobas (ZiriTadad qveynis samxreTSi). yvelgan ganviTarebulia meRoreoba. miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebaSi didi roli iTamaSa ungrelTa sameurneo-kulturulma kontaqtebma jer Turqulenovan protobulgarebTan, Semdeg ki _ slavebTan, rasac ungruli enis miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli leqsikis mravali erTeuli mowmobs. mTavari samiwaTmoqmedo kulturaa xorbali. XVII-XVIII saukuneebidan mohyavT simindi, kartofili (XVIII s-dan). soflis meurneobis tradiciuli dargebia agreT-ve: mevenaxeoba, meRvineoba, mebaReoba da mebostneoba. ungreTSi dasaxlebis ZiriTadi forma didi xnis ganmavloba-Si didi soflebi iyo. mosaxleobis naxevarze meti qalaqebSi cxovrobs. Sua saukuneebSi qalaqebis gverdiT warmoiqmna gan-sakuTrebuli tipis dasaxleba, e.w. sasoflo-sameurneo qalaqi (mezevaroSi). am tipis qalaqebis mosaxleobis did nawils gle-xebi Seadgendnen. ungrelebi sakvebad bevr xorcs xmaroben. alkoholuri sas-melebidan popularulia Rvino.

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sityva `gvari~ yvela ungrelisaTvis cnobili iyo. Cveuleb-riv, mas uwodebdnen sanaTesao jgufs, romelSiac naTesaobas iTvlidnen mamakacis xaziT. am jgufis wevrebi Tavs erTi wi-naprisagan warmoSobilad miiCnevdnen. maT akavSirebdaT saer-To gvarsaxeli. gvaris wevrebs Soris qorwineba akrZaluli iyo. TiToeuli ungruli gvaris warmomadgenlebi ara erT so-felSi, aramed ramdenime dasaxlebul punqtSi cxovrobdnen. XIII saukunemde ungrelebs gvarsaxelebi ar hqondaT. ungruli gvarebi Camoyalibebulia winapris saxelze –Svili sufiqsis darTviT (-fi, -fia). magram aseTi gvarebi umetesobas ar Sead-genen. Zalian bevr SemTxvevaSi gvarebi warmoqmnilia mamis sa-xelebisagan yovelgvari sufiqsis darTviT. gvarsaxelebis mni-Svnelovani nawili soflis saxelebisagan momdinareobs (feo-daluri gvarebi _ samflobeloTa saxelwodebebisagan). ung-relTa Soris eTnonimebisagan miRebuli gvarebic gvxvdeba: Toth _slovaki, Nemeth _germaneli, Hhorvat _ xorvati, Olah _rumine-li, Orosz _rusi, Lengyeel _ poloneli, Cseh _ Cexi. ungrelebSi araerTi gvarsaxeli profesiidan da Tanamdebobidan momdina-reobs. XV saukunisaTvis ungruli da Turquli saxelebi TiT-qmis mTlianad gamoaZeva qristianulma saxelebma, magram Zveli saxelebi, rogorc metsaxelebi, yofaSi kvlav agrZelebdnen arsebobas. protestantebi upiratesobas Zveli aRqmis saxelebs aniWebdnen, kaTolikeebi _ axali aRqmisas. popularulia vaJe-bisaTvis mamis saxelebis darqmeva. dReisaTvis yoveli meoTxe biWi mamis saxels atarebs. tradiciuli iyo orsaxelianobac _ XX saukunis dasawyisSi budapeStSi bavSvebis 15-20% or sa-xels atarebda, 1% _ sam saxels. gaTxovebis Semdeg qalebi qmris gvarsa da saxels iReben, oRond isini damatebiT irTa-ven daboloebas –ne. Veres gvaris kacis colis gvari iqneba Ve-resne, magram, rodesac saxelis win gvari dgas, maSin daiwereba _ Veres Peterne. warsulSi ungrelebSi gavrcelebuli iyo didi patriarqa-luri ojaxi. ungrelTa sasuliero kulturis sferoSi, kalen-darul da saojaxo wes-CveulebebSi bevr qristianobamdel ga-dmonaSTs (totemizmi, magia, Samanizmi) gamoyofen. mdidari folkloridan aRsaniSnavia simRerebi, baladebi, zRaprebi, istoriuli gadmocemebi. Taviseburia ungrelTa xal-xuri musika. `Zveli stilis~ simRerebSi volgispireTis xalxe-bisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi SeimCneva.

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XVIII saukunis dasasruli da XIX saukunis dasawyisi ung-reTSi ganaTlebis epoqis dasabami iyo, romlisTvisac damaxa-siaTebeli iyo ungruli enisa da ungruli erovnuli kultu-ris ganviTarebisadmi yuradRebis gamoCena. 1844 wels ungruli ena oficialur enad iqna aRiarebuli, ramac gamodevna laTi-nuri da germanuli enebi. amave periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-lia araungreli xalxebis (slavebis, ruminelebis) Zaladobri-vi madiarizacia. msoflio kulturis saganZurSi didi wvlili Seitanes ungrelma kompozitorebma. ungruli musikaluri sko-lis fuZemdeblis, ferenc listis (1811-1880 ww.) Semoqmedebis safuZveli xalxuri xelovnebaa. kompozitorebis _ ferenc lega-risa (1870-1948 ww.) da imre kalmanis (1882-1953 ww.) operetebi dResac mravali Teatris scenaze idgmeba. ungrulma kulturam brwyinvale aRmavlobas miaRwia XVIII-XIX ss-is mijnaze. am dros miekuTvneba gamoCenili poetis, Sandor petefis (1823-1849 ww.) Semoqmedeba, romlis leqsebi da simRerebi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli xalxur SemoqmedebasTan.

2.58. mordvelebi ruseTSi mordvelTa saerTo raodenoba 1 mil. 72 aTasi kacia, maT Soris, mordveTSi cxovrobs 313 aTasi. mordveTis gareT isini didi raodenobiT cxovroben baSkireTSi, CuvaSeTSi, sa-maris, penzis, orenburgis, ulianovskis olqebSi. mkvidroben centraluri aziis qveynebSic (yazaxeTi, uzbekeTi). mordvele-bi ori enobrivi jgufis (erzianuli da mokSuri enebi) erTob-liobas warmoadgenen. erzianuli da mokSuri enebi uralur enaTa ojaxis finur-ugrul jgufSi Sedis. damwerloba aqvT rusuli anbanis safuZvelze. mordvelTa erzianul enas xuTi dialeqti aqvs, mokSurs_sami. mordvul-mokSuri da mordvul-erzianuli sxvadasxva saliteratulo enebia. mordvuli damwerlobis pirveli Zeglebi XVII-XVIII saukuneebiT TariR-deba. XX saukunis dasawyisamde xelisufleba nebas rTavda mordovuli enebi mxolod misioneruli mizniT gamoeyenebinaT. mordveTSi mordvul-mokSur enaze metyveli mosaxleoba Ziri-Tadad mis dasavleT da samxreT raionebSia gansaxlebuli, mo-rdvul-erzianul enaze molaparakeni ki aRmosavleT nawilSi cxovroben. mordvelTa Soris ramdenime sxva mcirericxovani eTnografiuli jgufic gamoiyofa. mordvelTa erT-erTma eTno-

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grafiulma jgufma _ teriuSebma Seicvales sametyvelo ena. maT mSobliur enad rusuli iqca, Tumca zogierTi maTgani dResac ki Tavs mordvelad moiazrebs. anTropologiurad miekuTvnebian saSualo evropeidul ra-sas. gvxvdebian Sereuli rasis warmomadgenlebic. sarwmunoe-biT marTlmadideblebi arian. qristianoba mordvelebSi XVIII saukunis Sua xanebSi gavrcelda. XV saukunis bolos mordve-lebi ruseTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen, magram Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom mord-velebis ruseTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sesvla XVIII saukunis Sua xanebSi damTavrda. mordvelTa winapari finur-ugoruli tomebi axal welTaR-ricxvamde volgisa da okis SuamdinareTSi cxovrobdnen. Zvel-mordvuli tomebis or enobriv jgufad daSla ax.w. pirvel na-xevarSi daiwyo. erTiani eTnosis or enobriv jgufad (erzi da mokSi) dayofa, mecnierTa varaudiT, vrcel teritoriaze gansa-xlebam ganapiroba. geografiuli pirobebidan gamomdinare isi-ni erTmaneTs naklebad ekontaqtebodnen. amave dros, mordvel-Ta ori tomobrivi erTeulis urTierTobas maT Soris gansax-lebuli sxva eTnosebic uSlidnen xels. am garemoebam erzisa da mokSis kulturuli da yofiTi Taviseburebebis gansxvaveba-mde migviyvana. es gansxvaveba anTropologiur tipSic ki aisaxa. mordvelebs pirvelad saxelwodebiT `mordens~ goTi isto-rikosi iordani (VI saukune) moixseniebs. X saukunis bizantie-li imperatori konstantine VII saubrobs mordis qveyanaze, romelic paWanikebis qveynidan aTi dRis savalze yofila. ru-sul wyaroebSi eTnonimi `mordva~ pirvelad XI saukunis qro-nikaSi gvxvdeba. rac Seexeba terminebs `erzi~ da `mokSa~ isini pirvelad, Sesabamisad, X da XIII saukuneebis wyaroebSia saxe-ldebuli. istoriidan cnobilia, rom mordvelTa qveyanaSi jer xazare-bi, Semdeg ki kievis rusebi laSqrobdnen. rogorc erT, ise me-ore dampyrobels isini xarks uxdidnen. yazanis saxanos dace-mis Semdeg (1552 weli) mordvelebis ruseTis saxelmwifos Se-madgenlobaSi Sesvla daiwyo. ruseTTan mordvelebis SeerTe-bas araerTi mordvelis garuseba mohyva, rac gansakuTrebiT SeZlebuli mosaxleobis warmomadgenlebze SeiZleba iTqvas. amis erT-erT magaliTad rusi Tavaduri gvaris _ mordvinove-bis dasaxelebac sakmarisia.

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mordvelTa meurneobas simbiozuri xasiaTi hqonda. ganviTa-rebuli iyo rogorc miwaTmoqmedeba, ise mesaqonleoba. Zveli mordvelebisaTvis cnobili iyo metalurgia da metalebis da-muSaveba. mordvelebi tradiciul saxlebs xisagan agebdnen. ga-nviTarebuli iyo xalxuri Semoqmedeba. gansakuTrebiT gamoir-Ceodnen saiuveliro nakeTobebis ornamentirebiT. mkvlevrebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom mordvelebs Seqmnili hqondaT mravalx-miani simRerebi, romlebic ara mxolod finur-ugorul samya-roSi, aramed msoflios musikalur kulturaSic unikaluro-biT gamoirCeoda. XX saukunis dasawyisamde mordvelTa Soris SemorCenili iyo sasofli Temi. yvela mordovuli tomi ramdenime gvars Se-icavda, romlis SemadgenlibaSi, Tavis mxriv, patriarqaluri ojaxebi Sedioda. Zvelad mordvelebSi syidviTi qorwineba da poligamia yofila ganviTarebuli. qristianobis miRebis Se-mdeg, mogviano etapze, poligamia bigamiam (orcolianoba) Sec-vala. tradiciuli iyo mcirewlovani vaJebis asakiT ufros go-gonebze daqorwineba. qristianobamdeli rwmena-warmodgenebidan yuradRebas iqcevs qaluri RvTaebebis didi raodenoba. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom maT salocavebi hqondaT calke mamakacebisa da calke qalebi-saTvis, Tumca zogierT salocavSi isin erTadac loculob-dnen.

2.59. udmurtebi udmurtebis TviTsaxelwodebaa utmort, ukmort. ufro adre rusebi maT votiakebs uwodebdnen. udmurtTa saerTo raodeno-ba 746 aTasi kacia, romelTaganac udmurteTSi cxovrobs 497 aTasi, anu mxolod 67%. mkvidroben agreTve baSkireTSi, TaTreTSi, marielSi. 1719 wels 48,1 aTasi iyo aRricxuli, 1795 wels _ 135 aTasi, 1858 wels _ 251 aTasi, 1897 wels _ 421 aTasi, 1921 wels _ 504 aTasi. udmurtebis Semcireba am periodSi samo-qalaqo omiTa da 1921 wlis SimSilobiT iyo gamowveuli. udmurtuli ena uralur enaTa ojaxis finur-ugrul jgufSi Sedis. udmurtebis mxolod 70,8% Tvlis udmurtul enas mSob-liur enad. adre udmurtebs miakuTvnebdnen besermianebs, romlebsac XX s-is 90-iani wlebidan ganixilaven rogorc calke eTnoss. zogierTi mecnieris varaudiT, besermianebi paWanikebis naSTs warmoadgendnen. damwerloba aqvT rusuli grafikis safuZvelze. udmurtebis umetesi nawili marTlmadi-

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debelia. arian tradiciuli rwmena-warmodgenebis mimdevrebic. udmurtTa avtoqtonur mosaxleobas sxvadasxva periodSi sxva-dasxva raodenobiT Seerivnen iranuli, Turquli, slavuri to-mebi. rusul wyaroebSi udmurtebi pirvelad XIV-XVI saukune-ebSi ixseniebian. ufro adre ki XII saukunis arab avtorebTan arian fiqsirebulni. centralizebuli ruseTis Semadgenloba-Si jer Sevida (1489 w.) misi CrdiloeTi nawili, SedarebiT gvian ki samxreTi nawili (1558 w.). es ukanaskneli regioni jer bulgarelTa, Semdeg oqros urdosa da bolos yazanis saxanos mflobelobaSi iyo. anTropologiurad udmurtebi aRmosavleT evropeidebs miekuTvnebian. gvxvdeba evropeidul-monRoluri Sereuli jgufebic. udmurtebi or did jgufad iyofian: Crdi-loeTis da samxreTis. pirvel maTganze didi gavlena ruseTis CrdiloeTma iqonia, meoreze _ Turqulma stepebis samyarom. udmurtTa meurneoba XX saukunis dasawyisSi simbiozuri iyo, Tumca wamyvani funqcia mainc miwaTmoqmedebas hqonda. Zi-riTadi marcvleuli kulturebi iyo Wvavi, qeri, Svria, agreTve _ xorbali, fetvi da asli. 1913 wels marcvleul kulturebs farTobis 93% ekava, sels _ 4,1%, kartofils _ 2%. udmurte-Tis tradiciuli meurneobis mniSvnelovani dargi iyo mecxove-leobac. gamoyvanili hyavdaT cxenisa da cxvris adgilobrivi jiSebi. zafxulSi cxvars saZovarze mwyemsis gareSe uSvebdnen. misdevdnen monadireobasa da meTevzeobas. icodnen ZaRlebiT morekviTi nadiroba. jer kidev XVII saukuneSi udmurtebs Taf-li da cvili gahqondaT gasayidad. tradiciuli udmurtuli sazogadoebis ZiriTadi socialuri ujredi iyo sasoflo Temi. Temis struqtura gamsWvaluli iyo naTesauri urTierTobebiT. is, Cveulebriv, ramdenime ojaxis naTesaur gaerTianebas warmoadgenda. patara ojaxebTan erTad SemorCenili iyo gauyofeli didi ojaxebic. farTod iyo ga-vrcelebuli sanaTesao da samezoblo urTierTdaxmareba. sam-oTx ojaxs saerTo abano da Wa hqonda.E udmurtTa tradiciuli sacxovrebeli morebisagan agebuli qoxi iyo. is zamTris sacxovrebels warmoadgenda. zafxu-lobiT cxovrobdnen erT an orsarTulian sakuWnaoSi. yvela ezoSi hqondaT ojaxis samlocvelo sakulto nageboba. marTalia, udmurtebi marTlmadidebeli qristianebi arian, magram maTSi SemorCenili iyo qristianobamdeli rwmena-warmo-dgenebic, gansakuTrebiT agrarul-magiuri wes-Cveulebebi. zam-Tris nabuniobas dResaswauliT aRniSnavdnen. am dros ixdid-

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nen qorwilebs, iwvevdnen stumrebs. am dReebisaTvis damaxasia-Tebeli iyo samaskarado tansacmliT morTva da mkiTxaoba. gva-lvis dros icodnen wvimis gamomwvevi magiuri wes-Cveulebebis Sesruleba. aRsaniSnavia udmurtTa saojaxo gvarovnuli kul-tebi. udmurtTa folklorSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo xalxuri simRerebi. literaturaSi gansakuTrebuli xazi aqvs gasmuli monadireTa da mefutkreTa ritualuri simRerebis arsebobas. CrdiloeT udmurtebs hqondaT specialuri samgloviaro melo-diebi. simRerebs da cekvebs musikaluri instrumentebis Tanx-lebiT asrulebdnen. udmurtebi qorwinebisas egzogamias icavdnen. naTesavTa eg-zogamiur gaerTianebas, romelTac saerTo winapari hyavdaT, erToblivi mfarveli _ vorSudi hyavda. mfarvel vorSudis pativsacemad regularul locvebs asrulebdnen. udmurtebis RvTaebaTa panTeonisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo RmerTebis, RvTaebebis, sulebis da sxva miTologiuri arsebebis didi ra-odenoba (daaxl. 40): cis RmerTi, miwis RmerTi, amindis Rmer-Ti... udmurtuli enis pirveli gramatika 1775 wels gamoqveynda, 1889 wels ki daibeWda pirveli leqsebi. 1980-iani wlebis bo-los Seiqmna udmurtuli kulturis sazogadoeba, rac ganpiro-bebuli iyo nacionaluri TviTSegnebis gamoRviZebiT.

2.60. marielebi marielTa (TviTsaxelwodeba mari _ `adamiani~, `kaci~) adreu-li rusuli eTnonomia Ceremiselebi. ruseTSi marielebis saer-To raodenoba 645 aTasi kacia, maT Soris, marielis respub-likaSi _ 325 aTasi cxovrobs. isini cxovroben baSkireTSic (106 aTasi), sadac gadmosaxldnen XVI-XVII saukuneebSi. marie-lebis ena uralur enaTa ojaxis finur-ugrul jgufSi Sedis. mariul enaSi ramdenime kiloTqmas gamoyofen. marielebi iyo-fian sam eTnografiul jgufad: mTielebad, barelebad da aR-mosavleT marielebad. mTiel marielebs ukaviaT volgis marj-vena sanapiro, barelebs _ vetluJ-viatskis mdinarispireTi; aR-mosavleT marielebi mdinare viatkis aRmosavleTiT cxovroben. damwerloba Seqmnili aqvT rusuli anbanis safuZvelze. marie-lebi ZiriTadad marTlmadideblebi arian. masobrivad gaqris-tiandnen XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi. gvxvdebian qristianobamdeli rwmena-warmodgenebis mimdevrebic. axli welTaRricxvis I aTas-

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wleulSi Zvelmariuli eTnosis formirebis ZiriTadi birTvi iyo volga-viatkas auzebSi mcxovrebi finur-ugoruli tomebi. X saukuneSi marielebi xazarul dokumentebSi Ceremiselebis saxeliT moixseniebian. mariuli eTnosis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli iTamaSa maTma kontaqtebma Turqulenovan xalxebTan. ku-lturul-yofiTi TvalsazrisiT marielebs bevri saerTo aqvT CuvaSebTan. ruseTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi marielebi 1551-1552 wlebSi Sevidnen. anTropologiurad marielebi aRmosa-vleTevropuli rasis evropeidebi arian (maT Soris, "uraluri" minarevebiT). marielTa tradiciul sameurneo saqmianobas saxvneli miwaT-moqmedeba warmoadgenda. ZiriTadi kulturebi iyo Wvavi, Svria, qeri, fetvi, asli, wiwibura, kanafi, seli, agreTve _ xaxvi, kom-bosto, stafilo, kartofili. marielebSi ganviTarebuli iyo mxatvruli xelosnoba, gansa-kuTrebiT qargva, xeze kveTa da saiuveliro saqme. tradiciuli iyo xis damamuSavebel sawarmoebSi gare samuSaoze siaruli. marielTa soflebi gafantuli saxis iyo. sacxovrebeli sax-lebi ZiriTadad xis morebisagan hqondaT agebuli. zafxulo-biT sacxovreblad gadadiodnen sazafxulo samzareuloSi, romelic aseve Zeluri nageboba iyo. misi iataki miwatkepnils warmoadgenda. sakuWnaos garda kar-midamoSi hqondaT sardafi, boseli, farduli, etlebis farduli, abano. orsarTuliani sa-kuWnaos pirvel sarTulze sursaTs inaxavdnen, meoreze _ tan-sacmelsa da dgam-WurWels. zafxulSi aqve awvendnen axalda-qorwinebulebs. marielTa sasoflo Temi, Cveulebriv, ramdenime sofels moi-cavda. arsebobda eTnikurad Sereuli (mariul-rusuli, mari-ul-CuvaSuri) Temebi. hqondaT patara monogamiuri ojaxebi. ar-sebobda didi gauyofeli ojaxebic. icodnen urvadi, mziTevi. iSviaTi ar iyo Sereuli qorwinebebi CuvaSebsa da rusebTan. `marielTa sarwmunoebasa~ da warmarTul rwmena-warmodgeneb-Si arsebobda winaparTa da sxvadasxva RmerTebis kulti (umaR-lesi RmerTi, sazogadoebis RmerTi, mSvidobis RmerTi, cis RmerTi, satomo RmerTi da sxva). winaparTa kultis arqaul Ta-viseburebad miaCniaT micvalebulis sazamTro tansacmliT da-krZalva; zafxulSic ki micvalebulis sasaflaoze cigiT mitana. bolo wlebSi xdeba `mariuli rwmenisa~ da rwmena-warmodgenebis aRorZineba, risTvisac Seqmnili aqvT sazogado-ebrivi organizaciebi.

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marielTa inteligencia XIX saukunis bolos Camoyalibda. pirveli perioduli gamocema mariul enaze 1907 wliT TariR-deba. 1992 wels marielebma aRadgines saerTo mariuli sabWo, romlis mizania nacionaluri TviTSegnebis ganviTareba.

K

2.61. komelebi komelebis adrindeli rusuli saxelwodebaa zirianelebi (TviTsaxelwodeba komi mort da komi voitir _ `komi adamia-ni~, `komi xalxi). ruseTSi maTi raodenoba 336 aTasi kacia, maT Soris, komSi cxovrobs 292 aTasi. isini komi-permelebisa da udmurtebis monaTesaveni arian. laparakoben komi (zirianul) enaze, romelic finur-ugrul enaTa ojaxSi Sedis. komi-ziria-nul enaSi ramdenime dialeqts gamoyofen. Sesabamisad iyofian eTnografiul jgufebad. damwerloba aqvT XIV s-is II naxevri-dan, romelic XVII s-dan rusul anbans efuZneba. komlTa ume-tesoba marTlmadidebelia. arian staroverebic. anTropologi-urad komelebi Crdilo evropeidebs (belomorul-baltiuri rasa) miekuTvnebian. komi-zirianelTa formirebaSi ramdenime xalxma miiRo mona-wileoba. eseni iyvnen: vepsebi, Zveli marielebi, obis ugrTa wi-naprebi, aRmosavleT slavebi da sxva. XII saukunemde komelTa winaprebi ZiriTadad monadireobas, meTevzeobas, mesaqonleobas da gakafuli da gadamwvari tyis adgilas arasaxvnel miwaTmoqmedebasac misdevdnen. XII saukuni-dan dasavleTiT mcxovrebi mezobeli xalxebis gavleniT gavr-celda saxvneli miwaTmoqmedeba. rusul wyaroebSi Tavdapirvelad komelebi permelTa saxe-liT moixseniebodnen. XVI_XVII saukuneebSi komelebs gansax-lebis areali SeucvliaT. komelTa eTnografiuli jgufebi swored am moZraoba-gadasaxlebis dros arian Camoyalibebuli. maTi gansaxlebis aRmosavleTi sazRvari uralis qedamde aR-wevs. CrdiloeTiT eTnikuri teritoriis gafarToeba XIX sau-kunis bolomde grZeldeboda, Tumca komelebs gamokveTili eT-nikuri sazRvrebi mainc ara aqvT Camoyalibebuli. CrdiloeT komelebis nawili nenebTan erTad erT teritoriaze binad-robs. komelTa eTnografiuli jgufebi ZiriTadad bunebriv-ge-ografiul faqtorTa gavleniT Camoyalibda. samxreTiT mcxov-rebi eTnografiuli jgufebisaTvis upirveles saqmianobas upi-ratesad miwaTmoqmedeba da agreTve mecxoveleoba warmoadgen-

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da. rac Seexba CrdiloeTiT gansaxlebul eTnografiul jgu-febs, maTTvis meTevzeobasa da monadireobas hqonda arsebiTi mniSvneloba. komelebis eTnografiuli jgufi _ iJemelebi Zi-riTadad Semgroveblobasa da meirmeobas misdevdnen. ruseTis federaciaSi komelebs avtonomiis statusi hqondaT. 1992 wlidan mas komis respublika ewodeba. 1989 wlis monaceme-biT, komelebi am respublikis mosaxleobis mxolod 23,3% Sea-dgendnen. komelTa soflebi Tavdapirvelad patara iyo. isini ZiriTa-dad mdinareTa napirebze iyo ganlagebuli. gvian periodSi pa-tara soflebi erTmaneTs Seerwya da am gziT didi dasaxlebu-li punqtebi warmoiqmna. tradiciuli sacxovrebeli xis more-bisagan hqondaT agebuli. komelebSi SemorCenili iyo warmarTul rwmena-warmodgenebi: winaparTa kulti, xis kulti, cecxlis kulti da cxovelebis kulti.

2.62. komi-permelebi ruseTSi mosaxle komi-permelebis raodenoba 147 aTasia. Zi-riTadad gansaxlebuli arian komi-permelTa avtonomiur okru-gSi (95,4 aTasi). XX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde maT `permiakebs~ (permelebs) uwodebdnen. irgvliv mcxovrebi rusebi dResac am eTnonims gamoiyeneben. terminebi `permi~ da `permelebi~ ruseb-ma vepsebisagan isesxes. is momdinareobs sityvebisagan `pera maa~ da aRniSnavs `sazRvris iqiT mdebare miwas~. komi-pe-rmelTa avtonomiur okrugSi titulovani eTnosis raodenoba 63%-ia. okrugis gareT komi-permelTa ori kompaqturi jgufia Camoyalibebuli. iazvineli komi-permelebi permis olqSi mdina-re iazvis auzSi cxovroben. ukanaskneli monacemebiT am eTnog-rafiuli jgufis raodenoba 2000 kacia (1960 wels _ 4000). zi-uzdineli komi-permelebi kirovis olqSi mkvidroben, romle-bic XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi 7000 kacs aWarbebdnen. dReisaT-vis isini gaqrobis zRvarze imyofebian (1970 wels sul 700 kacs iTvlidnen; 1989 wels isini rusebad Caweres). komi-permelTa ena finur-ugrul enaTa ojaxSi Sedis da komi-zirianul da udmurtul enebs enaTesaveba. mas oTxi Tqma aqvs. damwerloba rusul anbans efuZneba. soflis mcxovrebTa absoluturi umravlesoba Tavisuflad laparakobs mSobliur enaze, rasac ver vityviT qalaqSi mcxovrebi komi-permelebis

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Sesaxeb. qalaqis mkvidrTa daaxloebiT meoTxedi am enas saer-Tod ar flobs. anTropologiurad evropeiduli rasis aRmosavlur-evropul tips miekuTvnebian. SeimCneva monRoloiduri minarevic. ZiriTadad marTlmadideblebi arian. gvxvdebian starovere-bic. rusul wyaroebSi permelebi pirvelad XII saukuneSi ixse-niebian. XV saukuneSi kamispireTSi mcxovreb komelebs mTavari marTavda. komi-permelebis nawili 1463 wels episkopos ionas mounaTlavs. 1472 wels komi-permelTa miwa moskovis saxelmwi-fom SeierTa. amis Semdeg am miwa-wyalze rusebis intensiuri dasaxleba daiwyo. marTalia SedarebiT gvian, XIX saukunis II naxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi komi-permelebi, Tavis mxriv, mciremiwianobis gamo, ufro aRmosavleTiT, ZiriTadad cimbirSi gadasaxldnen. komi-permelTa meurneobis tradiciuli dargebi iyo: saxvne-li miwaTmoqmedeba, mecxoveleoba, monadireoba da meTevzeoba. xelosnobisa da Sinamrewvelobis dargebidan ganviTarebuli iyo feiqroba, meTuneoba, xis damuSaveba; marcvleuli kultu-rebidan Tesavdnen: qers, Wvavs, Svrias. xorbali maTTvis saer-Tod ucnobi iyo. mecxoveleoba faqtobrivad miwaTmoqmedebis danamati iyo. moSenebuli hyavdaT ZiriTadad Zroxa, cxvari da cxeni. Sinauri cxovelebi saZovrebze da tyeebSi Tavisuflad _ mwyemsis gareSe hyavdaT gaSvebuli. komi-permelTa soflebi ZiriTadad erTi gvaris xalxiT iyo dasaxlebuli. tradiciuli sacxovrebeli Zeluri qoxebi iyo, romlebsac fundamentis gareSe agebdnen.

2.63. vepsebi vepsebi ruseTSi kareliis respublikis samxreTSi cxovro-ben. mkvidroben agreTve leningradisa da vologdis olqebSi. maTi saerTo raodenoba 12 aTasze metia. 1850-ian wlebSi vepse-bi 15,6 aTasis farglebSi iyvnen, 1870-iani wlebis dasawyisSi _ daaxloebiT 12,5 aTasi, 1897 wels _ 16,1 aTasi. 1926 wlis aRwe-ram vepsebis raodenobis mateba gamoavlina (25 aTasi), magram 1959 wlisaTvis isini 16,4 aTasamde Semcirdnen. samecniero li-teraturaSi vepsebis raodenobis mkveTri Semcireba ZiriTadad ori mizeziTaa axsnili: meore msoflio omisdroindeli didi danakargiT da rusebis mier asimilaciiT. vepsebis TiTqmis na-

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xevari (47,6 %) kareliaSi mkvidrobs, 34,2 % _ leningradis ol-qSi. vepsuri ena uralur enaTa ojaxis finur-ugorul jgufSi Sedis, romelsac sami dialeqti aqvs. vepsebi ZiriTadad rusul enaze laparakoben. mSobliuri ena mxolod 37,5%-ma icis. vepse-bi XI-XII saukuneebidan marTlmadideblebi arian. anTropolo-giurad CrdiloeT evropeidebs miekuTvnebian. vepsebis winapre-bi moxseniebuli hyavs VI saukunis goT istorikos iordans. vepsebma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes karelielTa, CrdiloeT-Si mcxovrebi rusebisa da komelTa eTnogenezisSi. vepsebs ramdenime endoeTnonimi aqvT. esenia: bepsia, vepsi, li-udinikadi, tiagalajeti. XX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde rusebi vepsebs Cudebs uwodebdnen. warsulSi vepsebis gansaxlebis areali ufro vrceli iyo. XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze vepsebis mcdeloba damwerlobis SeqmnisaTvis warumatebeli aRmoCnda. XX saukunis 30-ian wleb-Si kvlav iyo mcdeloba skolaSi vepsur enaze swavlebisa. mxo-lod 1989 wels sazogadoebis iniciativiT Seiqmna vepsuri dam-werloba, gamoica anbani, pirveli da meore klasebis vepsuri enis saxelmZRvaneloebi, vepsur-rusuli da rusul-vepsuri le-qsikonebi, ramdenime mxatvruli wigni. 1994 wlidan daiwyo yo-velTviuri gazeTis gamocema. vepsTa ekonomikis safuZvels ZvelTaganve miwaTmoqmedeba wa-rmoadgenda. XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi xe-tyis damzadebis ad-gilebSi gare samuSaoze gasvla daiwyo. tradiciuli sacxov-rebeli da materialuri kultura Crdilorusulis msgavsi iyo. vepsebSi sasoflo Temi da misi yriloba TiTqmis koleqtivi-zaciamde arsebobda. gavrcelebuli iyo didi ojaxic. vepsebis gvarsaxelebi rusuli gvarsaxelebis analogiuria.

2.64. iJorelebi maTi TviTsaxelwodebaa iJora, karialain, izuri. ruseTSi leningradis olqSi cxovrobs 450 kaci, estoneTSi _ 306. saer-To raodenoba 820 kacia. iJorelTa ena finur-ugorul enaTa ojaxs miekuTvneba, romelsac oTxi dialeqti aqvs. erT-erT di-aleqtSi lingvistebi voduri enis substrats poulobs. damwe-rloba ara aqvT. is laTinuri anbanis safuZvelze mxolod

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1930-ian wlebSi funqcionirebda. fiqroben, rom iJorelebi sam-xreTkarelielebs gamoeyvnen I da II aTaswleulebis mijnaze. werilobiT wyaroebSi pirvelad XIII saukuneSi arian moxsenie-bulni. esaa henrix latvielis qronika, romelSic saubaria iJ-orelTa miwasa (`ngaria~) da mis mcxovreblebze _ ingrebze (`ingaros~). 1241 wlis rusul wyaroSi moxseniebulia iJoreli uxucesi pelgui, romelmac aleqsandre nevels fineTis ubis sanapiroze Svedebis gadmosxma auwya. iJorelTa gansaxlebis teritoria novgorodis respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. slavebsa da vodebs Soris isini Sereulad iyvnen gansaxlebu-lni, ramac bevrad gansazRvra maTi Semdgomi sve-bedi. iJore-lebma slavuri kulturis didi gavlena ganicades. XVII sauku-nidan iJorelebi Svedebis mflobelobaSi iyvnen. mxolod 1721 wels daibruna ruseTma ingeria. XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi aR-ricxuli iyo 17 aTasi iJoreli. iJorelebis didi nawili asi-milirebulia. dResac iJorelTa mxolod 41,0%-ma icis mSobli-uri ena. iJorelTa raodenobis Semcireba asimilaciurma pro-cesebma ganapiroba. am TvalsazrisiT garkveuli roli sasko-lo ganaTlebamac iTamaSa. sanecniero literaturaSi isicaa aRniSnuli, rom XX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi iJorelebi cdi-lobdnen rusebad Caweras. iJorelebi anTropologiurad miekuTvnebian Crdiloel evro-peidebs (atlantiur-baltiuri rasa). sarwmunoebiT marTlmadi-deblebi arian. iJorelTa nawilma XVII s-Si luTeranoba mii-Ro. maT droTa ganmavlobaSi eTnikuri TavisTavadoba dakarges da finelebad iqcnen. iJorelebs sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis nawili peter-burgis bazarze gahqondaT gasayidad. zRvis sanapiroze mcxov-rebni meTevzeobas misdevdnen. Tevzs ZiriTadad zamTarSi iWer-dnen da mas peterburgel vaWrebze yiddnen. ganviTarebuli iyo xelosnoba _ gasayidad gahqondaT Tvlebi, sazidavebi, marxi-lebi, sarTavi jara. iJorelebSi SemorCenili iyo qristianobamdeli rwmena-war-modgenebi; eTayvanebodnen wminda koromebs, calkeul xeebs, wyaroebsa da qvebs. am salocavebs mosavlis pirvel marcvals swiravdnen. zogierT kalendarul dResaswaulze icodnen lu-dis moxarSva.

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2.65. vodebi vodebis TviTsaxelwodebaa vadialain. ruseTis federaciaSi ukanaskneli monacemebiT vodebis raodenoba as kacze naklebia. cxovroben leningradis olqis kingisepis raionSi. voduri ena uralur enaTa ojaxis finur-ugorul jgufSi Sedis. mas aqvs ori dialeqti. vodur enas damwerloba ara aqvs. dReisaTvis vodebis umetesoba rusul enaze laparakobs. voduri ena mxo-lod ufroso Taobis calkeulma warmomadgenlebma ician. vodebi aRmosavleT evropis Crdilo-dasavleTi teritoriis uZvelesi mkvidrni arian. vodebis eTnosi axlomonaTesave Crdilo-aRmosavleT estonur tomebs a.w. pirvel aTaswleulSi gamoeyo. pirvelive aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi vodebis gansax-lebis teritoriaze slavuri tomebi SeiWrnen. vodebiT gansaxlebuli teritoria ara ugvianes XII saukunisa novgorodis respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. maT amave dros miiRes qristianoba. vodebis teritoriisa da raodenobis Semcireba X-XI saukuneebidan daiwyo. vodebis nawilis asimi-lireba slavurma da iJorulma mosaxleibam moaxdina. samxed-ro Setakebebma, SimSilobam da epidemiebma vodebis masobrivi amowyveta gamoiwvia. maT Semcirebas migraciebsac ukavSireben. magaliTad, XV saukuneSi germanelma raindebma vodebis didi jgufi Tanamedrove latviis teritoriaze ZaliT gadaasaxla. aq am eTnosma Tavi XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde Semoinaxa. lat-vielebi vodebis am jgufs krevingebis saxeliT icnobdnen. XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi vodebis raodenoba 5000 kacis far-glebSi iyo, 1926 wels _ 500 kacis. miuxedavad imisa, rom vodebma sakmaod didi xnis win miiRes qristianoba, yofasa da sxvadasxva sadResaswaulo ritualebSi SemorCenili hqondaT qristianobamdeli rwmena-warmodgenebis gadmonaSTebi; eTayvanebodnen wyaroebs, xeebs, qvebs.

2.66. nenebi nenebis saerTo raodenoba 34,5 aTasia. cxovroben ruseTis ev-ropuli nawilis CrdiloeTsa da Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi; agreTve cimbirSi. maTi TviTsaxelwodebaa `nenec~, `xasov~ (`ad-amiani~), samoedebi, iurakebi. laparakoben uralur enaTa oja-xis samoiduri jgufis nenur enaze. nenur enas ori dialeqti aqvs. arxangelskis olqSi mcxovrebi nenebi ZiriTadad rusul

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enaze metyveleben. nenur enaze damwerloba 1930-ian wlebSi Se-iqmna. nenebi marTlmadideblebi da tradiciuli rwmena-warmo-dgenebis mimdevrebi arian. nenebis umetesoba animizmis mimdeva-ria. nenebis qristianul sarwmunoebaze moqcevis pirveli cde-bi XIX saukunis dasawyisSi iyo. anTropologiurad Sualedur rasas miekuTvnebian. nenebis pi-rvel migracias aziidan evropis CrdiloeTSi hunebis Semose-vas ukavSireben. saistorio wyaroebSi pirvelad moxseniebulni arian XI saukuneSi. nenebis tradiciuli saqmianoba nadiroba da meTevzeoba iyo. misdeven meirmeobas. am eTnosis ZiriTad socialur ujreds patriarqaluri gvari warmoadgenda. nene-bis naTesaobis sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo ZiriTadad dedis gvaris warmomadgenelze daqorwineba. religiur rwmena-warmodgenebSi gabatonebuli iyo rwmena sulebis Sesaxeb.

2.67. Turqebi Turqebi TurqeTis saxelmwifos mkvidrni arian. maTi TviTsa-xelwodebaa `Tiurq~. bolo monacemebiT, TurqeTSi cxovrobs 70 milioni adamiani. aqedan sam milion naxevarze meti gansax-lebulia TurqeTis evropul nawilSi, romlebic aq evropis samxreT-aRmosavleTis qveynebze TurqTa batonobis epoqaSi _ XIV-XVIII saukuneebSi dasaxldnen. Turqebi cxovroben agreTve germaniaSi (1 milion 350 aTasi kaci), bulgareTSi (750 aTasi), makedoniaSi (110 aTasi). Turqebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian mesa-qonle-momTabare da naxevrad momTabare subeTnikuri jgufebi, romlebic ama Tu im toms miekuTvnebian da adgilobriv mosax-leobas ar erevian; maT Semoinaxes patriarqaluri wyoba. eseni arian iuriuqebi, Turqmenebi, taxtajebi, abdalebi, zeibeqebi, Cepnebi. maTi nawili Turqebs Seeria da asimilacia ganicada. dRevandel TurqeTSi mosaxleobis 90% Turqia. danarCeni 10% sxvadasxva eTnosis warmomadgenlebi arian _ qurTebi (daa-xloebiT 12 milioni eTnikuri qurTi kompaqturad qveynis aR-mosavleT provinciebSi mkvidrobs. sxvaTa Soris, ZiriTadad maT daikaves istoriuli dasavleT somxeTis teritoria), ara-bebi, somxebi, Cerqezebi, ebraelebi da, ra Tqma unda, qarTvele-bi (lazebTan erTad), romelTa mniSvnelovan raodenobas deda-ena kvlav SenarCunebuli aqvs. TurqeTis mosaxleobis TiTqmis absolituri umravlesoba mahmadiani sunitia. mosaxleobis

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mxolod 2%-s Seadgenen marTlmadidebeli qristianebi, kaTo-likeebi, protestantebi, iudevelebi da monofizitebi. anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT Turqebi erTgvarovanni ar arian. ZiriTad anTropologiur tips warmoadgens balkanur-ka-vkasiuri rasa (winaaziuri varianti). TurqTa anTropologiuri daxasiaTeba ramdenime mecnierma mogvca. ingliseli j. reidi maT sam tips gamoyofda: Turq-monRoloidebs, romlebic, misi azriT, Cingis-xanis TaTrebis STamomavalni arian; Turq-evrope-idebs, romlebic mcireazieli islamizebuli da gaTurqebuli mosaxleobis jgufebisagan warmoiSvnen da `Sereuli~ Turqebi, romlebic ori dasaxelebuli jgufis metisaciis Sedegad gaCn-dnen. sxva avtorTa azriT, monRoloiduri elementebi Turqeb-Si mxolod umniSvnelodaa gamoxatuli da is dakavSirebulia ara monRoloidebTan, aramed Sua aziis adre Sua saukuneebis TurqebTan. monRoloiduri elementi, romelic jer kidev Za-lian sustad iyo gamoxatuli Sua aziisa da kavkasiis mosax-leobasTan Serevis Sedegad, mcire aziaSi oRuzebma da Turqme-nma tomebma moitanes. mcire aziaSi adgilobriv evropeidul mosaxleobasTan Serevis Sedegad oRuzTa da TurqmenTa monRo-loiduri niSnebi evropeidul masaSi TiTqmis sruliad ganzav-da. n. aristovis azriT, TurqTa sxvadasxva tipebis arseboba im TurqTa metisaciis Sedegia, romlebic Sua aziidan mcire azia-Si gadmosaxldnen ara uadres cxra saukunis win. saerTo sar-wmunoebisa da enis matarebeli, magram sxvadasxva mxaris Tur-qebi Tavisi fizikuri tipiT mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erT-maneTisagan, rasac sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmomavloba da naj-varebSi TurqTa sisxlis sixSire ganapirobebs. b. Ceboqsarovi Turqebs Soris gamoyofs samxreT evropeide-bis xmelTaSuazRvispirul-balkanur jgufs. TurqTa Soris sa-mxreT evropeidebis sxva jguficaa gavrcelebuli _ winaaziu-ri (sxvanairad _ armenoiduli, asiroiduli anu anatoliuri). am jgufis warmomadgenlebi umetesad qveynis aRmosavleTSi gvxvdebian. monRoloiduri elementi TurqebSi TiTqmis gaqra. mxolod zogierT lokalur jgufSi gvxvdeba sustad gamoxa-tuli epikantusi. v. bunaki miiCnevs, rom TurqTa fizikuri tipis Camoyalibeba-Si monawileobda aranakleb oTxi ZiriTadi komponenti. es Sem-degi anTropologiuri tipebia: Worox-rionuli, ponto-zagro-suli, balkanur-dinaruli (rogorc adgilobrivi uZvelesi mcireaziuri da balkanuri elementi) da kaspiisiqiTa tipi, ro-

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melic adgilobrivi warmoSobisa araa. Worox-rionuli tipi ZiriTadad TurqeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSia gavrcelebuli. amasTanave isini gafantulad gvxvdebian mTel anatoliaSi. da-kavSirebulebi arian asimilirebul lazebsa da qarTvelebTan. fiqroben, rom amave anTropologiuri tipis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen mcire aziis Zveli xalxebi _ xeTebi, lidielebi, karie-lebi da sxv. ponto-zagrosuli tipi (winaaziuri, armenoiduli, asiroidu-li) ZiriTadad aRmosavleT anatoliaSi mkvidrobs. isic uZve-les mcireaziur tips miekuTvneba da dakavSirebulia urartus saxelmwifosTan. balkanur-dinaruli tipi damaxasiaTebelia dasavleT anatoliisa da aRmosavleT Trakiis raionebisaTvis. is gavrcelebulia agreTve balkaneTis xalxebSi (berZnebi, bu-lgarelebi, serbebi...). TurqebTan am xalxebis nawili Turqi-zaciis Sedegad moxvda. kaspiisiqiTa tips TurqeTSi gansazRv-ruli lokaluri teritoria ar moepoveba, radgan is ZiriTa-dad gaqra da mxolod rigi niSnebi SeinarCuna. misi gavrcele-ba anatoliaSi seljukTa dapyrobebis periods ukavSirdeba. istoriuli da lingvisturi monacemebiT Turq-seljukebi Za-lian axlos iyvnen TurqmenebTan, romlebic kaspiisiqiTa tipis Tanamedrove warmomadgenlebi arian. Turqebs Soris gvxvdeba agreTve sxva tipebic, magaliTad, cisferTvaleba, qera da agreTve TiTqmis afrikuli ier-saxis, Zalian muqi pigmentaciis, Savgvremani xalxi. yovelive es Tur-qTa gansakuTrebul heterogenul warmomavlobaze miuTiTebs. sisxlis jgufebis gamokvlevis SedegebiT Turqebi evropul da aziur rasebs Soris Sualedur jgufs qmnian. amrigad, Tu-rqebi anTropologiurad, pirvel rigSi, balkaneTis (`seljuke-bamdel~, `osmalebamdel~), mcire aziis adgilobriv mosaxleo-basa da mosul, ZiriTadad Sua aziel oRuzur-Turqmenul, el-ementebTan arian dakavSirebulni. Turqebi laparakoben alTaur enaTa ojaxis Turquli jgu-fis Turqul enaze. gamoiyofa anatoliuri jgufis dialeqtebi (samxreT-dasavluri, centraluri, aRmosavluri, Crdilo-aRmo-savluri, SavizRvispiruli, samxreT-aRmosavluri, kastamonuiu-ri, karamanuli) da rumeliuri, anu aRmosavleTTrakiuli jgu-fi. Turquli enis Seswavlac aaSkaravebs, rom Turqi xalxis CamoyalibebaSi ganmsazRvrel komponents Turquli tomebi wa-rmoadgenen. XIII s-dan Turqebs damwerloba arabuli anbanis grafikul safuZvelze hqondaT, 1928 wlidan ki laTinur gra-

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fikas efuZneba. Turquli enis leqsikuri fondis erTeulTa umetesoba Turqulia. Turquli leqsika Turqul enaSi ZiriTa-dad oguzuri sityvebiTaa warmodgenili, magram sxva xalxebis asimilaciam Tavisi kvali masac daaCnia. asimilirebuli enebi-dan Turqul enaSi araerTi sityva Sevida. didi raodenobiTaa arabizmebi. es bunebrivicaa, radgan isini islamis mimdevar yve-la xalxSi vrceldeboda. amdenad, arabizmebi Turqul enaSi (sametyvelo enaSi _ 30%, saliteraturo enaSi _ aranakleb 50%-isa) arabebis TurqTa eTnogenezisSi monawileobis Sedegi araa. Tumca dRevandel Turqul eTnosSi arabuli komponenti-caa, magram ara im raodenobiT, rogoriTac berZnuli, somxuri, qarTuli, qurTuli, slavuri... adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan Se-revis Sedegad Turqi momTabareni binadar cxovrebaze gada-diodnen da adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan miwaTmoqmedebisa da binadari cxovrebis Cvevebs iTvisebdnen. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sameurneo-kulturuli asimilaciis TvalsazrisiT adgilobri-vi xalxebi imarjvebdnen, romlebic ufro didi sabinadro da samiwaTmoqmedo kulturis mimdevrebi iyvnen, magram enobrivi TvalsazrisiT gamarjveba Turqul dialeqtebs rCebodaT, Tum-ca adgilobrivebisagan didi raodenobiT sesxulobdnen leqsi-kur erTeulebs. enobrivi asimilaciis TvalsazrisiT Turquli enis gamarjve-ba iman ganapiroba, rom Turqebi iyvnen gabatonebulebi da, bu-nebrivia, maTi ena iqca erovnebaTa Soris urTierTobis enad. amasTanave, ucxoenovani mosaxleobisaTvis Turquli ena advi-lad SesaTvisebeli iyo. is fonetikurad martivia; martivia mi-si gramatika; gansakuTrebiT ki sametyvelo ena. Turqul enaSi SeiZleba ramdenime substrati gamovyoT. berZ-nebma, ganusazRvrelad didi wvlili Seitanes Turqul kultu-raSi. bevri berZnizmia sazRvao, meTevzeobis, samiwaTmoqmedo, agreTve materialur kulturasa da sacxovrebel saxlebTan dakavSirebul terminebSi. TurqTa eTnogenezisSi berZnebis did wvlilze miuTiTebs bevri berZnuli sityvis SeRweva kon-servatiuli leqsikidan, rogoricaa intimuri, sxeulisa da or-ganizmis nawilTa saxelwodebani. mecnierebi Turqul enaSi po-uloben somxur da qurTul plastebs, qarTul leqsikas (sity-vebi `qoTani~, `modgami~, `naxirji~). Turqul enaSi araerTi sit-yvaa Sesuli iranuli enidan. dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze eTnosebi da saxelmwi-foebi ramdenjerme Seicvala. Zveli welTaRricxvis daaxloe-

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biT 3000 wels aq troas civilizacia arsebobda, XVII- XIII sau-kuneebSi _ xatusas ( xeTebis) civilizacia. TurqeTis aRmosav-leT nawilSi arsebobda urartus saxelmwifo (Zv. w. IX-VI sau-kuneebi). sxvaTa Soris, aqve Woroxis xeobaSi Caeyara safu-Zveli qarTul saxelmwifoebriobasa da civilizacias. Sua saukuneebSi TurqeTis saxelmwifo bizantiis imperiis nangre-vebze Camoyalibda. maTi winaprebi centraluri aziidan mo-vidnen, xolo eTnosis Camoyalibebis areali didi Cinuri ked-lis dasavleTiT mdebareobda. Turqulenovani tomebis migra-cia aqedan axali welTaRricxvis VI saukuneSi daiwyo. imdro-indeli Turqebi animizmis mimdevrebi iyvnen _ eTayvanebodnen miwas, cas, wyals, Tumca centralur aziasa da aRmosavleT evropaSi gadmonacvlebis Semdeg sxvadasxva dros ganicades budizmis, iudaizmis da qristianobis gavlena. 1037-dan 1300 wlamde isini warmatebiT marTavdnen saxelmwifoebs, romlebic avRaneTidan xmelTaSuazRvamde iyo gadaWimuli. sabolood es saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi monRolTa dapyrobebisa da Sina-omebis msxverpli Seiqma. saxelmwifoebrioba mxolod mcire aziaSi rumis seljukebma SeinarCunes. im dros, rodesac Tur-quli saxelmwifoebi ecemoda, tomTa ramdenime mebrZoli jgu-fi anatoliaSi damkvidrda. TurqeTis sulTnebi naxevrad le-gendaruli begi osmanis (1289-1324) STamomavlebi iyvnen, romle-bmac XIV-XV saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi SeZles Tavisi xeli-suflebis qveS gaeerTianebinaT mcire aziis yvela Turquli samTavro da konstantinopolic daipyres (1453 weli). bizantiis dedaqalaqis dapyrobidan sul cota xanSi, is, faqtobrivad, Turqul qalaqad iqca. 1477 wels stambolSi 60-70 aTasi kaci cxovrobda, romelTagan 9753 ojaxi Turquli iyo; aq mkvid-obda agreTve berZenTa 3743 komli, ebraelTa _ 1647 ojaxi, somxebis _ 818 komli, yirimeli qristianebis _ 267 ojaxi da boSa-muslimebis _ 31 komli. asi wlis Semdeg stambulis mosaxleobam 500 aTass miaRwia, romlis 58% iyo muslimi. mahmadianma Turqebma bizantiis dapyrobis Semdeg TiTqmis yve-la sofelsa da qalaqSi eklesiebis umetesoba meCeTebad gada-aqcies. XIV saukunis bolos osmaleTis imperia, faqtobrivad, evropis teritoriaze ufro met teritoriebs flobda, vidre aziaSi (mcire aziis teritoriebis dapyroba maT mxolod 1390 wlidan sulTan baiazeTis dros daiwyes. Turqebis mier Seqm-nilma osmaleTis imperiam XX saukunis dasawyisamde iarseba da sabolood is pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg daiSala (1922

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weli). Turqi xalxi (dRevandeli saxiT) XVI saukunis Sua xa-nebSi ori ZiriTadi eTnikuri komponentisagan Camoyalibda: Turquli mesaqonleobis mimdevari momTabare tomebisagan, Zi-riTadad oRuzebisa da Turqmenebisagan, romlebic mcire aziaSi aRmosavleTidan gadmosaxldnen seljukTa da monRol-Ta dapyrobebis dros XI-XIII saukuneebSi da adgilobrivi mcireazieli (berZnebi, somxebi, qurTebi...) da kavkasieli (qar-Tvelebi, lazebi) xalxebisagan. Turqebis nawili mcire aziaSi balkaneTidan SeiWra (uzebi, paWanikebi) samxreT-aRmosavleT evropis osmaluri dapyrobebis Semdeg (XIV-XVI ss.). TurqTa eTnikur istoriaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes samxreT-slavurma xalxebma, albanelebma, ruminelebma, moldovelebma, ungrelebma. TurqeTis mosaxleoba (gansakuTrebiT qalaqebisa) ukanasknel xans sul ufro `evropeizirdeba~. maT didi xania evropuli (Tanamedrove) tansacmeli acviaT. kvebis mxrivac didi xania ev-ropuli gavlena igrZnoba, Tumca bevri kerZi nacionaluri Ta-viseburebebiTa da saxelwodebebiT gamoirCeva, magaliTad: flovi (flavi). kvlav mkacrad ikrZaleba Roris xorci, magram spirtian sasmelebs islami TiTqmis aRar krZalavs. mecnierebi SeniSnaven soflis meCeTebis arqiteqturaze qris-tianuli sakulto nagebobebis gavlenas. meCeTebs aSenebdnen qristiani mSeneblebi, romlebsac soflis mcxovrebni maxlobe-li qalaqebidan iwvevdnen. bevri araTurquli da muslimamdeli wes-Cveulebaa SemorCe-nili TurqTa rig eTnografiul jgufSi, magaliTad, taxta-jebTan qorwilSi nefe da dedofali Rvinos svamen; dakrZal-vis dros micvalebulis kubos yvavilebiT rTaven. qelisas ra-ionis TurqmenebSi saqorwilo droSaze xSirad jvars gamosa-xaven. jvris gamosaxuleba gvxvdeba xalxur naqargobaSi, xali-Cebze. amrigad, Turq xalxs, iseve rogorc TiTqmis yvela sxva xa-lxs, ar hyavs mxolod erTi winapari, aramed is bevri eTniku-ri komponentisagan Sedgeba. sxvaTa Soris, sakmaod mcireri-cxovanni arian qristiani-Turqebi, romlebic TavianT Tavs `kara-manli~-s uwodeben. eseni arian gaTurqebuli mcireazieli berZnebi. maTi ZiriTadi nawili TurqeTis qalaq kaiseris maxlob-lad cxovrobs. karamanlebs damwerloba aqvT berZnul anbanze, aqvT TavianTi literatura.

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Turqebi sarwmunoebiT musulmani-sunitebi arian. sayuradRe-boa, rom naxevarmTvaris simbolo yvela mahmadian xalxSi Tu-rqebisagan gavrcelda, Turqebma ki bizantielebisagan miiRes. qalaq bizantionis (konstantinopolis) droSaze naxevarm-Tvare da varskvlavi iyo gamosaxuli. qalaqis aRebis Semdeg Turqebma es droSa daitoves, radgan Tavi bizantiis memkvidre-ebad gamoacxades. es simbolika ki mahmadian samyaroSi mas Sem-deg gavrcelda, rac Turqebma mTeli axlo aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeTi afrika daipyres. TurqTa umetesoba dasaqmebulia soflis meurneobaSi. SemorCenilia patriarqaluri da islamuri wes-Cveulebebi. Zlieria ojaxSi mamis gavlena. qorwineba patrilokaluria. qo-rwinebani xSirad adreul asakSi xdeba axalgazrdebis Tanxmo-bis gareSe. Semonaxulia didi ojaxebi. zogierT adgilas Semo-rCenilia musulmanobamdeli rwmena-warmodgenebi. Zvel TurqeTSi wveris tareba savaldebulo ar iyo, magram yvela cnobili adamiani _ maswavleblebi, Cinovnikebi wveriT dadioda; es maT Rirsebas matebda. Turqebi Tavs, Cveulebriv, mTlianad iparsavdnen. biWebis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan movlenas windacveTa warmoadgenda. windacveTa saero movlena iyo da misi Sesrulebis dros raime gansakuTrebuli locva ar sruldeboda. es operacia biWebs ZiriTadad 7-8 wlis asakSi utardebodaT. windacveTis dros ojaxSi stumrebi iyridnen Tavs; isini vaJs mowifulobas ulocavdnen da, amave dros, sa-Cuqrebic mohqondaT. TurqeTSi qorwineba mxolod samoqalaqo saqmed iTvleboda; sakraluri wes-Cveulebebisagan is Tavisu-fali iyo. qorwinebisaTvis sasurveli dReebi paraskevi da or-SabaTi iyo. qorwili musikisa da cekvebis TanxlebiT mimdina-reobda. mecnierebs SeniSnuli aqvT, rom Turquli musika da cekvebi sakmaod gansxvavdeba sxva Turqulenovani xalxebis musikisa da cekvebisagan. amis mizezad ki imas asaxeleben, rom is ZiriTadad arabuli da berZnuli xalxuri Semoqmedebis sinTezis Sedegadaa Camoyalibebuli. TurqeTSi cols, faqtob-rivad, gayris ufleba ar hqonda, maSin, rodesac mamakacs ubra-lo formulis warmoTqmis Semdegac SeeZlo cols gayroda. ojaxi yovelTvis calke saxldeboda. saxlSi aveji cota hqondaT, xaliCebi ki didi raodenobiT. xaliCebi ekidaT ked-lebze, iyenebdnen sawolad, locvisas idebdnen muxlebqveS. Turqebs Zalian uyvardaT da uyvarT tkbileuloba, magram mas, Cveulebriv, saWmelTan erTad arasdros ar Wamen. tkbileu-

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lobis dasamzadeblad Taflsa da barambos iyenebdnen, ag-reTve gadaduRebul da Sesqelebul yurZnis wvens _ `baqmazs~. sportis nacionalur saxeobas mSvild-isriT srola warmoa-dgenda. gamarjvebulebi erovnuli gmirebi xdebodnen. popula-ruli iyo cxenosnoba. Tesvis dawyeba da mosavlis aReba erTg-vari dResaswauli iyo. sxvaTa Soris, samecniero literatura-Si aRniSnulia, rom Turqebma gaiTavises berZenTa religiuri dResaswauli _ giorgoba. mas Turqebma xizras xsovnis dRe daamTxvies, romelic maTi wminda mfarveli iyo. miaCndaT, rom am dros yvavilebi ifurCqnebodnen, mofrinavdnen bulbulebi. mTel qveyanaSi imarTeboda bazrobebi. am dros sadResaswaulo piknikebze miirTmevdnen mawons, tolmas, halvas, yvels da sxv. TurqeTSi yava pirvelad 1543 wels Seitanes. Zalian male man didi popularoba moipova, Tumca XVI da XVII saukuneebSi is xelisuflebam ramdenjerme akrZala. aseve ramdenimejer aikr-Zala Tambaqo, romelic TurqeTSi 1601 wels Seitanes. Turqebi did pativs miageben XIII saukunis poetsa da filo-sofos jalaledin rums (1207-1273), romelsac `Cveni maswavle-blis~ saxeliT moixsenieben. man daaarsa sufiuri ordeni `mev-levi~, romlis mimdevrebi `mocekvave derviSebad~ arian cnobi-li (sufizmi _ islamis mistiuri mimdinareobaa). TurqeTSi sa-yovelTao aRiareba aqvs mopovebuli arqiteqtor koja sinans (1451-1588 wlebi). is warmoSobiT berZeni iyo, gaxda sulTnis mTavari arqiteqtori. misi proeqtebiT aSenebulia daaxloebiT 300 arqiteqturuli nageboba _ meCeTebi, sasaxleebi, qarvas-lebi, biblioTekebi, Sadrevnebi, abanoebi, xidebi. sinanas Semo-qmedebis mwvervalad iTvleba stambolis Sahzades da suleima-nis da edirnes selimis meCeTebi. mogzaurma, geografma da mwe-ralma evlia Celebim (1611-1682/3 ww.) aTtomiani `mogzaurTa wi-gni~ Seqmna. masSi sayuradRebo monacemebia Tavmoyrili saqarT-velosa da kavkasiis xalxebis Sesaxeb. Turquli nacionaluri ideis yvelaze gamokveTili warmomadgeneli iyo filosofosi da poeti zia hekalpi (1876-1924 ww.). dRevandeli TurqeTis saxe-lmwifos Semqmnelia generali da politikuri moRvawe musta-fa qemal aTaTurqi (1881-1938 ww.). nacionaluri gmiris, Turqe-Tis pirveli prezidentis _ aTaTurqis portretebiT, ZeglebiT da gamonaTqvamebiTaa mofenili TurqeTis teritoria. mwerlebs Soris xSirad asaxeleben poet nazim hiqmeTs (1902-1963 ww.).

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2.68. yirimeli TaTrebi yirimeli TaTrebis TviTsaxelwodebaa krim tatlar. dReisa-Tvis gansaxlebulni arian ukrainaSi (270 aTasi kaci, ZiriTa-dad yirimsa da xersonis olqSi), ruseTsa (21,3 aTasi kaci) da uzbekeTSi (189 aTasi kaci. ferganisa da taSkentis olqebSi). yirimeli TaTrebi laparakoben alTaur enaTa ojaxis Turqu-li jgufis yirimul-TaTrul enaze. yirimeli TaTrebis ena ti-pologiurad araerTgvarovania. is sami dialeqtisagan Sedgeba. uZvelesi werilobiTi Zegli XIII saukunes miekuTvneba. Zveli saliteraturo enis reformireba XIX saukuneSi moxda Sua (mTis) dialeqtis safuZvelze. yirimeli TaTrebi 1929 wlamde arabuli anbaniT werdnen, Semdeg _ laTinuriT, 1938 wlidan ki _ rusuli anbaniT. 1992 wels daubrundnen laTinur anbans. yirimeli TaTrebi sarwmunoebiT muslimi-sunitebi arian. isini sami eTnografiuli jgufisagan Sedgebian: stepis TaTre-bis (noRaeli TaTrebi), mTiswina TaTrebisa (tati anu tatla-ri) da samxreTsanapiros TaTrebisagan. yirimeli TaTrebi Ziri-Tadad Camoyalibdnen yirimSi migrirebuli Turqulenovani mo-saxleobisa da aq mcxovrebi binadari tavrebis, kimirielebis, alanebis da sxvaTa Serevis Sedegad. pirvelad Turqulenovan-ma jgufebma yirimis CrdiloeT nawilSi VII saukuneSi Se-moaRwies (xazarebi). XI-XII saukuneebSi aq paWanikebi migrird-nen, XIII saukunis dasasruls _ momTabare noRaelebi. yirimis samxreT sanapiro samxreTidan (sazRvao gziT) iqna Turqizebu-li. Turqulenovan migrantebs yirimSi Seerwynen ufro adre an gvian mosuli berZen-bizantielebi, somxebi, italiel-genuele-bi. XIII-XV saukuneebSi yirimis samxreTi sanapiro faqtobrivad italielTa (jer venecielebis, Semdeg genuelebis) mmarTvelo-bis qveS iyo. yirimSi IV s-Si dasaxlebulma guTebma TavisTava-doba XVII saukunemde SeinarCunes. naxevarkunZulze yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo Turq-osmalTa gavlena. yirimis saxano 1443 wels warmoiqmna da 1475 wlidan ruseTTan SeerTebamde (1783 w.) is osmaleTis imperiasTan vasalur damokidebulebaSi imyofe-boda. yirimis samxreTi nawili ki uSualod Sedioda mis Se-madgenlobaSi. XVIII saukunis bolomde yirimeli TaTrebi naxevarkunZulze mosaxleobis umetesobas Seadgendnen, magram ruseTis koloni-uri politikisa da ori migraciuli talRis Sedegad (XVIII s-is 90-iani wlebi da 1850-1860 ww.) isini umciresobaSi aRmoCn-dnen. 1897 wels yirimeli TaTrebis raodenoba 186 aTasze meti

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iyo (mTeli mosaxleobis 34,1%). 1921 w. maTi raodenoba aq 184,6 aTasi iyo (25,9%), 1939 w. ki _ 218,8 aTasi (19,4%). rsfsr-is SemadgenlobaSi yirimis avtonomiuri respublika 1921 wels Seiqmna. 1944 w. yirimeli TaTrebi (238,5 aTasi) Zala-dobrivi politikis Sedegad Sua aziaSi, cimbirsa da Sua vol-gispireTSi gadaasaxles. gadasaxlebulTa 46% gzaSi da nawilic gadasaxlebidan ramdenime TveSi daiRupa. yirimel Ta-Trebs yirimSi gadmosaxlebis neba 1960-ian wlebSi darTes, ma-gram maT dabrunebaSi mainc xels uSlidnen. yirimeli TaTre-bis yirimSi dabruneba masobrivad XX saukunis 80-ian wlebis bolos daiwyo. 1995 wlis ivnisis TvisTvis yirimSi dabrunebu-li yirimeli TaTrebis raodenobas 270 aTasi iyo. yirimis stepebis nawilSi XVIII saukunemde Semonaxuli iyo momTabare mecxoveleoba. mogvianebiT misi mcxovrebni binadar miwaTmoqmedebaze gadavidnen. mTian nawilsa da samxreT sanapi-roze odiTganve gabatonebuli iyo miwaTmoqmedeba, mevenaxeoba, mebaReoba; sanapiroze ganviTarebuli iyo meTevzeoba.

2.69. gagauzebi gagauzebi (TviTsaxelwodeba) ramdenime qveyanaSi cxovroben. ZiriTadad gansaxlebulni arian moldoveTSi (153,5 aTasi kaci), agreTve ukrainaSi (31,9 aTasi), ruseTSi (10 aTasi), yazaxeTSi, uzbekeTSi, belorusiaSi, bulgareTSi (10 aTasi), rumineTSi (3 aTasi), saberZneTSi (3 aTasi), TurqeTSi (5 aTasi). gagauzTa sae-rTo raodenoba 220 aTasi kacia. gagauzebi didi evropeiduli rasis xmelTaSuazRvispirul rasas miekuTvnebian. zogierT jgufSi mkveTrad gamoiyofa mon-Roloiduri niSnebi. gagauzebi laparakoben gagauzur enaze, romelic Sedis alTaur enaTa ojaxis Turquli jgufis samx-reT-dasavlur (oRuzur) qvejgufSi. gamoyofen centralursa da samxreTul dialeqtebs. maTSi gavrcelebulia agreTve ru-suli, moldovuri da bulgaruli enebi. damwerloba aqvT ru-suli anbanis safuZvelze. gagauzebi marTlmadidebeli qris-tianebi arian. moldoveTsa da ukrainaSi mcxovrebi gagauzebi bulgareTi-dan gadmosaxlebulTa STamomavalni arian, romlebic XVIII sa-ukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ruseT-Tur-qeTis omebis dros gamoiqcnen. mecnierTa umetesi nawili gaga-uzebs Turqul tomebs: oRuzebs, paWanikebs, yivCayebs da sxv.

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miakuTvnebs, romlebic Sua saukuneebSi SavizRvispireTidan ba-lkaneTSi momTabareobdnen. isini gadavidnen binadar cxovreba-ze, miiRes marTlmadidebloba da slavuri kulturis sxva niS-nebi. sxva mkvlevrebi gagauzebs gaTurqebul bulgarelebad miiCnevdnen. TurqeTSi popularulia seljukuri Teoria, rom-lis Tanaxmad gagauzebi XIII saukuneSi dobrukaSi Turquleno-van kumanebTan (yivCayebTan) erTad gadasaxlebuli mcireazie-li Turqebis STamomavalni arian. gagauzTa ruseTSi (besarabi-aSi) gadasaxlebamde isini ori jgufisagan Sedgebodnen: `xa-sil gagauzebi~ (namdvili gagauzebi) da `bulgareli gagauze-bi`. ufro metad gaziarebulia is Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac gagauzebis safuZvels Turqulenovani momTabareebi (oRuzebi, paWanikebi, yivCayebi) Seadgendnen. evropel mkvlevrebs maT wi-naprebad Turqulenovani protobulgarebi miaCniaT, romlebic VII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi balkaneTSi volgispireTidan movi-dnen. XIII saukuneSi maTma STamomavlebma qristianoba miiRes. besarabiaSi gadmosaxlebul gagauzTa nawili 1912-1914 wlebSi yazaxeTSi gadasaxlda. koleqtivizaciis wlebSi gagauzebis jgufi uzbekeTSi dasaxlda. aq moxda maTi identifikacia bul-garelebTan. 1994 wlis dekemberSi moldoveTSi gagauzTa avto-nomia Camoyalibda. gagauzebs miekuTvneba gansakuTrebuli jgufi, e.w. adrianopo-lis gagauzebi, romlebic jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi adrianopolTan TxuTmetamde sofelSi cxovrobdnen. eTnonim `gagauzis~ garda, maT hqondaT agreTve meore eTnonimi _ `sur-guCi~, romelic gvian gaqra. maTi nawili (daaxloebiT 1,5-2 aTa-si kaci) 1913 wels bulgareTis samxreTSi gadasaxlda. adri-anopoleli gagauzebis _ surguCebis sxva didi jgufi (daax-loebiT 7 aTasi kaci) 1923 wels lozanis xelSekrulebis Ta-naxmad saberZneTSi gadaasaxles. moldoveTidan gadasaxlebuli gagauzebi kiTxvaze naciona-luri mikuTvnilobis Sesaxeb, xSirad Tavs `bulgarebs~ uwode-ben da mxolod Semdeg akonkreteben: `gagauzi~. gagauzebis tradiciul saqmianobas warmoadgenda mecxovele-oba (upiratesoba eniWeboda mecxvareobas) da miwaTmoqmedeba (xvna-Tesva, mebostneoba, mevenaxeoba). gagauzebSi SemorCenilia mglis kulti, rac saSualebas iZleva isini eTnokulturulad davukavSiroT, erTi mxriv, balkanur samyaros da, meore mxriv, stepur momTabare civili-zaciebs.

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2.70. TaTrebi ruseTis evropul nawilSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva eTnosebs So-ris TaTrebi Tavisi simravliT gamoirCevian. maT reodenobas ruseTSi 5 mil. 522 aTasi kaciT gansazRvraven (TaTreTis res-publikaSi _ 1 mil. 765 aTasi, baSkireTSi _ 1 mil. 120 aTasi...). TaTrebi cxovroben Sua aziis qveynebSic, agreTve azerbai-jansa da ukrainaSi. maTi saerTo raodenoba 6 mil. 710 aTasi kacia. TaTrebi anTropologiurad araerTgvarovanni arian. gvxvdebian evropeidebi (maT Soris, samxreTevropeidebi) da uralur komponentTan Sereuli evropeidul-monRoloiduri tipebi. TaTrebSi sam ZiriTad eTno-teritoriul jgufs gamoyofen: volga-uralel TaTrebs, cimbirel TaTrebsa da astraxanel TaTrebs. TaTruli ena, romelic Turqul enaTa jgufs ekuT-vnis, Sesabamisad, sam dialeqtad iyofa. es dialeqtebia: dasav-luri, anu miSaruli, aRmosavluri, anu cimbirul-TaTruli da SuaTaTruli, anu yazanur-TaTruli. Tavisebur enobriv spe-cifikas inarCuneben yazaneli TaTrebic. maTi, anu iurTuli TaTrebis ena warmoiqmna noRauri enisa da volgur-uraluri TaTrulis Serevis Sedegad. yirimeli TaTrebis ena TaTarTa yivCayur dialeqtebs uaxlovdeba, romlebmac XVI saukunisa-Tvis Sewyvita arseboba (litveli TaTrebi belorusul enaze gadavidnen; XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi ki inteligenciis nawil-ma polonuri da rusuli enebis gamoyeneba daiwyo). literatu-ruli TaTruli ena yazanur-TaTruli dialeqtis safuZvelze Camoyalibda, magram masze mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina da-savlurma (miSarulma) dialeqtmac. XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde funqcionirebda ZvelTaTruli anu volgispiruli Turquli literaturuli ena. Zveli TaTruli enis yvelaze Zveli lite-raturuli Zegli XIII saukuniT TariRdeba. XIX saukunis II na-xevridan iwyeba Tanamedrove literaturuli TaTruli enis formireba. 1905 wlidan 1917 wlamde periodi TaTarTa erovnu-li aRorZinebis epoqad iTvleba, rodesac wignebisa da perio-duli gamocemebis beWdva gacxovelda. am dros moqmedebda Ta-Truli nacionaluri Teatric. TaTrebi 1927 wlamde arabuli anbaniT werdnen. 1928 wlidan 1939 wlamde iyenebdnen laTinur anbans, 1939 wlidan dRemde ki _ rusul anbans. TaTrebi muslimi-sunitebi arian. muslimi TaTrebis religi-uri centri mdebareobs qalaq ufaSi (muslimTa evropuli sa-suliero mmarTveloba 1789 wlidan arsebobs). XVI-XVII sauku-

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neebSi monaTluli TaTrebi (e.w. kriaSenebi) marTlmadideblebi arian. monRolTa oqros urdos saxelmwifoSi araerTi dapyro-bili tomi iyo, maT Soris, Turquli tomebi, romlebic `TaT-rebad~ iwodebodnen. XIII-XIV saukuneebSi oqros urdoSi mimdi-nare rTuli eTnikuri procesebis Sedegad raodenobrivad uf-ro mravalricxovanma yivCayebma danarCeni Turqul-monRoluri tomebis asimilacia ganapirobes, samagierod ki SeiTvises eT-nonimi '`TaTari~. TaTrebis eTnogenezisSi mniSvnelovani wvli-li Seitanes Turqulenovanma bulgarebmac. TaTrebis eTnikur formirebaSi didi roli iTamaSa agreTve yazanis saxanom (1438-1552), romelic aRmosavleT evropis erT-erT mniSvnelovan po-litikur centrs warmoadgenda. XV saukunis meore naxevridan XVIII saukunis CaTvliT volga-uralis regionSi mimdinareobda sxvadasxva jgufis TaTruli tomebis migracia da eTnikuri konsolidacia. Tanamedrove TaTrebisaTvis eTnonimi `TaTari~ SedarebiT gvian warmoqmnili eTnonimia. warsulSi TaTarTa yvela eTnoteritoriul jgufs lokaluri saxelwodebebi hqonda. ma-galiTad, volgel TaTarTa sxvadasxva jgufebis eTnonimebi iyo: meselmani, yazanli, bolgari, miSeri, tifteri, kereSeni, nagaibeki, keCimi... astraxanelebisa _ nugai, yaragaSi, iurT Ta-Tlari... cimbirelebisa _ seber TaTlari, baraba, bohar-li...…litveli TaTrebisa _ meslimi, litva (lifka), TaTarla-ri. eTnonimi `TaTari~ pirvelad VI-IX saukuneebSi monRolur da Turqul tomebs Soris gaCnda. Tanamedrove TaTrebisaTvis `TaTari~, rogorc saerTo eTnonimi, XIX saukunis II naxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi damkvidrda. XIII saukuneSi oqros urdos Semqmneli monRolebis SemadgenlobaSi gamoiyofoda maT mier damorCilebuli tomebi, romlebsac TaTrebi ewodebo-daT. XIII-XIV saukuneebSi oqros urdoSi mimdinare rTuli eT-nikuri procesebis Sedegad, am saxelmwifos yvelaze mra-valricxovanma yivCayebma asimilireba moaxdines yvela Tur-qul-monRoluri tomisa, magram maT SeiTvises eTnonimi `TaTa-ri~. evropeli xalxebi, rusebi da aziis zogierTi xalxi oq-ros urdos mosaxleobas TaTrebs uwodebdnen. oqros urdos daSlis Semdeg, sxvadasxva TaTrul saxanoSi TaTrebad Tavda-pirvelad mxolod zeda fena, samxedro mosamsaxureTa jgufi da Cinovnikebi iwodebodnen. swored maT iTamaSes didi roli eTnonim `TaTris~ gavrcelebaSi. saxanoebis daSlis Semdeg te-rmini ubralo xalxzec gavrcelda. Tumca jer kidev XVI s-Si

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volgel da uralel TaTarTa Soris mas damamcirebeli mniSv-neloba hqonda. XIX s-is II naxevarsa da XX s-is dasawyisSi erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebis gamo, inteligenciam uari Tqva lokalur TviTsaxelwodebebze da SeirCa yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli da gamaerTianebeli eTnonimi _ TaTari. 1920 wels ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi Camoyalibda TaTreTis assr, romelic 1991 wels TaTreTis respublikad gardaiqmna. XVI saukunis II naxevridan TaTarTa Soris, gansakuTrebiT volgel TaTrebSi, masStaburi migraciuli procesebi mimdina-reobda. maTi gadasaxleba ZiriTadad aRmosavleTiT miimarTe-boda (uralispireTi, Crdilo da Crdilo-aRmosavleTi yazaxe-Ti, dasavleT cimbiri, Sua azia). TaTarTa meore migraciuli mimarTuleba ruseTis evropuli nawilis samrewvelo raionebi da kavkasia iyo. volgel da uralel TaTarTa meurneobis tradiciuli dar-gi iyo saxvneli miwaTmoqmedeba. moyavdaT Svria, Wvavi, barda, ospi, fetvi, asli. volgispirel TaTrebSi mecxoveleoba mi-waTmoqmedebisadmi iyo daqvemdebarebuli. hyavdaT rogorc msxvilfexa, ise wvrilfexa saqoneli. sakvebad gamoiyenebdnen cxenis xorcs. TaTari-kriaSenebi aSenebdnen Rors. astraxanel TaTrebSi mecxoveleoba Tavisi mniSvnelobiT miwaTmoqmedebas ar Camouvardeboda. TaTrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo cxeni-sadmi didi siyvaruli. misdevdnen mefrinveleobasac. ganviTa-rebuli iyo sxvadasxva saxis Sinamrewveloba da xelosnoba, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen tyavis damuSavebiT. TaTrebi odiTganve misdevdnen vaWrobas. XVIII saukuneSi Sua aziasa da yazaxeTSi TaTari vaWrebi mowinaveobdnen. TaTarTa soflebi ZiriTadad mdinareTa gaswvriv iyo ganla-gebuli. kar-midamo or _ wina da ukana nawilebad iyofoda. Cveulebriv, ukana nawilSi bostani da kalo hqondaT. TaTarTa ZiriTadi samSeneblo masala iyo xe, Tumca hqondaT Tixis, agu-risa da qvisagan agebuli nagebobebic. XX saukunis dasawyisSi TaTrebi ZiriTadad patara ojaxebad cxovrobdnen, Tumca mivardnil tyian raionebSi sam-oTxTao-biani didi ojaxebic arsebobda. ojaxi efuZneboda patriarqa-lur urTierTobebs. saqorwino wes-Cveulebebidan aRsaniSnavia urvadi. qorwili patarZlis saxlSi imarTeobda da mas nefe-pa-tarZali ar eswreboda. qali mamis saxlSi urvadis gamosyid-vamde rCeboda. mas qmari kviraSi erTxel _ xuTSabaTobiT stu-

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mrobda. qmris saxlSi colis gadasvla xSirad bavSvis dabade-bamde Wianurdeboda. TaTrebi muslimebi arian, magram SemorCenili iyo xalxuri dResaswaulebic. dResaswaulebis kulminacias sirbilSi Seji-bri, xtoma, Widaoba da doRi warmoadgenda. ……

2.71. CuvaSebi CuvaSebi (TviTsaxelwodeba CavaS) ruseTis evropul nawilSi mcxovrebi erT-erTi mravalricxovani Turqulenovani xalxia. maTi saerTo raodenoba 1 mil. 773 aTasia, maT Soris, Cuva-SeTSi _ 907 aTasi, TaTreTsa da baSkireTSi, Sesabamisad, 132 aTasi da 118 aTasi CuvaSi mkvidrobs. CuvaSuri ena or dia-leqts Seicavs. CuvaSuri enis leqsikaSi mniSvnelovania agre-Tve sxva Turquli enebis, monRoluri, finur-ugoruli, iranu-li, arabuli, rusuli enis plastebi. Sesabamisad CuvaSebi ram-denime eTnografiul jgufad iyofian. qvemo CuvaSebSi ZiriTa-dad bulgaruli komponentia SenarCunebuli, xolo zemo Cuva-SeTSi _ ufro finur-ugoruli (ZiriTadad mariuli) elementi Warbobs. CuvaSuri damwerloba Seqmnilia rusuli anbanis sa-fuZvelze. anTropologiurad araerTgvarovanni arian. gvxvdebian evro-peidebi da uraluri komponentiT Sereuli evropeidul-monRo-loiduri tipebi. CuvaSebi ZiriTadad qristiani marTlmadideblebi arian. qris-tianoba aq XVIII saukunis Sua xanebSi gavrcelda. zogierT so-felSi warmarT CuvaSTa jgufebic gvxvdeba. CuvaSeTis sazRv-rebs gareT mcxovrebma CuvaSebma islami miiRes da gaTaTrdnen. CuvaSebis eTnogenezSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes VII-VIII saukuneebSi CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da azovispira stepebidan ga-dmosaxlebulma Turqulenovanma bulgarebma, romlebsac adgi-lobrivi finur-ugruli modgmis xalxi Seeria. finur-ugoru-li da Turquli tomebis konsolidaciaSi mniSvnelovani roli X saukunis dasawyisSi Camoyalibebulma bulgarulma saxelm-wifom iTamaSa. 1236-1238 wlebSi es saxelmwifo TaTrebma gaana-dgures. mas Semdeg is oqros urdos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, mogvianebiT _ yazanis saxanos SemadgenlobaSi. CuvaSebi ru-sul wyaroebSi pirvelad 1508 wels ixseniebian. 1551 wels isi-ni ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen.

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CuvaSebis ZiriTadi sameurneo saqmianoba miwaTmoqmedeba iyo. mohyavdaT Svria, Wvavi, qeri; iSviaTad Tesavdnen xorbals, wi-wiburas da bardas. ganviTarebuli iyo mesvieoba. mecxoveleo-bas mxolod damxmare xasiaTi hqonda. ZvelTaganve misdevdnen mefutkreobas. xelosnobis dargebidan aRsaniSnavia xeze kveTa, meTuneoba da qargva. CuvaSebs Soris sasoflo Temi 1920-ian wlebamde iyo SemorCe-nili. es Temi ori formis iyo: a) ubralo, romelic erTi soflis mcxovrebT aerTianebda; b) rTuli _ masSi ramdenime dasaxlebuli punqtis glexoba iyo gaerTianebuli. isini miwis saerTo nadels flobdnen. arsebobda CuvaSur-rusuli da CuvaSur-rusul-TaTruli Temebic. SemorCenili iyo sanaTesao da samezoblo urTierTdaxmareba. CuvaSebSi adre gavrcele-buli iyo mravalcolianoba, magram qristianobis miRebis Sem-deg is TandaTanobiT gaqra. didi gauyofeli ojaxebi XVIII sa-ukuneSi ukve iSviaTobas warmoadgenda. qaliSvili mSoblebisa-gan iseve iRebda memkvidreobas, rogorc vaJi. pirvel saqorwi-no Rames axaldaqorwinebulebi sakuWnaoSi, anda sxva arasac-xovrebel nagebobaSi atarebdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom CuvaSebi marTlmadideblebi arian, ma-TSi SemorCenilia warmarTobis elementebi. CuvaSuri damwerloba pirvelad XVIII saukuneSi Seiqmna ru-suli grafikis safuZvelze. pirveli wigni 1769 wels daibeWda; es iyo CuvaSuri enis gramatika. CuvaSia ssrk-is rigiT mesame kosmonavti andrian nikolaevi, romelic aviaciis general-maiori gaxda.

2.72. baSkirebi baSkirebis TviTsaxelwodebaa baSkort. ruseTSi maTi saerTo raodenoba 1 mil. 345 aTasi kacia (maT Soris, baSkireTSi 863 aTasi). garda ruseTis federaciisa, baSkirebi mkvidroben agre-Tve yazaxeTSi, uzbekeTSi da Sua aziis sxva qveynebSi. baSkire-bis saerTo raodenobas 1 mil. 450 aTasze met kacs angariSo-ben. baSkirebi anTropologiurad araerTgvarovanni (Sereuli evropeidul-monRoloiduri tipebi) arian. isini laparakoben alTaur enaTa ojaxis Turquli jgufis baSkirul enaze. saliteraturo ena Camoyalibda mxolod 1917 wlis Semdeg baS-kiruli enis orive dialeqtis safuZvelze. 1939 wlidan baSki-rebs aqvT damwerloba rusuli grafikis safuZvelze. maT

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Soris gavrcelebulia TaTruli enac. baSkirebi muslimi-suni-tebi arian; islami maT XIV saukuneSi miiRes, rodesac oqros urdos mier iyvnen dapyrobilebi. am dros baSkirebs Seeria zogierTi bulgaruli, yivCayuri da monRoluri tomi. baSki-rebis formirebaSi gadamwyveti roli samxreTcimbirulma da centraluraziuri warmomavlobis Turqulma tomebma iTamaSes, romlebic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi aralispireTSi da sirda-riis stepebSi momTabareobdnen da romlebsac kontaqti hqon-daT paWanikur-oRuzur da yivCayur tomebTan. am regionSi isini IX saukunis saistorio wyaroebSi arian dafiqsirebuli. IX saukunis bolosa da X saukunis dasawyisSi cxovrobdnen samxreT uralsa da mis mimdebare stepebsa da tye-velebis sivrceebSi. eTnonims `baSkiri~ safuZvlad udevs IX saukunis pirveli naxevris cnobili mxedarTmTavris saxeli, romlis meTaurobiTac baSkirebi erTian samxedro-politikur kavSirSi gaerTiandnen da baSkirebis gansaxlebis Tanamedrove terito-ria daikaves. baSkirTa winaprebma jer kidev maTi Tanamedrove gansaxlebis arealSi _ mdinare kamis Senakad belaias auzSi _ dasaxlebam-de Tungus-manjurielTa da monRolTa mniSvnelovani gavlena ganicades, rac, upirveles yovlisa, anTropologiur tipsa da gvarovnul-tomobriv nomenklaturaSi aisaxa. dRevandeli gan-saxlebis arealidan baSkirTa winaprebma finur-ugoruli da iranuli (sarmatul-alanuri) tomebi Seaviwroves da nawilob-riv maTi asimilaciac moaxdines. monRol-TaTarTa Semosevebis dros, XIII saukunis bolos da-mTavrda baSkirTa eTnikuri ier-saxis formireba. X saukunis Sua xanebidan baSkirTa Soris islamma daiwyo gavrceleba, ro-melic XIV saukuneSi gabatonebul religiad iqca. islamTan erTad baSkirebSi arabulma damwerlobamac moikida fexi. yazanis dacemis Semdeg (1552 w.) baSkirebi ruseTis qveSevr-domebi gaxdnen. XVII saukunesa da, gansakuTrebiT, XVIII sauku-neSi baSkirebi araerTxel aujanydnen carizms. 1773-1775 wlebSi ruseTis saxelmwifom baSkirTa winaaRmdegoba sabolo-od gatexa. baSkirTa raodenoba pirveli msoflio omis, samoqalaqo omi-sa da 1921-1922 wlebis SimSilobis Sedegad TiTqmis ganaxevrda. maTi Semcireba nawilobriv TaTarTa mier asimilaciamac gamo-iwvia. revoluciamdel raodenobas baSkirebma mxolod 1989 wels miaRwies.

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baSkirTa tradiciuli sameurneo dargi naxevrad momTabare mesaqonleoba iyo. ZiriTadad aSenebdnen cxenebs, cxvars da msxvilfexa rqosan saqonels. samxreT da aRmosavleT raioneb-Si aqlemebic bevri hyavdaT. saqonelTan erTad mosaxleobac momTabareobda. isini sezonis ganmavlobaSi gansaxlebis adgils _ iorts ramdenjerme icvlidnen. misdevdnen agreTve nadirobasa da meTevzeobas. miwaTmoqmedebaze gadasvla Ziri-Tadad XVII saukunidan daiwyes. momTabareobam Tavisi poziciebi baSkireTis samxreTsa da aRmosavleTSi XX saukunis dasawyisamde SeinarCuna. baSkirebSi gvian periodamde iyo SemorCenili patriarqalur-gvarovnuli yofis gadmonaSTebi. am Turqulenovan xalxSi daaxloebiT 40 satomo erTeuls iTvlidnen. TiToeuli tomi ramdenime gvars moicavda, romlebSic, islamis myarad gavrce-lebis miuxedavad, SemorCenili iyo ekzogamia, urTierTdaxma-reba. baSkirebSi umetes SemTxvevaSi didi ojaxebi arsebobda. mdidrebs Soris mravalcolianobac gvxvdeboda. saqorwino urTierTobebSi SemorCenili iyo leviratis wes-Cveuleba, mci-rewlovani bavSvebis daniSvna. dasaxlebis tradiciuli forma _ auli mdinareTa da tbebis irgvliv iyo ganlagebuli. momTabare cxovrebis wesis gamo, yovel auls ramdenime dasaxleba hqonda: zamTris, gazafxu-lis, zafxulis, Semodgomis. mogvianebiT mudmivi binadrobis adgilebi sazamTro gansaxlebis adgilebSi warmoiqmna. baSkirTa tradiciuli sacxovrebeli iyo qeCis iurta. ZiriTad xalxur dResaswaulebs gazafxulisa da zafxulis periodebSi aRniSnavdnen. dResaswaulebis dros icodnen spor-tuli Sejibrebebis mowyoba (doRi, sirbili, mSvild-isriT srola). SemorCenili iyo tradiciuli rwmena-warmodgenebis elementebi.

2.73. yalmuxebi yalmuxebis TviTsaxelwodebaa xalmg. rusebi maT kalmikebs uwodeben. rusul oficialur dokumentebSi es eTnonimi XVI saukunis bolos gaCnda. cxovroben ruseTis saxelmwifos yal-muxeTis respublikasa da, nawilobriv, astraxanis, rostovis olqebsa da stavropolis mxareSi. yalmuxebis (rus. kalmike-bis) saerTo raodenoba 177 aTasia. yalmuxuri erT-erTi monRo-luri enaa. 1925 wlidan damwerloba aqvT rusuli anbanis sa-

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fuZvelze. anTropologiurad yalmuxebi Crdiloel monRoloi-debs miekuTvnebian. XII saukuneSi yalmuxebis winaprebi _ dasavleT monRolebi baikalispireTsa da mdinare eniseis zemo welSi iyvnen loka-lizebulni. XIII saukuneSi isini dasavleT monRoleTsa da mis mimdebare altais zogierT raionsa da Sua aziaSi gadaadgil-dnen. XV_XVI saukuneebSi yalmuxebis winaprebs damoukideblo-bisaTvis brZola uxdebodaT aRmosavleT monRolebTan, CineT-Tan da Sua aziis Turqul saxanoebTan. yalmuxebi volgispi-reTSi aRmosavleTidan movidnen XVII saukunis Sua xanebSi. yalmuxTa saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni _ yalmuxeTis saxano 1664 wlidan 1771 wlamde arsebobda. 1771 wels ruseTis xelisu-flebiT ukmayofilo daaxloebiT, 125 aTasma yalmuxma volgis-pireTi datova da jungariaSi gadasaxlda, romelTa didi na-wilic gzaSi daiRupa. amis Semdeg carizmma yalmuxeTis saxano gaauqma da maTi gansaxlebis teritoria astraxanis gubernias dauqvemdebara. 1917 wlis revoluciam da samoqalaqo omma yal-muxebi or mtrul banakad gayo. erTma nawilma revolucia da axali wyoba miiRo, meore nawili TeTrgvardielTa Soris ibr-Zoda. 1943 wels yalmuxebi iZulebiT iyvnen deportirebulebi cimbirsa da Sua aziaSi. am dros yalmuxebis 1/3 daiRupa. 1957-1958 wlebSi yalmuxebi ukan daabrunes. dRes yalmuxeTi ruse-Tis federaciis erT-erTi respublikaa. maTi tradiciuli saqmianoba iyo momTabare mecxoveleoba. XIX saukunis II naxevarSi isini binadar miwaTmoqmedebaze gada-vidnen. yalmuxTa tradiciul dasaxlebas wriuli forma hqon-da. Tavdacvis TvalsazrisiT aseTi dasaxleba momTabare cxov-rebis pirobebSi yvelaze xelsayreli iyo. wris SuagulSi Ra-miT saqonels abinavebdnen. aqve inaxavdnen qonebas da atarebd-nen saerTo krebebs. yalmuxebi ZiriTadad xorciT, rZiTa da rZis produqtebiT ikvebebodnen. cxvrisa da saqonlis xorcTan erTad Wamdnen cxenis, aqlemis, Roris xorcsac. ruseTSi dasaxlebisas _ XVII saukuneSi yalmuxebis ojaxi ZiriTadad did patronomiul erTeuls warmoadgenda. isini did, saSualo da mcire eTnoteritoriul erTeulebad iyofodnen. yvelaze didi ulusis saxels atarebda. yoveli ulusi ramdenime aimakisagan Sedgeboda, xolo aimakebi xoto-nebad iyofodnen. qaliSvilebs xotonis farglebs gareT aTxo-

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vebdnen. qorwineba upiratesad aimakis farglebSi xdeboda. axa-ldaqorwinebulebs calke kibitkas umzadebdnen. yalmuxebi ZiriTadad budistebi arian; gvxvdebian marTlma-dideblebic. budizmi yalmuxebis winaprebma jer kidev XIII sa-ukuneSi miiRes. XVI saukuneSi am religiis erT-erTi mimarTu-leba _ lamaizmi yalmuxebis nacionalur religiad iqca. 1917 wlisaTvis yalmuxeTSi 92 xuruli (taZari) da sami sasuliero akademia moqmedebda.

2.74. evropeli ebraelebi ebraelebis TviTsaxelwodeba ivriTze aris iegudim, idiSze _ iid aiid. ebraelTa Zveli TviTsaxelwodeba iyo iisrael, be-ni-iisrael. dReisaTvis msoflioSi ebraelTa raodenoba 13 mi-lion 620 aTasiT ganisazRvreba: aSS-Si (5,835 milioni), israel-Si (4 milionze meti), safrangeTSi (535 aTasi), ruseTSi (551 aT-asi), ukrainaSi (487 aTasi), did britaneTSi (300 aTasi), argen-tinaSi (228 aTasi), kanadaSi (325 aTasi), braziliaSi (150 aTasi), samxreT afrikis respublikaSi (120 aTasi), belorusiaSi (112 aTasi). ramdenime aTeuli aTasi ebraeli cxovrobs agreTve: un-greTSi, belgiaSi, italiaSi, niderlandebSi, germaniaSi, mol-doveTSi, iranSi, meqsikaSi, avstraliaSi, SveicariaSi, rumineT-Si, indoeTSi, TurqeTSi, urugvaiSi, CileSi. ufro mcire jgu-febi sxva qveynebSic cxovroben. meore msoflio omis win ebra-elTa 90% aSqenazebis jgufs miekuTvneboda (aSqenazi, Zvele-brauli `aSqinaz~ _ germania). sefaridebi arian Sua saukunee-bis espaneTSi mcxovreb ebraelTa STamomavalni. isini cxovro-bdnen balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze, maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, marokoSi, mcire raodenobiT dasavleT evropasa da amerikaSi. gamoiyofian agreTve arabulenovani ebraelebi (maxlobel aR-mosavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi), sparseTis ebraelebi, Sua azieli ebraelebi, qarTveli ebraelebi, krimCakebi, qurTista-nis ebraelebi (laxluxebi), italieli ebraelebi da sxv. ebrae-lTa zogierTi periferiuli jgufebi (dravidulenovani ebrae-lebi, maatxaenovani benisraelebi...) mkveTrad gansxvavdebian eb-raelTa ZiriTadi masisagan da maTi ebrauli warmoSoba zog-jer kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas. zogierT qveyanaSi SemorCenilia ebraelTa STamomavlebis jgufebi, romlebic sxva religiaze arian moqceulebi (`axali qristianebi~ _ portugaliaSi, `Sue-tasi~ _ balearis kunZulebze, `dJadidebi~ _ iranSi...).

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ebraelTa saerTo enad iTvleba ivriTi (anu Zvelebrauli). is afroaziur enaTa ojaxis semitur ganStoebaSi Sedis. masze da-werilia biblia. Zveli israelis salaparako enad mas ebraele-bi ax.w. I saukunemde iyenebdnen. ivriTi arameuli eniT Zv.w. V-IV ss-Si Seicvala. ukanaskneli asi wlis manZilze ivriTi ga-daiqca israelelebis salaparako enad. ebraelTa diasporebSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia idiSi (aSkenazebis ena), sxvagan _ Judezmi, anu Judeospanoli (israeli, TurqeTi, bulgareTi, ma-roko). ebraelebi sarwmunoebiT iudevelebi arian. iudevelebSi eTni-kuri da religiuri TviTSegneba erTmaneTTanaa Serwymuli. tradiciuli SexedulebiT ebraelTa sxva religiaze gadasvla sxva eTnosisadmi mikuTvnebulobas uTanabrdeba, xolo is xal-xebi, romlebic iudaizms miiRebdnen, ebraelebad iTvlebodnen. Zvelebrauli eTnosi Zv.w. II aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi qana-anis teritoriaze Camoyalibda (Tanamedrove israeli) semitur-enovani momTabare-mesaqonleebisa da qanaanis oazisis miwaTmo-qmedTa integraciis Sedegad. Zv.w. II da I aTaswleulebis mijna-ze warmoiqmna pirveli Zvelebrauli samefo. amave dros Camoya-libda ebraelTa monoTeisturi religia _ qurumTa iudaizmi. ebraelebi evropaSi palestinidan mosulTa STamomavalni ar-ian. am dros isini TiTqmis mTel msoflioSi gansaxldnen. dReisaTvis ebraelebi TiTqmis yvela evropuli qveynis mosax-leobis nawils Seadgenen. faSistTa mier ebraelTa masobrivi gaJletis Semdeg maTi raodenoba orjer Semcirda. evropis qve-ynebis ebrauli mosaxleobis nawili israelSi gadasaxlda. ev-ropaSi ebraelebma im xalxebis enebis SeTviseba daiwyes, ro-melTa Sorisac dasaxldnen. espaneTSi sefaridel ebraelTa (sefarad _ Zvelebraulad "dasavleTis qveyana", espaneTi) enad rekonkistis Semdeg iqca espanuri enis kastiliuri metyveleba, safrangeTis samxreTSi _ provansaluri metyveleba, safrange-Tis CrdiloeTSi _ Zvelfranguli ena da a.S., magram ra enaze-dac ar unda elaparakaT ebraelebs, damwerlobis enad Zveleb-rauls inarCunebdnen. evropaSi ebraelTa pirveli koloniebi Zv.w. II-I ss-Si warmoi-qmna italiaSi. palestinaSi titus flaviusisa (70-71 ww.) da im-perator adrianes mier (134 w.) ajanyebebis CaxSobis Semdeg es koloniebi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda da ebraelma gadasaxlebu-lebma SeaRwies galiaSi, germaniasa da espaneTSi. ebrauli ko-loniebis macxovrebelni ZiriTadad xelosnobasa da vaWrobaSi

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iyvnen dasaqmebulni. romis imperiis dacemam da evropis axlad Camoyalibebul saxelmwifoebSi kaTolikobis gavrcelebam mni-Svnelovnad imoqmeda evropel ebraelTa mdgomareobaze. erTia-ni romis imperiis moqalaqeebidan isini sxvadasxva saxelmwi-foebis moqalaqeebad gadaiqcnen, rac maT erTmaneTTan urTier-Tobas xels uSlida. sxva sarwmunoebis adamianebis mimarT ka-Tolikuri eklesiis Seuwynareblobam da saxelmwifo politi-kam ebraelTa mimarT isini yvela qveyanaSi calke jgufad aq-cia, romlebSic Zalian didxans Semoinaxa Zveli wes-Cveule-bebi. ebraelTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba sxvadasxva evropul qveya-naSi sxvadasxvagvari iyo, magram XI saukunis dasasrulidan is yvelgan mkveTrad _ uaresobisken Seicvala. bazrisaTvis brZo-la xelosnebsa da vaWrebs Soris religiur mtrobaSi gadaiza-rda. kaTolike samRvdeloebisa da maTi mrevlis TvalSi ebrae-lebi iseTive "urjuloni" iyvnen, rogorc arabebi da Turqebi, rac ebraelTa saSineli darbevebiT gamovlinda. es movlenebi XI saukunis bolos daiwyo. 1215 wels meoTxe lateraniis kre-bam ebraelebisaTvis sxva damamcirebel SezRudvebTan erTad tansacmelze gansakuTrebuli ganmasxvavebeli niSani SemoiRo, romliTac qristianul mosaxleobasTan urTierToba ekrZale-bodaT. XIII-XIV s-Si ebraelebi gaaZeves dasavleT evropis rigi qveynebidan da maTi ZiriTadi masa germaniisa da aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT evropis qveynebisaken gaemarTa. feodalizmis dros ebraelTa socialuri wyoba aseTi iyo: isini upiratesad saxldebodnen qalaqebis gansakuTrebul kva-rtlebSi (geto). Tavdapirvelad dasaxlebis am princips ebrae-lebi yvelaze moxerxebulad Tvlidnen, Semdeg ki evropul sa-xelmwifoTa saeklesio da samoqalaqo dadgenilebebiT ebrau-li kvartlebis izolacia dakanonda. getos SigniT yoveli eb-raeli, rogorc Temis wevri, sruluflebian moqalaqed iTvle-boda. Temis sasuliero saqmeebs rabinTa kolegia ganagebda, romelic rabinebisa da daianebisagan (mosamarTleebisagan) Se-dgeboda. Temis am sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebs cnobda saxe-lmwifo xelisuflebac. benditas (sasamarTlos) xelSi Zlieri iaraRi iyo xaremi _ Temidan mokveTa gansazRvruli droiT an samudamod. Temis Caketili cxovrebis pirobebSi gansakuTre-bul rols sazogadoebriv da saojaxo yofaSi ebraelTa re-ligia _ iudaizmi TamaSobda. iudaizmis safuZvels warmoad-

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gens cisa da miwis Semqmneli erTi RmerTis aRiareba da rwmena imisa, rom RmerTma xalxebs Soris ebraelebi gamoarCia. aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi mcxovrebi ebraelebisaTvis di-di mniSvneloba hqonda emigracias, romelic pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg gaZlierda. ebraelebi miemgzavrebodnen inglisSi, safrangeTSi, belgiasa da, gansakuTrebiT, amerikaSi, e.i. im qveynebSi, romelTa kanonmdebloba maT ukeTes pirobebs uqmni-da. meore msoflio omma ebrael xalxs didi ubedureba mouta-na. miaxloebiTi gamoangariSebiT faSistebma 6-7 milioni evro-peli ebraeli gamoasalmes sicocxles. meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaZlierda ebraelTa migracia evropis qveynebidan pa-lestinaSi, romelic ufro adre, pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg daiwyo. evropel ebraelTa umetesobam yofaSi nacionaluri Tavisebu-rebani ukve dakarga. maT miiRes im xalxebis kultura, romel-Ta Sorisac cxovrobdnen. erTaderTi, rac maT ganasxvavebs ir-gvliv myofi mosaxleobisagan, esaa religia da aqedan gamomdi-nare zogierTi akrZalva. es gansakuTrebiT kvebas exeba. ebrae-lebs ekrZalebaT Rorisa da kurdRlis xorcis Wama. sakvebad Tevzis xmareba ar SeiZleba qerclis gareSe. cxovelis dakv-lis Semdeg xorci aucileblad unda daicalos sisxlisagan, radgan ebraelebs swamT, rom cxovelis sisxli misi sulia. ar SeiZleba xorciani kerZi rZian kerZs exebodes. arsebobs sawes-Cveulebo saWmeli, magaliTad maca. ebraelTa yofaSi, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT evropis qveyne-bSi, SemorCenilia leviratis wes-Cveuleba (uSvilo qvrivi qa-lis mazlze gaTxoveba). ebraelebSi dResac ZiriTadad Zvelebrauli saxelebia tra-diciuli. amas garda, individualuri saxelebi nasesxebi hqon-daT Zvelegvipturi (moSe, pinxas), arameuli (ezra, akiba, Samai), berZnuli (aleqsandre, todres), laTinuri (markusi, margoli-ti) da sxva enebidan. Zveli welTaRricxvis IV saukunidan eb-raelebSi winaprebis pativiscemas gardacvlilTa saxelebis bavSvebisaTvis darqmevaSi gamoxatavdnen. yvelaze poplarulia bibliis (ebraulad _ `taxan~) personaJTa saxelebi: iosef, iic-xak, biniamin, raxel, dvora da sxva. saxelebi momdinareobs sa-zogado sityvebidan: asaf _ amkrefi, pnina (penina) _ marjani, iona _ mtredi. bevri ebrauli saxeli sxvadasxva fonetikuri variantebiT evropel xalxTa anTroponimiaSi Sevida. magali-Tad, iohanaanidan momdinareobs _ Иван, Johann, John, Jean, Juan,

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Joao. ebraelebs gvarsaxelebi ZiriTadad XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnidan daumkvidrdaT. gvarebis umetesoba profesiasa da da-saqmebulobas aRniSnavs.

2.75. karaimebi karaimebis samSoblo yirimia. 1800 wels yirimSi 4 aTasi ka-raimi iyo aRricxuli; 1914 wels maTma raodenobam 8 aTass mia-Rwia. am wels ruseTSi karaimebis saerTo raodenoba 14 aTass uaxlovdeboda. sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis dros, 1921 wlis dasawyisSi yirimSi 5564 karaimi mkvidrobda. karaimebis Semcireba ganpirobebuli iyo ori omiT, SimSilobiT, epidemi-ebiT. 1979 da 1989 wlebis aRwerebiT sabWoTa kavSirSi Sesa-bamisad 3341 da 2803 karaimi cxovrobda, maT Soris, yirimSi _ 1200 da 898. dReisaTvis yirimSi mxolod 800 karaimia darCeni-li. garda yirimisa, isini cxovroben ruseTis federaciaSi, ZiriTadad moskovsa da peterburgSi (aq 1989 wels aRricxuli iyo 680 karaimi). karaimTa mcire jgufebi gansaxlebuli arian ukrainis qalaqebSi (mag., kievSi), litvaSi, poloneTSi, safran-geTSi. dReisaTvis maTi ZiriTadi nawili (20 aTasi kaci) Tav-moyrilia israelSi. litvasa da dasavleT ukrainaSi karaimebi XIV saukunis da-sasruls dasaxldnen. 1392 wels litvis didma mTavarma vitov-tma yirimeli TaTrebi daamarcxa, magram baxCisarais maxlob-lad ar aiRo karaimTa cixesimagre da SesTavaza 300 karaim me-omars pirad dacvaSi Caricxva, radgan moixibla maTi mamaco-biT, guladobiT da discipliniT. karaimTa bevri ojaxi vitov-tma daasaxla trakaiSi, vilniusis raionSi, luckSi, Galicia-Si da lvovis maxloblad. aqedan mogvianebiT karaimebi li-tvis sxva qalaqebSi gadasaxldnen. aRiarebdnen ra iudaizms, karaimebi adgilobriv ebraul Te-mebTan daaxloebulni iyvnen. mdgomareoba erTgvarad Seicvala yirimis (1783 weli) da litvis (1793 weli) ruseTis imperiis Se-madgenlobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg. karaimebma, ebraelebisagan gans-xvavebiT, miiRes sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da miwis SeZenis ufleba, ramac yirimSi darCenil zogierT karaims SesaZleb-loba misca gamxdariyo msxvili miwaTmoqmedi da mrewveli. ga-licielma karaimebma aseve miaRwies faqtobriv Tanasworufle-bianobas qristianebTan, mas Semdeg rac poloneTi gaiyo da ga-licia avstriis xelisuflebis daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida (1772

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weli). aman dasabami misca karaimul da ebraul Temebs Soris gaucxoebas, rac dResac ki grZeldeba. 1917 wlis oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg, yirimeli karai-mebis garkveuli nawili vrangleris jarTan erTad ruseTidan poloneTSi, safrangeTSi, germaniasa da TurqeTSi (stambolSi) emigrirda. dReisaTvis karaimebi kompaqturad cxovroben yiri-mis qalaqebSi _ evpatoriasa da sakaxSi. evpatoria yirimis ka-raimTa centria. aqaa maTi centraluri salocavi _ kenasa, ro-melic XIX saukunis arqiteqturuli Zeglia. kenasa sabWoTa xe-lisuflebis dros daxures, magram xelaxla gaixsna 2005 wlis 13 seqtembers. evpatoriaSivea Zveli karaimuli biblioTeka `ka-rai-bitikligi~. mcire karaimuli Temi aris kievSic, sadac 1900 wels agebuli kenasa moqmedebs. 2002 wels ruseTSi 366 karaimiRaA iyo aRricxuli. karaimebis endoeTnonimia karai (mx.r.), karailar, karait (mr.r.). eTnonimis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi ori sruliad gansxvave-buli Sexeduleba arsebobs, erTi Turquli da meore _ ebrau-li. pirveli SexedulebiT, eTnonimi karaimi momdinareobs Zve-lTurquli eTnonimidan kirei _ kireit. aRniSnaven, rom `kara~ bevri Turquli eTnonimis Semadgeneli nawilia (mag., yaraCae-lebi, yaraxazarebi...). Turqul enaze `yara~ niSnavs Savs, Crdi-loeTs, ubralo xalxs. meore SexedulebiT eTnonimi karaimi momdinareobs ivriTidan, rac sityvasityviT `mkiTxvelebs, wmi-nda werilis mkiTxvelebs~ niSnavs. samecniero literaturaSi miTiTebulia karaimebis meore eTnonimis Sesaxebac. aRniSnu-lia, rom isini TavianT Tavs uwodeben `bnei-mikrasac~, rac ni-Snavs `saRvTo werilis xalxs~. anTropologiurad karaimebi evropeidebi arian, magram mecni-erebi karaimebSi afiqsireben mongoloidur niSnebsac. arian saSualo simaRlis, jmuxebi, farTo saxianebi, Savgvremanni. xSirad gvxvdebian cisferTvalebianebic, rasac zogierTi mkv-levari yirimeli guTebis SereviT xsnis. sxvaTa Soris, Tur-qTa mier guTebis asimilaciis faqtad miaCniaT yirimel TaT-rebSi gvarsaxelis _ gotos arseboba. karaimuli ena, iseve rogorc yirimeli TaTrebisa da krimCa-kebis enebi, Turqul enaTa yivCayur jgufs miekuTvneba. karai-mul enaSi sam dialeqts gamoyofen: Crdilouri (trakauli), sa-mxreTuli (galilciuri) da yirimuli. sabWoTa periodSi kara-imuli ena daviwyebas eZleoda, ris damadasturebeli is gare-

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moebaa, rom 1989 wlis aRweraSi sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebma karaimTa mxolod 19,3% miuTiTa mSobliur enad karaimuli. karaimebi iudaizmis mimdevrebi arian. ufro sworad rom vTq-vaT, karaimizmi iudaizmis seqtaa. samecniero literaturaSi xSirad karaimTa religias iudevelTa protestantizmis saxe-liT moixsenieben. karaimuli moZraoba baRdadel ebraelebs Soris gaCnda VIII saukuneSi. misi meTauri iyo anan ben davidi (740-800 wlebi). karaimizmis arsi isaa, rom isini ar cnoben ze-pir Toras. karaimuli moZraobis fuZemdeblis saxelis mixed-viT, Tavdapirvelad mis mimdevrebs `ananitebsac~ uwodebdnen. maT Tavis rigebSi miuRiaT ebrauli seqtebis _ isavitebis da iudganitebis narCenebic, romlebic islamis garkveul gavlena-sac ganicdidnen, agreTve antirabinuli eresis mcirericxo-vani mimdevrebi, kerZod, Talmumamdeli epoqis sadukelTa mxar-damWerni. anan ben davidis seqtis warmomadgenlebi aRar mimar-Tavdnen eqimebs. isini Tvlidnen, rom dedamiwaze arsebobs mxo-lod erTi RmerTi, romelsac ToraSi Tavis Tavze naTqvami aqvs: `me var ufali mkurnali~. anan ben davidi Tavis mowafe-ebs mimarTavda: `saguldagulod eZieT ToraSi, nu daey-rdnobiT Cems azrebs~. mowafeebi ki eZiebdnen da sruliad sxvadasxva daskvnebamde midiodnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom kara-imebma zepir Toraze uari Tqves, droTa ganmavlobaSi maTac Seqmnes sakuTari zepiri gadmocemebi, TavianTi `zepiri Tora~. anan ben davidis moZraobam ebrauli samyaro orad gayo, magram ara ise rogorc kaTolikuri qristianoba reformaciam. karai-mebi mcirericxovanni darCnen. karaimizmis erT-erTi mTavari mowinaaRmdege iyo saxelganTqmuli ebraeli moazrovne saad gaoni, romelic mivida im azramde, rom Tora maSindel salapa-rako arabul enaze eTargmnaT. samecniero literaturaSi, yirimel TaTrebTan erTad, karai-mebi yirimis avtoqton mosaxleobadaa miCneuli. mecnierTa ume-tesoba Tvlis, rom karaimebi Turqulenovani xazarebis STamo-mavlebi arian. cnobilia, rom xazareTis saxelmwifo religia iudaizmi iyo. rogorc Cans, xazarTa Soris karaimizmic gav-rcelda, romlis ayvavebis xanac VIII-XII saukuneebi iyo. garda xazareTisa, is iranis, siriis, egviptis, bizantiis teritorieb-zec iyo gavrcelebuli. sxvaTa Soris, yirimSi sxva Turqul-enovani ebraelebic, e.w. krimCakebic cxovrobdnen, romlebic aseve Turqulenovani xazarebis, oRond iudaizmis mimdevari xazarebis STamomavlebi unda iyvnen. mecnierebi arc imas gamo-

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ricxaven, rom Turqulenovani xazarebis STamomavlebma kara-imizmi miiRes yirimSi XIII saukuneSi bizantiidan mosuli ebrael-karaimebisagan. rabinul-Talmuduri tradiciebis uarmyofel karaimebs sa-locavi saxlic gansxvavebuli aqvT. isini loculobdnen taZ-rebSi, romelic kenasas saxels atarebda. kenasas CrdiloeT nawilSi gamoyofili iyo aivani qalebisaTvis. mas calke Sesas-vleli hqonda (gaTxovebamde qalebi kenasaSi ar daiSvebodnen). taZari mofenili iyo xaliCebiT. masSi fexsacmlis gareSe Se-diodnen. loculobdnen diliT da saRamoTi fexze mdgomni an Camuxlulni. xalxSi RmerTi iwodeba ZvelTurquli RvTaebis _ Tengris saxeliT. karaimebi sasuliero da saero meTaurs _ ga-xams da mRvdelTmsaxurebs _ gaxanebs irCevdnen. gaxami saTave-Si edga karaimTa sasuliero mmarTvelobas (q. evpatoria). mis daqvemdebarebaSi iyo ruseTis daaxloebiT 40 Temi. karaimebma 1841 wels evpatoriaSi dabeWdes karaimuli enis saintereso literaturuli Zegli _ biblia 1676 wlis xelnaweris mixed-viT. `Zveli aRqma~ karaimebs meTerTmete saukunemde uTargmni-aT. mecnierebi xazs usvamen im garemoebas, rom karaimTa enaSi ucxoenovani nasesxobebi Zalian mcire raodenobiTaa, Tumca ma-inc gamoyofen arabul, sparsul da slavur danaSrevebs; Zebni-an monRolur paralelebsac. karaimul enaSi aris alanuri enis elementebic, rasac Turqebis mier adgilobrivi mosaxle-obis asimilaciiT xsnian. karaimTa reliqtur enaSi gansakuT-rebiT bevri Zveli sityvaa soflis meurneobis, mefutkreobis, samxedro saqmis sferodan. Tanamedrove Turqul enebSi isini xSirad sxva enebidan Sesuli leqsikuri erTeulebiTaa Secv-lili. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom 1934 wels stambolSi xeli-suflebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT Turqul enaSi uc-xo sityvebis nacvlad 330 karaimuli sityva Seitanes. evpatoriaSi arsebobda karaimTa sasuliero saswavlebelic. ruseTSi karaimTa religia damoukidebel, TviTmyofad religi-adaa miCneuli, romelic TiTqosda axlos dgas adreul qris-tianobasTan. karaimebi Turqul da ebraul saxelebTan erTad qristianul saxelebsac arqmeven. literaturaSi isicaa aRniS-nuli, rom ruseTis imperatorebi da marTlmadidebeli mRvde-lTmTavrebi xSirad stumrobdnen kenasebs da RvTismsaxureba-sac eswrebodnen. karaimebSi SemorCenili yofila zogierTi wa-rmarTuli rwmena-warmodgenac. warsulSi dResaswaulebze scodniaT cxovelTa niRbebis gakeTeba. dRevandlamde moaRwia

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muxis kultmac. dakrZalvisas iyenebdnen Sav qeCas anda tyavs, romlebsac kenasaSi inaxavdnen. karaimTa saxlebSi sapatio ad-gilze xis lursmanze Camokidebuli hqondaT daira, riTac gan-Tiadze av sulebs afrTxobdnen. karaimebi yirimSi ZiriTadad mTasa da mTiswineTSi mkvidrob-dnen. ebraelebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic wvrili vaWrebi da xelosnebi iyvnen, karaimebi misdevdnen miwaTmoqmedebas (me-baReoba, mevenaxeoba), mesaqonleobas, samxedro saqmes, xelos-nobas, wvril vaWrobas. maTTvis ucxo ar iyo cxvris farebTan erTad momTabareobac. karaimebi naTesavebze ar qorwindebodnen. upiratesobas ani-Webdnen Sors mcxovreb gvarTa warmomadgenlebze daqorwine-bas. karaimebi ar qorwindebodnen orTodoqs iudevelebze. qor-wili Svid dRes grZeldeboda. am dros saqmros Tavs parsavd-nen, sacoles ki iniT Tmebsa da frCxilebs uRebavdnen. dabade-bidan merve dRes icodnen vaJebis windacveTa. qaliSvilis ga-Cenas ki meToTxmete dRes dResaswaulobdnen. Zveli wes-Cve-ulebebis mixedviT, axalSobils usaxelod ar tovebdnen. xSi-ri iyo orsaxelianoba. karaimTa tansacmeli aRmosavluri tipis iyo, romelic war-sulSi yirimis yvela mcxovrebTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo. dReisaTvis karaimTa nacionaluri tansacmlis calkeuli ele-mentebi SemorCenilia mxolod poloneTSi mcxovreb karaimTa Soris. saWmelebidan karaimTa Soris Zalian popularuli iyo halva, cxvris xorci, katiki (mawvnis msgavsi saWmeli), Semwvari xor-ci (yavurma), sujuki (cxvris xorcis Zexvi). vazis foTolSi Sexveuli tolma. sayvareli saWmeli iyo karaimuli yveli. iu-develebisagan gansxvavebiT karaimebi uars ar ambobdnen rZis produqtebisa da xorcis erTad Wamaze. karaimebi pirvelad mxolod monRolTa Semosevebis dros _ XIII saukuneSi arian moxseniebulni. isini yirimel xanebs eqvemdebarebodnen, Tumca SenarCunebuli hqondaT TviTmmarTve-loba. XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi yirimSi mcxovrebi karaime-bi oTx Temad iyofodnen. es Temebi iyo: CufuT-kale, evpatoria, mangupi da feodosia. XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi CufuT-kale da mangupi gaudaburda. karaimebi da rabinistebi arc solxaTSi darCnen. am droidan karaimTa cxovrebis centrad evpatoria iq-ca. 1918 wlisaTvis yirimSi arsebobda karaimTa cxra Temi, Ter-Tmeti taZari da cameti saswavlebeli. 1930-1940-ian wlebSi yi-

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rimSi karaimTa nacionaluri organizaciebi likvidirebul iq-na; daxures kenasebi. mas Semdeg religiur dResaswaulebs sax-lebSi awyobdnen. yirimis faSistebisagan ganTavisuflebis Sem-deg karaimTa nawili deportirebul iqna. maSin ganadgurda unikaluri eTnografiuli masalebi. dReisaTvis ukrainaSi mcx-ovreb karaimebs Seqmnili aqvT nacionaluri organizacia _ ka-raimTa kulturis sazogadoeba. 1995 wels daibeWda `karaimTa xalxuri enciklopedia~. iudaizmSi SeimCneva tendencia karai-mebis ebraeli xalxis nawilad miCnevisa, xolo Turquli inte-rnet-saitebi karaimebs Turqebad acxadeben.

2.76. krimCakebi krimCakebi yirimSi mcxovrebi ebraelTa mcire eTnokonfesiu-ri jgufia. sabWoTa kavSirSi isini damoukidebel xalxad iTv-lebodnen. meore msoflio omamde krimCakebi ZiriTadaT yirim-Si cxovrobdnen. Semdeg gansaxldnen ruseTsa (1989 wlis mona-cemebiT _338 kaci) da uzbekeTSi (1989 wels _ 173 kaci). dReisa-Tvis yirimSi krimCakebis raodenoba 679 kacia. saerTo raode-nobas ki 1448 kacs angariSoben. demografiuli TvalsazrisiT krimCakebisaTvis katastrofuli iyo meore msoflio omi. ger-manelma faSistebma am eTnosis didi raodenoba, daaxloebiT sami meoTxedi gaanadgures. 1941 wlisaTvis krimCakebis raode-noba 10 aTass kacs Seadgenda, ronelTaganac mxolod 500-700 kaci cxovrobda naxevarkunZulis gareT _ Savi zRvis sanapi-roze ruseTis saporto qalaq novorosiiskSi da saqarTvelos qalaq soxumSi. XVI saukuneSi krimCakebis raodenobas 700 kacs angariSoben. 1897 wlis ruseTis pirvel saimperio aRweraSi 3345 krimCakia aRricxuli. 1912 wlisaTvis yirimis qalaqebSi_ aluStaSi, evpatoriaSi, ialtaSi, agreTve qerCSi _ 7500 krimCa-ki mkvidrobda. 1926 wlis sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis pirve-lma aRweram 6383 krimCaki daafiqsira, romelTaganac yirimSi 98,4% cxovrobda. XIX saukunis bolomde krimCakebi ZiriTad Tavmoyrilni iyv-nen yarasu-bazarSi. Semdeg isini yirimis sxva qalaqebSic (sim-feropoli, baxCisarai, aluSta, ialta, evpatoria) gansaxldnen. XIX-XX saukeebis mijnaze krimCakebis garkveuli raodenoba is-raelSi da aSS-Si gadasaxlda. krimCakebis SemcirebaSi lomis wili 1921-1922 wlebis samoqalaqo omiT gamowveul SimSiloba-

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sac miuZRvis. am dros aRniSnuli eTnokonfesiuri erTobis da-axloebiT 700 warmomadgeneli daRupula. yofili ssrk-is teritoriaze darCenil krimCakTa mSobliur enad dRes ZiriTadad rusuli ena iTvleba. 1989 wlis aRweriT 1448 krimCakidan krimCakul enas mSobliur enad mxolod 505 kaci Tvlida, e.i 34,9%, 900 kaci ki _ rusul enas (62,2%). sabWo-Ta xelisuflebis damyarebamde ki krimCakebi mxolod krimCa-kul enaze laparakobdnen, romelic yirimel TaTarTa enasTan Zalian axlos dgas. zogierTi mecnieri krimCakuls yirimel TaTarTa enis dialeqtad miiCnevs. XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi israelSi gadasaxlebuli krimCakebis jgufma sefariduli samlocvelo mimarTuleba airCia. 1981 wlamde Tel-avivSi krimCakuli sinagoga arsebobda. israelSi krimCakebi calke Temad ar Camoyalibdnen da ZiriTadad adgi-lobriv ebrael mosaxleobas Seerivnen, aSS-Si migrirebuli krimCakebi ki aSkenaz ebraelebs Seerwynen. eTnonimi `krimCaki~ (`ebraeli krimCakebi~) pirvelad oficia-lur rusul dokumentur wyaroebSi 1859 wels gaCnda. samecnie-ro literaturaSi amis mizezad isaa dasaxelebuli, rom isini ganesxvavebinaT rabinist-ebraelebis, karaimebisa da aSkenazebi-sagan. yirimis ruseTTan mierTebamde yirimeli xanebis sabuTeb-Si krimCakTa winaprebi ubralod ebraelebad moixseniebodnen. Tavdapirvelad maTi endoeTnonimic eixudi an srel balalari (`israelis Svilebi~) iyo. 1818 wlis krimCakTa peticiaSi, rome-lic aleqsandre I-s miarTves, krimCakebi TavianT Tavs `beni israels~ uwodebdnen. mecnierebaSi krimCakTa warmomavlobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mo-sazrebebia gamoTqmuli: a) arian STamomavalni yirimis antiku-ri qalaqebis ebrauli mosaxleobis, romelTa Zeglebic ax.w-is pirveli saukunidanaa cnobili; b) maTi winaprebi iyvnen isto-riis sxvadasxva periodSi bizantiis imperiidan devnili ebrae-lebi; g) momdinareoben xazarebisa da xazareTis ebraelebisa-gan; d) TaTarTaAmier XIII saukuneSi tyved moyvanil ebraelTa STamomavlebi; e) TurqeTidan mosuli ebraelebi, romlebic yi-rimSi XV saukunis bolos naxevarkunZulis dapyrobis Semdeg migrirdnen. gamoTqmulia `sinTezirebuli~ Sexedulebebic, ro-mlebic aerTianeben yvela gamoTqmul, anda ramdenime mosazre-bas. ufro samarTliania Sexeduleba krimCakebis xazaruli wa-rmomavlobis Sesaxeb. Tavdapirvelad es mosazreba 1920-iani wlebis dasawyisSi cnobilma Turqologma, a. samoiloviCma gam-

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oTqva. xazaruli kulturuli samyarosadmi krimCakTa mikuTvne-bulobis Sesaxeb daskvna maTi leqsikis Seswavlas emyareboda. anTropologTa gamokvleviT krimCakebi semituri modgmis xal-xebs ar miekuTvnebian. krimCakebis xazaruli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb isicaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, rom xazarTa kaRanatis xe-lisufleba VII-X saukuneebSi yirimis teritoriazec vrcelde-boda. krimCakebis xazaruli warmomavlobis damadasturebelia sulieri kulturis iseTi elementis SemorCena, rogoricaa Zveli Turquli RvTaeba `Tengri~. krimCakebis xazaruli warmo-mavloba, bunebrivia, ar gamoricxavs maT Soris istoriis sxva-dasxva periodSi migrant ebraelTa mierTebasac. sxvaTa Soris, krimCakebSi garkveuli raodenobiT yirimeli guTebic iyvnen Sesulni, romelTa mcire nawilis mier iudaizmis miReba VIII-IX saukuneebis saistorio wyaroebiTac aris dadasturebuli. mec-nierebi yirimSi adastureben agreTve bizantiidan devnil ebra-elTa dasaxlebasac. cnobilia, rom bizantiaSi ebraelTa devna ramdenjerme moxda (843 weli, 873-874 wlebi, 943 weli). krimCakTa istoriisaTvis saintereso unda iyos is, rom 1239 wels yirimis stepebis raioni TaTar-monRolebma daikaves, ris Semdegac is oqros urdos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. 1266 wels ki yirimis samxreT sanapiroze genuelTa ramdenime kolonia daarsda (mag., kafa). genuelebi yirimis aRmosavleT mxares `ga-zarias~ (xazareTs) uwodebdnen. genuelTa wyalobiT yirimi va-Wrobis mniSvnelovan centrad iqca, sadac sxvadasxva qveynis (sparseTi, mcire azia, egvipte, italia, espaneTi) ebraelobac iyrida Tavs. amrigad, istoriis xangrZliv periodSi Turqule-novanma krimCakebma sxvadasxva Temebidan gamosul ebraelTa asimilacia moaxdines. krimCakebis umravlesoba ZiriTadad xelosnobas misdevda, mcire nawili _ miwaTmoqmedebas, mebaReobas, mevenaxeobas, vaW-robas. XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde krimCakTa ojaxebSi Semor-Cenili iyo patriarqaluri urTierTobebi. krimCakebSi mraval-colianoba arsebobda, rac XIX saukunis dasawyisSi gaqra. go-gonebs adreul asakSi aTxovebdnen. ZiriTadad erTmaneTze axlo naTesavebi qorwindebodnen. magaliTad, biZa SeiZleboda dis-wulsa da ZmisSvilzec daqorwinebuliyo. krimCakebs Seqmni-li hqondaT mdidari folklori. krimCakTa gvarsaxelebis 30%-s safuZvlad udevs profesiis aRmniSvneli terminebi. aris eT-nikuri warmomavlobis gvarsaxelebic (mag., gurji). krimCaki ma-makacebis sakuTari saxelebi ZiriTadad bibliuria, qalTa sa-

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kuTar saxelebad ki xSirad gvxvdeba sparsuli, arabuli, bul-garuli da laTinuri saxelebi. 1989 wels krimCakebma Seqmnes nacionaluri kulturul-sagan-manaTleblo sazogadoeba `krimCaxlar~, romlis mizani erov-nuli kulturisa da TiTqmis dakarguli mSobliuri enis aRo-rZinebaa.

2.77. baskebi baskebi pireneis naxevarkunZulis mkvidrni arian. isini cxov-roben kantabriis mTebis orive mxares (kalTebze) da biskais yuris samxreT sanapiroze. frangul-espanuri sazRvari baske-bis teritorias or araTanabar nawilad yofs: samxreT _ did nawilad, romelic espaneTis sazRvrebSia da CrdiloeT nawi-lad, romelic safrangeTs ekuTvnis. baskebi, romelTa TviTsaxelwodebaa euskaldunak, espaneTis oTx provinciaSi mosaxleoben. esenia biskais (mTavari qalaqi bilbao), gipuskuas (mTavari qalaqi san-sebastiani), alavas (mTavari qalaqi vitoria) da navaras (mTavari qalaqi pamplona) provinciebi. safrangeTSi baskebi cxovroben laburas, sulisa da qvemo navaras raionebSi _ atlanturi pireneis departament-Si. baskebis raodenobas espaneTSi 600 aTasidan 1 mil. 800 aTa-samde angariSoben, safrangeTSi ki 90 aTasidan 150 aTasamde. aseTi cvalebadi raodenoba ganpirobebulia Semdegi kriteriu-mebiT: TviTSegnebiT, dabadebis an sacxovrebeli adgiliT, ge-netikuri warmomavlobiT, baskuri enis codniTa da sxv. ramde-nime aTeuli aTasi baski emigranti cxovrobs amerikis qveyneb-Si: argentinaSi, braziliaSi, meqsikaSi, venesuelaSi, urugvaiSi, aSS-Si. baskebi ekuTvnian didi evropeiduli rasis indoxmelTaSuaz-Rvispirul rasas. baskuri ena izolirebuli enaa. is ramdenime dialeqtis: bis-kauris, laburdinulis, suletinuris, qvemo da zemo navaru-lis, gupuskuanuris erTobliobas warmoadgens. am ukanaskne-lis safuZvelzea Seqmnili `euskara batua~, romelsac avtono-miaSi espanur enasTan erTad, oficialuri enis statusi aqvs. baskebi laparakoben agreTve espanur da frangul enebze. bas-kur enaSi frangulidan da espanuridan nasesxebi bevri sityva, bevri laTinizmia, rac SemorCenilia romis imperiis droidan, nawili ki kaTolikuri eklesiis mieraa Semotanili. baskur en-

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aSi umniSvnelod, magram mainc daiZebneba kelturi, germanuli da arabuli Zirebi. damwerloba dafuZnebulia laTinur anban-ze. baskebi kaTolikeebi arian. espaneTis baskoniaSi mosaxleobis simWidrove araTanabaria. yvelaze ufro metad dasaxlebulia bilbaos zRvispira samre-wvelo raioni da gipuskuas provincia. baskTa warmoSobis sakiTxi dRemde araa gadawyvetili. basku-ri ena, romelic Tavisi wyobiT fleqsiur-aglutinaciuria, da-savleT evropis odindeli enobrivi fenis erTaderT cocxal mowmes warmoadgens, romelic win uswrebda aq indoevropuli enebis gamoCenas. am fenis enaTa umetesoba, rogorc Cans, bask-Ta enis monaTesave iyo da, rogorc amas uZvelesi toponimebi mowmobs, gavrcelebuli iyo espaneTsa da safrangeTSi, agreT-ve CrdiloeT italiaSi. mecnierTa didi nawili Tvlis, rom ba-skuri da iberiuli enebi aramonaTesave enebi iyo. ZiriTad ar-gumentad ki moaqvT is, rom iberiuli teqstebi baskuri enis saSualebiT ar ixsneba. mecnierTa nawilis azriT ki baskebi liguriuli warmoSobisani arian; isini Crdilo italiaSi cxo-vrobdnen. ukanasknel xans warmoiqmna agreTve Teoria baskur-qarTuli (kavkasiuri) naTesaobis Sesaxeb. anTropologiurad dasturdeba, rom Tanamedrove baskebi da-savleT evropuli eneoliTuri mosaxleobis STamomavalni ari-an. baskTa winaprebi iyvnen vaskonebis, vardulebis, karistebisa da sxva tomebi. romaelTa batonobis dros baskebma, iseve rogorc pireneis naxevarkunZulis sxva mosaxleobam, romanizacia ar ganicada. romaelTa dapyrobis Semdeg ax.w. I aTaswleulis manZilze bas-kebma SeinarCunes TavianTi damoukidebloba da TviTmyofadoba rogorc alanebisa da svevebisagan (V-VI ss.), ise vestguTebisa-gan (V-VIIIss.), frankebisagan (VIII-X ss.) da mavrebisagan. kantab-riis mTebi ara marto ver daipyres mavrebma, aramed am droisa-Tvis is warmoadgenda TavSesafars pireneis naxevarkunZulidan gamoqceuli sxva mosaxleobisaTvis. qvemo navara da baskTa CrdiloeTi provinciebi Sua saukunee-bis manZilze politikurad dakavSirebuli iyo safrangeTTan. mas flobda xan erTi, xan meore frangi feodali, xan kapetin-gi (frang mefeTa dinastia 987 _ 1328 wlebSi) mefeebi. 1154 wli-dan 1453 wlamde laburisa da sulis provinciebi, romlebic

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Sedioda giis sahercogoSi, ingliss ekuTvnoda. baskeTis samx-reTi olqebi XIII-XIV saukuneebSi politikur kavSirSi Sevida kastiliis samefosTan, alava da gipuskua _ XIII saukunis dasawyisSi, biskai _ XIV saukunis dasasruls, magram politi-kuri uniis Semdegac (kastiliis mefes baskeTis mmarTvelis ti-tuli mieniWa) baskebma faqtobrivi damoukidebloba SeinarCu-nes. maTi qveyana gansakuTrebul provinciad iwodeboda da XIX saukunis meore naxevramde SeinarCunes Tavisi fuerosi (sityva-sityviT samarTali), romelic ukve IX-XI saukuneebSi iyo cno-bili. Sua saukuneebSi yvela baskur provincias hqonda Tavisi fuerosi. umniSvnelovanesi saqmeebis gadasawyvetad, romelic yvela provincias exeboda, nacionalur krebas guernikSi iw-vevdnen, sadac warsulSi wminda muxis qveS uxucesTa sabWo ikribeboda. fuerosis detalebi sxvadasxva dros icvleboda, magram, sae-rTod, mefes baskoniaSi miwis mflobelobisa da mSeneblobis, aq armiisa da flotis gaCerebis ufleba ar hqonda. baskoniaSi ar unda yofiliyvnen espaneli Cinovnikebi _ yvela administra-ciul funqcias uxelfasod adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan ar-Ceuli pirebi asrulebdnen; adgilobrivi municipalitetebi ar iyvnen damokidebuli centralur xelisuflebaze da qveynis finansebis Tavisufali gankargva SeeZloT. jer kidev XIX sau-kuneSi baskeTSi sakuTari sabaJo sistema arsebobda. taxtze asvlisTanave espaneTis yoveli axali mefe valdebuli iyo bas-koniaSi misuliyo da ficiT daedasturebina (daemtkicebina) fuerosi. XVI saukuneSi baskebis qveyana sabolood gaiyo safrangeTsa da espaneTs Soris. espaneTis baskur provinciebSi sazogadoebrivi wyoba arsebi-Tad gansxvavdeboda qveynis sxva nawilebis sazogadoebrivi yo-fisagan. jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi xdeboda saxnavi miwebis ga-danawileba. XVIII saukunis bolomde aq saZovari, tye sazoga-doebriv sakuTrebaSi iyo. gvian iqna dadgenil maTi gadanawi-lebis sistema Temis wevrebs Soris. TemSi (bale, balle _ sit-yvasityviT `veli~) gaerTianebuli iyo soflis jgufebi. basko-niaSi feodalTa klasi gvarovnuli Temis farglebSi yalibde-boda da masTan iyo dakavSirebuli. am procesma asaxva pova TviT baski feodalis saxelwodebaSi _ "pariente mayor", rac si-tyvasityviT `ufros naTesavs~ niSnavs.

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baskTa nacionaluri TviTSegnebis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelo-vani roli iTamaSa kaTolikurma eklesiam: wvrili sasuliero pirebi, romlebic ZiriTadad glexuri warmoSobisani iyvnen, kastiliis umaRles sasuliero pirebTan mudmivad winaaRmde-gobaSi imyofebodnen da saTaveSi edgnen baskTa brZolas naci-onaluri damoukideblobisaTvis, magram XIV saukunis Sua xane-bSi baskebma dakarges administraciuli damoukidebloba, fue-rosi gauqmebul iqna. baskonia daemorCila saerTo espanur ko-nstitucias. XIX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi baskoniaSi gaZlie-rebuli espanizacia mimdinareobda. baskebis qveyanaSi espaneTis sxva provinciebidan aseul aTasobiT adamianis gadmosaxlebam espanuri elementi gaaZliera. XX saukunis Sua xanebSi basko-niis mcxovrebTa mxolod 20-25%-ma icoda baskuri ena, Tumca mosaxleobis sxva, umetesi nawilic Tavs baskad Tvlida. 60-70-ian wlebSi mkveTrad gaizarda interesi mSobliuri kultu-risadmi, istoriisadmi, Zalze momravlda baskuri enis kerZo skolebi. 70-ian wlebSi baskuri ena ukve gamoiyeneboda masob-riv sainformacio saSualebebSi. 1970-1980 wlebis mijnaze, bask-Ta qveyanam, Semdeg ki navaram, avtonomiis statusi miiRo. baskebis yvelaze Zveli saqmianobaa mesaqonleoba: biskaiasa da gipuskuaSi _ msxvilfexa mesaqonleoba, navarasa da safran-geTis miwaze _ mecxvareoba. zRvaosnoba da meTevzeoba baskeb-Si XIV saukunidan ganviTarda. rogorc zogierTi mkvlevari askvnis, baski mezRvaurebi axal samyaroSi kolumbamde mivid-nen. safrangeTis baskoniaSi glexebis umetesoba mciremiwiani da Raribia. mTiani raionebis ZiriTadi kultura simindia. ev-ropaSi simindis moyvana pirvelad baskebma daiwyes. baskebis qveyanaSi bevri baRia, gansakuTrebiT vaSlis. tradiciuli sak-vebi Sedgeba xorblisa da simindis purisagan, rZisagan, cxvris yvelisagan, Roris xorcis sxvadasxva kerZisagan. sasmelebidan gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia vaSlis sidri (Rvino). baskeTi odiTganve ganTqmuli iyo Tavisi cekvebiT, romelsac ZiriTadad mamakacebi asrulebdnen. bevri maTgani momdinareobs Zveli sabrZolo cekvebidan da koleqtiur cekvebs warmoad-gens. cekvaven yvirilis, fleitisa da dolis akompanementiT. baskTa saojaxo yofaSi Zveli yofis bevri gadmonaSTia Semo-naxuli. XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze gvxvdeboda didi ojaxebi. qalebi da kacebi erTad ar Wamdnen; mamakacebi magidasTan Wam-dnen, qalebi _ kerasTan. sadResaswaulo TamaSebis dros awyo-bdnen saxumaro brZolas qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris.

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2.78. berZnebi berZnebi saberZneTis saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mkvidrni arian. berZnuli eTnosis warmomadgenlebi cxovroben kviprosSic. sa-berZneTs uWiravs balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis samxreTi nawi-li da egeosis, xmelTaSua zRvisa da ioniis zRvebis kunZule-bi. saberZneTis teritoriis 4/5 mTebs ukavia. saberZneTis yve-laze maRal mTaTa masivia – olimpi TesaliaSi mwvervaliT ano-olimpos (3 aTasi m. zRvis donidan), romelsac Zveli berZ-nebi TavianTi RmerTebis adgilsamyofelad miiCnevdnen. berZnebis TviTsaxelwodebaa elines. maTi saerTo raodenoba 12 mil. 420 aTasi kacia, maT Soris saberZneTSi 9 mil. 725 aTa-sia. kviprosSi mkvidrobs 570 aTasi. isini gansaxlebulni arian agreTve: aSS-Si _ 550 aTasi, ruseTSi _ 91,7 aTasi, germaniaSi _ 300 aTasi, kanadaSi _ 155 aTasi. cxovroben agreTve evropis sxva qveynebSi: ukrainaSi, saqarTveloSi, yazaxeTSi. jer kidev Zveli droidanve berZnebi bevr qveyanaSi iyvnen gansaxlebulni. antikur polisebSi iZulebiTi emigraciis sistema arsebobda, romelsac koloniebis perioduli mowyobis forma hqonda mi-Rebuli (gansakuTrebiT intensiuri iyo berZnuli kolonizacia Zv.w. VIII-VI ss-Si). es gadasaxlebebi grZeldeboda momdevno sa-ukuneebis ganmavlobaSic, gansakuTrebiT ki bizantiis imperiis epoqaSi. TurqTa batonobis periodSi (XV-XIX saukuneebi) berZ-nuli koloniebi warmoiqmna evropis bevr qveyanaSi, maT Soris kavkasiaSi, italiaSi, avstriaSi da sxvagan. CrdiloeT saberZneTSi, berZnebis garda, cxovroben makedoni-elebi (slavebi), albanelebi, Turqebi, aromunebi (valaxi, vla-xi anu kuco-valaxi), qalaqebSi _ somxebi da sxv. saberZneTis mosaxleoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda 1922-1927 wlebSi mcire az-iidan, saberZneTTan mosazRvre bulgareTis raionebidan da TurqeTis evropuli nawilidan mosuli xalxiT. mosaxleobis gacvla moxda 1923 wlis lozanis samSvidobo xelSekrulebiT. am dros samSobloSi 1 mil. 248 aTasi elini dabrunda, romle-bic gansaxldnen makedoniaSi, TrakiaSi, TesaloniaSi. qveynidan ki wavida 370 aTasi muslimi, ZiriTadad Trakieli Turqebi da makedoniis daaxloebiT 200 aTasi slavurenovani mosaxleoba. berZnebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis xmelTaSuaz-Rvispirul rasas, CrdiloeTis zogierTi jgufi _ balkanur-kavkasiur rasas. dRevandeli berZnebi laparakoben axalberZ-nul enaze, romelic indoevropul enaTa ojaxSi calke jgufs qmnis. saliteraturo enis normebi yalibdeba XIX saukunis Sua

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xanebidan. berZnuli enis mniSvnelovani dialeqtebia: Crdilo-aRmosavluri, Crdilo-dasavluri, samxreT-aRmosavluri, samx-reT-dasavluri. es dialeqtebi iyofa Sida sametyvelo jgufe-bad. berZnebs aqvT originaluri, mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTe-beli berZnuli damwerloba, romelic Zvelma berZnebma arqaul periodSi (Zv.w. VIII s. _ 480 w.) Seqmnes. am periodSi gaecnen is-ini finikielebis anbanur damwerlobas, romlis safuZvelze Seqmnes berZnuli damwerloba; maT is gaaumjobeses im Tvalsa-zrisiTac, rom ara marto Tanxmovnebis, aramed xmovnebis aRm-niSvneli niSnebic Seqmnes. berZnuli eTnosis safuZvels warmoadgens Zveli berZeni xa-lxi, romelmac Camoyalibeba daiwyo Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi bal-kaneTis naxevarkunZulis samxreTSi, egeosis zRvis kunZulebze da mcire aziis dasavleT sanapiroze protoberZnuli tomebis _ ionielebis, aqeelebis, eolielebis, dorielebis gadasaxle-bis Sedegad, romlebmac aq moaxdines avtoqtonuri mosaxleo-bis (pelasgebis da sxv.) asimilacia. pelasgebis warmoSobis Se-saxeb erTi azri ar arsebobs. bevri mecnieri miiCnevs, rom isi-ni aq mkvidrobdnen indoevropelebamde da rom indoevropuli elementi xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi SeiWra mxolod Zvel berZen-Ta winaprebis gadasaxlebiT. ionielebi cxovrobdnen atikasa da peloponesis Crdilo-aR-mosavleT nawilSi, agreTve bevr kunZulze. aqeelebma daikaves TiTqmis mTeli peloponesi da kreta. eolielebi ganlagdnen dRevandel Tesaliasa da Sua saberZneTSi, atikis gamoklebiT. dorielebma peloponesisa da kretis aqeelebi daimorCiles da egeosis zRvis ramdenime sxva kunZuli daikaves. Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi Zveli berZnebisaTvis ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis periodi iyo. miwaTmoqmedebis, xe-losnobis, vaWrobis donis zrdam patara monaTmflobeluri qalaq-saxelmwifoebis (polisebis) Seqmna gamoiwvia, sadac xe-lisufleba Zvel gvarovnul aristokratias ekuTvnoda. poli-sebi ar gaerTianebula da xSirad mtrobdnen erTmaneTs. amito-mac, tomebma dialeqtebi didxans SeinarCunes. klasikur epoqa-Si TiToeul maTganze Seiqmna literatura, gansakuTrebiT mdi-dari ki _ ioniur da atikur dialeqtebze. polisebi (qalaq-saxelmwifoebi) mxolod qalaqebs rodi moi-cavda. polisebSi qalaqebis mimdebare teritoriebic Sedioda. isini Tavisufali moqalaqeebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. Tukidide werda, rom `qalaqi _ esaa adamianebi da ara kedlebi~. moqala-

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qeebi saxalxo krebebsa da mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi sa-qmeebis gadawyvetaSi monawileobdnen. saberZneTSi moqalaqeo-bis safuZveli iyo adamianis ojaxisadmi, fratriisadmi da fi-lesadmi mikuTvnebuloba. saxelmwifos centri iyo mTavari qa-laqi. qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi teritoriiT, farTobiT erTmaneTi-sagan gansxvavdeboda. yvelaze didi farTobi spartas ekava (daaxl. 8 400 kv.km.), atikas _ 2.650 kv.km. yvela danarCeni poli-si 1000 kv.km-s ar aWarbebda. korinTis farTobi 880 kv.km. iyo, samosisa _ 470 kv.km., eginasisa Zlivs aRwevda 85kv.km-s. zogier-Ti saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba ramdenime calkeuli polisi-sagan Sedgeboda. magaliTad, beotia, romelsac 2.580 kv.km. far-Tobi ekava, 10, gvian ki 20 mini-saxelmwifos erTobliobas war-moadgenda, fokidis (1650 kv.km.) SemadgenlobaSi 22 polisi Se-dioda. saberZneTis dayofa politikuri TvalsazrisiT qveynis fizi-kur-geografiul dayofas emTxveoda. polisebis meurneobis struqtura yvelgan sxvadasxvagvari iyo. zogierTSi Tu wamyva-ni kulturebi qeri da xorbali iyo, zogierTSi momgebiani yu-rZnisa da zeTisxilis moyvana iyo. zogierTi qalaq-saxelmwi-fo ki mesaqonleobiTa da meTevzeobiT iyo ganTqmuli. saberZneTis polisebi politikuri, socialuri da ekonomiku-ri TvalsazrisiT Tavis TavSi Caketili ar iyo. miuxedavad im-isa, rom yvela qalaq-saxelmwifos Tavisi dialeqti, politi-kur-samarTlebrivi organizacia, Tavisi RmerTebi da gmirebi, sakuTari kalendari, sakuTari moneta hqonda, maT mainc didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SeinarCunes saerTo interesebi, saerTo eT-nikuri TviTSegneba, urTierTloialuri damokidebuleba. es gamoixata troas omSi saberZneTis yvela mefis monawileobi-Tac. am erTobis gamoxatvis istoriuli mowmobaa agreTve berZ-nul-sparsul omebSi mtris winaaRmdeg gaerTianeba. saberZneTis istoriis am mniSvnelovan periods ekuTvnis e.w. didi berZnuli kolonizacia. mravalricxovani koloniebi moe-wyo xmelTaSua da Savi zRvebis sanapiroebze. koloniuri moZ-raobis pirveli talRa mosaxleobis namatiT iyo gamowveuli. Qqalaq-saxelmwifoebis namati mosaxleoba sameurneo saqmiano-bisaTvis ukeTes pirobebs eZebda. gviandeli kolonizacia tom-Ta gadasaxlebis Sedegs warmoadgenda, rodesac isini mosulma dorielebma Seaviwroves. bolos gamarjvebulma dorielebmac daiwyes migracia koloniur miwebze; magram gasaTvaliswinebe-lia is garemoeba, rom berZnebi axlo da Soreuli sazRvao

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qveynebis kolonizacias ver SeZlebdnen Zlieri flotis gare-Se. isini SesaniSnavi zRvaosnebi iyvnen. xomaldmSeneblobis xe-lovnebas ki finikielebisagan daeuflnen. saerTod, berZnebisa-Tvis bevrad ufro advili iyo Soreuli zRvispireTis qveyneb-Si mogzauroba, vidre TviT saberZneTSi. saocaria is faqti, rom berZnebma, romlebmac teqnikaSi, arqiteqturasa da Zveli msoflios xelovnebaSi did simaRleebs miaRwies, iseTi gzebi ver aaSenes, rogoric romaelebma. am periodSi (Zv.w. VIII-VI ss-Si) Camoyalibda saerTo-berZnuli kulturuli erToba saerTo saxelwodebiT elinebi. Tavdapirvelad elinebi TesaliaSi erT-erTi berZnuli tomis saxelwodeba iyo, magram TandaTan es saxelwodeba (eTnonimi) gavrcelda yvela berZnulenovan mo-saxleobaze. am TvalsazrisiT, elinelebi pirvelad Zv.w. VII saukuneSi moixseniebian. romaelebi elinebs grekebs (Graeci) uwodebdnen. romaelTa saSualebiT es eTnonimi cnobili gaxda mTeli evropisaTvis. Tavdapirvelad `grekic~ CrdiloeT saber-ZneTis erT-erTi tomis saxelwodeba iyo. eladis qalaq-saxelm-wifoebis SekavSirebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa berZen-sparselTa omebma (Zv.w. V s-Si). erT-erTi yvelaze ufro metad ganviTarebuli berZnuli polisi iyo aTeni, sadac VI-IV sauku-neebSi ayvavebuli iyo xelosnoba, mezRvauroba, vaWroba. aTeni iqca saberZneTis (eladis) kulturul centrad. polisebis pir-velobisaTvis xSirma urTierTmtrobam berZnuli saxelmwifoe-bi daasusta. Zv.w. IV saukuneSi saberZneTi makedoniam daipyro. aleqsandre makedonelis mier Seqmnili vrceli saxelmwifo moicavda balkaneTis naxevarkunZulsa da maxlobeli aRmosav-leTis bevr olqs. elineli xalxi Tavisi istoriis axal faza-Si Sevida. am periodSi berZnuli kultura farTod gavrcelda yvela elinur saxelmwifoSi da aziis siRrmeSic SeiWra. eli-nistur periodSi, daaxloebiT Zv.w. III saukuneSi, Camoyalibda da Semdeg aRmosavleT zRvispireTSi gavrcelda saerTo-berZ-nuli saliteraturo ena _ koine, romlis safuZvels atikuri dialeqti warmoadgenda. TandaTan koinem literaturidan sa-olqo dialeqtebi gandevna, ramac berZnebis Semdgomi SekavSi-reba gamoiwvia. gvian koinedan Sua saukuneebis berZnuli ena miviReT. Zvelma berZnebma Seqmnes didi antikuri civilizacia, romel-mac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa evropisa da maxlobeli aRmo-savleTis kulturaTa ganviTarebaSi.

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Zv.w. 146 wels saberZneTi romma daimorCila. berZnulma kul-turam gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina romis imperiis xal-xebis ganviTarebaze; berZnuli ena romis mTelma aristokrati-am da inteligenciam icoda. ax.w. IV saukunis bolos, romis imperiis or _ dasavlur da aRmosavlur nawilebad dayofis Semdeg, saberZneTi aRmosav-leT romis (bizantiis) imperiis birTvad iqca. berZnuli ena im-periis saliteraturo enad rCeboda, magram TviT berZnebi am droidan oficialurad romeebad anu romaelebad iwodebodnen. bizantielebma didi gavlena moaxdines balkaneTis naxevarkun-Zulis sxva xalxebis kulturisa da xelovnebis formirebaze. IX-XIV saukuneebSi ayvavda bizantiuri saxviTi xelovneba da arqiteqtura. bizantiis imperiis mosaxleoba, romelsac pirobiTad bizan-tielebs uwodeben, eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT erTgvarovani ar iyo. mis ZiriTad birTvs berZnebi Seadgendnen, Tumca sauku-neTa ganmavlobaSi, adreuli Sua saukuneebidan dawyebuli, berZeni xalxis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen sxvadasxvaenovani jgufebi: romanizebuli vlaxebi, Trakielebi, agreTve iliri-elebi da keltebi, albanelebi, normanebi, gvian _ Turqebi da mcire aziis sxva xalxebi. mniSvnelovani iyo slavuri xalxe-bis minarevic. VI-VIII saukuneebSi slavebi TiTqmis mTel saber-ZneTSi gansaxldnen. Tanamedrove berZnebi ZiriTadad Zveli berZnebis STamomavalni arian, romelTac droTa ganmavlobaSi ucxo-eTnikuri jgufebic ereodnen da iTvisebdnen berZnul enas. bizantiis (aRmosavleT romis) imperiis ZiriTad eTnoss berZ-nebi Seadgendnen, magram, rogorc samecniero literaturaSia aRniSnuli, romaelebad (bizantielTa TviTsaxelwodeba) mxo-lod berZnebi ar iwodebodnen. am eTnonimiT sxva eTnosebic aRiniSnebodnen, romlebic marTlmadideblobas aRiarebdnen. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi araberZnuli eTnosebi berZnul-romau-li civilizaciis seriozul gavlenas ganicdidnen. TavianTi cxovrebis manZilze bizantiel berZnebs mudmivad esmodaT ir-gvliv mcxovrebi sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis metyveleba. im-periis bevri mcxovrebi orenovanic iyo, magram orenovneba sa-valdebulo ar iyo. kompaqturad mcxovrebma araberZnebis did-ma nawilma arc icoda berZnuli ena. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc imperiis mcxovrebni da marTlmadideblebi, isini romaelebad iTvlebodnen. romaelebad imperiis is qveSevrdomebi ar iTv-

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lebodnen, romlebic marTlmorwmune qristianebi ar iyvnen (ma-galiTad, imperiis qveSevrdomi arabi-muslimebi, balkaneTSi mcxovrebi paWanikebi da yivCayebi, peloponiseli da konstan-tinepoleli ebraelebi, Trakieli somexi-monofizitebi). magram X saukunis bolodan bizantiur privilegirebul sazogadoeba-Si ufro xSirad daiwyes yuradRebis miqceva eTnikur warmomav-lobaze. amrigad, araberZnuli warmoSobis `romaelebisaTvis~ (bizantielebisaTvis) damaxasiaTebeli iyo eTnikuri cnobiere-bis erTgvari dixotomia (gaoreba). ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT, rom bizantiur samoxeleo Tanamdebobebze araerTi araeTniku-ri berZenic dawinaurebula. magaliTad, bizantiis imperiaSi erT-erTi yvelaze umdidresi adamiani iyo warmoSobiT taoeli eTnikuri qarTveli, aleqsi I-is mxedarTmTavari grigol baku-rianisZe (†1080), romlis samflobeloebi filipopolTan da Te-salonikiaSi mdebareobda. mudmivma omebma sparselebTan, arabebTan, slavebTan, normane-bTan, da sxv., agreTve feodalurma politikurma anarqiam impe-ria daasusta. XIV-XV saukuneebSi bizantia Turq-osmalebma da-ipyres. amiT evropis samxreT-aRmosavleTi qveynebisa da, maT Soris, saberZneTis ekonomikuri ganviTareba damuxruWda. bal-kaneTSi osmalTa batonobam (XV-XIX s. I nax.) Tavisi gavlena moaxdina berZnul enasa da kulturaze. XVIII saukunis dasas-ruls berZnebma daiwyes erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZra-oba, ramac xeli Seuwyo berZenTa Soris samxareo gansxvavebu-lobis waSlas. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis Sede-gad 1829 w. saberZneTis saxelmwifo Seiqmna. Tanamedrove berZnul (anu axalberZnuli) enas aqvs ori mniS-vnelovnad gansxvavebuli forma: esaa xalxuri ena _ `dimoti-ka~ da oficialuri saliteraturo ena _ `kafarevusa~ (e.w. su-fTa ena), romelic Tavisi fesvebiT dakavSirebulia elinistu-ri epoqisa da bizantiis imperiis enasTan. berZnulma damwer-lobam SeinarCuna elinisturi epoqis Zveli orTografia, anba-ni, magram ZvelberZnuli xmovnebis warmoTqma ramdenadme Seicvala. eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT berZeni xalxi erTgvarovania. gamoiyofa ramdenime eTnografiuli jgufi. kulturisa da yo-fis specifikuri niSnebiT gamoirCeva kunZul kviprosis ber-Znuli mosaxleoba. egeosis zRvis patara kunZulebis mosaxle-obam yofaSi bevri arqauli niSani SeinarCuna. Taviseburia Trakiasa da rodosis kunZulze gamusulmanebuli patara berZ-

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nuli jgufis yofa. qveynis CrdiloeTSi cxovrobs berZnebis erTi jgufi, romelsac irgvliv myofi mosaxleoba vlaxebs uwodebs, radgan maT romanizebul mesaqonleebTan aigiveben. sarakanelebis es jgufi axalberZuli enis gansakuTrebul ki-lokavze metyvelebs. sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi ki gvarov-nul-tomobrivi organizaciis niSnebi aqvT Semonaxuli. berZnebs mohyavT maRalxarisxovani suptropikuli kulture-bi, upirveles yovlisa, zeTisxili, citrusebi, agreTve yur-Zeni, kakali, Tambaqo da sxv. marcvleulidan _ xorbali, qeri, simindi, Svria. ZiriTadi samiwaTmoqmedo raionebia: Tesalia, makedonia, peloponesi da kunZulebi. momTabare mesaqonleobas (ZiriTadad epireSi) aqvs tradiciuli saxorce-samatyle mi-marTuleba (cxvari, Txa). sanapirosa da kunZulebze berZnebi misdeven mezRvaurobas, meTevzeobas. ganviTarebulia xalxuri rewva da mxatvruli xelosnoba _ meTuneoba, mWedloba, qsova, mexaliCeoba. berZenTa sakvebi ZiriTadad mcenareuli Semadgenlobisaa. sa-yvareli saWmelia lobio, romelsac aneleben limoniT, zeiTu-nis zeTiT, nivriT, oxraxuSiT. amzadeben tolmas pomidoris, badrijnis, wiwakis, gogris, tkbili wiwakis farSisagan, rome-lsac axveven vazis foTolSi. rZis produqtebidan popularu-lia yveli da mawoni. alkoholuri sasmelebidan svamen Rvinos, Rvinis araysa da luds. IX-XII saukuneebSi bizantiaSi, evropis sxva qveynebTan Seda-rebiT, qalaqebis mosaxleoba sakmao raodenobiT iyo, Tumca aqac qalaqis mkvidrni Warbobdnen soflis mkvidrT. bizan-tiaSi soflebi qalaqebis irgvliv iyo koncentrirebuli. didi soflebi iSviaTobas warmoadgenda. ufro xSiri iyo 10 _ 20 _ 30-komliani soflebi. garda feodalebisa da saxelmwifosi, soflebs eklesiac flobda. SemorCenili iyo sasoflo Temi. sasoflo Temis wevrebi saerTo-sasoflo sakiTxebs erTad wyvetdnen. saxvneli miwebi memkvidreobiT gadaecemodaT. saxlebi ZiriTadaT qvisagan hqondaT aSenebuli. arsebobda le-lqaSisagan agebuli saxlebic. saxlebi gadaxuruli iyo krami-tiT, lelqaSiT anda CaliT. sacxovrebeli saxlebis siaxlo-ves agebuli hqondaT sameurneo nagebobebi, sardafebi, ormoebi (xaroebi), miwaSi Cafluli hqondaT qvevrebi _ pifosebi, rom-lebSic inaxavdnen marcvals, Rvinos, zeiTunis zeTs. bizantieli berZnebis ZiriTadi saTesi kulturebi iyo xor-bali da qeri. Tesavdnen parkosnebsac (barda, ospi). Zvirfas

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kulturad iTvleboda seli (selis qsovilebi matylis qsovilebze Zviri Rirda), magram is rwyvas Txoulobda. seli imperiaSi ar hyofnidaT da is, gansakuTrebiT gvalvian wlebSi, sxva qveynebidan SemohqondaT. yvelaze did Semosavals venaxebi iZleoda. venaxebi aTjer Zviri ARirda, vidre Sesabamisi far-Tobis saxnavi miwebi. vazi qalaqebSic bevri hqondaT gaSenebu-li. mas konkurencias mxolod zeTisxili uwevda. mcire azia-Sic da samxreT balkaneTSic zeTisxilis didi baRebi hqon-daT gaSenebuli. zeiTunis zeTi da damarilebuli zeTisxili `romaelebis~ (bizantielebis) erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakvebi iyo. bizantiel berZnebs Soris uaRresad dawinaurebuli iyo me-cxoveleoba. cxeni glexebs iSviaTad hyavdaT. Tavisufali glexi cxens imis gamo inaxavda, rom mis gareSe samxedro sam-saxuri warmoudgeneli iyo. cxenis didi remebi ZiriTadad warCinebulTa adgil-mamulebSi hyavdaT. saxelganTqmuli iyo arabuli jiSis cxeni. cxens ZiriTadad qeriT kvebavdnen. erTg-varad ,,privilegirebuli~ cxoveli iyo joric. adamianebi Zi-riTadad joriT gadaadgildebodnen. joriTve gadahqondaT ba-rgi. glexebi am mizniT ufro saxedrebs gamoiyenebdnen. glexis meurneobis ZiriTadi gamwevi Zala xari iyo. ojaxis keTildRe-oba ara mxolod miwis nakveTebis raodenobiT, aramed xarebis raodenobiTac ganisazRvreboda. didi raodenobiT aSenebdnen cxvars, Txas. isini iZleodnen rZesac, xorcsac, matylsac. bi-zantielebs hyavdaT bevri Rori, gansakuTrebiT im adgilebSi, sadac muxis tyeebi arsebobda. bizantielTa miwaTmoqmedeba ZiriTadad sarwyavi iyo. klima-turi pirobebidan gamomdinare, urwyavi miwebi mosavals nakle-bad iZleoda. saistorio wyaroebSi mravaljeraa dafiqsire-buli, sarwyavi wylis deficitis gamo, soflis mkvidrebs So-ris kamaTis, Cxubis, cema-tyepis ambebi. sasoflo Temis wevrebi, mezoblebi miwis dasamuSaveblad xSirad erTiandebodnen. biza-ntiaSi mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Tavisufali miwe-bic bevri yofila, razedac xelisufleba umiwo glexebs, xSi-rad tyveebs da agreTve paWanikebs, uzebs, yivCayebs, arabebs asaxlebda. bizantiis mkvidrTa tansacmeli saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi cvlilebebs TiTqmis ar ganicdida. mamakacebi ZiriTadad mok-le labadebs atarebdnen, romelic mxarze hqondaT gadakidebu-li. perangs uxeSi tilosagan keravdnen. XI saukunis miniatu-rebis mixedviT, mamakacebi Sarvlebs jer kidev ar icvamdnen.

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kabebi maT muxlebamde swvdebodaT. qalebi ki, Cveulebriv, grZel kabebs atarebdnen. bizantieli berZeni glexis ZiriTadi sakvebi qeris puri, wyliT ganzavebuli Rvino da bostneuli iyo. qalaqebis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan fenas xelosnebi warmo-adgendnen. aq isini specialobebis mixedviT uban-uban iyvnen koncentrirebuli. xelosanTa da vaWarTa gverdiT, qalaqebSi mosaxleobis gansakuTrebul fenas monebi da inteligentebic Seadgendnen. didi moTxovnileba iyo bizantieli ostatebis xe-lidan gamosul Sedevrebze _ abreSumis ferad-ferad, natifi naySebiT mosirmul qsovilebze, ucxod mominanqrebul, dide-bul saiuveliro nawarmze, TvalismomWrelad mocimcime marga-litebiTa da patiosani TvlebiT mooWvil samkaulebze, unati-fesi xelovnebiT inkrustirebul spilos Zvlis nakeTobebze, vercxliT daferil brinjaoze, oqrocurvil minaze. fufu-nebis, simdidris, sisaluqis es WeSmariti saswaulebrivi nake-Tobani mTels msoflioSi ubadlo SemoqmedTa saxels umkvid-rebda berZen xelosnebs. Tavis didvaWarTa aqtiuri saqmiano-bis, savaWro flotis simZlavrisa da gacvla-gamocvlis uTva-lavi saSualebis wyalobiT, rasac imperias misi navsadgurebi da uzarmazari bazrebi sTavazobdnen, bizantia mTeli msof-lios saqonels iZenda. dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris ga-mavali didi savaWro gzebis gasayarze Tavisi xelsayreli mde-bareobis wyalobiT, konstantinopoli TiTqos grandiozuli sawyobi iyo, sadac mileTis xalxi iyrida Tavs da msoflios yvela kuTxidan Tavis nawarms ezideboda. Sua saukuneebis konstantinopoli imdroindeli civilizebu-li samyaros dedaqalaqad iTvleboda. wminda sofios taZari harmoniuli mSvenierebiT da brwyinvale ritualebiT momnus-xvel zemoqmedebas axdenda yvela mnaxvelze. qalaqis meore ce-ntrad `wminda sasaxle~ iTvleboda, romelic arnaxuli sidia-dis iyo. mesame centrad ipodromi miaCndaT. aqve iyo eklesie-bis, monastrebis uricxvi simravle, didebuli sra-sasaxleebi, mdidruli bazrebi, antikuri xelovnebis SedevrebiT Semkuli quCebi da moednebi. zogierTi monacemiT konstantinopolSi 250 eklesia da 120-ze meti monasteri iyo. erTi rusi mogzauris cnobiT (daaxloebiT 1200 weli) wminda sofias taZars 3000 mRvdelTmsaxuri emsaxureboda. berZen xelovanTa naxelavi bizantiis gareTac Sendeboda (ma-galiTad, veneciis san-markos taZari Tavisi xuTi gumbaTiT,

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marmarilos ornamentTa daxvewilobiT, oqro-vercxlis samkau-lebis siuxviT, mozaikebis sinatifiT, oqrosferad mocimcime TaRebiT). samecniero literaturaSi xazi aqvs gasmuli imas, rom TviT romanulma xelovnebamac ki bizantiisagan isesxa Tvisi arqiteqturis zogierTi niSan-Tviseba da mravali deko-ratiuli motivi. Tvisi simdidriT, momxiblav ZeglTa siuxviT, sasaxleebis fufunebiTa da eklesiebSi daculi relikviebiT konstantinopoli mTeli msoflios aRtacebas iwvevda da mom-nusxvel STabeWdilebas axdenda yvelaze. bizantiis dedaqala-qi, erTi moswrebuli gamoTqmiT, `Sua saukeneebis parizi iyo~. zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, albaT, gasakviric ar unda iyos bizantieli berZnebisaTvis niSandoblivi erovnuli xasia-Ti. ucxoeli moRvaweebi, romlebic xSirad xvdebodnen bizan-tiel diplomatebs, didebulebs miuTiTebdnen maTi qedmaRlo-bisa da kudabzikobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnavdnen agreTve berZnebis eSmakobas, mliqvnelobas, pirmoTneobas, angariSianobas. rusul mecnierebaSi xSirad imasac aRniSnaven, rom bizanti-urma civilizaciam ara marto didi gavlena moaxdina dasavleTze, aramed bizantiam, rogorc evropis forfostma (ruseTTan erTad), centraluri da dasavleT evropis qveynebi momTabareTa bevri Semosevisa da ganadgurebisagan ixsna da amiT evropas ganviTarebis saukeTeso pirobebi Seuqmna. saberZneTSi bevri qalaqia, romlebSic mosaxleobis 40%-ze meti cxovrobs. bevri berZnuli qalaqi cnobilia antikuri droidan. saberZneTis dedaqalaq aTenSi Seiqmna evropaSi pir-veli Teatri da daiwera "iliada" da "odisea". aTenis akropo-li berZenTa erovnuli siamayea. berZnul ojaxebSi dRemde Zlieria patriarqaluri tradici-ebi. mamakacebi saberZneTSi daaxloebiT 23 wlis, xolo qalebi – 18-20 wlis asakSi qorwindebian. dakrZalvis win micvalebuls RviniT ganbanen da sudaraSi axveven. quCebSi, sadac dakrZalvis procesia mimdinareobs, yve-la fanjaras xuraven, raTa avi sulebi maT saxlebSi ar SeiW-rnen. arqimandritsa da ufro maRali xarisxis mqone sasulie-ro pirebs mjdomare mdgomareobaSi krZalaven. sasaflaodan dabrunebis Semdeg yvela gamcilebeli midis gardacvlilis saxlSi da iq yavasa da raks svamen. saberZneTSi qristianoba II-III saukuneebSi gavrcelda. 313 wlis milanis ediqtiT is mTel romis imperiaSi dakanonda, magram qristianobamdeli Zveli kultebi da rwmena-warmodgene-

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bi didxans ar gamqrala. qristianuli eklesiis gayofis (ganxe-Tqilebis) Semdeg (1054 weli) bizantia iqca aRmosavluri (ma-rTlmadidebluri, anu berZnul-marTlmadidebluri) eklesiis centrad. berZnebis umetesoba marTlmadidebelia. berZenTa mci-re jgufi (daaxl. 10 aTasi kaci) sirosis kunZulsa da kikla-dis sxva kunZulebze kaTolikuri aRmsareblobisaa e.w. (greko-kaTolikeebi). berZnebma Semoinaxes mdidari istoriuli folklori _ sim-Rerebi, zRaprebi, xmiT tirili. ganviTarebulia sacekvao da musikaluri xelovneba. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi berZenTa yofam da kulturam mniSv-nelovani cvlileba ganicada. eTnikuri kulturis bevri rea-lia (elementi) daikarga. magaliTad, Zvel berZnebSi Zalian iyo ganviTarebuli Sromis dros Sesasrulebeli simRerebi. Zvel mweralTa gadmocemiT, mindorSi an ojaxSi yovelgvar sa-muSaos Tan axlda esa Tu is simRera. arsebobda mewisqvileTa, mqsovelTa, mcxobelTa, wylis mzidavTa, mevenaxeTa, meniCbeTa da bevri sxva profesiuli simRera. momRerlebi xSirad ejib-rebodnen erTmaneTs. antikur eladaSi warmoiSva Teatri. amave dros, aq aSenda be-vri Teatraluri nageboba, romelTagan araerTi dRemde Semo-rCa. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi saberZneTSi ar iyvnen profesiona-li, samsaxiobo skolagavlili msaxiobebi. Teatris scenaze po-etebi da kargi oratorebi gamodiodnen. Semdeg, rodesac gaC-ndnen profesionali msaxiobebi, berZnebi Zalian afasebdnen maT, saxelmwifo ki zogierT privilegias aniWebda _ gaTavi-suflebulebi iyvnen samxedro samsaxurisa da gadasaxadebisa-gan. Tavdapirvelad Teatralur warmodgenebs religiur-sawesC-veulebo xasiaTi hqonda. isini dakavSirebuli iyo sakulto dResaswaulebTan. elinistur saberZneTSi Teatralurma warmo-dgenebma es funqcia dakarga da isini masobriv sanaxaobebad iqca. bizantielebs Teatraluri tradicia dakarguli hqondaT, magram Taviseburi Teatri mainc arsebobda. qveyanaSi bevrni iy-vnen moxetiale msaxiobebi, mimebi, oinbazebi, sanaxaobebs awyo-bdnen ipodromze. sanaxaobis ZiriTadi saxe iyo doRi, anu cxe-nis marTvis xelovnebaSi Sejibri. sanaxaobisas ipodromze Ta-visufali moqalaqeebi adgilebs dilaadrianve ikavebdnen. et-lebis rbolis Semdeg, ipodromze gamodiodnen akrobatebi, fo-kusebis mkeTeblebi, mxecebis momTviniereblebi. bizantieli be-rZnebi, iseve rogorc yvela bizantieli, saeklesio marTlma-

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didebluri dResaswaulebis keTilsindisieri aRmsrulebelni iyvnen. isini awyobdnen agreTve saxelmwifoebriv dResaswau-lebs. magaliTad, 11 maisi konstantinopolis daarsebis (330 we-li), dedaqalaqad gomocxadebis dResaswauli iyo. aRniSnavdnen imperatoris dabadebis dRes. didi dResaswauliT aRiniSnebo-da basilevsis koronacia, misi qorwili, memkvidris dabadeba. imperiis mTeli mosaxleobisaTvis saerTo dResaswaulebis gve-rdiT, qalaqis mcxovrebni awyobdnen profesiul, korporaci-ul, saubno dResaswaulebs. konstantinopoleli eqimebi 27 iv-liss wminda sampsonis dRes aRniSnavdnen, romelic maTi mfa-rveli iyo. isini wminda sampsonis neSts wminda mokias taZarSi eTayvanebodnen, Semdeg ki satrapezod ikribebodnen. Zveli saberZneTi ganTqmuli iyo sportuli TamaSebiT. pir-vel cnobebs sportuli asparezobebis Sesaxeb vxvdebiT home-rosTan. sportul TamaSebs Tavdapirvelad RmerTebis pativsa-cemad awyobdnen, magram rodis daiwyes sportuli Sejibrebe-bis gamarTva da rodis gadaiqca is saerTo-elinur movlenad, dadgenili araa. olimpiuri TamaSebis sawyis, tradiciul Ta-riRad Zv.w. 776 weli iTvleba, magram rogorc irkveva, olimpi-uri TamaSebi ufro adrec imarTeboda. TamaSebi ZiriTadad aristokratiul xasiaTs atarebda. sulisa da sxeulis srul-yofas mxolod aristokratiis samemkvidreo saqmed miiCnevdnen. TamaSebze ar uSvebdnen monebs, ucxoelebs. TamaSebze daswre-bis ufleba ar hqondaT gaTxovil qalebs. olimpiadebis tra-diciebidan aRsaniSnavia ekexeriis wesi, romliTac yvela berZ-nul poliss olimpiuri TamaSebis dros ekrZaleboda omis warmoeba. olimpiuri TamaSebi Zvel saberZneTSi ax.w. 393 wels Sewyda. mas wertili imperatorma Teodosi I-ma dausva, romelic yove-lgvar warmarTul wes-Cveulebas ebrZoda. saerTod, 1170 wlis ganmavlobaSi olimpiuri TamaSebi 293-jer gaimarTa. sayovelTaod cnobilia Zvel berZenTa swavlisa da aRzrdis gansakuTrebuli wesebi. uZvelesi droidan Svilis aRzrdaSi mama yovelTvis gadamwyvet rols asrulebda. Svidi wlidan bi-Webi mamis mzrunvelobis qveS iyvnen. kreta-mikenis epoqaSi biWi swavlobda musikas, cekvas, oratorul xelovnebas, iaraRTan damokidebulebas. biWebs amzadebdnen praqtikuli cxovrebisaT-vis (meurneobis gaZRola, mindorsa da venaxSi muSaoba, praqti-kuli medicinis gacnoba). aseve adre eCveodnen Sromas gogone-bic. dedis mzrunvelobis qveS isini swavlobdnen rTvas, qso-

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vas, saojaxo saqmeebis gaZRolas. kretaze 14 wlis asakSi biWe-bi iwyebdnen sistematur fizikur varjiSebs, rac momaval sam-xedro samsaxurTan iyo dakavSirebuli. aTenSi, klasikur epo-qaSi, swavleba iuridiulad ar iyo dakanonebuli, mas, Cveuleb-riv, ganixilavdnen, rogorc mSoblebis movaleobas Svilebi-sadmi. Zv.w. V saukuneSi, aTenelebs ukve SeeZloT eamayaT imiT, rom maT Soris ar iyo arc erTi gaunaTlebeli. saberZneTSi swavlebis programa moicavda inteleqtualur, musikalur da fizikur swavlebas. Zvel berZenTa yofisa da kulturis da axalgazrdebis aRzr-dis mniSvnelovani elementi iyo agonistika, rac gulisxmobda Sejibrebas, calkeul pirovnebebsa da jgufebs Soris keTil-Sobilur paeqrobas. sruliad sxvagvari, aTenelebisa da sxva berZnuli polisebi-sagan gansxvavebuli, aRzrdis wesebi arsebobda spartaSi, sa-dac fizikuri aRzrda esTetikuri da inteleqtualuri aRzr-dis xarjze mimdinareobda. spartelTa fizikur aRzrdaze yu-radRebis gamaxvileba ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom qveynisaT-vis Zlieri damcvelebi, disciplinirebuli meomrebi gaezar-daT. spartaSi biWi Svidi wlis asakidan saxelmwifos mzrunve-lobis qveS eqceoda. aRzrda 20 wlis asakSi mTavrdeboda. spa-rtelTa inteleqtualuri momzadeba mxolod wera-kiTxvis co-dniT, ramdenime samxedro da religiuri simReriTa da tradi-ciebis codniT Semoifargleboda. spartelebs mkacrad awrTo-bdnen. isini unda yofiliyvnen Seupovarni, amtanni, gamZleni, unda aetanaT nebismieri siZnele da gaWirveba, SimSili, susxi, tkivili, monawileoba unda mieRoT nebismier laSqrobaSi, spo-rtul SejibrebaSi. amisaTvis aRzrda iTvaliswinebda garozg-vas, zamTarSi fexiT siaruls, loginis gareSe Zils, wlebis ganmavlobaSi axalgazrda daexeteboda mTebsa da velebSi, ima-leboda ise, rom veravis epovna; TviTon unda moepovebina sak-vebi, unda sZineboda cota. mTeli eladisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo monogamia (erTqor-wineba) da patriarqati. berZnebi miiCnevdnen, rom mravalcoli-anoba barbarosi xalxebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da eline-bisaTvis is arasakadrisi iyo. yvela polisSi mcxovreb berZens erTnairi warmodgena hqonda qorwinebaze. martoxela, ucolS-vilo adamianebi iseTi pativiscemiT ar sargeblobdnen, rogo-riTac colSvilianebi. sparta am TvalsazrisiTac gamoirCeo-da. kanoniT, romelic spartel reformator ligurks miewere-

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ba, axalgazrdebi valdebulni iyvnen coli Raribi ojaxidan moeyvanaT. kanonis am moTxovnas ekonomikuri mniSvneloba hqon-da, raTa erTi ojaxis xelSi ar moeyara Tavi simdidres. VIII-VI saukuneebSi gogonas mama Tavisi qaliSvilisTvis saqmros ramdenime pretendents Soris irCevda. is erTsa da imave dros yvela pretendents TavisTan saxlSi iwvevda, xangrZlivi dro-is ganmavlobaSi maspinZlobda, akvirdeboda maTi qcevis mane-rebs, xasiaTs, fizikur wrTobas, amtanoba-gamZleobas. am miz-niT saqmro-pretendentebi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen. Zvel berZnebSi sisxliT naTesaoba colqmrobis damabrkole-bel faqtorad ar iTvleboda. zogjer qorwineba erTi mamis Svilebs Sorisac xdeboda. kanoni mxolod im pirovnebebs So-ris krZalavda qorwinebas, romlebic dediT erTni iyvnen. aTe-nSi gogonas sakmaod adre, 15 da 12 wlis asakSic ki aTxovebd-nen. am mxriv gansxvavebuli viTareba arsebobda bizantiel ber-ZnebSi. marTlmadideblurma qristianobam Zvel berZnebSi arse-buli saqorwino wes-Cveulebebi Secvala. kanoni gamoricxavda qorwinebas naTesavebs Soris meeqvse muxlamde. XI-XII saukune-ebidan saqorwino SezRudva Svidi Taobis farglebSi aikrZala. gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobas qmnida agreTve sulieri naTesao-bac _ naTelmironoba. bizantiel berZnebSi (da,saerTod, bizan-tielebSi) qorwineba akrZaluli iyo agreTve warmarTebTan, eretikosebTan, muslimebTan, iudevelebTan. bizantiaSi ro-gorc umaRles, ise umdables socialur wreSi, individualur patara ojaxebs didi ojaxebi sWarbobda. coliani vaJebi iSvi-aTad eyofodnen TavianT mSoblebs. marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier vaJebisaTvis saqorwino asaki 15 wlidan ganisazRvreboda, gogonebisaTvis _ 14 wlidan. scodniaT mcirewlovanTa daniSv-nac. iseve rogorc jvriswera, mcirewlovanTa dawindvac saek-lesio ceremoniiT mTavrdeboda. amave dros, xelSekrulebac formdeboda, romelSic daTqmuli iyo mziTevis raodenoba, sa-qmros mier qorwinebis wina ZRvenis odenoba, piroba qonebis memkvidreobis Sesaxeb; miTiTebuli iyo qorwinebamde saqmros da sacolis sacxovrebeli adgilebi da sxva. unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoebis Sesaxebac. VIII saukunidan, dasavleT evropi-sagan gansxvavebiT, bizantiaSi rogorc vaJebs, ise qaliSvi-lebs, mSoblebis memkvidreobaze Tanabari uflebebi hqondaT. Zveli elinebis umetesoba icavda dakrZalvis wes-Cveulebebsa da ritualebs. berZnebSi dakrZalvis ori forma iyo miRebuli. gvamis miwaSi damarxva da koconze dawva. dawvis Semdeg neSts

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urnaSi debdnen da mas an miwaSi marxavdnen, an akldamaSi aTa-vsebdnen. berZeni avtori lukiani (ax.w. II s.) werda, rom tiri-li, moTqma da godeba yvela xalxisaTvis saerToa, magram da-marxvis wes-Cveulebebs Soris gansxvavebaa: `elini micvale-buls wvavs, sparseli miwaSi marxavs, indusi gamWvirvale garss acmevs, skviTi STanTqavs (xeTqavs)~. lukiani Tavisi drois berZnebis Sesaxeb laparakobs. kreta-mikenis epoqaSi mi-cvalebulis sxeuls miwaSi marxavdnen, homerosis epoqaSi da-Rupul gmirebs koconze wvavdnen, magram es SeiZleba omis pi-robebiTac aixsnas, radgan maSin troa alyaSemortymuli iyo da berZnebi sxvis miwaze imyofebodnen. Semdgom dakrZalvis orive forma Seicvala; mamakacebs samareSi iaraRs atandnen, qalebs _ Zvirfas samkaulebs. xocavdnen cxovelebsac: cxenebs, ZaRlebs, homerosis mier aRweril epoqaSi ki _ adamianebsac. megobrebi da nacnobebi micvalebulis sarecelTan ikribebo-dnen da dastirodnen mas, risTvisac fleitaze damkvrelebsa da momRerlebs, agreTve momtirlebs qiraobdnen. qalebi tiro-dnen, moTqvamdnen, mkerdze xelebx icemdnen, Tmebs iglejdnen, ybebs sisxliT iRebavdnen. mgloviareni xSirad miwaze goravd-nen da Tavs urtyamdnen mas. micvalebulTan Sexebis Semdeg adamianebi aucileblad unda ganwmendiliyvnen, risTvisac sax-lis win wyliT savse didi WurWeli idga. Zvel saberZneTSi micvalebuls gardacvalebidan meore dRes krZalavdnen. dakrZalva aucileblad mzis Casvlamde unda mom-xdariyo. micvalebulis saxlSi sulis mosaxseniebel aRaps (qelexs) awyobdnen, sadac stumrebi Tavze gakeTebuli gvirgvi-nebiT modiodnen. glovis dros mTel saberZneTSi adamianebi Savi an ubralod muqi tansacmliT imosebodnen, mxolod argosSi icvamdnen TeTrs. aTensa da argosSi glova ocdaaTi dRe grZeldeboda. sxva polisebSi ufro mcire xans glovobdnen, magaliTad, spa-rtaSi is Tormeti dRiT ganisazRvreboda. Tavdapirvelad berZenTa anTroponimiuli modeli orwevriani iyo. misi pirveli elementi individualuri saxeli iyo, meore _ mamis saxeli naTesaobiT brunvaSi. sakmaod gvian orwevrian models eTnikuri saxelis maCvenebeli (eTnika) daerTo. mesame elementi ZiriTadad im qalaqis saxelwodebisagan momdinareo-bda, sadac pirovneba cxovrobda. yoveldRiurad berZnebi mxo-lod individualur saxels iyenebdnen. sruli saxelwodeba (anTroponimiis samive CamoTvlili elementi) mxolod oficia-

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lur dokumentebSi _ aqtebSi, dekretebSi, genealogiur siebSi gvxvdeba. bavSvis saxeldeba dabadebidan meaTe dRes xdeboda. xSirad xasiaTis an garegnobis gamo berZnebs metsaxelsac arq-mevdnen. namdvili saxeli ki male aviwydebodaT. magaliTad, cnobil platons mSoblebma Tavdapirvelad aristokles daa-rqves. droTa ganmavlobaSi ki platoni uwodes Zlieri, farTo mkerdisa da maRali Sublis gamo. dRes berZenTa anTroponimi-uli modeli samwevriania, romelic Seicavs individualur sa-xels, mamis saxelsa da memkvidreobiT saxels (gvarsaxels). oficialur iuridiul dokumentebSi jer aRniSnulia gvarsa-xeli, Semdeg saxeli da mesame adgilzea mamis saxeli naTesao-biT brunvaSi: cilidis nikolaos odiseas. kanonmdeblobiT Svils ar SeuZlia mamis saxeli ataros (gamonaklisi mxolod mamis sikvdilis Semdeg dabadebul bavSvebze vrceldeba). berZ-nul gvarebs fuZeebad ZiriTadad sakuTari saxelebi aqvs. gvxv-deba gvarebi, romlebic profesiaTa saxelebidanaa warmoqmni-li. berZnul enaSi mamakacis gvari gamoiTqmis rogorc cavaxi-dis, qalisa _ cavaxidu, Sesabamisad: zarabalasi da zarabala, ioanidisi da ioanidi. sakuTar saxelze patronimikonis, anu mamis saxelis damate-biT Tavisufali moqalaqeebi monebisagan gansxvavdebodnen. mo-nebs mxolod saxeliT moixseniebdnen, ufro xSirad saxelis nacvlad eTnonimisagan nawarmoeb metsaxels iyenebdnen: sir _ `sirieli~, lid _ `lidieli~. sainteresoa, rom elinizmis epo-qaSi, rodesac adamiani oficialur pirs werilobiT mimarTav-da, valdebuli iyo saxelTan erTad asaki da raime gansakuT-rebuli niSani mieTiTebina: `senfei, 30 wlis, marjvena xelis majaze naWrilobevi~; `avreli pakisi, 50 wlis, Srami marcxena muxlze~. Tanamedrove saberZneTis mosaxleobis umetesobas berZnebi Seadgenen. eTnikur umciresobaTagan SeiZleba davasaxeloT albanelTa, makedonelTa, somexTa, TurqTa umniSvnelo jgufe-bi. saberZneTis mosaxleobis 98% marTlmadidebelia. Tanamed-rove saberZneTi awarmoebs zeTisxils, zeiTunis zeTs (romlis warmoebiT espaneTisa da italiis Semdeg mesame adgilzea), Ta-mbaqos, Rvinos, wvenebs, xils, bostneuls. saberZneTis ekonomi-kis mniSvnelovani dargia naosnoba. qveyanaSi 156 portia. ucxo-uri kompaniebis mier sazRvao xomaldebis arendas didi Semo-savali _ erT miliardze meti _ moaqvs. did Semosavals iZle-va turizmic. yovelwliurad qveyanaSi 10 milioni turisti Se-

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dis, rac qveynis mosaxleobis raodenobas utoldeba. turizmis Semosavali 1,6 miliardi amerikuli dolaria.

2.79. albanelebi albanelebi albaneTis mosaxleobis ZiriTad nawils Seadge-nen. maTi TviTsaxelwodebaa Skiptar, SCiptar sityva `SCip~-id-an, rac niSnavs: `laparakobs gasagebad~. italiaSi TavianT Tavs uwodeben `arbreSi~-s, saberZneTSi _ `arvanites~-s. qveynis saxeli `albaneTi~ pirvelad XI saukuneSi bizantielebma dane-rges. Tavdapirvelad is centraluri iliriis erT-erTi kla-nis (gvaris) teritoriis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda. albaneT-Si cxovrobs 3 mil. 250 aTasi kaci (mTeli mosaxleobis 96,8%). cxovroben agreTve serbeTSi _ kosovos avtonomiur mxareSi (1 mil. 985 aTasi), makedoniaSi (500 aTasi), albaneTis mosazRvre saberZneTis raionebSi (80 aTasi), italiaSi (samxreTsa da kunZul _ siciliaze 150 aTasi), TurqeTSi (15 aTasi), bulga-reTSi, rumineTSi, ukrainaSi, aSS-Si (115 aTasi). maTi saerTo raodenoba 5 milionze metia. albaneTSi, albanelebis garda, cxovroben berZnebi (55 aTa-si), vlaxebi (15 aTasi), boSebi (5 aTasi), makedonielebi (15 aTa-si), Cernogorielebi (5 aTasi). vlaxebi aq orenovanni arian. is-ini laparakoben mSobliur enaze (ruminulTan axlos mdgomi) da albanurze. sarwmunoebiT vlaxebi marTlmadideblebi arian. albanelebi miekuTvnebian didi evropeiduli rasis balka-nur-kavkasiuri rasis dinaris tips. albanuri ena indoevropul enaTa ojaxSi calke jgufs qmnis. albanur enaSi gamoiyofa ge-giuri (Crdilouri) Tqma da tosksuri dialeqti. damwerloba Seqmnili aqvT laTinuri anbanis safuZvelze. albanur enaze damwerlobis pirveli Zeglebi XV da XVI saukuneebiT TariR-deba. albanelebi balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis Zveli mosaxleobis STamomavlebi arian. zogierTi mecnieri (maT Soris, albanele-bi) albanelTa eTnikuri birTvis safuZvlad iliriul tomebs miiCnevs, sxvebi _ Trakielebs. Zv.w. III saukuneSi balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis dasavleTi sa-napiro romaelebma daipyres da ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi ilirielebi TandaTan daiqvemdebares. iliriis CrdiloeTi na-wilis mosaxleobis umetesma nawilma romanizacia ganicada,

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magram iliriis samxreTma nawilma, romelSic Tanamedrove al-baneTis teritoria Sedioda, Tavisi enis SenarCuneba SeZlo. albanelTa enasa da kulturaze romaelTa batonobam mainc mniSvnelovani kvali daaCnia (Zv.w. II s. _ ax.w. IV s.). I aTaswl-eulsa da II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi albaneTma bizantiis im-periis kulturuli gavlenac ganicada. uricxv dampyrobTa Se-moWris miuxedavad (romaelebi, bizantielebi, slavebi), albane-lTa adgilobrivi kultura arsebobas ganagrZobda. XI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis sxvadasxva albanuri tomebis Se-reva damTavrda da albanelebi Sekrul eTnikur erTobad Camo-yalibdnen, rac saerTo enasa da naTesaobis Segnebaze iyo da-fuZnebuli. am droidan albaneTis mosaxleobis aRsaniSnavad damkvidrda eTnonimi `albaneli~. XII saukunis bolos Camoya-libda damoukidebeli albaneTis saxelmwifo. osmalTa imperiis batonobam (XV saukunis dasasruli _ 1912 w.) albanelTa intensiuri emigracia gamoiwvia (osmaleTis impe-riis sxvadasxva olqSi, italiaSi, ruseTsa da sxv.). albaneTis mxareebs Soris dairRva sameurneo kavSirebi, yofasa da meur-neobaSi primitiuli tradiciebi dakonservda, gaRrmavda dia-leqturi gansxvavebani. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, qristianuli mo-saxleobis diskriminaciis gamo, albanelTa umetesma nawilma islami miiRo. mTian raionebSi, sadac SedarebiT ufro Semoi-naxa TviTmyofadoba da gvartomobriv kavSirTa elementebi, mo-saxleoba marTlmadideblobisa (samxreTSi) da kaTolikobis (CrdiloeTSi) mimdevari iyo. eTnonimi `arberi~ TandaTan _ `Skiptar~-iT (SCiptar) Seicvala, romliTac `gasagebad molapa-rakeebs~ Turqul enaze molaparake dampyrobTagan ganasxvaveb-dnen. italiaSi gadasaxlebulebma Semoinaxes eTnonimis Sua-saukuneobrivi varianti _ `arbreSi~. XVIII saukunis meore naxe-varsa da XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda albanelTa ori eTnogra-fiuli jgufi: toskebi (samxreTSi, toskerias olqi) da gegebi (CrdiloeTSi, gegeriis olqi). XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi albanelTa eTnikuri konsolida-cia gaRrmavda; amaRlda maTi nacionaluri TviTSegnebac. XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda Tanamedrove saliteraturo ena (tosku-ri dialeqtis safuZvelze). 1912 wels gamocxadda albaneTis damoukidebloba. albaneTis baris raionebisaTvis tradiciuli sameurneo dar-gia miwaTmoqmedeba (xorbali, brinji, Tambaqo, zeiTuni, samxre-TSi _ citrusebi), mTebSi _ momTabare mesaqonleoba (cxvari,

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Txa). albanelTa gegebis eTnografiul jgufSi miwaTmoqmede-bas mamakacebi samarcxvino saqmianobad Tvlidnen. aq samiwaT-moqmedo saqmianobas qalebi misdevdnen, mamakacebi ki momTabare mecxvareobaSi iyvnen dakavebulni. albanelTa ZiriTadi sakvebia simindisa da xorblis puri. upiratesobas aniWeben bostneulisa da rZis nawarmisgan damza-debul kerZebs. albaneTSi xelosnobis tradiciuli dargebia: vercxlis da-muSaveba, qvasa da xeze kveTa, mexaliCeoba. albanel xelosanTa naxelavi mxatvruli RirsebebiT gamoirCeoda. jer kidev XIII-XIV saukuneebSi albaneTis qalaqebSi _ SkoderSi, duressa da beratSi xelosanTa 40-ze meti gildia arsebobda. albanelTa sacxovrebeli saxli adrec da axlac orsarTuliani nageboba iyo. cxovrobdnen zeda sarTulze, qveda sarTuls ki saqonlis sadgomad iyenebdnen. albaneTSi SemorCenilia masiuri koSkebi. dRemde bevri albaneli tradiciuli tansacmliT imoseba. ma-galiTad SeiZleba mamakacis Teqis qudi davasaxeloT. TurqTa gavleniT albanel xalxSi aRmosavluri samzareulo gavrcel-da. Semonaxulia albanelTa Zveli rwmena-warmodgenebi (bunebis movlenebis Tayvaniscema, gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia mzis, mcenareebis, wylis, mTebis kulti), rac aisaxa Tanamed-rove kalendarul da saojaxo wes-CveulebebSi. meore msoflio omamde albanelTa sazogadoebrivi organiza-ciis ZiriTadi erTeuli sasoflo Temi iyo. CrdiloeT albane-Tis mTian raionebSi, sadac erT dasaxlebul adgilas kompaq-turad iyo gansaxlebuli gvarovnul-tomobrivi dajgufeba _ fisi (fis), sasoflo Temma Semoinaxa gvarovnuli Temis gadmo-naSTebi. fisi esaa adamianTa jgufi, romlebic erTmaneTs ena-Tesavebian mamakacis xaziT. isini TavianT Tavs erTi winaprisa-gan warmoSobilad miiCneven da mkacrad icaven egzogamias. CrdiloeT albaneTis umetes adgilebSi fiss, romelsac uWi-ravs gansazRvruli teritoria da sadac ar cxovroben sxva fisis warmomadgenlebi, SenarCunebuli aqvs garkveuli saxis ekonomikuri erToba: saZovrebis, tyeebis, wyalsacavebis saTemo mflobeloba, akrZalulia sxva fisis wevrebze miwis nakveTis miyidva. CrdiloeTSi mcxovrebi albanelebisaTvis, egzogamiis garda, damaxasiaTebelia agreTve: sisxlis aReba, stumarTmoy-vareoba, daZmobileba, CveulebiTi samarTali, didi ojaxi. XIX

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saukunis mogzaurebi araerTxel miuTiTebdnen aq 50-suliani (da ufro meti) ojaxebis arsebobas. mTel albaneTSi qristianoba II-III saukuneebidan gavrcelda. albaneTis qristianuli eklesia VIII saukunemde romze iyo da-mokidebeli, Semdeg ki konstantinopolis mfarvelobis qveS moeqca. XII-XIII saukuneebSi samxreT albaneTSi marTlmadideb-luri eklesia dominirebda, CrdiloeTSi ki _ kaTolikuri; Turqebis mier albaneTis dapyrobis Semdeg (XV s.) islami gavrcelda. sayuradReboa, rom erTi gvaris (fisis) SigniT Sei-Zleboda SegxvedrodaT ramdenime `Zmoba~, romelTaganac nawi-li islams aRiarebda, ramdenime ki qristianad iyo darCenili. musulmanebs axsovdaT, rom maTi winaprebi qristianebi iyvnen. sxvadasxva sarwmunoebam (islammac da qristianobis orma Stom _ marTlmadideblobam da kaTolikobam) ver aRmofxvra albaneli xalxis Rrma eTnikuri TviTSegneba. 1927 wlis mona-cemebiT marTlmadideblebi mosaxleobis 23%-s Seadgendnen, ka-Tolikeebi _ 12%-s. dRevandeli monacemebiT mahmadianebs, marT-lmadideblebsa da kaTolikeebs Soris Sefardeba aseTia: 7:2:1. Turqebi albanelTa Soris xSirad jariskacebsac qiraobdnen, romelTa umetesobamac aq brwyinvale kariera gaikeTa. amito-maa, rom TurqTa zedafenaSi bevri iyo albanuri warmoSobisa. albanelebi amayoben TavianTi erovnuli gmiriT _ giorgi kastriotiT (skanderbegiT). igi iyo didi feodali da XV saukunis II naxevarSi saTaveSi edga osmal dampyrobTa winaaR-mdeg brZolas. sxvaTa Soris, sabWoTa reJisorma sergei iutke-viCma skanderbegze mxatvruli filmi gadaiRo, romelSic mTa-var rolebs qarTveli msaxiobebi _ v. anjafariZe, a. xorava da s. zaqariaZe asrulebdnen.

2.80. maltelebi maltelebi dasaxlebulni arian xmelTaSua zRvis centrSi mdebare kunZul maltaze _ 400 aTasi kaci. cxovroben agreT-ve avstraliaSi (85 aTasi), did britaneTSi (35 aTasi), kanadasa (15 aTasi) da afrikis ramdenime qveyanaSi. maltelebi anTropo-logiurad araerTgvarovanni arian. saerTod, didi evropeidu-li rasis xmelTaSuazRvispirul rasas miekuTvnebian. lapara-koben maltur enaze, romelic afroziul enaTa ojaxis semi-tur jgufSi Sedis. gavrcelebulia agreTve inglisuri da ita-

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liuri enebi. XIX saukunidan aqvT laTinuri anbanis safuZvel-ze Seqmnili damwerloba. religiiT kaTolikeebi arian. maltelebi finikielTa STamomavalni arian, romlebmac kun-Zulis kolonizacia Zv.w XIII saukuneSi moaxdines. malta iyo karTagenelebis (Zv.w. VI-III saukuneebi), romaelebis (Zv.w. 210 - ax.w. 395 w.), bizantielebis (395-870 ww.), arabebis (870-1091), nor-manebis (romlebmac malta 1091 w. sicilias SeuerTes), ioanite-bis ordenis, anu maltelebis (1530 wlidan), ingliselebis (ing-liselebma malta daipyres 1800 wels da mas inglisis koloni-is statusi hqonda 1964 wlamde) mmarTvelobis qveS. 1974 wlis 31 dekembridan malta damoukidebeli respublikaa. Bbunebrivia, dampyroblebma maltelTa enasa da kulturaze sxvadasxvagvari gavlena moaxdines. malturi ena semituria da axlos dgas arabuli enis maRri-bul dialeqtTan. tunisis mcxovrebT maltelebis laparaki esmiT. yvela fiqrobs, rom maltelTa ena, esaa sakuTriv Zvel-finikiuri, romelmac gvian arabuli enis gavleniT cvlileba ganicada. semitologi seidini fiqrobs, rom maltur enaSi aris arabulis ori fena: adreuli, arabTa dapyrobebis droin-deli da sakmaod gviandeli _ maltisa da CrdiloeT afrikis savaWro kavSirebis droindeli (normanTa da gviandeli perio-dis). malturi enis leqsikaze did gavlenas axdens italiuri ena, gansakuTrebiT siciliuri dialeqti. TveTa dasaxeleba it-aliuria, magram kviris dReebisa _ arabuli. sayuradReboa, rom maltelTa gvarsaxelebis umetesoba ara-semituria. warmoSobiT isini romanulia, rac imas mowmobs, rom arabTa mmarTvelobisas aq mosaxleobis cvla ar momxda-ra. misi mcxovrebni mxolod eniT iqnen arabizebulni. maltis mosaxleobis erTi meeqvsedi italiurad laparakobs, gansa-kuTrebiT ki inteligencia, vaWrebi. italiuria saSualo da umaRlesi skolis saliteraturo ena. inglisuri ena ki aris parlamentis, sasamarTlos, saqmiswarmoebis ena. maltelebi kaTolikeebi arian. saojaxo yofa mTlianad re-ligiuri wesebisadmia daqvemdebarebuli. kunZulze araa samo-qalaqo qorwineba, araa daSvebuli gayra. eklesiis mier mkac-radaa akrZaluli orsulobis sawinaaRmdego qmedebani, rac Za-lze maRali Sobadobis erT-erTi faqtorTagania. saojaxo yo-faSi didxans SemorCa Zveli patriarqaluri tradiciebi. did-xans iyo SemorCenili qalis gandegiluri yofa. maltelTa ga-

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gebiT qali mxolod orjer SeiZleba gamovides sazogadoebaSi: qorwilisa da dakrZalvis dros. maltelebis ZiriTadi sameurneo saqmianobebia: mebostneoba (maT kartofili saeqsportod gaaqvT), mebaReoba, mevenaxeoba. gavrcelebulia mesaqonleoba, meTevzeoba da zRvaosnoba. mal-taze mdinareebi, tbebi araa. wvima xSirad ar modis. amitom wy-lis ukmarisoba aq seriozuli problemaa. kunZulis mcxovreb-ni xSirad wvimis wyalsac agroveben. iyeneben miwisqveSa wyleb-sac, magram is ZiriTadad mariliania. gvalvian wlebSi wyali siciliidan SemoaqvT. miwis simwiris gamo, maltelebi mxolod mTeli teritoriis naxevars amuSaveben. mowyobili aqvT tera-sebi. dRemde miwa dasamuSavebel nakveTebSi kalaTebiT SeaqvT. warsulSi ki ucxour xomaldebs, romlebic maltaSi Sediod-nen, aucileblad unda gadaexadaT `araCveulebrivi~ gadasa-xadi _ materikidan motanili miwa. miuxedavad amisa, subtro-pikuli havis gamo, aq weliwadSi ramdenime mosavali mohyavdaT. maltelebs TavianTi moweuli marcvleuli ar hyofniT. mas sazRvargareT yiduloben. maltis dedaqalaqia valeta. qalaqSi ZiriTadad orsarTuli-ani saxlebia, romelTa pirveli sarTulebi maRaziebs ukavia. dedaqalaqSi mxolod ramdenime monumenturi Senobaa (naciona-luri biblioTeka, saistorio muzeumi, XVI saukuneSi agebuli san-jovanis eklesia, inglisis gubernatoris yofili Senoba). aqvea 1769 wels daarsebuli universiteti. maltelebi evropaSi erT-erT yvelaze musikalur xalxad iTvlebian. mosaxleobis TiTqmis 60% momsaxurebis sferoSia dasaqmebuli. turistul biznesTanaa dakavSirebuli qvis mxatvruli damuSaveba.

2.81. boSebi (awinknebi) boSebis (awinknebis) TviTsaxelwodebaa roma, mx. ricxvSi rom. isini cxovroben msoflios mraval qveyanaSi. boSebs sxva-dasxva xalxebi sxvadasxva saxeliT moixsenieben: ingliselebi _ Gypsies (`egviptelebi~), espanelebi _ Gitanos, ungrelebi _ Ci-gany-Pharao nepek (`faraonis tomi~), frangebi _ Bohemiens (bohe-melebi) an Tsiganes, italielebi _ Zingari, holandielebi _ Hei-dens (`warmarTebi~), finelebi _ Mustalainen (`Savebi~) da sxv. boSebis saerTo raodenoba sxvadasxva monacemebiT 6-dan 10 milionamdea, maT Soris, ungreTSi 400 aTasi kaci, slovakeTSi

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_ 300 aTasi, CexeTSi _ 120 aTasi, rumineTSi _ 260 aTasi, bulga-reTSi _ 220 aTasi, iugoslaviaSi _ 120 aTasi, ruseTSi _ 153 aTasi. boSebi laparakoben boSur (awinknur) enaze, romelic indoevropul enaTa ojaxis indoariul jgufSi Sedis. boSur enas aqvs dialeqtebi. maTi umetesoba flobs irgvliv myofi mosaxleobis enas. morwmune boSebi ruseTSi ZiriTadad marTlmadideblebi ari-an, balkaneTis qveynebSi _ muslimi-semitebi, evropis qveynebSi _ kaTolikeebi. gavrcelebulia agreTve tradiciuli rwmena-wa-rmodgenebi. boSebis winaprebma, rogorc Cans, indoeTi pirveli aTaswle-ulis bolos datoves. Tavdapirvelad dasaxldnen wina aziaSi (iranis teritoriaze) da egvipteSi, bizantiis imperiis aRmosa-vleT ganapira mxareebSi. meore aTaswleulis dasawyisSi gada-inacvles balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze. XV-XVI saukuneebSi bo-Sebi evropaSi gansaxldnen, sadac pirvelad isini egviptidan mosulebad miiRes, gvian isini CrdiloeT afrikaSi gansaxld-nen, XIX saukuneSi ki _ amerikis kontinentsa da avstraliaSi. evropaSi Tavdapirveli keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba boSebis (awinknebis) mimarT maTi, rogorc mawanwalebis, dev-niT Seicvala. boSebs acxadebdnen kanongareSe mosaxleobad, asaxlebdnen saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebs gareT. meore msoflio omis dros evropaSi daaxloebiT 500 aTasi boSa gawyvites. omis Semdeg bevri maTgani binadar cxovrebaze gadavida. kacebi ZiriTadad cxenebis vaWrobiT iyvnen dakavebulni, qa-lebi _ mkiTxaobiT. mamakacis samuSao, rogorc wesi, sezonuri iyo. ojaxSi yoveldRiuri Semosavali qalebs SemohqondaT. bo-Sebi ganTqmulni arian rogorc musikosebi, mocekvaveebi, mom-Rerlebi. boSebi gaerTianebulni arian momTabare banakebad, romlis wevrebic SeiZleba sisxliT naTesavebi ar iyvnen. banakebi iTv-lian 5-dan 25-mde karavs. Sroma koleqtiuria. gamomuSavebuli Tanxa banakis yvela wevrze iyofa. banaks xelmZRvanelobs winamZRoli, romelic ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenelia da kargad icis irgvliv myofi mosaxleobis ena. boSebi (awinknebi) miwaTmoqmedebas ar misdevdnen. XVI sauku-nidan XIX saukunis meore naxevramde mxolod rumineTSi gau-Tanabres yma glexebs boSaTa is nawili, romelic sasoflo meurneobas misdevda. boSebSi umetesad ganviTarebuli iyo sam-Wedlo saqme (inglisi, espaneTi, samxreT-aRmosavleTi evropa).

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ungreli boSebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia boSa mamakacis gada-svla colis sagvareulo jgufSi, rasac Sesabamisad gvarovnu-li saxelis Secvla mosdevs. dRemde boSebSi yvelgan SemorCe-nilia sisxlis aRebis wes-Cveuleba. axaldabadebul bavSvs civ wyalSi abanaveben, Semdeg ki hkideben cecxlis Tavze. isini Za-lian adre qorwindebian: vaJi 14-18 wlis asakSi, gogona _ 13-15 wlis asakSi. devnis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, boSebi iRebdnen im xalxis religias, romelTa qveyanaSic cxovrobdnen, magram, faqtobri-vad, yovelTvis inarCunebdnen TavianT rwmena-warmodgenebs. bo-Sebs swamT uzenaesi arsebis _ `del~-is, `devl-isa~ (SesaZloa is momdinareobdes sanskrituli `dev~-idan _ keTili suli). RmerTis atributebia _ elva da Weqa-quxili. boSaTa rwmena-wa-rmodgenebSi zoroastrizmis niSnebi da cecxlis kulti gvxvd-eba. arsebobs winaparTa kultic.

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s a r C e v i

winaTqma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

nawili I _ eTnosTa klasifikaciis safuZvlebi . . . . . . 7

1.1. xalxebi (zogadi mimoxilva) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2. ena _ eTnosis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSani . . . . . . . . 8 1.3. enaTa klasifikacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4. teritoria _ eTnosis erT-erTi niSani . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.5. eTnikuri kultura _ xalxTa erT-erTi niSani . . . . 17 1.6. xalxTa saxelwodebani _ eTnonimebi . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.7. mosaxleobis migraciebi da eTnosebi . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.8. religia da xalxebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1.9. adamianTa rasebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

nawili II _ evropis xalxebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

2.1. evropa da evropelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.2. portugalielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.3. galisielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.4. espanelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 2.5. katalonielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 2.6. andorelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 2.7. provansalelebi (oqsitanelebi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 2.8. frangebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 2.9. valonielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 2.10. retoromanelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 2.11. korsikelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 2.12. italielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2.13. sardinielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 2.14. ruminelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 2.15. moldovelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 2.16. Sveicarielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 2.17. ingliselebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 2.18. holandielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 2.19. frizebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

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2.20. flamandielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 2.21. germanelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 2.22. avstrielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 2.23. lixtenSteinelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 2.24. luqsemburgelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 2.25. elzaselebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 2.26. islandielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 2.27. farerelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 2.28. norvegielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 2.29. Svedebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 2.30. danielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 2.31. Sotlandielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 2.32. irlandielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 2.33. olsterelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 2.34. uelselebi (valielebi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 2.35. bretonelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 2.36. latvielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 2.37. litvelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 2.38. polonelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 2.39. Cexebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 2.40. slovakebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 2.41. luJielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 2.42. bulgarelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 2.43. makedonielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 2.44. bosnielebi (muslimebi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 2.45. serbebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 2.46. xorvatebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 2.47. Cernogorielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 2.48. slovenebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 2.49. rusebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 2.50. ukrainelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 2.51. belorusebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 2.52. finelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 2.53. loparebi (saamebi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 2.54. karelielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 2.55. estonelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 2.56. livebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

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2.57. ungrelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 2.58. mordvelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 2.59. udmurtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 2.60. marielebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 2.61. komelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 2.62. komi-permelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 2.63. vepsebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 2.64. iJorelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 2.65. vodebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 2.66. nenebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 2.67. Turqebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 2.68. yirimeli TaTrebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 2.69. gagauzebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 2.70. TaTrebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 2.71. CuvaSebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 2.72. baSkirebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 2.73. yalmuxebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 2.74. evropeli ebraelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 2.75. karaimebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 2.76. krimCakebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 2.77. baskebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 2.78. berZnebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 2.79. albanelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 2.80. maltelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 2.81. boSebi (awinknebi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

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TThhee EEtthhnnoollooggyy ooff EEuurrooppee

eevvrrooppiiss eeTTnnoollooggiiaa

ggaammoommcceemmlloobbiiss rreeddaaqqttoorrii mmaarriinn ee vvaarraammaaSSvviillii

ggaarreekkaanniiss ddiizzaaiinnii TTiinn aaTTiinn CCiirriinn aaSSvviillii

kkoommpp.. uuzzrruunnvveellyyooffaa nn aa TT ii aa dd vv aa ll ii

00112288,, TTbbiilliissii,, ii.. WWaavvWWaavvaaZZiiss ggaammzziirrii 1144

00112288,, TTbbiilliissii,, 1144,, II.. CChhaavvcchhaavvaaddzzee AAvv..

wwwwww..pprreessss..ttssuu..ggee ((2255--1144--3322))

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