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Vocational Qualifications System Vocational Qualifications System in Koreain Korea
Vocational Qualifications System Vocational Qualifications System in Koreain Korea
Jeong-Yoon, ChoJeong-Yoon, ChoJeong-Yoon, ChoJeong-Yoon, Cho
2
ContentsContents
1. Structure of Korean Qualification System1. Structure of Korean Qualification System
3. Structure of National Technical Qualification System 3. Structure of National Technical Qualification System
4. Administration of Certification 4. Administration of Certification
2. Enactment of National Technical Qualification2. Enactment of National Technical Qualification
6. Credit Bank System for Holders of National Technical 6. Credit Bank System for Holders of National Technical QualificationQualification
5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical 5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical QualificationQualification
7. Authorization of Private Qualification by Government7. Authorization of Private Qualification by Government
8. APEC Engineer8. APEC Engineer
9. Mutual Recognition of IT Qualifications9. Mutual Recognition of IT Qualifications
10. Current Trends of Changing Qualification System10. Current Trends of Changing Qualification System
11. Reform of National Technical Qualification System11. Reform of National Technical Qualification System
12. Fundamental Points in Designing Qualification System12. Fundamental Points in Designing Qualification System
3
1. Structure of Korean Qualification 1. Structure of Korean Qualification SystemSystem
Qualifications in KoreaQualifications in Korea
National QualificationsNational Qualifications Private QualificationsPrivate Qualifications
National Technical National Technical QualificationsQualifications
-National Technical Qualification Act
-25 Technical /service Categories
-603 items(professional engineer, engineer, etc.)
Pure Private Pure Private QualificationsQualifications
-no legal basis
-accurate name of items or number of items undetermined
Authorized Private Authorized Private QualificationsQualifications
- Basic Act on Qualification
- Authorized 51 Qualification items in 2005
National QualificationsNational Qualifications of Non-Technical of Non-Technical CategoriesCategories
-Separate acts under related ministries
-120 occupational fields(lawyer, accountant,Patent attorney, etc.)
4
1.The Structure of Korean Qualification 1.The Structure of Korean Qualification SystemSystem
1. National Technical 1. National Technical Qualifications(NTQ)Qualifications(NTQ)
• • NTQ focused on manufacturing, service, business management and professional NTQ focused on manufacturing, service, business management and professional
business industries business industries
• • Qualification testing was administered by HRD Korea (public organization, handling Qualification testing was administered by HRD Korea (public organization, handling 557 557
qualification items) and KCCI (Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry) (private qualification items) and KCCI (Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry) (private
organization, covering 18 qualification items)organization, covering 18 qualification items)
2. National Qualifications of Non-Technical 2. National Qualifications of Non-Technical CategoriesCategories
• • There are various kinds of qualification items in this categories from medical There are various kinds of qualification items in this categories from medical doctor todoctor to
driving licensedriving license
• • Qualification testing was administered by individual testing agency, which wasQualification testing was administered by individual testing agency, which was
designated by each ministrydesignated by each ministry
5
1.The Structure of Korean Qualification 1.The Structure of Korean Qualification SystemSystem
3. Authorized Private Qualifications3. Authorized Private Qualifications
• • 51 qualification items were authorized by government by 2005 51 qualification items were authorized by government by 2005
• • Annually over 100 private qualification providers have applied for the authorization Annually over 100 private qualification providers have applied for the authorization ofof
private qualification, which was mainly handled by KRIVET, since 1999 private qualification, which was mainly handled by KRIVET, since 1999
4. Pure Private 4. Pure Private QualificationsQualifications
• • Qualification items could be created by private qualification providers freelyQualification items could be created by private qualification providers freely
• • Categories of qualification testing are so broad such as business management,Categories of qualification testing are so broad such as business management,
computers, language skills, sports/health, hobbies, design, hairdressing, social computers, language skills, sports/health, hobbies, design, hairdressing, social welfare,welfare,
sanitation, counseling, education, construction and civil engineering, machinery, sanitation, counseling, education, construction and civil engineering, machinery, andand
service, etc.service, etc.
• • Credit Analyst, loan inspector, e-Test professionals, internet search expert, policyCredit Analyst, loan inspector, e-Test professionals, internet search expert, policy
analysis, and evaluation expert etc. were authorized analysis, and evaluation expert etc. were authorized
6
1.The Structure of Korean Qualification 1.The Structure of Korean Qualification SystemSystem
• • There is no official statistics because private qualification providers don’t have There is no official statistics because private qualification providers don’t have obligationobligation
to reporting to government-related organizations when they create qualification to reporting to government-related organizations when they create qualification items items
7
Background(Dec. 1973)Background(Dec. 1973)
• • FirstFirst,, the lack of coherence among the technical qualifications issued by the lack of coherence among the technical qualifications issued by variousvarious
government ministries and laws government ministries and laws • • SecondSecond,, the criteria for national technical qualification are much too the criteria for national technical qualification are much too complicatedcomplicated
and unbalanced and unbalanced
• • ThirdThird,, the various qualifications authorized by different sources, many of the various qualifications authorized by different sources, many of themthem
overlapping in their content, are not being accorded inter-changeabilityoverlapping in their content, are not being accorded inter-changeability
• • FourthFourth, the near absence of preferential treatment for certificate holders , the near absence of preferential treatment for certificate holders hashas
worked to deter the incentives of workers to acquire technical skills worked to deter the incentives of workers to acquire technical skills
• • FifthFifth, due to the unorganized system of qualification, it has been impossible , due to the unorganized system of qualification, it has been impossible toto
keep technical education and vocational training in line with the needs of thekeep technical education and vocational training in line with the needs of the
industryindustry
2. Enactment of National Technical 2. Enactment of National Technical QualificationQualification
8
2. Enactment of National Technical 2. Enactment of National Technical QualificationQualification
Basic PrincipleBasic Principle
• • Referencing to this classification, technological and technical track Referencing to this classification, technological and technical track were introduced. were introduced.
• • Human resources in the science and technology field were classified Human resources in the science and technology field were classified intointo
three categories:three categories:
• • The former consists of 3 grades, such as Professional Engineer, The former consists of 3 grades, such as Professional Engineer, ClassⅠ and ⅡClassⅠ and Ⅱ
Engineer, the latter comprises of 4 grades, such as Master Engineer, the latter comprises of 4 grades, such as Master Craftsman, Class Ⅰ andCraftsman, Class Ⅰ and
Ⅱ Ⅱ Craftsman, and Assistant Craftsman. Craftsman, and Assistant Craftsman.
① ① scientists(the so-called brain power)scientists(the so-called brain power)
② ② on-site technicians, who are in charge of technical matters in the actual workplaceon-site technicians, who are in charge of technical matters in the actual workplace
③ ③ craftsmen, whose main duties are manufacturing, assembling,operating, repairingcraftsmen, whose main duties are manufacturing, assembling,operating, repairing
and maintenanceand maintenance
9
Change of National Technical Qualification FrameworkChange of National Technical Qualification Framework
ProfessionProfessional al
EngineerEngineer
Master Master CraftsmanCraftsman
11stst Class Class EngineerEngineer
22ndnd Class Class EngineerEngineer
11stst Class Class CraftsmanCraftsman
22ndnd Class Class CraftsmanCraftsman
Assistant Assistant CraftsmanCraftsman
TechniciaTechniciann
ProfessionProfessional al
EngineerEngineer
Master Master CraftsmanCraftsman
EngineerEngineer
Industrial Industrial EngineerEngineer
CraftsmanCraftsman
Past (by 1998)Past (by 1998) PresentPresent
2. Enactment of National Technical 2. Enactment of National Technical QualificationQualification
10
2. Enactment of National Technical 2. Enactment of National Technical QualificationQualification
FunctionFunction
• • FirstFirst, individual skills and capabilities should be evaluated according to , individual skills and capabilities should be evaluated according to standardstandard
criteria, making possible the supplying of skilled workers as well as providing criteria, making possible the supplying of skilled workers as well as providing aa
direction for human resources development institutions.direction for human resources development institutions.• • SecondSecond, the qualification system must provide a link between the supply , the qualification system must provide a link between the supply andand
demand of skilled workers, facilitating the smooth flow of labor force. demand of skilled workers, facilitating the smooth flow of labor force.
• • FourthFourth, qualified and skilled workers can be secured and further utilized,, qualified and skilled workers can be secured and further utilized,
contributing to increased productivity and industrial development.contributing to increased productivity and industrial development.
• • ThirdThird, it acts as a guideline regarding employment, pay, promotion to , it acts as a guideline regarding employment, pay, promotion to individualsindividuals
and standards for human resources management, especially in an industrialand standards for human resources management, especially in an industrial
society. society.
11
2. Enactment of National Technical 2. Enactment of National Technical QualificationQualification
Establishment Direction of Qualification ItemsEstablishment Direction of Qualification Items
• • At the time of the enactment of the NTQ Act, the main consideration was At the time of the enactment of the NTQ Act, the main consideration was given to given to
skills related to heavy industry, such as machinery, metal, chemical skills related to heavy industry, such as machinery, metal, chemical engineering, engineering,
etc. since the basic principle was put to economic development through the etc. since the basic principle was put to economic development through the
support of heavy industry. support of heavy industry.
12
3. Structure of National Technical 3. Structure of National Technical Qualification SystemQualification System
National National TechnicalTechnical
QualificationQualification
Technical Technical GroupGroup
Service Service GroupGroup
ProfessionalProfessionalEngineerEngineer
EngineerEngineer
IndustrialIndustrialEngineerEngineer
CraftsmanCraftsman
MasterMasterCraftsmanCraftsman
AdministrativeAdministrativeManagementManagement
ProfessionalProfessionalBusinessBusiness
Other Other ServiceService
Class IIClass II
Class IIIClass III
Class IClass I
Class IIClass II
MasterMasterCraftsmanCraftsman
IndustrialIndustrialEngineerEngineer
CraftsmanCraftsman
Class IClass I
Classification of National Technical QualificationClassification of National Technical Qualification
13
GradeGrade
Occupation CategoryOccupation Category
TotaTotall
ProfessioProfessional nal
EngineerEngineer
Master Master CraftsmCraftsm
anan
EngineEngineerer
Industrial Industrial EngineerEngineer
CraftsmaCraftsmann
1. Machinery1. Machinery
2. Metal2. Metal
3. Chemical Engineering3. Chemical Engineering
and Ceramicsand Ceramics
4. Electricity4. Electricity
5. Electronics5. Electronics
107107
4444
1515
1818
1414
99
66
22
55
33
99
66
11
11
11
1414
99
22
44
33
2626
77
33
55
44
4949
1616
77
33
33
6. Communication6. Communication
7. Shipbuilding7. Shipbuilding
8. Aeronautics8. Aeronautics
9. Civil Engineering9. Civil Engineering
10. Construction10. Construction
2020
66
88
3030
3232
11
11
1111
44
11
--
--
--
22
55
11
11
55
33
66
11
11
55
66
77
33
44
99
1717
11. Textiles11. Textiles
12. Mining12. Mining
13. Information 13. Information ProcessingProcessing
14. Land Development14. Land Development
15. Agriculture and 15. Agriculture and
ForestryForestry
2121
1717
77
1212
3939
44
33
22
44
66
--
--
--
--
11
33
33
22
44
1111
77
33
22
22
99
77
88
11
22
1212
3. Structure of National Technical 3. Structure of National Technical Qualification SystemQualification System
(Continued)(Continued)
Number of Qualification Items in Technical Group of NTQSNumber of Qualification Items in Technical Group of NTQS
14
GradeGrade
Occupation CategoryOccupation Category
TotaTotall
ProfessioProfessional nal
EngineerEngineer
Master Master CraftsmCraftsm
anan
EngineEngineerer
Industrial Industrial EngineerEngineer
CraftsmaCraftsmann
16. Ocean and Fisheries16. Ocean and Fisheries
17. Industrial Design17. Industrial Design
18. Energy18. Energy
19. Safety Management19. Safety Management
20. Environment20. Environment
2323
1010
55
2323
2020
44
11
22
88
66
--
--
--
11
--
99
33
22
77
88
66
33
11
66
55
44
33
--
11
11
21. Applied Industry21. Applied Industry
22. Transportation22. Transportation
23. Pottery23. Pottery
3131
33
1616
55
11
--
--
--
11
99
11
--
77
11
11
1010
--
1414
TotalTotal 521521 9090 2424 109109 117117 181181
3. Structure of National Technical 3. Structure of National Technical Qualification SystemQualification System
Number of Qualification Items in Technical Group of NTQSNumber of Qualification Items in Technical Group of NTQS
Source : Guidebook for national technical qualification testing(2005). HRD service of Korea Source : Guidebook for national technical qualification testing(2005). HRD service of Korea
15
OccupationOccupation
categorycategoryItemItem ClassClass NumberNumber
AdministrativeAdministrative
ManagementManagement
Word ProcessingWord Processing 1-3 geup1-3 geup 33
Korean ShorthandKorean Shorthand 1-3 geup1-3 geup 33
Secretarial WorkSecretarial Work 1-3 geup1-3 geup 33
Computer ApplicabilityComputer Applicability 1-3 geup1-3 geup 33
Professional Professional
BusinessBusiness
Computer AccountingComputer Accounting 1-3 geup1-3 geup 33
Job CounselorJob Counselor 1-2 geup1-2 geup 22
Social Survey AnalystSocial Survey Analyst 1-2 geup1-2 geup 22
Electronic CommerceElectronic Commerce 1-2 geup1-2 geup 22
3. Structure of National Technical 3. Structure of National Technical Qualification SystemQualification System
Number of Qualification items in Service Group of NTQSNumber of Qualification items in Service Group of NTQS
“• “• geup” : stands for the meaning of “grade” in Koreangeup” : stands for the meaning of “grade” in Korean
16
11Multi-media Contents Multi-media Contents Manufacturing ExpertManufacturing Expert
11Game Graphic ExpertGame Graphic Expert
3232TotalTotal
11Game Programming ExpertGame Programming Expert
11Game Planning ExpertGame Planning Expert
Professional Professional
BusinessBusiness
221-2 geup1-2 geupConvention plannerConvention planner
221-2 geup1-2 geupConsumer Professional Consumer Professional ConsultantConsultant
221-2 geup1-2 geupClinical(Experimental) Clinical(Experimental) PsychologistPsychologist
11Telemarketing ManagerTelemarketing Manager
NumberNumberClassClassItemItemOccupationOccupation
categorycategory
3. Structure of National Technical 3. Structure of National Technical Qualification SystemQualification System
Number of Qualification items in Service Group of NTQSNumber of Qualification items in Service Group of NTQS
“• “• geup” : stands for the meaning of “grade” in Koreangeup” : stands for the meaning of “grade” in Korean
17
3. Structure of National Technical 3. Structure of National Technical Qualification SystemQualification System
Number of Qualification items in Service Group(other service) of NTQSNumber of Qualification items in Service Group(other service) of NTQS
GradeGrade
Occupation CategoryOccupation Category
Master Master
CraftsmanCraftsmanIndustrial Industrial EngineerEngineer CraftsmanCraftsman NumberNumber
FoodsFoodsCookingCooking
BakingBaking
CookingCooking(Korean Cooking(Korean Cooking
Western CookingWestern Cooking
Chinese CookingChinese Cooking
Japanese CookingJapanese Cooking
Swellfish Cooking)Swellfish Cooking)
Korean CookingKorean Cooking
Western CookingWestern Cooking
Chinese CookingChinese Cooking
Japanese CookingJapanese Cooking
Swellfish CookingSwellfish Cooking
Confectionary CookingConfectionary Cooking
PastryPastry
BartenderBartender
1515
SanitationSanitationBarberBarber
BeauticianBeautician
BarberBarber
BeauticianBeautician
LaundryLaundry55
TotalTotal 44 55 1111 2020
18
3. Structure of National Technical 3. Structure of National Technical Qualification SystemQualification System
Certification Criteria in NTQS according to GradeCertification Criteria in NTQS according to Grade
GradeGrade Certification CriteriaCertification Criteria
Professional Professional Engineer Engineer
Whether or not the applicant has the ability to plan, research, Whether or not the applicant has the ability to plan, research,
design, analyze, test, operate, construct, evaluate or guide and design, analyze, test, operate, construct, evaluate or guide and
supervise these activities based on a high level of expert knowledge supervise these activities based on a high level of expert knowledge
and field experienceand field experience
Master CraftsmanMaster CraftsmanWhether or not the applicant has plenty of experience and skills in Whether or not the applicant has plenty of experience and skills in
order to supervise, guide other workers, carry out on-site training, order to supervise, guide other workers, carry out on-site training,
and act as a link between the management and production workersand act as a link between the management and production workers
EngineerEngineerWhether or not the applicant has the ability to carry out skilled tasks Whether or not the applicant has the ability to carry out skilled tasks
such as design, base construction, and analysis based on such as design, base construction, and analysis based on
engineering knowledge.engineering knowledge.
Industrial EngineerIndustrial Engineer Whether or not the applicant has the ability to carry out multi-skill Whether or not the applicant has the ability to carry out multi-skill
tasks based on basic technical knowledge or experiencetasks based on basic technical knowledge or experience
CraftsmanCraftsmanWhether or not the applicant has the ability to carry out task Whether or not the applicant has the ability to carry out task
management duties such as produce, manufacture, operate, repair, management duties such as produce, manufacture, operate, repair,
and inspectand inspect
19
3. Structure of National Technical 3. Structure of National Technical Qualification SystemQualification System
Example of Certification Criteria for Administrative Management (Service Group)Example of Certification Criteria for Administrative Management (Service Group)
NameName GradGradee
Certification CriteriaCertification Criteria
WordWord
ProcessinProcessingg
1 geup1 geup Possessing expert-level word processing skills and the ability to carry Possessing expert-level word processing skills and the ability to carry
out related duties with efficiency and accuracyout related duties with efficiency and accuracy
2 geup2 geup Possessing intermediate-level word processing skills and the ability to Possessing intermediate-level word processing skills and the ability to
carry out related duties with efficiency and accuracycarry out related duties with efficiency and accuracy
3 geup3 geup Possessing beginner-level word processing skills and the ability to carry Possessing beginner-level word processing skills and the ability to carry
out related duties with efficiency and accuracy out related duties with efficiency and accuracy
ComputerComputer
ApplicabilApplicabilityity
AndAnd
AccountinAccountingg
1 geup1 geup Possessing expert-level computer skills and the ability to carry out Possessing expert-level computer skills and the ability to carry out
related duties with efficiency and accuracyrelated duties with efficiency and accuracy
2 geup2 geup Possessing intermediate-level computer skills and the ability to carry Possessing intermediate-level computer skills and the ability to carry
out related duties with efficiency and accuracyout related duties with efficiency and accuracy
3 geup3 geup Possessing beginner-level computer skills and the ability to carry out Possessing beginner-level computer skills and the ability to carry out
related duties with efficiency and accuracyrelated duties with efficiency and accuracy
20
3. Structure of National Technical 3. Structure of National Technical Qualification SystemQualification System
Eligibility for National Technical QualificationEligibility for National Technical Qualification
- Engineer- Engineer ++ 4 years4 years**
- University graduate- University graduate
++ 7 years7 years**
- Practical Experience ;- Practical Experience ;
11 years11 years
ProfessionalProfessionalEngineerEngineer
Master Master CraftsmanCraftsman
- Industrial Engineer- Industrial Engineer
++ 6 years6 years**
- Craftsman- Craftsman ++ 8 years8 years**
- Practical Experience ;- Practical Experience ;
11 years11 years
EngineerEngineer
- Industrial Engineer- Industrial Engineer
++ 1 year1 year**
- University graduate- University graduate
- Practical Experience ;- Practical Experience ;
4 years4 years
- Craftsman- Craftsman ++ 1 year1 year**
- Junior College graduate - Junior College graduate
- Practical Experience ;- Practical Experience ;
2 years2 years
Industrial Industrial EngineerEngineer
CraftsmanCraftsman No LimitationNo Limitation
21
3. Structure of National Technical 3. Structure of National Technical Qualification SystemQualification System
Testing Procedures of Technical GroupTesting Procedures of Technical Group
Qualification Qualification TypeType
Testing ProcedureTesting Procedure
Written Exam.Written Exam. Practical Exam. or InterviewPractical Exam. or Interview
Professional Professional
EngineerEngineerShort answers or essay Short answers or essay InterviewInterview
Master Master CraftsmanCraftsman
Multiple choice Multiple choice
(1 answer out of 4 choices)(1 answer out of 4 choices)Practical exam.+Practical exam.+
Written exam.Written exam.
EngineerEngineerMultiple choice Multiple choice
(1 answer out of 4 choices)(1 answer out of 4 choices)Practical exam.+Practical exam.+
Written exam.Written exam.
Industrial Industrial EngineerEngineer
Multiple choice Multiple choice
(1 answer out of 4 choices)(1 answer out of 4 choices)Practical exam.+Practical exam.+
Written exam.Written exam.
CraftsmanCraftsmanMultiple choice Multiple choice
(1 answer out of 4 choices)(1 answer out of 4 choices)Practical exam.Practical exam.
22
3. Structure of National Technical 3. Structure of National Technical Qualification SystemQualification System
Testing Procedures of Service GroupTesting Procedures of Service Group
Qualification itemQualification item Testing ProcedureTesting Procedure
ShorthandShorthand Practical exam.Practical exam.
SecretarySecretary Written exam. → Practical exam.Written exam. → Practical exam.
Word ProcessingWord Processing Written exam. → Practical exam.Written exam. → Practical exam.
Computer applicabilityComputer applicability Written exam. → Practical exam.Written exam. → Practical exam.
Computer accountingComputer accounting Written exam. → Practical exam.Written exam. → Practical exam.
Job counselorJob counselor Written exam. → Practical exam.Written exam. → Practical exam.
Social survey marketSocial survey market Written exam. → Practical exam.Written exam. → Practical exam.
Electric commerceElectric commerce Written exam. → Practical exam.Written exam. → Practical exam.
23
4. Administration of 4. Administration of CertificationCertification
Operating System of NTQSOperating System of NTQS
Ministry of Labor Ministry of Labor Overall Management of Qualification SystemOverall Management of Qualification System
- Operation of NTQS Review Commission- Operation of NTQS Review Commission- Making Plans for administration of- Making Plans for administration of qualification exam.qualification exam.- Administration of laws and qualification- Administration of laws and qualification systemsystem
19 Ministries in Government 19 Ministries in Government
Utilization of Qualification AcquirersUtilization of Qualification Acquirers
- Application of qualification - related lawsApplication of qualification - related laws- Implementation of disciplinary action- Implementation of disciplinary action (for example, the cancellation of (for example, the cancellation of qualification)qualification)
Administrative InstitutionAdministrative Institution (HRD Korea, KCCI)(HRD Korea, KCCI)
Implementation and Administration Implementation and Administration of Qualification Testingof Qualification Testing
- Formulation of Exam. Question- Formulation of Exam. Question- Implementation of exams- Implementation of exams- Registration and its maintenance- Registration and its maintenance
24
4. Administration of 4. Administration of CertificationCertification
Functions on the Ministry of LaborFunctions on the Ministry of Labor
The Ministry of Labor is the main authority that deals with the NTQS and implements policies The Ministry of Labor is the main authority that deals with the NTQS and implements policies
regarding its operation and adjustments in co-operation with other government departments. regarding its operation and adjustments in co-operation with other government departments.
<Main Functions><Main Functions>
• • creating and abolishing qualification categories and exam. subjects,deciding on creating and abolishing qualification categories and exam. subjects,deciding on
the application requirementsthe application requirements
• • deciding on various standards, such as certification feesdeciding on various standards, such as certification fees
• • confirming administration plans of the qualification examsconfirming administration plans of the qualification exams
• • operating and finding ways to improve the NTQS, such as promoting preferential operating and finding ways to improve the NTQS, such as promoting preferential
treatment for certificate holders, improving the qualification administration system.treatment for certificate holders, improving the qualification administration system.
25
4. Administration of 4. Administration of CertificationCertification
Implementation Flowchart of TestingImplementation Flowchart of Testing
Planning of qualification exam. (Authorized by Minister of Labour)Planning of qualification exam. (Authorized by Minister of Labour)
Public announcementPublic announcement
Distribution and collection of exam. applicationsDistribution and collection of exam. applications
Formulation of exam.questionsFormulation of exam.questions
Printing of exam. questionsPrinting of exam. questions
Written testWritten test
Securing exam. venueSecuring exam. venue
Appointment of exam. Appointment of exam. supervisorssupervisors
Exam.Exam.
GradingGrading
Announcement of Announcement of qualifiersqualifiers
Practical testPractical test
Securing exam.venueSecuring exam.venue
Registration of practical Registration of practical exam. applicantsexam. applicants
Appointment of exam.Appointment of exam.supervisorssupervisors
Purchase of material Purchase of material necessary for cetificationnecessary for cetification
Exam.Exam.
GradingGrading
Announcement of qualifiersAnnouncement of qualifiers
RegistrationRegistration
RegistrationRegistration
Item BankItem Bank(Excluding Professional (Excluding Professional
Engineer)Engineer)
26
Qualification Qualification gradegrade
No. of No. of candidate(persons)candidate(persons)
No. Of successful No. Of successful candidate(persons)candidate(persons)
Average pass Average pass rate(%)rate(%)
Professional Professional engineerengineer 261,729261,729 27,19727,197 10.410.4
Master Master craftsmancraftsman 47,30247,302 8,9678,967 19.019.0
EngineerEngineer 4,871,9364,871,936 832,428832,428 17.117.1
Industrial Industrial engineerengineer 6,383,9796,383,979 964,223964,223 15.115.1
CraftsmanCraftsman 24,894,94024,894,940 6,002,6576,002,657 24.124.1
Professional Professional businessbusiness 92,46792,467 7,6097,609 8.28.2
TotalTotal 36,552,35336,552,353 7,843,0817,843,081 21.521.5
5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical 5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical QualificationQualification
Total Number of Candidates and Successful Candidates, and Average Pass RateTotal Number of Candidates and Successful Candidates, and Average Pass Rate
according to Grade, including professional business, from 1974 to 2004according to Grade, including professional business, from 1974 to 2004
* Professional business is not included in national technical qualification grade * Professional business is not included in national technical qualification grade
27
Qualification Qualification gradegrade
No. of No. of candidate(persons)candidate(persons)
No. Of successful No. Of successful candidate(persons)candidate(persons) pass rate(%)pass rate(%)
Professional Professional engineerengineer 15,63915,639 1,1671,167 7.57.5
Master Master craftsmancraftsman 9,4309,430 1,4581,458 15.515.5
EngineerEngineer 379,102379,102 87,25387,253 23.023.0
Industrial Industrial engineerengineer 324,184324,184 70,42170,421 21.721.7
CraftsmanCraftsman 1,052,9701,052,970 340,487340,487 32.332.3
Professional Professional businessbusiness 15,47915,479 1,8101,810 11.711.7
TotalTotal 1,796,8041,796,804 502,596502,596 30.030.0
5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical 5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical QualificationQualification
Total Number of Candidates and Successful Candidates, and Pass RateTotal Number of Candidates and Successful Candidates, and Pass Rate
according to Grade, including professional business, in 2004according to Grade, including professional business, in 2004
28
Qualification Qualification gradegrade
No. of No. of candidate(persons)candidate(persons)
No. Of successful No. Of successful candidate(persons)candidate(persons) pass rate(%)pass rate(%)
Professional Professional engineerengineer 14,63214,632 1,2211,221 8.38.3
Master Master craftsmancraftsman 6,4016,401 3,8013,801 59.459.4
EngineerEngineer 298,480298,480 121,400121,400 40.740.7
Industrial Industrial engineerengineer 265,564265,564 110,630110,630 41.741.7
CraftsmanCraftsman 650,650650,650 337,495337,495 51.951.9
Professional Professional businessbusiness 11,02711,027 6,9936,993 63.463.4
TotalTotal 1,246,7541,246,754 581,540581,540 46.646.6
5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical 5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical QualificationQualification
Total Number of Candidates and Successful Candidates, and Pass Rate Total Number of Candidates and Successful Candidates, and Pass Rate
for Written Test according to Grade, including professional business, in 2004for Written Test according to Grade, including professional business, in 2004
29
5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical 5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical QualificationQualification
Total Number of Candidates and Successful Candidates, and Pass Rate Total Number of Candidates and Successful Candidates, and Pass Rate
for Practical Test according to Grade, including professional business, in 2004for Practical Test according to Grade, including professional business, in 2004
23.223.21,8101,8107,8137,813Professional Professional businessbusiness
55.255.287,25387,253158,007158,007EngineerEngineer
24.024.01,4581,4586,0866,086Master Master craftsmancraftsman
56.656.670,42170,421124,513124,513Industrial Industrial engineerengineer
57.957.91,1671,1672,1072,107Professional Professional engineerengineer
56.456.4502,596502,596891,862891,862TotalTotal
57.457.4340,487340,487593,336593,336CraftsmanCraftsman
pass rate(%)pass rate(%)No. Of successful No. Of successful candidate(persons)candidate(persons)
No. of No. of candidate(persons)candidate(persons)
Qualification Qualification gradegrade
30
10.0(2002-2004)10.0(2002-2004)1,0721,07210,66010,660Electronic Commerce Electronic Commerce OperatorOperator
5.0(1998-2004)5.0(1998-2004)1,6801,68033,63833,638Secretarial WorkSecretarial Work
33.4(2000-2004)33.4(2000-2004)60,80560,805182,038182,038Computer Computer Accounting OperatorAccounting Operator
27.0(1999-2004)27.0(1999-2004)661,557661,5572,429,2402,429,240Computer Computer ApplicabilityApplicability
9.8(2000-2004)9.8(2000-2004)11,92211,922122,055122,055Electronic Electronic Commerce ExpertCommerce Expert
26.1(1992-2004)26.1(1992-2004)3,913,4113,913,41115,005,43515,005,435Word processingWord processing
26.126.14,653,3534,653,35317,811,19917,811,199TotalTotal
10.3(1998-2004)10.3(1998-2004)2,9062,90628,13328,133Korean Korean ShorthandShorthand
Average pass Average pass rate(%)rate(%)
Period(yr)Period(yr)
No. Of successful No. Of successful candidate(persons)candidate(persons)
No. of No. of candidate(persons)candidate(persons)
Qualification Qualification itemitem
5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical 5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical QualificationQualification
Total Number of Candidates and Successful Candidates, and Average Pass Rate,Total Number of Candidates and Successful Candidates, and Average Pass Rate,
Which Results were produced by KCCI, from 1992 to 2004Which Results were produced by KCCI, from 1992 to 2004
31
14.014.04194192,9932,993Electronic Commerce Electronic Commerce OperatorOperator
1.01.059595,5915,591Secretarial WorkSecretarial Work
49.749.710,65410,65421,44121,441Computer Computer Accounting OperatorAccounting Operator
30.330.3119,334119,334394,484394,484Computer Computer ApplicabilityApplicability
9.99.96106106,1876,187Electronic Electronic Commerce ExpertCommerce Expert
41.041.0400,346400,346977,046977,046Word processingWord processing
37.737.7531,652531,6521,409,1441,409,144TotalTotal
16.416.42302301,4021,402Korean Korean ShorthandShorthand
pass rate(%)pass rate(%)No. Of successful No. Of successful candidate(persons)candidate(persons)
No. of No. of candidate(persons)candidate(persons)
Qualification Qualification itemitem
5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical 5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical QualificationQualification
Total Number of Candidates and Successful Candidates, and Pass Rate,Total Number of Candidates and Successful Candidates, and Pass Rate,
Which Results were produced by KCCI in 2004Which Results were produced by KCCI in 2004
32
5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical 5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical QualificationQualification
Total Number of Candidates and Successful Candidates, and Pass Rate Total Number of Candidates and Successful Candidates, and Pass Rate
for Written test, Which Results were produced by KCCI in 2004for Written test, Which Results were produced by KCCI in 2004
58.758.71,7581,7582,9932,993Electronic Commerce Electronic Commerce OperatorOperator
52.652.62,9412,9415,5915,591Secretarial WorkSecretarial Work
39.639.68,4988,49821,44121,441Computer Computer Accounting OperatorAccounting Operator
40.840.8161,042161,042394,484394,484Computer Computer ApplicabilityApplicability
14.714.79129126,1876,187Electronic Electronic Commerce ExpertCommerce Expert
53.053.0517,455517,455977,046977,046Word processingWord processing
49.249.2692,606692,6061,409,1441,409,144TotalTotal
------Korean Korean
ShorthandShorthand
pass rate(%)pass rate(%)No. Of successful No. Of successful candidate(persons)candidate(persons)
No. of No. of candidate(persons)candidate(persons)
Qualification Qualification itemitem
33
33.333.34194191,2591,259Electronic Commerce Electronic Commerce OperatorOperator
29.129.15959203203Secretarial WorkSecretarial Work
55.455.410,65410,65419,22019,220Computer Computer Accounting OperatorAccounting Operator
58.058.0119,334119,334205,693205,693Computer Computer ApplicabilityApplicability
59.359.36106101,0281,028Electronic Electronic Commerce ExpertCommerce Expert
58.458.4400,346400,346685,670685,670Word processingWord processing
58.158.1531,652531,652914,475914,475TotalTotal
16.416.42302301,4021,402Korean Korean ShorthandShorthand
pass rate(%)pass rate(%)No. Of successful No. Of successful candidate(persons)candidate(persons)
No. of No. of candidate(persons)candidate(persons)
Qualification Qualification itemitem
5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical 5. Analysis on Test Results of National Technical QualificationQualification
Total Number of Candidates and Successful Candidates, and Pass RateTotal Number of Candidates and Successful Candidates, and Pass Rate
for Practical Test, Which Results were produced by KCCI in 2004for Practical Test, Which Results were produced by KCCI in 2004
34
6. Credit Bank System for Holders of National Technical 6. Credit Bank System for Holders of National Technical QualificationQualification
Credit bank systemCredit bank system
1. Background and 1. Background and Outline Outline
• • Credit bank system is one of the ways to fulfill the desires of people who pursue Credit bank system is one of the ways to fulfill the desires of people who pursue
lifelong learning.lifelong learning.
• • In a credit bank system, credits obtained through earning certificates recognized by theIn a credit bank system, credits obtained through earning certificates recognized by the
government. government.
• • The credits secured via these channels also can be accumulated for an academic The credits secured via these channels also can be accumulated for an academic
credential and a diploma.credential and a diploma.
• • The credit bank system was stipulated inThe credit bank system was stipulated in 「「 the Act on the Recognition of the Act on the Recognition of CreditsCredits」」
, established in 1998., established in 1998.
35
6. Credit Bank System for Holders of National Technical 6. Credit Bank System for Holders of National Technical QualificationQualification
2. Credit Recognition for Technical 2. Credit Recognition for Technical GroupGroup
• • Professional Engineers are given 45 credits.Professional Engineers are given 45 credits.
• • Master Craftsmen are given 39 credits.Master Craftsmen are given 39 credits.
• • Engineers (formerly Class I Engineers) are given 30 credits.Engineers (formerly Class I Engineers) are given 30 credits.
• • Industrial Engineers (formerly Class II Engineers, Multi-skilled Engineers, Class I Industrial Engineers (formerly Class II Engineers, Multi-skilled Engineers, Class I
Craftsmen) are given 24 credits.Craftsmen) are given 24 credits.
3. Credit Recognition for Service 3. Credit Recognition for Service GroupGroup
• • Level 1 Word Processing is given 12 credits.Level 1 Word Processing is given 12 credits.
• • Level 2 Secretarial Work is given 4 credits.Level 2 Secretarial Work is given 4 credits.
36
6. Credit Bank System for Holders of National Technical 6. Credit Bank System for Holders of National Technical QualificationQualification
• • Level 1 Computer Applicability, Level 1 Computer Accounting are given 18 Level 1 Computer Applicability, Level 1 Computer Accounting are given 18 credits.credits.
• • Level 2 Computer Applicability, Level 2 Computer Accounting are given 8 Level 2 Computer Applicability, Level 2 Computer Accounting are given 8 credits.credits.
• • Level 1 Electronic Commerce, Level 1 Job Counselor, Level 1 Social Survey Level 1 Electronic Commerce, Level 1 Job Counselor, Level 1 Social Survey AnalystAnalyst
are given 45 credits.are given 45 credits.
• • Level 2 Electronic Commerce, Level 2 Job Counselor, Level 2 Social Survey Analyst Level 2 Electronic Commerce, Level 2 Job Counselor, Level 2 Social Survey Analyst areare
given 30 credits.given 30 credits.
37
6. Credit Bank System for Holders of National Technical 6. Credit Bank System for Holders of National Technical QualificationQualification
Number of Degrees Awarded by Credit BankNumber of Degrees Awarded by Credit Bank
2,4792,479
1,8071,807
672672
20012001
34,26934,2699,5209,5208,2438,2434,5884,5881,0201,020Total(person)Total(person)
15,10615,1064,8404,8405,3455,3453,1383,138766766Two-years associate Bachelor’s degreeTwo-years associate Bachelor’s degree
19,16319,1634,6804,6802,8982,8981,4501,450254254Bachelor’s DegreeBachelor’s Degree
TotalTotal2004.2004.2003200320022002 20002000
Total number of degrees have been included No. of 1999 and first half of 2005 Total number of degrees have been included No. of 1999 and first half of 2005
-1999 : Bachelor’s degree(25 persons), Two-years associate Bachelor’s degree(9 persons)1999 : Bachelor’s degree(25 persons), Two-years associate Bachelor’s degree(9 persons)
-First half of 2005 : Bachelor’s degree(5,127 persons), Two-years associate Bachelor’s degree(3,258 persons)First half of 2005 : Bachelor’s degree(5,127 persons), Two-years associate Bachelor’s degree(3,258 persons)
Source : Korean Educational Development Institution(2005). internal dataSource : Korean Educational Development Institution(2005). internal data
38
7. Authorization of Private Qualification by 7. Authorization of Private Qualification by GovernmentGovernment
Definition of Private QualificationDefinition of Private Qualification
• • Private qualification refers to a system of qualification administered and operated by thePrivate qualification refers to a system of qualification administered and operated by the
private sector, including non-governmental private organizations and individuals.private sector, including non-governmental private organizations and individuals.
National Authorization System of Private QualificationNational Authorization System of Private Qualification
• • In order to activate the private qualification system, the Korean government enacted theIn order to activate the private qualification system, the Korean government enacted the
「「 Basic Qualification ActBasic Qualification Act 」」 on March 27, 1997. on March 27, 1997.
• • The task of evaluating applications of private qualifications for government authorization The task of evaluating applications of private qualifications for government authorization
which started in full-scale in 1999 was undertaken by the Korea Research Institute of which started in full-scale in 1999 was undertaken by the Korea Research Institute of
Vocational Education and Training(KRIVET). Vocational Education and Training(KRIVET).
39
7. Authorization of Private Qualification by 7. Authorization of Private Qualification by GovernmentGovernment
National Authorization Standards for Private Qualification
• • FirstFirst, private qualification holders must have the appropriate skills that are in , private qualification holders must have the appropriate skills that are in accordanceaccordance
with the fundamental directives of the qualification system as laid out inwith the fundamental directives of the qualification system as laid out in 「「 BasicBasic
Qualification ActQualification Act 」」• • SecondSecond, private qualification providers must also have had the results of implementing , private qualification providers must also have had the results of implementing
three or more qualification testing that have been in effect for at least one year to this date. three or more qualification testing that have been in effect for at least one year to this date.
• • ThirdThird, In the case of the presence of similar national qualification items, , In the case of the presence of similar national qualification items,
the certification standards, subjects, and eligibility of the private qualifications the certification standards, subjects, and eligibility of the private qualifications mustmust
be identical or at similar level to those of the national qualifications.be identical or at similar level to those of the national qualifications.
40
7. Authorization of Private Qualification by 7. Authorization of Private Qualification by GovernmentGovernment
Preferential Treatment for Workers with Authorized Private Qualification
• • As provided for by the law stipulating the details of national qualification, workers with As provided for by the law stipulating the details of national qualification, workers with authorized private certificate are to receive the same treatment as workers with nationalauthorized private certificate are to receive the same treatment as workers with national one. one.
Execution Results of Authorization on Private Qualification
• • 7 ministries had authorized 28 qualification items of about more 200 items of private 7 ministries had authorized 28 qualification items of about more 200 items of private qualification in 2000. qualification in 2000.
• • Government had put the expiry date to all authorized private qualification in the range ofGovernment had put the expiry date to all authorized private qualification in the range of 2∼5 years. Each authorized private institute being like to extend expiry date should take 2∼5 years. Each authorized private institute being like to extend expiry date should take the recertification within these date. the recertification within these date.
• • As of June. 2005, 50 private qualifications in 30 private institutes have receivedAs of June. 2005, 50 private qualifications in 30 private institutes have received recognition from 10 government offices. For example, hospital administrator,recognition from 10 government offices. For example, hospital administrator, administration manager, key manager, rural area heating equipment manager, administration manager, key manager, rural area heating equipment manager, plantplant protector, potted plant manager, billboard manager, information protectionprotector, potted plant manager, billboard manager, information protection specialist, Chinese character ability, English conversation proficiency ability, etc specialist, Chinese character ability, English conversation proficiency ability, etc
41
8. APEC 8. APEC EngineerEngineer
BackgroundBackground
• • Under the leadership of the IEAust(Institute of Engineers, Australia), APEC HRDWG is Under the leadership of the IEAust(Institute of Engineers, Australia), APEC HRDWG is
working on measures to mutually recognize engineers of the APEC member countries. working on measures to mutually recognize engineers of the APEC member countries.
• • 'The APEC Engineer project' dates back to May 1996 when the 1st APEC HRD Steering 'The APEC Engineer project' dates back to May 1996 when the 1st APEC HRD Steering
Committee was held in Sydney.Committee was held in Sydney.
• • As of 2005, formal members of the APEC Engineer Coordination Committee are 11 in totalAs of 2005, formal members of the APEC Engineer Coordination Committee are 11 in total
including Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Canada, Hong Kong, Malaysia, U.S., including Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Canada, Hong Kong, Malaysia, U.S.,
Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand. Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand.
• • The current scope of the APEC Engineer Project covers 15 engineering disciplines such asThe current scope of the APEC Engineer Project covers 15 engineering disciplines such as
civil, structure, geotechnical, electrical, mechanical, environmental, mining, industrial, civil, structure, geotechnical, electrical, mechanical, environmental, mining, industrial,
chemical, information technology, biotechnology, building service engineering, petroleumchemical, information technology, biotechnology, building service engineering, petroleum
engineering, aerospace engineering and, fire engineering. The scope is expected to expandengineering, aerospace engineering and, fire engineering. The scope is expected to expand
to cover more engineering disciplines.to cover more engineering disciplines.
42
8. APEC 8. APEC EngineerEngineer
Criteria for APEC EngineerCriteria for APEC Engineer
According to the SEA(Substantial Equivalence Agreement), engineers who have finished theAccording to the SEA(Substantial Equivalence Agreement), engineers who have finished the
registration can start their practice in any country within APEC. The following is the detailed registration can start their practice in any country within APEC. The following is the detailed
qualifications to be registered as "APEC Engineer".qualifications to be registered as "APEC Engineer".
• • FirstFirst, the candidate should be a graduate of educational courses in engineering at , the candidate should be a graduate of educational courses in engineering at
recognized programs. recognized programs.
• • SecondSecond, the candidate should prove he has enough field experience to work independently , the candidate should prove he has enough field experience to work independently
• • ThirdThird, the candidate should have at least 7 years of field experience after college, the candidate should have at least 7 years of field experience after college
graduation graduation
• • FourthFourth, the candidate should have at least 2 years of working in responsible engineering , the candidate should have at least 2 years of working in responsible engineering
positions out of 7 years. positions out of 7 years.
• • FifthFifth, the candidate should have been receiving quality training for continuing professional , the candidate should have been receiving quality training for continuing professional
development. development.
43
8. APEC 8. APEC EngineerEngineer
Substantial Equivalence Framework(SEF)Substantial Equivalence Framework(SEF)
Activity by/through independent Authorised BodActivity by/through independent Authorised Body for APEC Engineer Registery for APEC Engineer Register
Accreditation/Recognition of Accreditation/Recognition of Engineer programEngineer program
Qualifying Experience Individual Qualifying Experience Individual Assessments Established by Home Assessments Established by Home
EconomyEconomy
Individual AssessmentsIndividual Assessments
Individual AssessmentsIndividual Assessments
Assessment of Continued Practice Assessment of Continued Practice and Continuing Professional and Continuing Professional
EducationEducation
Mutual Recognition of Engineering Mutual Recognition of Engineering Education and Advanced Level Education and Advanced Level
ExperienceExperienceAPEC Engineer Registry(Monitoring Committee, APEC Engineer Registry(Monitoring Committee, Independent Authorised Designated ProfessionIndependent Authorised Designated Profession
al Body)al Body)
Completed an Accredited/Recognised EngineerCompleted an Accredited/Recognised Engineering Programing Program
Eligible for Independent practiceEligible for Independent practice
Total of at least 7 years practical Total of at least 7 years practical experience since graduationexperience since graduation
2 years Resposible Charge of Significant Engin2 years Resposible Charge of Significant Engineering Work(in the course of 7 yrs practical expeering Work(in the course of 7 yrs practical exp
erience)erience)
Continuing Professional Continuing Professional Development at Satisfactory LevelDevelopment at Satisfactory Level
APEC EngineerAPEC Engineer
Secondary Education Secondary Education DiplomaDiploma
44
8. APEC 8. APEC EngineerEngineer
Mutual Exemption AgreementMutual Exemption Agreement
• • Once the SEA gets settled down, it would be necessary to establish the MEA(Mutual Once the SEA gets settled down, it would be necessary to establish the MEA(Mutual
Exemption Agreement). Exemption Agreement).
• • As the MEA is more related to the actual practice by engineers in the foreign countries, As the MEA is more related to the actual practice by engineers in the foreign countries,
the MEA will require tedious negotiations and compromises among member countries. the MEA will require tedious negotiations and compromises among member countries.
• • At the moment, in principle, Australia and Singapore agreed to allow APEC Engineers to At the moment, in principle, Australia and Singapore agreed to allow APEC Engineers to
practice in their territories by signing the Free Trade Agreement. practice in their territories by signing the Free Trade Agreement.
• • In addition, Australia and Japan had signed on MRA in 3 disciplines, but not included In addition, Australia and Japan had signed on MRA in 3 disciplines, but not included
civil and structure engineering. civil and structure engineering.
• • Likewise, Korea has already started discussion on the bilateral agreement with Japan Likewise, Korea has already started discussion on the bilateral agreement with Japan
in civil and structure engineering. in civil and structure engineering.
45
8. APEC 8. APEC EngineerEngineer
Mutual Equivalence Framework(MEF)Mutual Equivalence Framework(MEF)
Adjustments as required by Adjustments as required by host jurisdictionhost jurisdiction
Code knowledgeCode knowledge
Law/Ethics of Law/Ethics of JurisdictionJurisdictionCustoms & PracticesCustoms & Practices
Liability ProtectionLiability Protection
Host Jurisdiction Host Jurisdiction Permit to PracticePermit to Practice
(Sponsored)(Sponsored)
Host Jurisdiction Host Jurisdiction Permit (License) to Permit (License) to
PracticePractice
(Independent)(Independent)
APEC APEC EngineerEngineer
46
8. APEC 8. APEC EngineerEngineer
Results on Selection of APEC EngineerResults on Selection of APEC Engineer
• • Korea had established Korea APEC Engineer Monitoring Committee and APEC EngineerKorea had established Korea APEC Engineer Monitoring Committee and APEC Engineer
Register. These organizations are essential to conducting works in relation to the APECRegister. These organizations are essential to conducting works in relation to the APEC
Engineer. Engineer.
• • As of 2005, the number of APEC Engineer registration in Korea will reach to 1,101 As of 2005, the number of APEC Engineer registration in Korea will reach to 1,101
persons.persons.
- Registered APEC Engineers are 554 persons- Registered APEC Engineers are 554 persons
- APEC Engineers will register in near future become 547 persons - APEC Engineers will register in near future become 547 persons
47
8. APEC 8. APEC EngineerEngineer
Future DirectionsFuture Directions
• • In the future, mutual recognition of professional engineers is expected to accelerate withinIn the future, mutual recognition of professional engineers is expected to accelerate within
the frameworks of the WTO and the GATS. Korean government has pursued a policy ofthe frameworks of the WTO and the GATS. Korean government has pursued a policy of
active participation in the APEC.active participation in the APEC.
• • For Korea, export industry is essential for its survival and is the only solution through which For Korea, export industry is essential for its survival and is the only solution through which
we can cope with economic difficulties. In order to export goods and plants that are we can cope with economic difficulties. In order to export goods and plants that are
globally competitive and to maintain a stable level in winning overseas constructionglobally competitive and to maintain a stable level in winning overseas construction
projects, it is critical to ensure globally recognized qualifications of the Korean engineers. projects, it is critical to ensure globally recognized qualifications of the Korean engineers.
• • In this context, it is necessary to develop a national skill standards enacting the system forIn this context, it is necessary to develop a national skill standards enacting the system for
skill standards. skill standards.
• • Once the system is established, it is also necessary to upgrade requirements for the Once the system is established, it is also necessary to upgrade requirements for the
examination as well as the contents, levels, and forms of the qualification examination to examination as well as the contents, levels, and forms of the qualification examination to
those of the advanced countries. those of the advanced countries.
• • In addition, it is important to improve the quality of engineering education in Korea to the In addition, it is important to improve the quality of engineering education in Korea to the
world class through more accreditation. For this purpose, it is necessary to accelerate world class through more accreditation. For this purpose, it is necessary to accelerate
some of the activities that have already started in a very systematic way. some of the activities that have already started in a very systematic way.
48
9. Mutual Recognition of IT 9. Mutual Recognition of IT QualificationsQualifications
Mutual Recognition of IT Qualifications between Korea and Japan Mutual Recognition of IT Qualifications between Korea and Japan
• • In September 2000, the two leaders of Korea and Japan adopted a "Declaration on ITIn September 2000, the two leaders of Korea and Japan adopted a "Declaration on IT
Cooperation Initiative," in which they agreed on 8 agenda including co-operations on Cooperation Initiative," in which they agreed on 8 agenda including co-operations on
e-commerce and exchange of IT manpower. e-commerce and exchange of IT manpower.
• • As of July 2001, based on one of the 8 cooperation agenda, "Cooperation on Promoting IT As of July 2001, based on one of the 8 cooperation agenda, "Cooperation on Promoting IT
Manpower Exchange," the two countries are working on measures to mutually recognize Manpower Exchange," the two countries are working on measures to mutually recognize
IT qualifications. IT qualifications.
• • In April 2001, the Korean delegation visited the JITEC(Japan Information Technology In April 2001, the Korean delegation visited the JITEC(Japan Information Technology
Engineers Examination Center), a prime organization administering national IT examinations,Engineers Examination Center), a prime organization administering national IT examinations,
and had working-level discussions with its Japanese counterparts on how to pursue mutualand had working-level discussions with its Japanese counterparts on how to pursue mutual
recognition of IT qualifications. recognition of IT qualifications.
• • MOU(Memorandum Of Understanding) was made by HRD Korea and JITEC under being MOU(Memorandum Of Understanding) was made by HRD Korea and JITEC under being
authorized by both countries’ governments for 2 IT qualification itemsauthorized by both countries’ governments for 2 IT qualification items
49
The Significance on Mutual Recognition of IT Qualifications between Korea and JapanThe Significance on Mutual Recognition of IT Qualifications between Korea and Japan
• • First, it is the first event in the history of Korea that Korea's national qualifications are First, it is the first event in the history of Korea that Korea's national qualifications are officially recognized based on the mutual recognition agreement. officially recognized based on the mutual recognition agreement.
• • Second, given that this agreement is with Japan, one of the most advanced countries, Second, given that this agreement is with Japan, one of the most advanced countries, the contents of the agreement will positively affect agreements on mutual recognition of the contents of the agreement will positively affect agreements on mutual recognition of qualifications which Korea will sign in the future. qualifications which Korea will sign in the future.
• • Third, the mutual recognition of qualifications with Japan, who has already restructured Third, the mutual recognition of qualifications with Japan, who has already restructured its IT qualifications system and standards to be aligned with the internal standards, its IT qualifications system and standards to be aligned with the internal standards, will provide an opportunity for Korea to better position its national qualifications system will provide an opportunity for Korea to better position its national qualifications system in the international society and to even export its qualification system to the third world in the international society and to even export its qualification system to the third world countries. countries.
• • Fourth, it will lay the foundation for the proper treatment of the Korean IT engineers whenFourth, it will lay the foundation for the proper treatment of the Korean IT engineers when they are exported. On the other hand, it will also help Korea develop national standards they are exported. On the other hand, it will also help Korea develop national standards that can attract foreign talents who can support Korea's development of the high techthat can attract foreign talents who can support Korea's development of the high tech industries. industries.
9. Mutual Recognition of IT 9. Mutual Recognition of IT QualificationsQualifications
50
10. Current Trends of Changing Qualification 10. Current Trends of Changing Qualification SystemSystem
1.1. Building articulation system among education and training Building articulation system among education and training system, qualification system, and worksystem, qualification system, and work
• • Establishing Korean Skills StandardEstablishing Korean Skills Standard
• • Developing Korean Qualification FrameworkDeveloping Korean Qualification Framework
2.2. Reinforcing of overall coordinating function to conduct Reinforcing of overall coordinating function to conduct qualification-relatedqualification-related
policies effectivelypolicies effectively
• • Preparing principal plan for managing and operating qualification system for 5 Preparing principal plan for managing and operating qualification system for 5 yrsyrs
• • Establishing the committee for qualification policy, which will take Establishing the committee for qualification policy, which will take responsibilities toresponsibilities to
review principal policies connected to qualification systemreview principal policies connected to qualification system
51
3. Preparing quality control system of private 3. Preparing quality control system of private qualificationqualification
• • Setting up limited areas which private qualifications can’t be created and Setting up limited areas which private qualifications can’t be created and operated operated
• • Putting limitation not to be allowed to promote the falsification and Putting limitation not to be allowed to promote the falsification and exaggeration ofexaggeration of
private qualificationsprivate qualifications
4. Reforming of the operational framework of national technical 4. Reforming of the operational framework of national technical qualification systemqualification system
• • Setting up areas which national technical qualification items can be only Setting up areas which national technical qualification items can be only operated,operated,
that is, area directly connect to public life, health, and safety etcthat is, area directly connect to public life, health, and safety etc• • Supporting of activating private qualification marketSupporting of activating private qualification market
• • Expanding the delegation of authority to implement national technical Expanding the delegation of authority to implement national technical qualificationqualification
items to private institutesitems to private institutes
10. Current Trends of Changing Qualification 10. Current Trends of Changing Qualification SystemSystem
52
5. Establishing work-oriented qualification 5. Establishing work-oriented qualification frameworkframework
• • Improving the classification system of occupation category and grading Improving the classification system of occupation category and grading system insystem in
national technical qualification national technical qualification • • Refining professional qualification items by integrating between similar Refining professional qualification items by integrating between similar qualificationqualification
items items
10. Current Trends of Changing Qualification 10. Current Trends of Changing Qualification SystemSystem
6. Improving practicability of certification6. Improving practicability of certification
• • Upgrading system for producing work-oriented questions for testingUpgrading system for producing work-oriented questions for testing
• • Upgrading testing method and facilitiesUpgrading testing method and facilities
• • Reducing exemption case Reducing exemption case
53
7. Enhancing applicability of national technical qualification in labour market7. Enhancing applicability of national technical qualification in labour market
• • Reintroducing continuing professional development Reintroducing continuing professional development
• • Providing useful information related to qualification and labour market to certificateProviding useful information related to qualification and labour market to certificate
holders holders
10. Current Trends of Changing Qualification 10. Current Trends of Changing Qualification SystemSystem
• • Facilitating international transferability(currency) Facilitating international transferability(currency)
54
Reforming Directions of National Technical QualificationReforming Directions of National Technical Qualification
ItemsItems As isAs is To beTo be
SystemSystem
Occupational Occupational CategoryCategory
GradeGrade
Range of Range of CertificateCertificate
EligibilityEligibility
RigidRigid
LimitedLimited
ComplicatedComplicated
NarrowNarrow
Academic Academic CareerCareer
FlexibleFlexible
DiversifiedDiversified
SimplifiedSimplified
BroadBroad
Workplace Workplace ExperienceExperience
11. Reform of National Technical Qualification 11. Reform of National Technical Qualification System System
55
Conceptual Conceptual ElementsElements
ContentsContents
Practicability(application in
workplace)
To achieve employers’ recognition of qualifications in order to give clear signals to the labour market
Applicability(usefulness in workplace or
currency)
To be adapted and applied qualifications to dynamic labour market
Integration(transferability)
To set up an effective qualification system in order to get rid of duplication and repetition in qualification contents, including academic and vocational quallifications
It is important to maintain balance among conceptual It is important to maintain balance among conceptual elementselements
Conceptual Elements as Starting Points for Conceptual Elements as Starting Points for Reforming Qualifications SystemReforming Qualifications System
11. Reform of National Technical Qualification 11. Reform of National Technical Qualification System System
56
PracticabilitPracticabilityy
ApplicabilityApplicability IntegrationIntegration
(What contents will be involved?)(What contents will be involved?)
(How do we achieve (How do we achieve portability?)portability?)
(How do we effectively (How do we effectively operate the qualifications operate the qualifications
system?)system?)
11. Reform of National Technical Qualification 11. Reform of National Technical Qualification System System
57
Practical elements Related to Conceptual Practical elements Related to Conceptual ElementsElements
Conceptual Conceptual ElementsElements
Contents on Practical ElementsContents on Practical Elements
Practicability
Practicability of testing Management of change to secure practicability - Qualification system - Qualification items - Awarding body
Applicability
Domestic currency International currency Support for qualification holder Dissemination of qualification information
Integration
Integration of qualification system Integration of management and operation - Management of qualification system - Management of qualification items - Organizational structure
11. Reform of National Technical Qualification 11. Reform of National Technical Qualification System System
58
Major Issues in National Technical Qualification Major Issues in National Technical Qualification SystemSystem
State-led management of changeState-led management of change
Provider-orientated management (supply-driven Provider-orientated management (supply-driven qualification system)qualification system)
Operation of qualification system result in high cost and Operation of qualification system result in high cost and low efficiencylow efficiency
Vocational qualification system subordinated by Vocational qualification system subordinated by academic careeracademic careerTesting criteria heavily dependant on school curriculumTesting criteria heavily dependant on school curriculum
Eligibility for qualification gives preferential treatments to Eligibility for qualification gives preferential treatments to academic career over work-place experienceacademic career over work-place experience
Testing focused on the pre-employed (new labour market entrants)Testing focused on the pre-employed (new labour market entrants)
Nonintervention for securing applicability in the labour marketNonintervention for securing applicability in the labour market
11. Reform of National Technical Qualification 11. Reform of National Technical Qualification System System
59
Future Directions for the National Technical Future Directions for the National Technical Qualifications SystemQualifications System
Conceptual Conceptual ElementsElements
ContentsContents
Practicability
Testing System(The pre-employed seeking jobs → The employed desiring
for skills upgrading)
Management System of Change(State-led → participation of stakeholders such as companies, lab
our unions, industrial associations etc.)
Applicability
Establishment of Applicable Infrastructure for Qualification System
• Periodic investigations & surveys on the level of qualification applicability• To set up a Data base for qualification • To prepare a testing system for skill upgrading• To refine systems related to ensure international currency
IntegrationQualifications System
(subordinated by academic career → lead by qualifications )
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12. Fundamental points in Designing Qualification 12. Fundamental points in Designing Qualification SystemSystem
1. Definitions of 1. Definitions of QualificationQualification
• • The requirements for an individual to enter, or progress within an occupation The requirements for an individual to enter, or progress within an occupation and/or and/or
• • An official record(certificate, diploma) of achievement which recognizes successfulAn official record(certificate, diploma) of achievement which recognizes successful
completion of education and training, or satisfactory performance in a test or completion of education and training, or satisfactory performance in a test or examinationexamination
2. Definition of 2. Definition of CertificationCertification
• • The process of issuing certificates or diplomas which formally recognize theThe process of issuing certificates or diplomas which formally recognize the
achievements of an individualachievements of an individual
• • To empower qualification holders to conduct their rolesTo empower qualification holders to conduct their roles
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4. Definitions of Vocational 4. Definitions of Vocational QualificationQualification
• • Qualifications directly connecting to select jobs and giving impacts to increase Qualifications directly connecting to select jobs and giving impacts to increase salarysalary
and promote etc. in workplace and promote etc. in workplace
• • To be influenced by assessment and evaluation systemsTo be influenced by assessment and evaluation systems
3. Interrelationships of Qualification 3. Interrelationships of Qualification SystemSystem
• • To link countries’ historical, economic and industrial development, their culture To link countries’ historical, economic and industrial development, their culture andand
education and training systemseducation and training systems • • To be bridge to link between education and training system and labour market throughTo be bridge to link between education and training system and labour market through
screening whether people have capabilities or not, based on standardscreening whether people have capabilities or not, based on standard
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5. Firms’ Position on Vocational 5. Firms’ Position on Vocational QualificationQualification
• • They are not only consumers of vocational qualifications produced elsewhere but They are not only consumers of vocational qualifications produced elsewhere but alsoalso
sites for the production of knowledge, Know-How and developments of learningsites for the production of knowledge, Know-How and developments of learning
situationssituations
• • Vocational qualification must correspond to their current needs and these Vocational qualification must correspond to their current needs and these requirementsrequirements
are likely to be changing rapidly as results of new technologiesare likely to be changing rapidly as results of new technologies
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6. Difficulties of Assessment based on workplace skills6. Difficulties of Assessment based on workplace skills
• • Where assessment is based on skills and knowledge acquired in education and Where assessment is based on skills and knowledge acquired in education and trainingtraining
institutes, quality assurance and the maintenance of standard over time is easier to institutes, quality assurance and the maintenance of standard over time is easier to manage manage • • Where some or all assessment is based on learning taking place on the jobs, Where some or all assessment is based on learning taking place on the jobs,
relevancerelevance
with workplace skills is easier to achieve but there is inevitably some loss of with workplace skills is easier to achieve but there is inevitably some loss of reliability onreliability on
results of assessment, and quality assurance is more difficult and costlyresults of assessment, and quality assurance is more difficult and costly• • It is important to make realistic balance between relevant workplace skills on the It is important to make realistic balance between relevant workplace skills on the oneone
hand, and reliability and adequate quality assurance of assessment on the other hand, and reliability and adequate quality assurance of assessment on the other
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7. Educational and Training institutes’ Position on Vocational 7. Educational and Training institutes’ Position on Vocational QualificationQualification
• • They have concentrated on providing transferable general skills instead of They have concentrated on providing transferable general skills instead of workplaceworkplace
specific skills under considerations that specific skills are difficult to reconcile with specific skills under considerations that specific skills are difficult to reconcile with thethe
requirements for the preparation of young people to seek jobs requirements for the preparation of young people to seek jobs
• • They are likely to have autonomy to give certificates to their students based on They are likely to have autonomy to give certificates to their students based on theirtheir
achievements in education and training institutesachievements in education and training institutes
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8. Paradox of Vocational 8. Paradox of Vocational QualificationQualification
• • Recognition on capabilities of vocational certificate holders Recognition on capabilities of vocational certificate holders
- Encouragement on lifelong learning- Encouragement on lifelong learning
- Facilitation on seeking jobs or transformation from one jobs to another - Facilitation on seeking jobs or transformation from one jobs to another
• • Discrimination between people of whether they success to get vocational Discrimination between people of whether they success to get vocational certificates or certificates or
notnot
- Discouragement on lifelong learning- Discouragement on lifelong learning
- Hindrance on seeking jobs or transforming from one jobs to another- Hindrance on seeking jobs or transforming from one jobs to another
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9. Ways of Assessment and Learning to Harmonize with 9. Ways of Assessment and Learning to Harmonize with lifelong learninglifelong learning
• • Vocational Qualification based on the assessment of : Vocational Qualification based on the assessment of :
- Candidates’ potential at present, not past knowledge, skills and competence- Candidates’ potential at present, not past knowledge, skills and competence
- Process-related knowledge, skills and competence(for example, learning to learn - Process-related knowledge, skills and competence(for example, learning to learn and and
take risks, and developing problem-solving skills, etc.) rather than contents-related take risks, and developing problem-solving skills, etc.) rather than contents-related
ones because skills will change more quickly than in the past, people at all levels ones because skills will change more quickly than in the past, people at all levels willwill
need to be adaptable and open to change need to be adaptable and open to change
• • Forms of learning and assessment accompanied by acquiring vocational certificatesForms of learning and assessment accompanied by acquiring vocational certificates
should mainly adapt the self-directed learning and self-assessment method to should mainly adapt the self-directed learning and self-assessment method to encourageencourage
lifelong learning. Assessment, in this context, has roles not to frustrate but to lifelong learning. Assessment, in this context, has roles not to frustrate but to facilitatefacilitate
lifelong learning. Certainly assessment should rely on national standard. lifelong learning. Certainly assessment should rely on national standard.
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10. Future Roles of Vocational Qualification 10. Future Roles of Vocational Qualification SystemSystem
• • Vocational Qualifications need to be built into ladders of occupational as well asVocational Qualifications need to be built into ladders of occupational as well as
educational progression. This means that dental mechanics could become dentists, educational progression. This means that dental mechanics could become dentists, andand
legal and accounting clerks could become lawyers and accountslegal and accounting clerks could become lawyers and accounts
• • To do these roles, vocational qualification system should be design to motivate To do these roles, vocational qualification system should be design to motivate youngyoung
people by making learning and assessment activities more like real work and lesspeople by making learning and assessment activities more like real work and less
like school like school
• • Vocational Qualification system, in this context, should have characteristics, Vocational Qualification system, in this context, should have characteristics, showingshowing
vertical relevance in each job and horizontal consistency on the level of carrying outvertical relevance in each job and horizontal consistency on the level of carrying out
duties in various jobsduties in various jobs
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11. Recognition of Non-formal Learning in terms of Vocational 11. Recognition of Non-formal Learning in terms of Vocational Qualification Qualification
• • The results of learning processes, what we call competences, are partly tacit andThe results of learning processes, what we call competences, are partly tacit and
personal knowledge in their character. Competitiveness of companies and nations personal knowledge in their character. Competitiveness of companies and nations heavilyheavily
relies on intangible knowledge, skills and competences of individualsrelies on intangible knowledge, skills and competences of individuals
• • In some case people are not even aware of being in possession of a competence. In some case people are not even aware of being in possession of a competence. This isThis is
highly relevant to the task of identification, assessment and recognition of non-highly relevant to the task of identification, assessment and recognition of non-formalformal
learninglearning
• • It is difficult to verbalize and delimit the single steps or rules intrinsic to a certainIt is difficult to verbalize and delimit the single steps or rules intrinsic to a certain
competencecompetence
* The term of non-formal learning encompasses informal learning which can be * The term of non-formal learning encompasses informal learning which can be described as unplanned learning in work situations and elsewhere, but also includes described as unplanned learning in work situations and elsewhere, but also includes planned and explicit approaches to learning introduced in work organizations and planned and explicit approaches to learning introduced in work organizations and elsewhere, not recognized within the formal education and training systemelsewhere, not recognized within the formal education and training system
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