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Warm-Up 8/31. Pick up a Lab Safety Contract Contracts and Consumables Due Sep. 6 th ! UIL Science. Pre-AP Review. About Science. Chapter 1. About Science. Units. Linear Motion. Chapter 2. Linear Motion. Displacement vs. Distance Velocity v = x t Acceleration a = Δ v - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Warm-Up 831
bull Pick up a Lab Safety Contract
bull Contracts and Consumables Due Sep 6th
bull UIL Science
Pre-AP Review
About ScienceChapter 1
About Sciencebull Units
Quantity Variable UnitDisplacement x mTime t sVelocity v msAcceleration a ms2
Force F NMomentum ρ kgmsWork W JPower P WPotential EnergyKinetic Energy PEKE J
Linear MotionChapter 2
Linear Motion
bull Displacement vs Distance
bull Velocitybull v = x
t
bull Accelerationbull a = Δv
t
Projectile MotionChapter 3
Projectile Motion
bull Vectorsbull Magnitudebull Direction
bull Scalarsbull Magnitude
Projectile Motion
vf = vi + at
vf2 = vi
2 + 2ax
x = vit + frac12 at2
bull Use GUESSbull List what you knowbull Pick your equationbull Remember ldquoImportant Pointsrdquo
Projectile Motion
bull Important Pointsbull Horizontal and vertical components
bull Independentbull Vertical component
bull Timebull Horizontal component
bull Distance travelledbull Ball thrown vertically velocity at the apex of its
trajectorybull 0 ms
Projectile Motion
bull Vector Addition
bull Pythagorean Theorembull Resultant vector
bull SOH CAH TOA
Newtonrsquos LawsChapter 4 5 6
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a body in motion
tends to stay in motion unless a force is applied
bull 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal but opposite
reactionbull Action-Reaction Pairs
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a
body in motion tends to stay in motion
bull Except when there are external forces
bull Inertiabull The tendency of the 1st Law
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull Involved in all Newtonrsquos Calculations
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
bull Action-Reaction Pairsbull You push on the table
bull The table pushes back on youbull Baseball bat hits the ball
bull The ball hits back
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Net Forcebull Overall Force on an object
bull 0 net forcebull All forces balancedbull Mechanical Equilibriumbull 0 acceleration
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Pre-AP Review
About ScienceChapter 1
About Sciencebull Units
Quantity Variable UnitDisplacement x mTime t sVelocity v msAcceleration a ms2
Force F NMomentum ρ kgmsWork W JPower P WPotential EnergyKinetic Energy PEKE J
Linear MotionChapter 2
Linear Motion
bull Displacement vs Distance
bull Velocitybull v = x
t
bull Accelerationbull a = Δv
t
Projectile MotionChapter 3
Projectile Motion
bull Vectorsbull Magnitudebull Direction
bull Scalarsbull Magnitude
Projectile Motion
vf = vi + at
vf2 = vi
2 + 2ax
x = vit + frac12 at2
bull Use GUESSbull List what you knowbull Pick your equationbull Remember ldquoImportant Pointsrdquo
Projectile Motion
bull Important Pointsbull Horizontal and vertical components
bull Independentbull Vertical component
bull Timebull Horizontal component
bull Distance travelledbull Ball thrown vertically velocity at the apex of its
trajectorybull 0 ms
Projectile Motion
bull Vector Addition
bull Pythagorean Theorembull Resultant vector
bull SOH CAH TOA
Newtonrsquos LawsChapter 4 5 6
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a body in motion
tends to stay in motion unless a force is applied
bull 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal but opposite
reactionbull Action-Reaction Pairs
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a
body in motion tends to stay in motion
bull Except when there are external forces
bull Inertiabull The tendency of the 1st Law
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull Involved in all Newtonrsquos Calculations
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
bull Action-Reaction Pairsbull You push on the table
bull The table pushes back on youbull Baseball bat hits the ball
bull The ball hits back
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Net Forcebull Overall Force on an object
bull 0 net forcebull All forces balancedbull Mechanical Equilibriumbull 0 acceleration
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
About ScienceChapter 1
About Sciencebull Units
Quantity Variable UnitDisplacement x mTime t sVelocity v msAcceleration a ms2
Force F NMomentum ρ kgmsWork W JPower P WPotential EnergyKinetic Energy PEKE J
Linear MotionChapter 2
Linear Motion
bull Displacement vs Distance
bull Velocitybull v = x
t
bull Accelerationbull a = Δv
t
Projectile MotionChapter 3
Projectile Motion
bull Vectorsbull Magnitudebull Direction
bull Scalarsbull Magnitude
Projectile Motion
vf = vi + at
vf2 = vi
2 + 2ax
x = vit + frac12 at2
bull Use GUESSbull List what you knowbull Pick your equationbull Remember ldquoImportant Pointsrdquo
Projectile Motion
bull Important Pointsbull Horizontal and vertical components
bull Independentbull Vertical component
bull Timebull Horizontal component
bull Distance travelledbull Ball thrown vertically velocity at the apex of its
trajectorybull 0 ms
Projectile Motion
bull Vector Addition
bull Pythagorean Theorembull Resultant vector
bull SOH CAH TOA
Newtonrsquos LawsChapter 4 5 6
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a body in motion
tends to stay in motion unless a force is applied
bull 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal but opposite
reactionbull Action-Reaction Pairs
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a
body in motion tends to stay in motion
bull Except when there are external forces
bull Inertiabull The tendency of the 1st Law
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull Involved in all Newtonrsquos Calculations
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
bull Action-Reaction Pairsbull You push on the table
bull The table pushes back on youbull Baseball bat hits the ball
bull The ball hits back
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Net Forcebull Overall Force on an object
bull 0 net forcebull All forces balancedbull Mechanical Equilibriumbull 0 acceleration
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
About Sciencebull Units
Quantity Variable UnitDisplacement x mTime t sVelocity v msAcceleration a ms2
Force F NMomentum ρ kgmsWork W JPower P WPotential EnergyKinetic Energy PEKE J
Linear MotionChapter 2
Linear Motion
bull Displacement vs Distance
bull Velocitybull v = x
t
bull Accelerationbull a = Δv
t
Projectile MotionChapter 3
Projectile Motion
bull Vectorsbull Magnitudebull Direction
bull Scalarsbull Magnitude
Projectile Motion
vf = vi + at
vf2 = vi
2 + 2ax
x = vit + frac12 at2
bull Use GUESSbull List what you knowbull Pick your equationbull Remember ldquoImportant Pointsrdquo
Projectile Motion
bull Important Pointsbull Horizontal and vertical components
bull Independentbull Vertical component
bull Timebull Horizontal component
bull Distance travelledbull Ball thrown vertically velocity at the apex of its
trajectorybull 0 ms
Projectile Motion
bull Vector Addition
bull Pythagorean Theorembull Resultant vector
bull SOH CAH TOA
Newtonrsquos LawsChapter 4 5 6
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a body in motion
tends to stay in motion unless a force is applied
bull 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal but opposite
reactionbull Action-Reaction Pairs
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a
body in motion tends to stay in motion
bull Except when there are external forces
bull Inertiabull The tendency of the 1st Law
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull Involved in all Newtonrsquos Calculations
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
bull Action-Reaction Pairsbull You push on the table
bull The table pushes back on youbull Baseball bat hits the ball
bull The ball hits back
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Net Forcebull Overall Force on an object
bull 0 net forcebull All forces balancedbull Mechanical Equilibriumbull 0 acceleration
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Linear MotionChapter 2
Linear Motion
bull Displacement vs Distance
bull Velocitybull v = x
t
bull Accelerationbull a = Δv
t
Projectile MotionChapter 3
Projectile Motion
bull Vectorsbull Magnitudebull Direction
bull Scalarsbull Magnitude
Projectile Motion
vf = vi + at
vf2 = vi
2 + 2ax
x = vit + frac12 at2
bull Use GUESSbull List what you knowbull Pick your equationbull Remember ldquoImportant Pointsrdquo
Projectile Motion
bull Important Pointsbull Horizontal and vertical components
bull Independentbull Vertical component
bull Timebull Horizontal component
bull Distance travelledbull Ball thrown vertically velocity at the apex of its
trajectorybull 0 ms
Projectile Motion
bull Vector Addition
bull Pythagorean Theorembull Resultant vector
bull SOH CAH TOA
Newtonrsquos LawsChapter 4 5 6
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a body in motion
tends to stay in motion unless a force is applied
bull 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal but opposite
reactionbull Action-Reaction Pairs
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a
body in motion tends to stay in motion
bull Except when there are external forces
bull Inertiabull The tendency of the 1st Law
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull Involved in all Newtonrsquos Calculations
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
bull Action-Reaction Pairsbull You push on the table
bull The table pushes back on youbull Baseball bat hits the ball
bull The ball hits back
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Net Forcebull Overall Force on an object
bull 0 net forcebull All forces balancedbull Mechanical Equilibriumbull 0 acceleration
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Linear Motion
bull Displacement vs Distance
bull Velocitybull v = x
t
bull Accelerationbull a = Δv
t
Projectile MotionChapter 3
Projectile Motion
bull Vectorsbull Magnitudebull Direction
bull Scalarsbull Magnitude
Projectile Motion
vf = vi + at
vf2 = vi
2 + 2ax
x = vit + frac12 at2
bull Use GUESSbull List what you knowbull Pick your equationbull Remember ldquoImportant Pointsrdquo
Projectile Motion
bull Important Pointsbull Horizontal and vertical components
bull Independentbull Vertical component
bull Timebull Horizontal component
bull Distance travelledbull Ball thrown vertically velocity at the apex of its
trajectorybull 0 ms
Projectile Motion
bull Vector Addition
bull Pythagorean Theorembull Resultant vector
bull SOH CAH TOA
Newtonrsquos LawsChapter 4 5 6
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a body in motion
tends to stay in motion unless a force is applied
bull 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal but opposite
reactionbull Action-Reaction Pairs
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a
body in motion tends to stay in motion
bull Except when there are external forces
bull Inertiabull The tendency of the 1st Law
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull Involved in all Newtonrsquos Calculations
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
bull Action-Reaction Pairsbull You push on the table
bull The table pushes back on youbull Baseball bat hits the ball
bull The ball hits back
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Net Forcebull Overall Force on an object
bull 0 net forcebull All forces balancedbull Mechanical Equilibriumbull 0 acceleration
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Projectile MotionChapter 3
Projectile Motion
bull Vectorsbull Magnitudebull Direction
bull Scalarsbull Magnitude
Projectile Motion
vf = vi + at
vf2 = vi
2 + 2ax
x = vit + frac12 at2
bull Use GUESSbull List what you knowbull Pick your equationbull Remember ldquoImportant Pointsrdquo
Projectile Motion
bull Important Pointsbull Horizontal and vertical components
bull Independentbull Vertical component
bull Timebull Horizontal component
bull Distance travelledbull Ball thrown vertically velocity at the apex of its
trajectorybull 0 ms
Projectile Motion
bull Vector Addition
bull Pythagorean Theorembull Resultant vector
bull SOH CAH TOA
Newtonrsquos LawsChapter 4 5 6
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a body in motion
tends to stay in motion unless a force is applied
bull 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal but opposite
reactionbull Action-Reaction Pairs
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a
body in motion tends to stay in motion
bull Except when there are external forces
bull Inertiabull The tendency of the 1st Law
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull Involved in all Newtonrsquos Calculations
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
bull Action-Reaction Pairsbull You push on the table
bull The table pushes back on youbull Baseball bat hits the ball
bull The ball hits back
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Net Forcebull Overall Force on an object
bull 0 net forcebull All forces balancedbull Mechanical Equilibriumbull 0 acceleration
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Projectile Motion
bull Vectorsbull Magnitudebull Direction
bull Scalarsbull Magnitude
Projectile Motion
vf = vi + at
vf2 = vi
2 + 2ax
x = vit + frac12 at2
bull Use GUESSbull List what you knowbull Pick your equationbull Remember ldquoImportant Pointsrdquo
Projectile Motion
bull Important Pointsbull Horizontal and vertical components
bull Independentbull Vertical component
bull Timebull Horizontal component
bull Distance travelledbull Ball thrown vertically velocity at the apex of its
trajectorybull 0 ms
Projectile Motion
bull Vector Addition
bull Pythagorean Theorembull Resultant vector
bull SOH CAH TOA
Newtonrsquos LawsChapter 4 5 6
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a body in motion
tends to stay in motion unless a force is applied
bull 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal but opposite
reactionbull Action-Reaction Pairs
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a
body in motion tends to stay in motion
bull Except when there are external forces
bull Inertiabull The tendency of the 1st Law
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull Involved in all Newtonrsquos Calculations
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
bull Action-Reaction Pairsbull You push on the table
bull The table pushes back on youbull Baseball bat hits the ball
bull The ball hits back
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Net Forcebull Overall Force on an object
bull 0 net forcebull All forces balancedbull Mechanical Equilibriumbull 0 acceleration
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Projectile Motion
vf = vi + at
vf2 = vi
2 + 2ax
x = vit + frac12 at2
bull Use GUESSbull List what you knowbull Pick your equationbull Remember ldquoImportant Pointsrdquo
Projectile Motion
bull Important Pointsbull Horizontal and vertical components
bull Independentbull Vertical component
bull Timebull Horizontal component
bull Distance travelledbull Ball thrown vertically velocity at the apex of its
trajectorybull 0 ms
Projectile Motion
bull Vector Addition
bull Pythagorean Theorembull Resultant vector
bull SOH CAH TOA
Newtonrsquos LawsChapter 4 5 6
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a body in motion
tends to stay in motion unless a force is applied
bull 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal but opposite
reactionbull Action-Reaction Pairs
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a
body in motion tends to stay in motion
bull Except when there are external forces
bull Inertiabull The tendency of the 1st Law
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull Involved in all Newtonrsquos Calculations
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
bull Action-Reaction Pairsbull You push on the table
bull The table pushes back on youbull Baseball bat hits the ball
bull The ball hits back
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Net Forcebull Overall Force on an object
bull 0 net forcebull All forces balancedbull Mechanical Equilibriumbull 0 acceleration
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Projectile Motion
bull Important Pointsbull Horizontal and vertical components
bull Independentbull Vertical component
bull Timebull Horizontal component
bull Distance travelledbull Ball thrown vertically velocity at the apex of its
trajectorybull 0 ms
Projectile Motion
bull Vector Addition
bull Pythagorean Theorembull Resultant vector
bull SOH CAH TOA
Newtonrsquos LawsChapter 4 5 6
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a body in motion
tends to stay in motion unless a force is applied
bull 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal but opposite
reactionbull Action-Reaction Pairs
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a
body in motion tends to stay in motion
bull Except when there are external forces
bull Inertiabull The tendency of the 1st Law
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull Involved in all Newtonrsquos Calculations
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
bull Action-Reaction Pairsbull You push on the table
bull The table pushes back on youbull Baseball bat hits the ball
bull The ball hits back
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Net Forcebull Overall Force on an object
bull 0 net forcebull All forces balancedbull Mechanical Equilibriumbull 0 acceleration
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Projectile Motion
bull Vector Addition
bull Pythagorean Theorembull Resultant vector
bull SOH CAH TOA
Newtonrsquos LawsChapter 4 5 6
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a body in motion
tends to stay in motion unless a force is applied
bull 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal but opposite
reactionbull Action-Reaction Pairs
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a
body in motion tends to stay in motion
bull Except when there are external forces
bull Inertiabull The tendency of the 1st Law
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull Involved in all Newtonrsquos Calculations
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
bull Action-Reaction Pairsbull You push on the table
bull The table pushes back on youbull Baseball bat hits the ball
bull The ball hits back
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Net Forcebull Overall Force on an object
bull 0 net forcebull All forces balancedbull Mechanical Equilibriumbull 0 acceleration
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Newtonrsquos LawsChapter 4 5 6
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a body in motion
tends to stay in motion unless a force is applied
bull 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal but opposite
reactionbull Action-Reaction Pairs
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a
body in motion tends to stay in motion
bull Except when there are external forces
bull Inertiabull The tendency of the 1st Law
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull Involved in all Newtonrsquos Calculations
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
bull Action-Reaction Pairsbull You push on the table
bull The table pushes back on youbull Baseball bat hits the ball
bull The ball hits back
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Net Forcebull Overall Force on an object
bull 0 net forcebull All forces balancedbull Mechanical Equilibriumbull 0 acceleration
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a body in motion
tends to stay in motion unless a force is applied
bull 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal but opposite
reactionbull Action-Reaction Pairs
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a
body in motion tends to stay in motion
bull Except when there are external forces
bull Inertiabull The tendency of the 1st Law
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull Involved in all Newtonrsquos Calculations
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
bull Action-Reaction Pairsbull You push on the table
bull The table pushes back on youbull Baseball bat hits the ball
bull The ball hits back
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Net Forcebull Overall Force on an object
bull 0 net forcebull All forces balancedbull Mechanical Equilibriumbull 0 acceleration
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull 1st Lawbull A body at rest tends to stay at rest a
body in motion tends to stay in motion
bull Except when there are external forces
bull Inertiabull The tendency of the 1st Law
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull Involved in all Newtonrsquos Calculations
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
bull Action-Reaction Pairsbull You push on the table
bull The table pushes back on youbull Baseball bat hits the ball
bull The ball hits back
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Net Forcebull Overall Force on an object
bull 0 net forcebull All forces balancedbull Mechanical Equilibriumbull 0 acceleration
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 2nd Lawbull F = ma
bull Involved in all Newtonrsquos Calculations
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
bull Action-Reaction Pairsbull You push on the table
bull The table pushes back on youbull Baseball bat hits the ball
bull The ball hits back
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Net Forcebull Overall Force on an object
bull 0 net forcebull All forces balancedbull Mechanical Equilibriumbull 0 acceleration
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Newtonrsquos 3rd Lawbull For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
bull Action-Reaction Pairsbull You push on the table
bull The table pushes back on youbull Baseball bat hits the ball
bull The ball hits back
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Net Forcebull Overall Force on an object
bull 0 net forcebull All forces balancedbull Mechanical Equilibriumbull 0 acceleration
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Newtonrsquos Laws
bull Net Forcebull Overall Force on an object
bull 0 net forcebull All forces balancedbull Mechanical Equilibriumbull 0 acceleration
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
MomentumChapter 7
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Momentum
bull Momentumbull ρ = mv
bull Impulsebull J = Δρ
bull Δρ = ρf ndash ρi
bull Δρ = mvf - mvi
bull J = Ft
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentumbull Momentum before = momentum afterbull Different equations for different
situations
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Momentum
bull Conservation of Momentum Equations
Situation Equation
Objects collide m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Objects attach m1v1i + m2v2i = = mfvf
Objects separate (m1 + m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Momentum
bull Collisionsbull Elastic
bull Momentum is conservedbull Inelastic
bull Momentum is lostbull How
bull Soundbull Heatbull Damagebull etc
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Mechanical Energy
bull Work and Powerbull Work
bull W = F x
bull Powerbull P = W
t
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Mechanical Energy
bull Mechanical Energybull ME = KE + PE
bull Potential Energy bull PE = -mgh
bull Kinetic Energybull KE = frac12 mv2
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Mechanical Energy
bull Work-Energy Theorembull W = ΔKE
bull ΔKE = KEf ndash KEi
bull ΔKE = frac12 mvf2 ndash 12mvi
2
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Mechanical Energy
bull Conservation of Mechanical Energy
MEi = MEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
frac12 mvi2 + -mghi = frac12 mvf
2 + -mghf
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Thermodynamics
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Change of Phase
bull Going from one phase to anotherbull Occurs through the gain or loss of heat
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Melting Vaporization Ionization
Sublimation
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Change of Phase
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Freezing Condensation Deionization
Deposition
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
UniversalGravitation
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Gravity Equation
bull Wherebull F is forcebull G is the universal gravitation constantbull m1
is mass of object 1
bull m2 is mass of object 2bull d is distance between objects
32
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Inverse Square Relationship
bull Ratio of distances to force
Distance Force1 12 14 3 194 116
12 4 33
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Relativity
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Relativity
bull Special relativitybull Space-Timebull Time dilation
bull General relativitybull e = mc2
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Electricity
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Electrostatics
Wherebull F = Forcebull k = proportionality constantbull q1 = charge of 1st particlebull q2 = charge of 2nd particlebull d = distance between charges
F = kq
1q
2d2
Whatrsquos the unit for q
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Ohmrsquos Law
I = VR
bull Wherebull I is currentbull V is voltage (potential)bull R is resistance
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Units of Ohmrsquos Law
bull Electric Potential Vbull Volts (V)
bull Resistance Rbull Ohms (Ω)
bull Current Ibull Amperes (A)
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Electrical Power
P = IV
bull Wherebull P is powerbull I is currentbull V is voltage
bull Unit for powerbull Watt
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Series Circuit
bull Only one path for current to flow throughbull All components have the same current
bull Resistance in seriesbull Resistances add upbull RTotal = R1 + R2
+ hellip + Rn
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Parallel Circuits
bull Multiple paths for electricity to takebull Voltage across each path is the same
bull Resistance in parallelbull Inverse of resistances add upbull 1 = 1 + 1 + hellip + 1_ RTotal R1 R2 Rn
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Series vs Parallel Summary
bull A table comparing series and parallel circuitsbull Voltage current and resistance of each component
Circuit Voltage Current ResistanceSeries Different Same RTotal = R1 + R2 +hellip
Parallel Same Different 1 = 1 + 1 +hellipRTotal R1 R2
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Magnetism
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Direction of a Magnetic Field
bull When current flows down a wirehellipbull The ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo
bull With the right handbull Stick your thumb in the direction of the currentbull Your fingers show the direction of the field
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Electromagnetic Induction
bull A changing magnetic field and a wire causeshellipbull Currentbull And Voltage
bull Explained by Ohmrsquos Lawbull I = VR
bull This is done byhellipbull Moving a magnet relative to a wire
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Stepping Up and Down
bull What type of transformers step-up or step-down are they following The primary coils are on the left the secondary coils are on the right
PRIM
ARY
SECO
NDA
RY
Step-Up Step-Up Step-Down
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Waves
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Describing Waves
bull Crest bull High point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Describing Waves
bull Trough bull Low point of a wave
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Describing Waves
bull Wavelength (λ)bull Length of one wave (in meters)bull From Crest Crest or Trough Trough
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Describing Waves
bull Amplitudebull Height from the equilibrium (middle) pointbull To either the crest or trough
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Period and Frequency Equation
T = 1 f
bull Wherebull T is period
bull Measured in secbull f is frequency
bull Measured in Hzbull Inverse of inverse seconds = seconds
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Types of Waves
bull Types of wavesbull Transverse wavesbull Longitudinal wavesbull Standing waves
bull Letrsquos look at each onehellip
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Describing Transverse Waves
bull Like we discussed beforehellip
bull Using crest trough wavelength amplitude
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Describing Longitudinal Waves
bull Also called compression waves
bull Compressionbull Area of compressed media (increased density)
bull Rarefactionbull Region of less media (decreased density)
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Describing Standing Waves
bull Nodesbull No motionbull Red dots
bull Antinodesbull Maximum motionbull Crests and troughs
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Interference Overview
In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out of Phase
Destructive
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Doppler Effect
bull Notice the distortion of the sound waves in frontbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=imoxDcn2Sgo
Stationary Object Moving Object
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Electromagnetic Spectrum
bull Electromagnetic Spectrumbull All electromagnetic waves fall in this spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
Wavelength and Frequency
bull Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lightbull c = 30 x 108 ms
c = λf
bull c is constant thereforebull High wavelength
bull Low frequencybull Low wavelength
bull High frequency
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets
AP Equation Sheet
bull Used only on the free response
bull Pick up copies bull 3 sheets