vudro uilsons, rogorc ruzvelts, miaCnda, rom xalxis piradi warmomadgeneli iyo da rom prezidentze ukeT aravin izrunebda qveynis saerTo interesebze. mis progresul reformebs amerikasa da msoflioSi axali tipis wesrigis Camoyalibebis mcdeloba mohyva.

vudro uilsoni 1856 wels daibada samxreTeli presviterianeli mRvdlis ojaxSi, romelic TavgamodebiT icavda konfederacias da monaTmflobelic ki iyo. uilsonma daamTavra prinsto-nis universiteti, sadac istoria da politikuri filosofia Seiswavla. 1883 wels jon hopkin-sis universitetSi daicva sadoqtoro disertacia amerikis politikis Temaze da Semdeg didi warmatebiT kiTxulobda leqciebs sxvadasxva kolejsa da universitetSi.

uilsoni aseve iyo didebuli oratori. isic ki uTqvamT, rom misi gamosvlis ritmze valsis cekvac ki SeiZleboda. sxvaTa Soris, ukve prezidentobisas, kiTxvaze, Tu rogor axerxebda ase-Ti kargi da mokle sityvis Tqmas, uilsonma upasuxa: `Tu aTwuTiani gamosvla maqvs, erTi kvira vemzadebi, TxuTmetwuTian sityvas sam dReSi vamzadeb, xolo erTsaaTiani gamosvlisTvis axlac mzad var“.

vudro uilsoni brwyinvale profesori, reformatori prezidenti da

erTa TviTgamorkvevis ideis sulisCamdgmeli

vasil kaWarava

didi adamianebi

10

universitetis prezidentobis bolo pe-riodSi uilsoni sul ufro metad dainte-resda didi politikiT da misma momxreebma mis amerikis prezidentobaze daiwyes fiqri. maT am gzaze pirvel etapad niu-jersis gu-bernatoroba arCies da rodesac 1910 wlis oqtomberSi uilsonma prinstonis universi-tetis prezidentis Tanamdebobidan gadad-gomis Sesaxeb ganacxada, igi ukve arCeuli iyo demokratiuli partiis kandidatad gu-bernatoris postze.

vudro uilsoni

presviterianizmi (puritanuli eklesia)

protestantizmis erT-erTi saxeobis, kalviniz-mis (warmodgeba Jan kalvinos saxelidan, romlis swavlebasac efuZneba es mimdinareoba), inglis-ur-Sotlandiuri variantia (kalvinizmidan yve-laze gavrcelebulia frangul-holandiuri va-rianti – reformatoruli eklesia (`hugenote-bis~)). aSS-is presviterianuli eklesia amerikaSi gadasaxlebulma ingliselebma da Sotlandie-lebma XVIII-XIX ss.-Si Camoayalibes .

uilsonis samecniero moRvaweoba uaRre-sad nayofieri iyo. man dawera wignebi: ̀ kongresis mmarTveloba“, ̀ saxelmwifo: istoriuli da praq-tikuli politikuri moqmedebis safuZvlebi“ (1888), `jorj vaSingtoni“ (1890), xuTtomeuli – `amerikeli xalxis istoria“ (1902), `konstituci-uri mmarTveloba SeerTebul StatebSi~ (1908). iq-mneboda STabeWdileba, rom am kvlevebis avtori ara marto brwyinvale mecnieri da Teoretikosi, aramed didebuli praqtikosic SeiZleboda yofi-liyo, romelic Tavisi politikuri msoflmxed-velobiT Zlieri saprezidento xelisuflebis momxre iqneboda. `prezidenti yvela Cveni saqmis moTave unda iyos, misi Tanamdeboba ki iseTi didi da gavleniani, rogoric kaci, romelic am adgils daikavebs“, werda igi. 1890 wels uilsoni prins-tonis metad prestiJul universitetSi dafuZn-da da studentebs Soris udidesi popularobi-Tac sargeblobda. saidumlo kenWisyriT studen-tebma igi Svidjer aRiares prinstonis saukeTeso profesorad. 1902 wels uilsoni TiTqmis erT-xmad, yovelgvari seriozuli ganxilvis gareSe, airCies prinstonis universitetis prezidentad. axali prezidentis inauguraciaze mravali sapa-tio stumari iyo, maT Soris: aSS-is eqspreziden-ti grover klivlendi, mark tveni, niu-jersis Statis gubernatori f. merfi, msxvili bankiri jon pirpont morgani da sxvebi. delegaciebi as-amde sxva universitetmac gamogzavna.

uilsoni did yuradRebas aqcevda adamianur Rir-sebas, miaCnda, rom studenti jentlmenic unda yofiliyo. misi pedagogiuri moRvaweobis udide-si warmateba iyo 1905 wels e.w. damrigebelTa sis-temis SemoReba. am sistemis mixedviT, leqtorTa da studentTa mcire jgufebi erTad msjelobd-nen leqciebis, Sesabamisi literaturisa da stu-denturi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. erT kacs, romelic, miuxedavad cudi maCveneblebisa, misaReb gamoc-debze cdilobda Tavisi Svilis prinstonSi mow-yobas , uilsonma uTxra: `TviT mTavarangelozma gabrielmac rom moindomos prinstonSi moxved-ra, cudi niSnebiT ver miviRebT, am mcdelobaSi igi, ubralod, dros dakargavs~. erTi studenti prinstonidan garicxes gadawerisaTvis, deda ki Svilis universitetSi aRdgenas iTxovda, Tanac ambobda, rom operacia unda gaekeTebina da Tu mis Svils ar miiRebdnen ukan, amas ver gadaitan-da. SeiZleba, momkvdariyo kidec. ̀ qalbatono, Tu me arCevani unda gavakeTo Tqvens sicocxles, Cems sicocxles an sxvis sicocxlesa da universite-tis sikeTes Soris, me universitetis sikeTes var-Cev~, – ganucxada uilsonma. miT umetes, rom gada-wera amerikul skolasa da universitetSi udides codvad iTvleba da adamianis arakeTilsindisie-rebis erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli maCvenebe-lia. igi lamis kriminalur qmedebasTan aris ga-igivebuli. amerikelTa TvalsazrisiT, Tu kaci gadaweras ikadrebs, arc sxva umsgavsoebis winaSe daixevs ukan. garda wminda zneobrivi xasiaTisa, aseTi damokidebuleba ubralo pragmatizmiT ar-is ganpirobebuli, vinaidan adamianis SesaZleb-lobebis mcdari Sefaseba metad sazianoa misi Semdgomi moRvaweobisaTvis da aseve did zians ayenebs, saerTod sazogadoebis normalur funq-cionirebas.

vudro uilsoni, 1880

11

gubernatorobis pirvelive TveebSi uilsonma StatSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi gaata-ra, maT Soris, gaamartiva partiuli kandidatebis wamoyenebis sistema, gazarda kontroli sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis sferoSi da rkinigzaze, SemoiRo dazRvevis sistema warmoebaSi dakavebuli muSebisaTvis da sxva. am yvelafris Sedegad, igi erovnuli masStabiT cnobil po-litikosad iqca. aseTi warmatebebis, brwyinvale ganaTlebis, organizaciuli da oratoru-li niWis adamiani SeamCnies demokratiuli partiis liderebma. zogs isic moswonda, rom es brwyinvale pirovneba SedarebiT naklebad iyo gaTviTcnobierebuli politikur intrigebSi da naklebi gavlena hqonda demokratiul partiaSi. Sesabamisad, fiqrobdnen, rom ufro advi-li samarTavi iqneboda. amrigad, 1912 wels demokratebma TavianT saprezidento kandidatad swored uilsoni airCies da gaimarjves kidec.

maT, visac egona, rom uilsoni advili sa-marTavi iqneboda, kovzi nacarSi CauvardaT. arCevnebis Semdeg, rodesac demokratiuli partiis liderebma uilsonisagan patrona-Jis tradiciis safuZvelze maRali Tanamde-bobebi moiTxoves, gawbilebulebi darCnen. `modi, Tavidanve SevTanxmdeT, rom me Tqven mimarT valdebulebebi ar gamaCnia~, – iyo uilsonis pasuxi. rasakvirvelia, man bolom-de ver Seisrula es survili, magram aseTi

prezident uilsonis gamosvla kongresSi, 1915

damoukidebloba da gambedaoba mas seriozulad ganasxvavebda bevri winamorbedisagan. sa-kadro politikas isic arTulebda, rom 1897 wlis Semdeg demokratebi saerTod ar yofilan xelisuflebaSi da, Sesabamisad, erovnuli masStabis gamocdili politikosebi akldaT. uil-soni, rogorc Tavis naSromebSic werda, cdilobda maqsimalurad gaeZlierebina preziden-tis xelisufleba da aqtiuri TanamSromlobiT `moerjulebina~ kongresi. man daarRvia as-wlovani tradicia da werilobiT ki ar gaugzavna kongress prezidentis yovelwliuri mimar-Tva, aramed Tavad estumra sakanonmdeblo organos da Tavadve waikiTxa mimarTvis teqsti.

uilsonis winasaarCevno lozungis –`axali Tavisuflebis“ erT-erTi mTavari moTxovna iyo tarifebis mniSvnelovnad daweva, rac moaxerxa kidec 1913 wels, e.w. `andervudis tari-fis~ meSveobiT. am tarifebiT, importirebul saqonelze 1860 wlis Semdeg yvelaze dabali tarifebi dawesda, magram amiT gamowveuli Semosavlebis Semcirebis dasabalanseblad kong-resma federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadi SemoiRo, risi uflebac mas aseve 1913 wels Zala-Si Sesulma konstituciis me-16 Sesworebam misca. aseTi federaluri gadasaxadi manamde mxo-lod omis dros wesdeboda da am udidesi mniSvnelobis faqtma Zireulad Secvala amerikis fiskaluri politika.

didi adamianebi

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amerikeli xalxis winaSe uilsonis erT-erTi udidesi damsaxurebaa 1913 wels federaluri sarezervo sistemis Seqmna. am struqturam sabolood Camoayaliba aSS-is finansuri sistema, ro-melic manamde Zalze qaosuri iyo da romelsac ZiriTadad uol stritis biznesmenebi akontro-lebdnen. gadaxdac sxvadasxva saxis fuliT xdeboda: oqros, vercxlis monetebiT, sertifikate-biT, erovnuli bankis kupiurebiT da sxv. federalurma sarezervo sistemam moawesriga urTier-Toba mTavrobasa da kerZo finansur institutebs Soris da faqtobrivad, amerikis centraluri banki gaxda. misi daniSnuleba iyo kreditis regulireba da sabanko momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba. am kanonis mixedviT, qveyana 12 federalur sarezervo olqad daiyo da yovel maTgans sakuTari sarezervo banki hqonda. mTeli am sistemis zedamxedvelobisTvis iqmneboda federaluri sare-zervo sabWo. mas hqonda ufleba, kreditebi ekontrolebina fulis mimoqcevaSi mateba-Semci-rebisa da sesxebze sakredito ganakveTebis regulirebis meSveobiT.

uilsonis drosve Seiqmna federaluri savaWro komisia, romelsac damoukidebeli saxelmwi-fo uwyebis statusi hqonda. misi funqcia arakeTilsindisier konkurenciasTan brZola – darR-vevebis gamoZieba da aRkveTa iyo. kerZod ki, Zaladobrivi monopolizaciis Tavidan acileba da momxmarebelTa interesebis dacva. aseve miiRes kleitonis antitrestuli kanoni, romelmac ki-dev ufro gaamyara Teodor ruzveltis dros dawyebuli antimonopolisturi tendenciebi da

jer kidev 1890 wels miRebuli Sermanis antitrestuli kanonis Zala. uilsonis administraciis drosve miRebuli kanoniT aikrZala 14 wlamde bavSvebis Sroma qarxnebSi. miiRes federaluri fermeruli kanoni, romelic aadvilebda sesxebis gacemas fermerebisaTvis. agreTve miiRes adamsonis kanoni, romelic awesebda 8-saaTian samuSao dRes rkinigzis muSakebisaTvis da mrava-li sxv. amgvarad, uilsonis mmarTvelobisas qveynis socialur-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi mniSvne-lovnad gaizarda mTavrobis aqtiuroba, misi maregulirebeli funqciebi da Zalze seriozuli ekonomikuri reformebi gatarda.

uilsonis mmarTvelobis periodSi miiRes konstituciis sami mniSvnelovani Sesworeba: 1) 1913 wels ratificirebul iqna me-17 Sesworeba, romelmac senatorTa arCevis procedura Sec-vala, gaauqma saarCevno koleji da marto pirdapiri arCevnebiT Semoifargla, rac gacilebiT ufro demokratiuli iyo, Tumca prezidentis arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT saarCevno koleji dRe-sac funqcionirebs da Zalian mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs; 2) me-18 SesworebiT miiRes e.w. `mSrali kanoni~, romlis mixedviTac, amerikaSi ikrZaleboda alkoholuri sasmelebis damzade-ba da gayidva; 3) gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani iyo me-19 Sesworeba, romelmac qalebs saarCev-no xmis ufleba daukanona. es namdvilad drouli da seriozuli garRveva iyo amerikis demokra-tiul ganviTarebaSi.

vudro uilsonis wigni `axali Tavisufleba~

saprotesto aqcia `mSrali kanonis~winaaRmdeg

vudro uilsoni

13

uilsoni warmatebiT agrZelebda Tavis winamorbedTa Semtev politikas karibis zRvis auzSi da amas moraluri xasiaTis ar-gumentebiT asabuTebda: rom amerikam am xalxebs ara marto sakuTari produqcia un-da mihyidos, aramed demokratiis wesebic unda Seaswavlos – Tu saWiro gaxda, Zalis gamoyenebiTac; isic uTqvams, `laTinuri amerikis respublikebs unda vaswavlo kargi kacis arCeva“. zogi amas `moralur imperia-lizmsac“ ki uwodebda. iTvleba, rom arc erT prezidents, arc manamde da arc mere, ar gamouyenebia Zala laTinur amerikaSi ise xSirad, rogorc uilsons. uilsonis mmarT-velobis wlebSi ukiduresad daiZaba urTi-erToba amerikasa da meqsikas Soris, iyo mo-menti, roca omis safrTxec ki gaCnda. meqsika ara marto uSualo da didi mezobeli qveyana

iyo, aramed am qveyanaSi sakmaod sarfianad saqmianobda amerikuli kapitali da amerike-lebs iq miliardze metis investicia hqon-daT. 1916 wels meqsikis meamboxe generalma, cnobilma panCo viliam, saxelmwifo gadat-rialebis mowyoba scada da kinaRam amerikas-Tan omis provocirebac ki moaxerxa. panCo vilias meomrebi arizonisa da niu-meqsikos sasazRvro qalaqebSi SeiWrnen da 17 amerike-lic mokles. uilsonma, meqsikis mTavrobas-Tan SeTanxmebiT, amerikis erT-erTi sauke-Teso sardali – generali perSingi gagzavna vilias dasasjelad, magram perSingma igi ver daiWira da male, 1917 wels, misi jari ukan gaiwvies, miT umetes, rom perSings gacile-biT ufro seriozuli davaleba mieca – ame-rika mas evropis brZolis velebze saomrad gzavnida.

panCo vilia (1878-1923)

jon jozef perSingi (1860-1948) – amerikuli armiis generali, espaneT-amerikisa da pirveli

msoflio omis monawile, erTaderTia, vinc sicocxleSive miiRo aSS-is armiis umaR-

lesi personaluri samxedro wo-deba – aSS-is armiis generali.

didi adamianebi

14

amerika I msoflio omSi da versalis sazavo molaparakebebze

rogorc viciT, 1914 wlis agvistoSi evropaSi grandiozuli samxedro konfliqti daiwyo, romelic istoriaSi I msoflio omis saxeliTaa cnobili da romelmac 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi 10 mi-lionze meti adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. rac Seexeba amerikas, man Tavidanve Sors daiWira Tavi evropis sisxliani konfliqtisgan, rac misi tradiciuli izolacionizmis nawilic iyo da imav-droulad realobasac asaxavda. im momentisTvis amerikas omSi Cabmis araviTari mizezi ar hqon-da, Tumca mravali eris STamomavlebisgan Semdgar amerikis mosaxleobaSi iyo Taviseburi pre-ferenciebi: germanuli da avstriuli warmoSobis 8 milionamde amerikeli da irlandiuri war-moSobis 4,5 milioni amerikeli, romelTac britaneTi tradiciulad sZuldaT, progermanuli ganwyobiT gamoirCeodnen, Tumca umravlesoba mainc britanul samyarosTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

neitralitetis miuxedavad, amerikas ufro mWidro savaWro kontaqtebi antantis qveynebTan hqonda, romlebic atlantis okeanes akontrolebdnen da ar aZlevdnen germanelebs amerikaSi Sesyiduli iaraRis waRebis saSualebas, Tumca Tavad aqtiurad ezidebodnen mas. rodesac antan-tis qveynebs naRdi fuli gauTavdaT, amerikam 2 miliardi dolari asesxa, rac aseve ar ewinaaRm-degeboda neitralitets.

omis Tema umniSvnelovanesi iyo 1916 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSic. demokratiuli parti-is konventze gamoCnda lozungi uilsonze – ̀ kaci, romelmac omi agvacila Tavidan“. Tavad uil-

soni gamarjvebas optimisturad ar uyurebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom ori evropuli blokis mom-xreebs ar moswondaT uilsonis neitraliteti, isini mainc ar warmoadgendnen umravlesobas da uilsonma, arcTu didi gansxvavebiT, magram mainc gaimarjva 9,1 milioni amomrCevlis xmiT 8,5 mi-lionis winaaRmdeg, xolo saarCevno kolegiaSi – 277 xmiT 254-is winaaRmdeg. rasakvirvelia, ar-Cevnebis Sedegebi maSinac mniSvnelovanwilad saSinao politikis sakiTxebma ganapiroba.

viTareba TandaTan sul ufro rTuldeboda. jer kidev 1915 wlis maisSi germanelebma CaZi-res britanuli samgzavro xomaldi `luzitania“, romelSic 1200 daRupul mgzavrs Soris 128 amerikelic iyo. uilsonma mkacri nota gaugzavna germanias. germanelebma piroba dades, rom aR-ar daesxmebodnen Tavs samgzavro gemebs, magram am pirobam nel-nela Zala dakarga, miT umetes, rom zogjer aseTi gemebiT marTlac gadahqondaT iaraRi. rodesac germaniam 1917 wels kvlav ga-naaxla wyalqveSa navebis SeuzRudavi sazRvao omi da ganacxada, rom sabrZolo moqmedebis zona-Si nebismier gems CaZiravda, viTareba ukiduresad daiZaba. germanelebi xvdebodnen, rom amas, sa-varaudod, omSi amerikis Cabma mohyveboda, magram imedovnebdnen, rom samxedro moqmedebebSi amerikelTa realur CarTvamde moaswrebdnen antantis damarcxebas.

`luzitanias“ CaZriva

vudro uilsoni

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amerikaSi antigermanuli ganwyobebis zrdaSi didi roli Seasrula germaniis sagareo saqme-Ta ministris, alfred cimermanis, saidumlo depeSam meqsikis mTavrobisadmi, romelic brita-nulma dazvervam gaSifra da gaasajarova. germania, amerikis omSi Cabmis SemTxvevaSi, meqsikas amerikaze Tavdasxmisken mouwodebda, samagierod ki, meqsikelebs 1849 wels SeerTebuli State-bis mier warTmeuli uzarmazari miwebis dabrunebas hpirdeboda. bunebrivia, aman amerikelTa udidesi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia.

mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula ruseTSi 1917 wlis TebervalSi mefis TviTmpyrobe-lobis damxobam. Tu manamde demokratiuli amerikisTvis uxerxuli iyo naxevrad feoda-lur saxelmwifosTan kavSiri, axla ruseT-Si, ase Tu ise, demokratiuli mTavroba Camo-yalibda da masTan TanamSromlobac ukve aR-ar iyo saTakilo. ra icoda msofliom, rom male ruseTis xelisuflebaSi yvelaze uf-ro sisxliani diqtatura movidoda, romel-Tan SedarebiT nikoloz II-is ruseTi libe-ralur saxelmwifod moeCvenebodaT! ruse-Tis faqtori sxva mxrivac iyo mniSvnelova-ni. TviTmpyrobelobis dacemidan Zalian ma-le gamoCnda, rom axali, Tundac demokrati-uli, mTavroba, ise gacxovelebiT veRar ga-agrZelebda oms da amis gamo germania Tavisi samxedro resursebis mniSvnelovan nawils dasavleTSi gadaisroda, sadac mas gadaRli-li da sisxlisgan daclili franguli armia

jerovan winaaRmdegobas ver gauwevda. marTalia, britaneTi medgrad idga, magram misi armia arc ise mravalricxovani iyo da Tan gadaRlilic Canda. amrigad, amerikelTa omSi Cabma ukve sasi-cocxlod mniSvnelovani xdeboda dasavleTis frontisTvis.

1917 wlis martis Sua ricxvebSi germanelebma oTxi amerikuli gemi CaZires da es bolo wveTi iyo. am viTarebaSi amerikas unda emoqmeda da Zalaze ZaliTve unda epasuxa. sabolood, 1917 wlis 6 aprils, kongresma omis gamocxadebis rezolucia miiRo, Tumca qveda palataSi 50 deputati, senatSi ki 6 senatori winaaRmdegi iyo.

I msoflio omis droindeli politikuri karikatura – `SeuerTdi germanias da miiRe cotaodeni SeerTebuli Statebi~

kongresis 1917 wlis rezoluciaomis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb,

uilsonis xelmoweriTamerikuli armia I msoflio omSi

didi adamianebi

16

miuxedavad imisa, rom amerika antantisTvis uzarmazari raodenobis iaraRs awarmoebda, Ta-vad, sul 140 aTasi jariskacisgan Semdgari amerikuli armiiT, sakmaod moumzadebeli iyo didi omisTvis. Tumca, rogorc ki samxedro registracia gamocxadda, ukve ivnisisTvis 10 milionze meti kaci iyo armiaSi daregistrirebuli.

dasvenebuli da Zlieri amerikuli armiis gamoCena didi Sveba iyo mokavSireebisTvis, gansa-kuTrebiT, sisxlisgan daclili franguli armiisTvis. amerikuli jaris mcire nawilma ukve 1917 wlis Semodgomaze ioma dasavleTis frontze, magram milioniani amerikuli armia, general jon perSingis sardlobiT, mxolod 1918 wlis gazafxulis bolos CaerTo masStabur brZolebSi. miuxedavad sabrZolo gamocdilebis naklebobisa, amerikelebma Tavi gamoiCines germanelTa Se-tevis SeCerebisas Sato tierTan, belous tyesa da kantinTan da SeZles kidec germanelTa SeCe-reba. omSi amerikelebma 120 aTasamde kaci dakarges. sxvaTa Soris, omis Semdeg uilsonma ameri-kuli jaris nawilebi bolSevikuri ruseTis winaaRmdegac gagzavna, Tumca es eqspedicia male da uSedegod dasrulda.

kidev ufro mkafiod gamoikveTa amerikis roli versalis sazavo molaparakebebis dros. sa-interesoa, rom rodesac omis bolo etapze germanelebma uilsons mimarTes dazavebis saqmeSi SuamdgomlobisTvis, man urCia, rom ajobebda, Tuki germaniis imperatori aRar iqneboda xeli-suflebis saTaveSi, radgan mis mimarT arsebuli udidesi antipaTia kidev ufro daamZimebda da-zavebis pirobebs. marTlac, rogorc cnobilia, ampartavani kaizer vilhelmi holandiaSi gaiqca da sicocxlis bolomde iq cxovrobda, xolo omi 1918 wlis 11 noembers dasrulda da cecxlis Sewyvetis SeTanxmebas xeli kompienis tyeSi, marSal foSis vagonSi, moewera. am istoriul dRes xelmowerili pirobebi Zalze mkacri iyo germaniisTvis, magram omisgan ekonomikurad dauZlu-rebul da revoluciis qar-cecxlSi myof germanias sxva gza ukve aRar hqonda.

devid loid jorji, vitorio orlando, JorJ klemanso da vudro uilsoni parizis (versalis) sazavo konfe-renciaze

vudro uilsoni

17

Tavad parizis samSvidobo molaparake-bebze, romlebic 1919 wlis 18 ianvridan 1921 wlis 21 ianvramde gagrZelda, gadamwyveti xma britaneTs, safrangeTsa da amerikas hqonda. uilsoni uzarmazari avtoritetiT sargeblobda da sakuTar mTavrobebze sak-maod gulacruebuli safrangeTis, britane-Tisa da italiis mosaxleoba mas udidesi en-TuziazmiT xvdeboda, rogorc Zlevamosili mokavSirisa da axalgazrda, diadi demokra-tiis liders. imasac amboben, rom parizSi mas safrangeTis istoriaSi yvelaze didi rao-denobis xalxi daxvda. amerikeli idealisti prezidenti konferenciaze daupirispirda Zvel imperialistebs: britaneTis premier loid jorjs da safrangeTis premier-mi-nistr JorJ klemansos, metsaxelad ̀ vefxvs“. iyo, agreTve, italieli premier-ministri vitorio orlando, magram did oTxeulSi mas bevrs arafers ekiTxebodnen da versa-lis konferencias, faqtobrivad, es didi sa-meuli warmarTavda, romelic SemdgomSi ub-ralod amcnobda Tavis gadawyvetilebebs konferenciis sxva 27 gamarjvebuli qveynis da 5 britanuli dominionis warmomadgen-lebs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom versalis sazavo mo-laparakebebSi swored uilsonis wyalobiT iqca erTa TviTgamorkvevis idea realuri politikis Semadgenel nawilad. uzarmazari

koloniuri imperiis mflobel britaneleb-sa da frangebs maincadamainc ar moswondaT erTa TviTgamorkvevis ideis aseTi masSta-buri realizacia. isini grZnobdnen, rom er-Ta TviTgamorkvevis evropaSi dawyebuli procesi male maT koloniur imperiebSi Se-maval erebsac Seexeboda. magram uilsonma Tavisi gaitana. Sesabamisad, poloneTis, Ce-xoslovakiisa da fineTis msgavsi aTamde axa-li Tu aRorZinebuli damoukidebeli saxel-mwifos Seqmna evropaSi mniSvnelovanwilad uilsonis damsaxurebac iyo, xolo maTi mo-saxleobis SimSilisgan gadarCena – aseve ame-rikuli daxmarebis administraciisa, ro-melsac momavali prezidenti herbert huve-ri xelmZRvanelobda. imitomacaa, rom evro-pis bevri qalaqis quCa da moedani amerikeli prezidentebis saxels atarebs. magaliTad, parizSi, lionSi, strasburgSi, bordosa da marselSi prospeqtebi da quCebi uilsonis saxelobisaa; praRaSi mTavari rkinigzis sadguri aseve uilsonis saxels atarebs; belgiis qalaq levensa da varSavaSi herbert huveris saxelobis moednebia.

herbert huveri (1874-1964)

aSS-is 31-e prezidenti (1929-1933), respublikeli

uilsonis viziti parizSi

didi adamianebi

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aRsaniSnavia, rom molaparakebebis dros, mcire intervaliT, TiTqmis 6 Tve, uilsoni evro-paSi imyofeboda, ramac garkveulwilad Camoacila amerikis politikuri cxovrebis majiscemas. da marTlac, miuxedavad uilsonis gansakuTrebuli saerTaSoriso avtoritetisa, amerikis se-

isic nu dagvaviwydeba, rom swored uil-soni iyo cnobili 14 punqtis avtori, rom-lebic TiTqosda safuZvlad unda dasdebo-da sazavo molaparakebebs da romlebmac jer kidev omis dros garkveulwilad imoq-meda germanul sazogadoebaze, rodesac igi dazavebas Tanxmdeboda. am 14 punqtis meSve-obiT amerikam umTavres Zalad warmoadgina Tavi, romelic saswrafo da mtkice mSvido-bisTvis gamodioda da, amave dros, abalan-sebda kriminaluri bolSevikuri reJimis de-magogiur gancxadebebs e.w. uaneqsio da ukontribucio zavis Sesaxeb (idea TavisTa-vad kargia, magram bolSevikebs msgavsi ram arasodes SeusrulebiaT – 1921 wels saqarT-velos okupacia amis saukeTeso magaliTia). 1918 wlis ianvarSi gamoqveynebuli am 14 pun-qtis mixedviT cxaddeboda, rom es unda yo-filiyo mSvidoba gamarjvebulis gareSe da

mSvidoba TanasworTa Soris. sxva konkretul moTxovnebTan erTad uilsonis iniciativa gu-lisxmobda:

versalis xelSekrulebis xelmowera,1919 wlis 28 ivnisi

1. saidumlo xelSekrulebebis gauqmebas;

2. Tavisufal naosnobas;

3. yvela savaWro barieris mospobas;

4. SeiaraRebis Semcirebas;

5. koloniebis samarTlian mowyobas;

6. erovnuli jgufebis TviTgamorkvevis uflebis aRiarebas;

7. erTa ligis Seqmnas, raTa momavalSi Tavidan aecilebinaT msgavsi msoflio masStabis konf-liqtebi.

sinamdvileSi sul sxva rame gamovida. safrangeTma da britaneTma mkacrad dasajes germania da aq romaulma principma – `vai damarcxebuls“ ufro imZlavra, vidre uilsonis TanasworTa SeTanxmebam.

vudro uilsoni

19

didi adamianebi

natma uari Tqva erTa ligis saqmianobaSi mo-nawileobaze da versalis zavis ratifici-rebas Svidi xma daaklda. es im sababiT moxda, rom erTa ligis wevroba kvlav CaiTrevda aSS-s evropis sisxlian saqmeebSi, amave dros, SeboWavda amerikul sagareo politikas da mas ligis gadawyvetilebebze damokide-buls gaxdida. uilsons isic gauxsenes, rom versalis molaparakebebze amerikul dele-gaciaSi man arc erTi cnobili respublike-li moRvawe ar dapatiJa, anu qveynis mosax-leobis naxevris warmomadgenelTa azri ar gauTvaliswinebia. arada, erTa liga xom uilsonis SemuSavebuli dazavebisa da omis-Semdgomi mowyobis gegmis, e.w. 14 punqtis, erT-erTi mTavari Semadgeneli nawili iyo. aseTi politikuri anekdotic arsebobs: uilsonisTvis saiqioSi moses miusamZimre-bia – es ra uqnes msoflios xalxebma Tqvens 14 punqtso? – eg araferi, – uTqvams uil-sons, – Tqven is unda naxoT, maT Tqvens aT mcnebas ra uyveso.

magram uilsons axsovda mis misasalmeblad gamosuli aRtacebuli xalxiT gadaWedili lon-donis, romis, parizis quCebi, ramac garkveulwilad daabrmava kidec igi da sabolood obieqtu-rad ver Seafasa viTareba rogorc evropaSi, ise samSobloSi – mxolod sakuTari azri miaCnda sworad. erTa ligis sakiTxSi mas mkveTrad daupirispirda respublikuri umravlesoba senator

henri kebot lojisa da uiliam boras xelmZ-RvanelobiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom uilson-ma bevri ikamaTa senatTan da xangrZlivi mogzauroba daiwyo dasavleTis StatebSi swored erTa ligis sakiTxSi mxardaWeris mosapoveblad, mainc verafers gaxda. ufro metic, am mogzaurobis dros, 1919 wels, mas dambla daeca. saprezidento vadis dasru-lebamde igi sakmaod mZimed avadmyofi mar-Tavda qveyanas, magram ukve aRarc jani mos-devda da aRarc gavlena. marTalia, maSin jer kidev ar arsebobda konstituciis 22-e Sesworeba, romelic prezidentis mmarTve-lobis periods mxolod ori vadiT sazRv-ravda, magram, zemoT aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, uilsonis xelaxal kandidatobaze saubari aRarc yofila. es didi adamiani sak-maod male, 1924 wels, gardaicvala.

Teodor ruzveltisgan gansxvavebiT, vudro uilsons cota megobari hyavda da ax-lo megobari TiTqmis arc hyolia. rogorc zogierTi arakeTilmosurne mkvlevari aR-niSnavda, mas ar uyvarda Tavis garemocvaSi Zlieri da damoukideblad moazrovne xalxi, romlebic mis mosazrebebs gaakritikebdnen. igi gacilebiT naklebad icnobda msoflios, vidre TviTon miaCnda. magram, albaT, yvela-feri SedarebiTia – amerikis erT-erTi yve-

prezidenti uilsoni ojaxTan erTad

henri kebot loji(1850-1924)

uiliam bora(1865-1940)

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laze ganaTlebuli prezidenti rogorme mra-val politikur oponentze ukeT mainc erkveo-da saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSi. amis dasturia uilsonis idea erTa ligaSi amerikis saqmiano-bis Sesaxeb, romelic rom ganxorcielebuliyo, SeiZleba erTa liga ufro qmediTunarian meqa-nizmad eqcia da msoflios Tavidan aecilebina mTeli is ubedureba, rac II msoflio omma mou-tana. anu uilsonma sxvebze adre ganWvrita, rom 1920 wlisTvis amerikuli izolacionizmis dro damTavrda, magram bevri jiuti da naklebad ga-naTlebuli senatoris `damsaxurebiT~ amerike-lebi amas mxolod 1941 wlis 7 dekembers mixvd-nen – perl harborze iaponelTa Tavdasxmis Sem-deg.

ase sakmaod dramatulad dasrulda ameri-kis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino prezidentis moRvaweoba. marTalia, misi prezidentobis bo-lo arcTu warmatebuli iyo, magram man Zalian bevri gaakeTa rogorc amerikisTvis, ise msof-liosTvis da am Rvawls veraferi gadafaravs – igi marTebulad miiCneva amerikis erT-erT udi-des prezidentad.

prezidenti uilsoni meuRle editTan erTad

vudro uilsoni

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