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2009 年考试说明中关于阅读理解的要求 本部分共分两节，测试考生的英语阅读理解能力。要求考生读懂书、报、杂志、网络中关于一般性话题的文字材料以及公告、说明、广告等（生词量不超过 3 ％），并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：　１、理解主旨要义；　２、理解文中具体信息；　３、根据上下文推断生词的词义；　４、作出简单判断和理解；　５、理解文章的基本结构；　６、理解作者的意图和态度。

If you come across the new words when reading, What will you

do ?

What difficulty do you have in reading?

How to guess the

meanings of words

Ways to Guess the Words一 . Explanation （解释）二 . Context （上下文）

三 . Word-formation （字形）

四 . Examples （例子）五 . Common sense （常识）

eg ： It will be very hard but also very brittle --- that is, it will break easily. eg ： Modern medicine began with the stethoscope, a medical tool used for listening to the movements of a person’s lung and his heartbeats.

一、 Explanation

易碎的，脆弱的

听诊器

利用文章中用不同的话对同一概念的解释，猜测词义。信号词： be, be called, means, be defined as ， that is, 等等，标点符号有：——等

◎A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpentercarpenter.

◎His uncle is a zoologistzoologist, an expert who does research on animals.

◎The herdsmanherdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.

◎We are on the night shiftnight shift --- working from midnight to 8 a.m. --- this week.

木匠 动物学家 牧人 夜班

Ex. 1 carpenter,zoologist,herdsman,night shift

二 . Context对比关系 同义、近义、反义关系因果关系

e.g. John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things, his wife, however, is very abstemious .

e.g. Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubbygrubby.

1. 对比关系

污秽的 , 邋遢的

有节制的 , 节约的

能体现对比关系的词汇很多，主要有 but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead,on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast with 等。标点符号分号有时也可表示对比。

◎In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything seems to be in a state of turmoilturmoil.

◎If you agree, write “ yes”; if you dissentdissent, write “no”.

◎Some human actions are learned, but quite a few other actions are innateinnate.

◎Although a large number of people considered him to have stolen the money, I was sure that he was innocentinnocent of the theft.

混乱 无辜的 天生的

不同意

Ex. 2 turmoil,dissent,innate,innocent

2. 同义、近义、反义关系 同义词替换的表达方法可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有or, like, similar 等。 反义词利用文章中所出现的、与某生词或词组意思相反的内容，猜测词义。信号词中有 instead, but,not 等

e.g. Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. My aunt was an old woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter. 圆胖的 , 丰满的 e.g. The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year. 取代 , 接替 , 撤换

eg ： American businessmen expect employees to be punctual. They do not expect that the workers will come late.

文中 be punctual 的意思，可理解为“ not come late” ，即“准时，不迟到”。

e.g. Mr Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquacious.

显然， similarly 是个语境线索，它暗示 loquacious 意为 love to talk 。

Ex. 3 symptoms,volatile,shivered

◎One of symptoms caused by this kind of illness is a high fever.

◎Because this chemical liquid is highly volatile, we must keep it in a bottle which has a tight lid.

◎In the strong wind, the beggar shivered with the terrible cold.

症状 易挥发的 颤抖

3. 因果关系 : 信号词：如 because ， as ， since ， for ， so ， thus ， as a result, , so … that, such … that ， therefore 等表示前因后果

e.g. Rubber can be made to stretch more than nine times its normal length because it is very elasticelastic.

e.g. The river is so turbidturbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.

弹性的

混浊的

◎Since I could not afford to purchase the original painting, I bought a replicareplica. An inexperienced eye could not tell the difference.

◎He’s such a shrewdshrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade.

◎She wanted the hairdresser to trimtrim her hair a bit because it was too long.

复制品 精明的 修剪

Ex. 4 replica,shrewd,trim

1. With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence.

unconditional:

nonjudgmental:

无条件的，绝对的

没有判断力的

2. 根据构词法：合成、派生（前缀、后缀）、转化等

三 . Word-formation

-er -or -ian -ist -ese-ess

后缀 ,构成可数名词

猜一猜 :solution solve druggist drugelectrician electricgreatness greatreminder remind

构词法

-ment-tion-ness-sion-ery-ing

后缀 ,构成抽象名词

dis- im- mis- un- non-

否定前缀 re-co- mini- over- pre- post- vice- en- tele-

其它前缀

重复共同 ,平等小过度

--- 后副的使 -- 可能远程

--- 前

猜一猜 : minicar postwar supermarket preview preschool recall irrelative nonstandard disloyal unlock co-worker overactive vice president

微型汽车战后超市预习学前回忆 ,回想无关系的不标准的不忠诚的开锁合作者过分活跃副总统

-al-ble-ern-ful-ish-ive-less-y-ly-ous

形容词后缀

enizeify

动词后缀

e. g. weakenrealizesatisfy

猜猜 :strengthen simplify activate mountainouscourageouschangeable lifeless hilly peaceable fictional

e.g. We must safeguard the world peace.

A protect B care C prevent D to keep safe with guns e.g. Don’t listen to his nonsense. A having no meaning B

meaningless words

C humorous speech D not making

sense

维护 , 保护 , 捍卫

胡说 , 废话

合成词

e.g. On the farm they mainly raise poultry, such as chickens, ducks and geese, for their eggs and meat.

e.g. I have found Lucy is quite generous, for example, whenever she meets a beggar, she gives some coins to him.

四 . Examples

家禽

慷慨的，大方的

eg: Metal expandsexpands when heated and contractscontracts when cooled.

eg: When you throw a stone into still water of a lake, you will watch aa rippleripple spread in rings on the surface of water.

五 . Common sense

膨胀，扩大 收缩，缩小

波纹，细浪

1. In old days, when girls from rich families were married to their husbands, they expected to bring with themselves a large quantity of dowry.

2.Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold.

3. When a doctor performs an operation on a patient, he usually gives an anaestheticanaesthetic to make him unconscious, because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him.

Ex. 5 dowry, wither, anaesthetic

嫁妆 枯萎 麻药

因果猜

构词法

How to guess the meaning of words?

定义

同 / 反义词

对比转折

上下文

生活常识

解释

Let us do some exercises to consolidate it. This time we will have a group competition. The group who wins will get a surprise from me.

Discussion

Exercises

Let have a group competition

小试身手1.Albert’s success after much effort and practice

proves the value of persistence.

2. All his attempts to unlock the door was futile, because he was using the wrong key.

3. Though Mr. Smith has been manager for just 3 months, he has already made much greater achievements than his predecessors.

祝 功成你 !

A. time B. competition C. perseverance

A. 成功的 B. 徒劳的　 C. 有效的　 D. 匆促的

A. 上级 B. 前任 C. 同事 D. 下级

4. She didn’t hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading.

5. Twelve-year-old Sally was an active girl. But her sister was quite sedate.

6. He is a resolute man. Once he makes up his mind to do something, he won’t give it up halfway.

祝 功成你 !

小试身手

A. 心不在焉的 B.紧张的 C. 全神贯注的 D.睡意浓的

A. pretty B. calm C. protective D. energetic

A. strong B. firm C. kind D. clever

7. The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer.

8. Those new comers were not used to the life in the suburbs which was so different from that inside the city.

9. You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, or English Learning.

祝 功成你 !

小试身手

A. work B. study C. name D. interest

A. town B. capital C. country D. house

A. dictionaries B. story-books C. magazines D. newspapers

10. The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water.

11. Just for fun, they decided to try a very circuitous country road instead of the more direct highway.

12. That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.

祝 功成你 !

小试身手

A. became sweeter B. became red C. became dry

A. direct B. indirect C. straight

A. small B. large C. dull

Now let’s try some examples in the passages.Here are some examples in the exams.Try to guess the meanings of the underlined words in the following passages.

Here is an example from the test paper of the 2008 final exams.

分析：此题考查考生猜词的能力。青少年太早来到学校上课，就坐在桌旁打盹。而且我们知道“ nod” 有点头的意思。根据常识，打盹的时候会情不自禁地垂下头。

eg ： A Brown University sleep researcher has some advice for people who run high schools: Don’t start classes so early in the morning. It may not be that the students who nod off at their desks are lazy. And it may not be that their parents have failed to enforce (确保 ) bedtime. Instead, it may be that biologically these sleepyhead students aren’t used to the early hour.

49. The underlined phrase “nod off” most probably means “ _______”.

A.turn around B. agree with others C. fall asleep D. refuse to work

 

Here is another example from the test paper.

分析：此题考查考生猜词的能力。根据上下文原则里的并列关系，我们通过一个 and 可以断定 apprehensive跟 nervous 是同义词。

eg： A heart-warming story tells of a woman who finally decided to ask her boss for a raise in salary. All day she felt nervous and apprehensive. Late in the afternoon she summoned the courage to approach her employer. To her delight, the boss agreed to a raise.

54. The underlined word in the second paragraph most probably means______

A. worried B. eager C. certain D. afraid

 

Here is another example from the test paper.

分析：此题考查考生猜词的能力。根据解释定义原则，我们通过下文对 cuisine这个词的补充解释，来判定它的基本意思为食物。

eg： Each region has a distinctive local flavor. Here, we’d like to introduce the best of Chinese cuisine. Now, there might be Chinese restaurants almost everywhere in the world, but I couldn't think of a better place or time to show the charm of it than at the Beijing Olympics.

41. The underlined word in paragraph 1 most probably means______

A. cooker B. cook C. food D. tradition

 

Here is another example from the test paper.

分析：此题考查考生猜词的能力。根据解释定义原则，我们通过下文对 leg这个词的补充解释，来判定它的基本意思为这个 bike tour 的一部分，不要误选 A 。

A bike tour and race will be held on Aug 26 and 27. At 5:30 am, the riders will leave Tiananmen Square and ride the first 35 km as a training leg. Then the next 55 Km leg from Yanjiao to Jixian, will be the first competition. The underlined word “leg” probably means _______. A. race B. practice C. part of the training D. part of the tour

Homework:

Do more exercises on your paper.

eg ： One of the predominant concerns today is the future of our natural resources. This issue is of greatest importance because it is becoming clear to many people that our present resources will not last forever.

文中“ predominant” 的词义可猜测为具有与“ of greatest importance” 相近的意思。

eg ： Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken ．

手势 , 哑剧 , 舞剧

eg ： Cleaning up waterways is an enormous task. The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted.

文中“ enormous” 的词义可猜测为与“ large” 的意思相近。

eg ： Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person, who does not like to go to parties, or to make new friends.

根据文中“ unlike...” 的意思，可将gregarious 理解为与文中“ a shy person who does not like to go to parties, or to make new friends.” 相反的意思，即：表示“好交际的”。

eg ： The old man put on his spectacles and began to read.

spectacles 的词义，从下文“戴上‘ spectacles’ 后开始阅读”可以猜得其词义“眼镜”。

eg ： Some artists plan their paintings around geometric forms like squares, circles and triangles.

geometric forms 的意思，可从文中所列举的三角形，正方形、圆形来猜得其意义为“几何图形”。

eg ： They overestimate the interviewee's ability and asked him many difficult questions.

在 overestimate 词中 over- 是前缀，意为“过分”。因此 overestimate 的词义可以猜测为“过高估计”的意思。

eg ： We were told that our's was the most spacious room in the hotel. That was why we had to pay so much for it.

Spacious 是由词根 space(空间 )+ious( 形容词后缀 ) 构成。由此我们可以猜得其大概意思为“有空间的，宽敞的”。

小试身手1.Albert’s success after much effort and practice pro

ves the value of persistence.

A. time B. competition C. perseverance

2. All his attempts to unlock the door was futile, because he was using the wrong key.

A. 成功的 B. 徒劳的　 C. 有效的　 D. 匆促的

3. Though Mr. Smith has been manager for just 3 months, he has already made much greater achievements than his predecessors.

A. 上级 B. 前任 C. 同事 D. 下级祝 功成你 !

4. She didn’t hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading.

A. 心不在焉的 B.紧张的 C. 全神贯注的 D.睡意浓的

5. Twelve-year-old Sally was an active girl. But her sister was quite sedate.

A. pretty B. calm C. protective D. energetic

6. He is a resolute man. Once he makes up his mind to do something, he won’t give it up halfway.

A. strong B. firm C. kind D. clever祝 功成你 !

7. The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer.

A. work B. study C. name D. interest

8. Those new comers were not used to the life in the suburbs which was so different from that inside the city. A. town B. capital C. country D. house

9. You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, or English Learning.

A. dictionaries B. story-books C. magazines D. newspapers

祝 功成你 !

10. The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water.

A. became sweeter B. became red C. became dry

11. Just for fun, they decided to try a very circuitous country road instead of the more direct highway.

A. direct B. indirect C. straight

12. That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.

A. small B. large C. dull

祝 功成你 !