Te Ahumoana A-mahi

WHARANGI MEKA

Te Ahumoana i Aotearoa E whitu enei wharangi meka. Ma enei ka tukuna ki te tauira he angitu kia whakanuitia tona mohiotanga e pa ana ki te ahumoana – me te mea nui ake, ko te pamu ahumoana – ki Aotearoa. I whakawhanakehia nga mahere akoranga mo nga Tau 7 me te 8. I hangaia nga mahere hei awhina i te kaiako kia awhina i te tauira ki te kimi me te ako e pa ana ki te ahumoana me ona panga mai ki te taiao me te ohanga.

Whakawhetaitanga Nä te Manatü Ika i tuku te pütea hei hanga i tënei rärangitanga whärangi meka me ngä mähere ako hoki.

Nä Shelly Farr Biswell ngä whärangi meka

Nä Sue Clement ngä Mahere Ako

Nä Lisa Paton (nö te Whakawhitinga Körero ä-Taiao / Morphological) te hoahoa me te waituhi

Nä te tira Whakatinana Ahumoana o Aotearoa i ärahi te tuhinga o ngä whärangi meka.

Manatü Ika – Daniel Lees, Stephanie Hopkins, Wendy Banta, Simon Thomas

Manatü Taiao – Kevin Curry, Brent Limmer, Lisa Hack

Te Papa Atawhai – Guy Kerrison, Sarah McRae, Sarah Hucker, Denise Young

Manatü Öhanga – Wayne Morgan

Tauhokohoko o Aotearoa – Cheryl MacGregor, Ross Graham

Te Puni Kökiri – Tony Seymour, Gina Sweetman

Te Ohu Kaimoana Trustees Ltd – Francene Wineti, Raina Meha, Kirsty Woods

Ahumoana Aotearoa – Sara Hatton

Kaunihera ä-Rohe – Graeme Silver, Taiao Waikato

He mihi motuhake ki a Täkuta Anna Meyer – Editor – Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. Näna i arotake ënei whärangi meka, näna hoki i tuku whakaaro e pä ana ki ngä whärangi meka nei.

Nga hua ako Mä tënei rauemi ka tukuna ki te tauira he angitü kia whakawhanake möhiotanga, märamatanga hoki e pä ana ki ngä mea e whai ake nei:

He aha te ahumoana;

• He aha ai he hira te ahumoana mö te öhanga o Aotearoa;

• Te hira o te ahumoana ä-ao nei;

• Ëtahi tauira o ngä momo karerehe ahumoana i Aotearoa;

• Te hira o te take kia haere te ahumoana i runga i te kaupapa o te ukaukatanga taiao;

• Te whakataurite i waenga ahumoana me ërä atu whakamahinga o te takutai.

1. He aha te ahumoana

2. Ngä kütai o Aotearoa

3. Ngä tio o Aotearoa

4. Ngä para-karaka o Aotearoa

5. Ahumoana me te taiao

6. Ahumoana me te öhanga

7. Nö wai te takutai? Te whakataurite i ngä whakamahinga o te takutai

Nä Te Puni Kökiri i tuku te pütea hei whakamäori i ënei whärangi meka. Nä Holden Hohaia i whakamäori.

Papakupu

Anei e whai ake ka kite koe i etahi kupu e whakamahia ana i roto i nga Wharangi Meka Ahumoana.

Anadromous – He momo kararehe ka toene ki rö wai Mäori, kätahi ka heke ki te moana noho ai, ka mutu, ä töna wä ka hoki mai anö ki te wai Mäori toene ai.

Ahumoana – Te whakatipu kararehe, tupu ränei ki rö wai. Ka taea te pënei ki rö wai takutai, wai awa, wai roto, ki runga ränei i te whenua (i roto i ngä höpua wai, kurawai ränei i hangaia mö taua mahi).

Anga Rua – He momo kararehe o te pori Mollusca. E rua öna anga. Ko te kütai, tuangi me te tio hoki ëtahi noa iho o tënei pori.

Mahinga mätaitai – He mea hira rawa te mahi mätaitai, kohi kaimoana hoki ki te iwi Mäori. Kei Aotearoa ëtahi ture mahi mätaitai hoki kia taea ai e te Mäori te whakahaere o rätou ake tikanga mahinga mätaitai.

Depuration – Te tukanga e waihongia ai he kaimoana ki rö wai Mäori mö tëtahi wä. Ka mutu, ka riro mä te wai Mäori e maunu ngä paruparu.

Te Kütai GreenshellTM (Perna Canaliculus) Ko tënei momo ka whakatipuria ki Aotearoa anake. Ko te roanga o te körero mö te TM ko te Trademark. Kua whiwhi tohu tënei momo kütai kia möhio ai ngä tängata i whakatipuria aua kütai ki Aotearoa.

Ukuaukatanga Taiao – Te whakamahi rawa i runga anö i te whakaaro kia ukauka tonu te taiao me öna tukanga rauropi, kia noho kaha tonu ai te mauri o ngä koiora katoa mö ngä uri kei te tipu ake.

Hoko ki Tai – E ai ki te kaupapa öhanga, ka whakamahia tënei kïanga hei whakamärama i te mahi heri rawa, rätonga ränei (i raro anö i te ture) mai i tëtahi whenua ki tëtahi atu.

Takutai Moana – Ko tënei te whenua ka rite tonu töna kapingia e te timu me te pari o te tai (arä, ko tënei te wahanga mäku o te tätahi). E ai ki te ture, kei roto anö i tënei whakamärama ko te wähi wätea kei runga ake o te whenua, kei raro iho hoki (arä te one me ngä köhatu). (Puna körero: Mark Hickford. “Law of the Foreshore and Seabed”, Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 21 Sep 2007 http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/OceanStudyAndConservation/LawOfTheForeshoreAndSeabed/em).

Küao ika – Ngä ika kätahi anö ka whänaunau mai.

Hydrocolloid – He momo räpoi ngota kaitä ka kitea i roto i ngä rimurimu. Ka rewa ia ki rö wai. Nei ka unuhia mai i te rimurimu, ka taea te whakamahi mö äna ähuatanga whakapümau, whakatepe hoki.

Kaimoana – He kai mai i te moana.

Kaitiakitanga – He kupu tënei hei whakamärama i tëtahi momo hononga i waenga i te tangata me te taiao tae noa ki öna rawa. Ko te kawenga o te tangata kia tiakina te taiao me öna rawa katoa mö ngä uri kei te tipu ake.

Köurarangi – He momo kararehe pakupaku, he rite töna ähua ki te köura engari he tino pakukpaku. Käore öna tuaiwi.

Uhu – Ko te tüahua o ëtahi momo kararehe i mua i te wä ka puta kë ia hei pakeke. Ka mutu, he rerekë noa te hanga o te pakeke ki te hanga o te uhu.

Pämu Ahumoana – Ko tënei te tümomo ahumoana ka mahia i roto i te taiao moana.

Kökota – He momo kararehe moana o te pori Mollusca. I roto i te reo Rätina, ko te tikanga o te kupu Mollusca, ko te ngohengohe. Ko ëtahi ähuatanga ka kitea whänuitia i roto i tënei pori ko te tinana ngohengohe, tütahi hoki.

Pämu Ahumoana Wätea – He momo pämu ahumoana. Ka tukuna ngä küao ika kia haere wätea ki te moana, ä, ka waihongia rätou ki reira tipu ake tae noa ki te wä hauhake. Kei Aotearoa nei i whakamätauria tënei momo ahumoana mö te para-karaka.

Pori – Te Whakawehenga Tuarua o te Ao Kararehe. Ko ngä kararehe katoa kei roto i te ropi kotahi, kei a rätou ëtahi ähuatanga örite.

Koiora Mökitokito – Ko ngä kararehe me ngä tupu mökitokito ka e tere ana i roto i ngä taiao moana, wai Mäori hoki. Të taea mä te whatu te kite atu, engari mä te whatu whakanui ränö ka kitea.

Hapü para-karaka – He mema o te whänau ika para-karaka. Kei roto i tënei whänau te para-karaka me te taraute.

Papamoana – Ko tënei te whenua kei raro katoa i te moana i ngä wä katoa. (Puna körero: Mark Hickford. “The Law of the Foreshore and Seabed”, Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 21 Sep 2007 http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/OceanStudyAndConservation/LawOfTheForeshoreAndSeabed/em).

Smolt – Ngä küao ika kua takatü kia whakarerea te taiao wai Mäori me te heke ki te moana noho ai.

Küao kaimoana – Ngä kaimoana pakupaku noa.

Toene – Kia hanga hua ika, wai tätea ika ränei.

Momo – He huinga kararehe, tupu ränei. Ka ai ana te täne o te momo ki te uwha o taua momo ka ähei te uwha ki te whakawhänau küao. Ka taea hoki e te küao te përä a töna wä.

Kounga wai – Ko tënei te inehanga o te tika, te kore tika ränei o te wai mö ëtahi whakamahinga. Ka whakamätau ngä tohunga pütaiao i te kounga wai, kätahi ka whakatauritehia ngä hua o te whakamätau ki tëtahi huinga arowhänui kua whakapümautia.

Vocabularyahumoana aquaculturewhärangi meka fact sheet pämu ahumoana marine farming/farm ahuwhenua land based farming/farm pämu ahumoana wätea ocean ranching mahinga mätaitai customary fishing taiao environmentöhanga economyangitü opportunitymomo speciesukaukuatanga taiao environmental

sustainabilitywhakataurite balancetoene to spawnkurawai water tankanga-rua bi-valve (mollusc)pori phylum (eg mollusca)mahi mätaitai customary fisherieswaiho ki rö wai depurationtukanga rauropi ecological processeskoiora biological life, living

thingshoko ki tai exportküao ika fry, juvenile fishräpoi ngota molecule rewa ki rö wai water solubleköurarangi krill, small shrimp like

marine invertebratesuhu larvakökota mollusctütahi (tinana tütahi) unsegmented body (e.g

molluscs)hauhake harvestkoiora Mökitokito planktoninanga, paraki, rangiriri smolt küao kaimoana spatuwha female of species ine (hanga) measure / measurementkounga wai water qualityhuinga arowhänui standardswhäriki köpurepure patchwork uru räkau äporo apple orchardhäroto pondme uaua kë ka kitea rarely seenPäremata Kotahitanga United Nations para-karaka salmonahuwhenua agriculture kai tötika nutritious foodwhakawhiwhi provide employmenttängata korerawa poor peoplepümua proteintino hinu kawa essential fatty acids öpapa minerals

matü hauora vitaminsähuatanga whakatuitui binding propertiestohunga pütaiao scientistkäkano rui sporeskükutai green-lipped musselskütai toretore blue musselnape ligamentköwao wildkaitätari kai filter feederwhatu whakanui microscopepihapiha gillskahotea creamy whitekaitoene päpäho broadcast spawnerwhakatö(ngia) fertilisedwai tätea spermwahanga tipu developmental stagetio repe rock oysterkütai toretore blue musseltio Moananui a Kiwa Pacific oystertio para bluff oystertaketake native (plant or animal) haurua tonga southern hemispherehaurua raki northern hemispheremomo kökuhu introduced speciestaki moana sea cagemataora life cyclewaikeri hurihiko hydroelectric canalsköurapaka crustaceanskaiika fishmealtaupori population wähi keu trigger pointskaikonihi predatorwhakatapeha falsifywhatianga hingeahumahi industrypükohuwai algaeomanga toene spawning runkauranga ika fish tank / aquariumtähuahua sand dunekorakora particleskia whakaha to become concentrated

Place names:Wairau Marlborough SoundsTe Ika a Maui North IslandTe Waka a Maui South IslandTe Puka a Maui Stewart IslandHeretaunga HastingsTe Oneroa a Tohe Ninety Mile beachWaitaha CanterburyOtäkou OtagoTe Tai Poutini West Coast South Island

Te Ahumoana A-mahi

WHARANGI MEKA

He aha te Ahumoana?Ina rere koe ma runga waka rererangi, a, ka titiro whakararo koe ki Aotearoa,

ka kite koe he whariki kopurepure o nga ahuwhenua e mahi ana – mai i nga

uru rakau hua aporo, ki nga ahuwhenua tia, kau, ngahere hoki. Ina rere koe ki

runga ake o nga wai takutai, tena pea ka kite hoki koe i nga pamu ahumoana.

Ko te mahi pämu ahumoana he tümomo ahumoana. Ko te ahumoana te mahi whakatipu noa iho i te tupu, kararehe ränei ki rö wai. Ka taea te pënei ki rö wai takutai, wai awa, wai roto, tae noa ki ngä momo ahumoana ki runga whenua – ki roto i ngä höpua wai, kurawai ränei i hangaia mö taua mahi.

Nö mai ränö te ahumoana, mai i te wä o ngä tüpuna. Kei Hawai’i, i kitea ëtahi häroto ika i hangaia neke atu i te 1,000 tau ki muri. E ai ki ngä körero pürakau o te Moananui a Kiwa, i hangaia tëtahi häroto ika i Hawai’i e ngä patupaiarehe, ko Ngä Menehune te ingoa o aua patupaiarehe.

Kei te rangona whänuitia, puta noa i te Moananui a Kiwa, ngä körero pürakau mö ngä Menehune me a rätou whakatutukinga mïharo. Ki te iwi Mäori, he patupaiarehe rätou, ä, e noho ana rätou ki rö ngahere.

He aha ai ko te Ahumoana?E ai ki ngä körero, ko te ahumoana tëtahi o ngä momo whakatipu kai e tere piki haere ana puta noa i te ao. Ko tëtahi take nui mö tënei – kei te tokoiti haere o ngä haotanga ika köwao. Tërä ränei käore i te nui haere ngä haotanga. E ai ki tëtahi aromatawainga o inä tata ake nei (kia möhio ai pëhea te rahi o ngä rawa ika köwao i o te ao katoa): o te tata 600 momo e tirohia ana, neke atu i te 75 örau kei te raru nä te kaha rawa o te hauhake. I whakahaerehia tënei aromatawaitanga e te Röpü Kai me te Ahumahi o te Päremata Kotahitanga o ngä Iwi o te Ao).

Me uaua kë ka kitea ëtahi momo ika inäianei. He nui kë atu ränei te utu hei hopu i ëtahi momo. Nä reira i ëtahi wä he mämä ake kia whakatipu kë i aua momo. Neke atu i te kotahi hau toru o ngä kaimoana e kaingia ana puta noa i te ao i tënei wa, i whakatipuria ki runga pämu ahumoana. Kei Amerika, o ngä tino momo kaimoana tekau i kaingia i 2006, e rua kei te whakatipuria ki runga pämu ahumoana anake (te Tilapia me te Catfish). Kei Aotearoa nei, katoa o ngä kütai hou, para-karaka me ngä tio Moananui a Kiwa, e whakatipuria ana ki runga pämu ahumoana.

E matapae ana ëtahi ko te whakawhanake ahumoana i te rautau 21, ka rite ki te ähua o te tipu o te ahuwhenua i te rau tau 20. Ko tëtahi take mö taua matapaenga ko te roa o te takutai ki Aotearoa – neke atu i te 15,000 km töna roa. Take tuarua he mätao te wai o könei, ka mutu, he ähuatanga pai tërä mö te whakatipu i te maha noa o ngä momo kaimoana. Take tuatoru, he tino mä te taiao o könei.

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Pamu Ahumoana Kutai. Whakaahua – Kaunihera Ahumahi Kaimoana o Aotearoa

Nga tangata o te nohongo Moutere Anda-man e kiia nei ko Panyee kei te tiaki ika e whakatipuria nei ki ro taki moana. Mutu ana te haukake, ka hokona enei ika ki nga wharekai e manaaki nei i nga tangata tapoi ki Phuket. Whenua: Thai

Nä Te Puni Kökiri i tuku te pütea hei whakamäori i ënei whärangi meka. Nä Holden Hohaia i whakamäori.

A-kirokaramu NeiPëhea te rahi o tou kai ika? Ko te tikanga, he kai hira te ika mö ngä tängata kei te Moananui a Kiwa (arä ngä whenua moutere) me Ahitereiria hoki. Pëhea a Aotearoa mënä ka whakatauritehia ki ëtahi atu whenua ki tënei takiwä o te ao?

Te kai ika ä-kirokaramu nei mä ia tangata mö ëtahi whenua ki Te Moananui a Kiwa

Whenua 1979-1981 2000-2002

Ahitereiria (Australia) 15.7 22.3

Ngä Moutere o Whiti (Fiji Islands) 36.9 33.2

Tahiti me töna takiwä (French Polynesia)

43.1 54.0

Kiribati 70.4 76.6

Kanaka (New Caledonia) 23.4 28.8

Aotearoa (New Zealand) 15.7 26.3

Hämoa (Samoa) 54.7 92.7

Ngä Moutere Horomona (Solomons)

56.9 39.8

Source: FAO State of world aquaculture 2006, Fisheries Technical Paper 500

Nga Puna KoreroState of world aquaculture 2006: FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 500 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0874e/a0874e00.pdf)

Our Blue Horizon: New Zealand Government’s Commitment to Aquaculture (http://www.aquaculture.govt.nz/obh_document_0.php)

Fairy Folk Tales of the Maori, James Cowan, Whitcombe and Tombs, 1925 (http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-CowFair-t1-front-d5.html)

National Fisheries Institute top 10 US consumption by species (http://www.

aboutseafood.com/media/top_10.cfm)

Ehara i te mea he ika me te maramara riwai noa ihoKo te hemokai he raru nui tonu kei ngä wähi maha noa o te ao. E whakapono ana ngä kairangahau o te Röpü Kai me te Ahumahi o te Päremata Kotahitanga he mahi hira te ahumoana mö te tuku tauaro i ngä kai tötika, me te whakawhiwhi mahi, pütea hoki ki te tangata.

Ko ngä momo kai përä i te raihi, wïti, känga me te cassava koinei ëtahi o ngä kai matua mö te maha noa o ngä tängata korerawa puta noa i te ao. Ahakoa he tino pai ënei momo kai, käore i roto i a rätou ngä painga katoa e hiahiatia ana kia noho ora ai te tangata. Kei roto i te kaimoana ngä pümua, ngä tino hinu kawa, ngä matü hauora me ngä öpapa e tika ana kia whiwhi te tangata i roto i äna kai o ia rangi.

Nga Kaimahi Ahumoana e mahi ana. Whakaahua: Graeme Silver, Taiao Waikato

Ko te para-karaka me te rimurimu ka whakatipuria ki runga i nga pamu ahu-moana. Whakaahua – Ahumoana Aotearoa

Ki tua o te “Sushi”Neke atu i te 850 ngä momo rimurimu kei ngä wai o Aotearoa, engari e toru anake kei te hauhaketia mö te hoko. Ka whakamahia ä-hoko nei ngä rimurimu hei kai, hei whiwhi hoki i ngä hydrocolloids o roto. Ko tënei he momo räpoi ngota kaitä ka kitea i roto i ngä rimurimu. Nä te hydrocolloid ka ngohengohe te rimu ki rö wai. He maha ngä momo rimurimu kei roto nei i a rätou tënei mea. Ko töna painga, ko öna ähuatanga whakatuitui, whakatepe hoki. Ka whakamahia te hydrocolloid ki rö hopi horoi makawe, te aihikirimi, me ëtahi atu taonga maha noa.

I te tau 2006 i whakapähotia e ëtahi tohunga pütaiao mai i te Taihoro Nukurangi (NIWA) i ähei rätou ki te whakatipu rimurimu mai i ngä käkano rui. He tuatahi tënei mö Aotearoa. I purua ngä käkano rui (mö te rimurimu whero, arä te Gigartina atropurpurea) ki runga i ëtahi aho e toru mita te roa, ä, i whakatipuria ki runga pämu ahumoana kütai ki Wairau.

Te Ahumoana A-mahi

WHARANGI MEKA

Nga Kukutai o AotearoaKitea ai nga kutai puta noa i te ao, ki ro wai Maori, wai moana hoki. Kei Aotearoa nei, 22 nga momo kutai. E rua o enei kei te whakatipuria ki runga pamu ahumoana: ko te kukutai (Perna canaliculus) me te kutai toretore (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Ko nga kukutai kei te whakatipuria ki runga pamu ahumoana, kei te mohiotia ratou hei kutai “Greenshell™”

Ko ngä kütai katoa kei roto i te pori Mollusca (Molluscs ränei). I te reo Rätina, ko “ngohengohe“ te whakamärama mö te kupu Mollusca. Ko ngä mema katoa o tënei pori, käore o rätou tuaiwi.

Ka whakawehea ngä momo Mollusc ki roto i ëtahi hapü anö i raro anö i ö rätou ähuatanga örite. Ko ngä kütai, kei roto rätou i te hapü “anga rua“. Mö te kütai, e rua öna anga, ka mutu, kei te honoa ngä anga e rua e tëtahi nape iti kei muri o te kütai. He rite te nape ki tëtahi whatianga.

Ko te take nui o te anga o te kütai, kia tiakina töna tinana ngohengohe. He maha ngä pärongo ka taea e ngä tohunga pütaiao te möhio e pä ana ki te kükutai mä te titiro noa

iho ki töna rahi, te kano me te ähua hoki o töna anga.

Kei ngä anga kütai ngä porohita tupu. Mä te titiro ki ënei porohita ka möhio ngä tohunga pütaiao pëhea te pakeke o te kütai, he aha hoki ngä piki me ngä heke o te taiao i tüpono pä mai ki a ia. Ka möhio hoki rätou mënä i tipu ake te kükutai ki runga pämu ahumoana, mënä ränei i tipu köwao. Mënä ka whakatauritehia ngä kütai i tipu ki runga pämu ahumoana me ngä kütai i tupu köwao kë, e rua wa te tere ake o te tipu a ngä mea pämu ki te rahi hoko (arä: 90 – 120 mm te roanga) tërä i ngä mea köwao. Käore ngä tohunga pütaiao i te möhio he aha i përä ai.

Ke taea e koe te kite i te rereketanga o te tane me te uwha kukutai?Ae. Ko te kiko o te pakeke tane, he kahotea. Engari ko te kiko o te pakeke uwha he apirikota tona kano.

Nga kaitatari kaiKai ai ngä kütai i ngä tupu e tere ana ki rö wai me ngä kararehe inä kë te pakupaku, të taea e te whatu te kite kia whakamahia ränö he whatu whakanui. Kua möhiotia ënei tupu,kararehe hoki hei köurarangi. Hei kai ngä kütai i ngä köurarangi ka whakatuwherahia o rätou anga me te hanga ia wai kia ngotea mai ai te wai ki waenga i ngä pihapiha, ki reira tätarihia ai.

Ka taea e ngä kütai te whakarerekë te nui o te wai ka tätarihia i runga anö i te nui o te kai köurarangi ki roto i taua wai. Ko te tikanga, he 6 – 9 rita wai ia haora te nui tauwaenga ka taea e te kütai te tätari.

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He tane kutai me he uwha kutai. Whakaahua: Te Kareti o Queen Charlotte.

Nga Kutai GreenshellTM. Whakaahua - Kaunihera Kaimoana o Aotearoa.

Nä Te Puni Kökiri i tuku te pütea hei whakamäori i ënei whärangi meka. Nä Holden Hohaia i whakamäori.

Te Hauhake Kutai I hauhaketia ai e te Mäori ngä kükutai, ä, he nui tonu te kükutai mö ngä tikanga kohi kaimoana a te Mäori puta noa i Aotearoa.

I te köwao, kitea ai te kükutai ki runga i ngä takutai pöhatuhatu puta noa i te motu. Heoi anö, ka kitea nuitia ki ngä takutai i waenga o te motu, o te raki hoki. Ka kite koe i ngä kükutai e piri ana ki ngä toka, takere waka, pou wäpu me ërä atu papa märö. Tipu ai hoki ia i roto i ngä moenga mätotoru ki runga papamoana. Kei tua atu i ö tätou taupori kükutai köwao, i ënei rangi, arä hoki ngä pämu ahumoana kütai “Greenshell™” o Aotearoa mai i te Hiku o te Ika tae noa ki te Puka a Mäui.

Te Whakatipu KutaiI timata ngä pämu ahumoana neke atu i te 30 tau ki muri. Ko te tikanga, ka hiahia te pämu ahumoana kütai te ähua 3 – 5 nei heketea wai. Ko ngä kütai Greenshell™ o Aotearoa ka whakatipuria i runga anö i tëtahi pünaha e kiia nei ko te Ahumoana Taura Roa. Mö tënei pünaha ka honoa ëtahi taura roa ki ngä taha e rua o te kärewa kirihou, ä, ka pënei anötia kia maha ai ngä rärangi taura. Kätahi ka whakataungia ko ia pito o te taura ki te papamoana. Whai muri ka whakatärewangia iho ngä rärangi taura maha mai i ngä taura matua nei. Ka mutu ka tipu ngä kütai ki runga i ënei taura.

Ko ngä kütai he “kaitoene päpäho”. Ka pënei te tikanga o taua ingoa: Käore ngä täne kütai me ngä uwha kütai e ai pënei i a tätou te tangata. Ka tuku kë te täne i töna wai tätea ki rö wai, ä, ka tuku te uwha i öna hua ki rö wai. Ka ähei e te uwha kotahi ki te hanga neke atu i te 100 miriona hua i te wä kotahi.

Tuku kau ana ngä hua mai i te uwha, e tika ana kia tere whakatöngia e te wai tätea o te täne. Ko te hua kua whakatöngia ka huri hei uhu. E rua ngä wähanga tipu o te uhu i mua i te wä ka huri hei kütai paku noa. Inä tae atu te kütai ki tënei wahanga ka kiia he küao kaimoana. Ka piri atu ngä küao ki te rimurimu, ä, ka tipu tonu rätou. Hei ëtahi wä o te tau ka pae ki uta ngä rimurimu kï katoa i te küao kaimoana.

Ko te nuinga o ngä kaimahi ahumoana, ka tikina atu ngä küao kaimoana mai i te köwao. Neke atu i te haurua o ngä kütai Greenshell™ o Aotearoa ka timata hei küao kaimoana i kohia mai i Te Oneroa a Tohe (ki te Tai Tokerau). Ko te toenga ka kohia mai i ngä taura hopu küao kaimoana o ia rohe, mai i ngä kohanga ränei i reira i äta whakatipuria.

Ko ngä kaikohi küao kaimoana o ia rohe ka mataara rätou mö te wä ka pae ki uta ngä rimurimu kï tonu i te küao kaimoana. Ka kohikohia te rimurimu (me ngä küao kei te piri tonu), kätahi ka tere tukuna ki ngä kaimahi ahumoana puta noa i Aotearoa. Tae kau atu ana ki te pämu ahumoana, ka tere tonu te äta whakamau ki ngä taura “tiaki köhungahunga“ kätahi ka toua ki rö wai. Ähua 3 – 6 märama whai muri atu, ka hikitia ngä taura tiaki köhungahunga, ä, ka whakawhitingia ngä küao kaimoana ki ëtahi atu taura ki rö wai kia tipu tonu ai.

Nga Puna KoreroTe Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand – The mollusc family

(http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/SeaLife/Shellfish/1/en)

Biology of the New Zealand Greenshell Mussel (Kütai, Küku), A Learning Resource, Unit Standard 16340v2 by SITO, NZ Seafood Industry Training Organisation

(http://www.sito.co.nz/doclibrary/public/Aquaculture_Advisory/general/LRforUS16340-BiologyoftheNZGreenshellMussel.pdf)

FAO Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme (Perna canaliculus)

(http://www.fao.org/fi/website/FIRetrieveAction.do?dom=culturespecies&xml=Perna_canaliculus.xml)

Kuao kutai e tipu ana ki runga i te aho roa.

Ko Amanda Riley tenei. He tauira ahumoana tau 13 ia. Kei ro wai ia kei mua i tetahi mihini whakataka kutai katahi tonu nei ka whakamahia. He mea whakamatau tenei. Kei te honoa atu ki te taura rangahau o te Kura Motuhake Ahumoana o te Kareti o Queen Charlotte ki Shakespeare Bay, Wairau. I te whakatikatika a Amanda kia whakaahuangia nga kutai ki nga momo hoho-nutanga ki runga i te mihini whakataka me kei runga hoki i te papamoana. Whakaahua- Te Kareti o Queen Charlotte.

Te Ahumoana A-mahi

WHARANGI MEKA

Nga Tio o AotearoaE rua nga momo tio taketake o Aotearoa: Ko te Tio Para (Bluff Oyster/Dredge Oyster – Ostrea chilensis) me te Tio Repe (Rock Oyster – Saccostrea commercialis). Ko nga momo e rua, he kai a te Maori no mai rano.

Mai i te tau 1850 i te hauhaketia ngä momo tio e rua mö te hoko atu. Koia anö, ko te tio para tëtahi o ngä momo ahumoana hokohoko tuatahi o Aotearoa.

Nä te kaha rawa o te hauhake o te tio repe i timata ai te ahumahi ahumoana ki Aotearoa. Tae rawa ki te tau 1960 i te whakatipu ngä kaimahi ahumoana i ngä tio repe taketake ki ngä wähi maha noa o te Ika a Mäui.

I kaha hokona ngä tio i whakatipuria ki runga pämu ahumoana i te mea he nui ake, he reka ake hoki aua tio tërä i o rätou whanaunga mai i te köwao. Waihoki, i taea e ngä kaimahi ahumoana te whakatipu tio mö te hoko i roto i te 3 tau. Koira he haurua noa iho o te wä ka whakapaua mö te tipu tio örite töna rahi i te köwao.

I te tau 1971 i kitea e ngä kaimahi ahumoana ki te Whanga o Mahurangi (Tamaki Makaurau ki te Raki) he momo tio rerekë e tipu ana ki waenga i ngä tio repe taketake ki tö rätou pämu ahumoana. E whakapaetia ana i whakawhitingia te Tio Moananui a Kiwa (Crassostrea gigas) ki ngä moana o Aotearoa i runga i ngä takere kaipuke nui o Hapani i ngä tau 1950.

3

Nga Tio Moananui a Kiwa. Whakaahua – Te Kareti o Queen Charlotte.

Kei te noho tenei kawau ki runga i nga whata tio. Whakaahua: Te Moheni Ahumoana o Aotearoa.

He örite te käinga e hiahia ana te tio Moananui a Kiwa ki tö tërä o te tio repe taketake. Engari he rahi ake te tio Moananui a Kiwa, ä, e toru wä te tere ake o töna tipu tërä i töna whanaunga nö könei. Nä tërä i tere toa te tio Moananui a Kiwa i roto i ngä whakataetae i waenga i a rätou me te tio repe taketake, ki runga i ngä pämu ahumoana, i te köwao hoki.

I te timatanga, i ngana ngä kaimahi ahumoana kia tango mai ngä tio Moananui a Kiwa mai i o rätou pämu ahumoana, engari auare ake. Häunga atu i tërä, ka tere ake te tipu, ka rahi ake hoki te tipu o te tio Moananui a Kiwa. Waihoki, he höngoingoi ake te toene a te tio Moananui a Kiwa tërä i töna whanaunga. Nä reira käore i roa ka tini ngä whakaaro o ngä kaimahi ahumoana, me te aha , ka timata rätou ki te whakatipu tio Moananui a Kiwa kë. E kaha kaingia ana tënei tio ki ngä wähi përä i Uropi, Amerika, Hapani me Aotearoa. I timata ngä kaimahi ahumoana tio o Aotearoa ki te hoko tio Moananui a Kiwa ki ngä whenua maha noa. I tënei rangi, 98 örau o ngä tio ahumoana puta noa i te ao, he tio Moananui a Kiwa.

Nä Te Puni Kökiri i tuku te pütea hei whakamäori i ënei whärangi meka. Nä Holden Hohaia i whakamäori.

Pehea te tipu? Ko te nuinga o ngä pämu ahumoana tio ka whakawhirinaki tonu ki ngä küao tio kua kohikohia mai i te köwao. Engari ko ëtahi o ngä kaimahi ahumoana, ka whiwhi o rätou küao mai i ngä kohanga i reira i äta whakatipuria ai. Ko te tikanga, kohikohia ai ngä küao tio mä te waiho pühanga räkau ki roto i te wai i ëtahi whanga, kökorutanga ränei. Ko te nuinga o ënei wähi kei te whanga o Kaipara. Ka tere ngä uhu tio ki rö wai, kätahi ka whakamau rätou ki ngä pühanga räkau. I te mutunga o Hakihea kohikohia ai ngä räkau, kï tonu i ngä küao, ka heria ki ngä pämu ahumoana tio puta noa i Aotearoa. Kei runga i te nuinga o ngä pämu ahumoana o te Ika a Mäui, ka waihongia ngä küao ki runga i ngä räkau. Kätahi ka whakamaua ngä räkau ki ngä whata nui, ä, ka toua ki rö wai ki roto i ngä whanga me ngä kökorutanga whakamarumaru pai. Kei Wairau, ki te Waka a Mäui ka maunuhia ngä küao tio mai i ngä räkau kätahi ka whakamaua atu ki ngä taura roa kia oti ai te tipu.

Nga Puna KoreroOutline the Pacific Oyster (tio) Farming Industry in New Zealand(http://www.sito.co.nz/doclibrary/public/resources/LRforUS16672v2-PacificOysterFarming-newlog.pdf)

Australisan Aquaculture Portal – Pacific oysters(http://www.australian-aquacultureportal.com/industrygroups/oysters_pacific.html)

Statistics New Zealand – Bluff oyster resource(http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/5A319C0D-315B-40D6-ABF8-51DEC950EF7E/0/BluffOysters.pdf

http://nzaquaculture.co.nz/AQUACULTURE%2006.pdf (Oysters are a growing success: NZ Aquaculture Issue 06 July/August 2005)

Te Matauranga Koiora o te TioHe kota angarua te tio, rite ki te kütai. Kei roto i ngä anga e rua he tinana ngohengohe me he waewae uaua nui. Ka whakamahia te uaua hei whakapiri atu ki ngä papa märö përä i ngä toka me ërä atu tio hoki.

He kaitätari kai te tio. Kai ai rätou i ngä koiora mökitokito me ngä pükohuwai. Kei a rätou ngä humehume - rite ki ngä makawe – e kiia nei ko ngä makawe iti. Ka whakamahia ngä makawe iti hei kukume mai, hei pei atu hoki i te wai. Mä tënei ka kohikohia a rätou kai.

Ko te nuinga o ngä tio ka timata hei täne, engari kei roto i te wä ka huri ëtahi hei uwha. Ka uwha haere ngä toi Moananui a Kiwa a muri atu i te kotahi tau.

He kaitoene päpäho hoki te tio Moananui a Kiwa – ka tukuna te wai tätea me nga hua ki roto i te wai ki reira whakatöngia ai. Ko ngä hua kua whakatöngia ka tere ki rö wai mö te ähua rua wiki. Whai muri i tërä wahanga whakawhanake, ka kimi rätou i tëtahi papa märö, mä hoki hei whakamaunga atu. Inä kite rätou i te wähi tika ka tukuna he mea täpiapia e kiia nei ko te raima whakapiri “byssus” hei whakamau atu ki taua papa mö ake tonu atu. I te köwao ka noho te tio ki te wähi kotahi mö te roanga atu o töna nei oranga. Ko tënei mahi e kiia nei ko te mahi küao kaimoana, ä, e kiia nei hoki he küao kaimoana ngä tio i tënei wahanga whakawhanake.

Graeme Silver, Taiao Waikato

He Waka Papa Tio. Whakaahua – Graeme Silver, Taiao Waikato

Te Ahumoana A-mahi

WHARANGI MEKA

E toru ngä momo para-karaka i kökuhua mai ki Aotearoa: (1) Chinook/King Salmon (Oncorhynchus schawytscha); (2) Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) me (3) Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). O ngä momo e toru i kökuhua mai ki Aotearoa, ko te para-karaka kingi anake i taea te whakatü omanga nui matua mai i te wähi toene tae noa ki te moana, hoki mai anö ki te wähi wai Mäori toene ai. Ko ngä para-karaka kingi o Aotearoa, i takea mai i te awa McLeod kei California. I kökuhua mai ki ngä awa o könei he ähua 100 tau ki muri. Ko ngä uri whakaheke o aua para-karaka kua whakatüngia ngä omanga toene ki roto i ngä awa o Te Waipounamu përä i a Waitaha, Otäkou me te Tai Poutini.

Ko ngä para-karaka Sockeye me Atlantic, käore rätou i huri hei momo anadromous i te wä i kökuhua mai rätou ki Aotearoa.

Ko ngä Para-karaka Atlantic kei Aotearoa, ka kore rätou e heke ki te moana, ka heke kë rätou ki te roto o Te Änau me Manapouri ki reira tipu ai. Kätahi ka hoki mai rätou

Te Para-karaka o Aotearoa

4

He rongonui te para-karaka kowao mo a ratou haerenga roa rawa miharo mai i nga awaiti me nga awa (i te wa he kuao tonu ratou) puta atu ki te moana me te hoki mai ano ki te wahi i i whanau tuatahi ai ratou kia toene i mua i te matenga.

Ko ngä momo ka mahi pënei e möhiotia ana hei momo anadromous. Ko te tikanga o tënei kupu, ka pao mai te küao i roto i te wai Mäori, ka heke ki te moana noho ai, ä, näwai rä ka hoki mai anö ki te wai Mäori toene ai.

Käore he para-karaka taketake ki te haurua tonga o Papatüänuku, käore hoki he mema o te hapü “salmonid” taketake ki te haurua tonga o Papatüänuku. Otirä, ko ngä para-karaka katoa kei Aotearoa, he momo kökuhua mai ki könei mai i te haurua raki o Papatüänuku.

ki ngä awa i pao tuatahi mai ai rätou. Ko ngä Sockeye i kökuhua ki könei, i noho rätou ki te roto o Te Öhau, ä, whai muri o tërä ki Benmore, engari e whakapaetia ana kua hemo katoa ngä Sockeye köwao. Ko ëtahi uri whakaheke o rätou i kökuhua tuatahi mai, kei te whakatipuria tonutia ki runga i ëtahi pämu ahumoana para-karaka.

He Kaimahi Ahumoana e pupuri ana i te para-karaka kingi o Aotearoa. Whakaahua: Te Kamupene Para-ka-raka Kingi o Aotearoa.

He Pamu Ahumoana ki Aoraki. Whakaahua – Te Moheni Ahumoana o Aotearoa

Nä Te Puni Kökiri i tuku te pütea hei whakamäori i ënei whärangi meka. Nä Holden Hohaia i whakamäori.

Pamu Ahumoana Wai MaoriKei te Waka a Mäui ëtahi pämu ahumoana kei runga i ngä wähi waikeri hurihiko. Kei roto i ënei waikeri ka tiakina ngä küao para-karaka ki roto i ngä taki kia tae rawa mö te wä hauhake. Kö tëtahi o ënei pämu ahumoana (ki runga i te waikeri o Tekapo) koia te mea teitei rawa o te ao (677 mita kei runga ake o te moana).

He Kai Ikaika He momo ika kaikiko te para-karaka. Kei roto i te köwao, kai ai rätou i ngä ika paku me ngä köurapaka përä i te köurarangi. Kei runga i ngä pämu ahumoana ka whängaihia he momo pire ki ngä para-karaka. He mea hanga te pire i te kaiika me ngä hinu ika. Ko ënei momo ika ka ahu mai i te köwao, mai i ngä ika kua hopukina engari käore i pirangitia – e kiia ana tënei momo ika he “bycatch“. Tërë ränei ka äta hopukina ëtahi ika hei kai mä nga pämu ahumoana. Ko te nuinga o ngä kaiika ka whängaihia ki ngä kararehe noho whenua (përä i te heihei). Engari inäianei neke atu i te 35 örau o te kaiika o te ao kei te tukuna ki ngä mahi pämu ahumoana. Ka tipu ana te mahi ahumoana, ka piki haere hoki te hiahia mä te kaiika hei whängai atu. Kei Aotearoa ka äta titiro ngä kaimahi ahumoana kia möhio ai kei te ahu mai nga kaiika mai i ngä momo mahi e ukauka tonu ai te taiao. Kei te ngana hoki rätou kia kore ai e moumou kai. Waihoki, kei te äta titiro ngä tohunga pütaiao kia kite ai mënä ka taea te whakapiki ake te rahi o te huawhenua kei te raua atu ki roto i ngä kaiika.

Nga Puna KoreroBiology of a Fin Fish, A Learning Resource, Unit Standard 19851v2, SITO(http://www.sito.co.nz/doclibrary/public/resources/LRforUS19851v2-BiologyofaFinfish.pdf)

Unconventional Feed Ingredients for Fish Feed, FAO Corporate Document Repository(http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5738E/x5738e0d.htm)

Art of Raising and Preparing a King salmon(http://www.kingsalmon.co.nz/ArtofRaisingandPreparing/)

Te Ahumoana Para-karakaKei te whakatipuria hoki ngä para-karaka kingi ki runga i ngä pämu ahumoana o Aotearoa. I whakamätauria tuatahitia i te tekau tau 1970. I taua wä i ngana ngä tängata kia whakatipuria ngä para-karaka ki roto i te wai Mäori, kätahi ka tukuna rätou ki te moana me kore ake ka hoki mai ngä ika ki te wai Mäori i whakatipuria ai hei te wä toene (përä i ërä i te köwao). Ko tënei momo ahumoana e kiia nei ko te mahi ahumoana “wätea”. Kei Aotearoa, he torutoru noa iho ngä ika i hoki mai, nä reira i kite huarahi anö ngä tängata hei whakatipu para-karaka.

Ko te nuinga o ngä kaimahi ahumoana para-karaka ki Aotearoa, kei te whakamahia te tukanga pämu ahumoana “taki moana” hei whakatipu para-karaka. Pao ana ngä küao ka whakatipuria rätou ki rö wai Mäori kia tae rawa ki te wahanga smolt. Kätahi ka hünukutia ngä küao ki ëtahi taki hou ki rö moana kia rite ai te mataora ki tërä o roto i te köwao. Ko ënei taki ki rö moana, he 25 mita te whänui me he 15 mita te höhonu.

Ka waihongia ngä taki ki ngä wähi kaha te rere o te taitimu me te taipari. Ka pënei ai kia horoia ngä parapara (toenga kai, tütae hoki) kia kore ai e paru te wai. Ka tipu ake ngä para-karaka i roto i ngä taki moana mö te ähua 18 marama, kätahi ka hauhaketia rätou.

Pamu Ahumoana ki Wairau. Whakaahua – Graeme Silver, Taiao Waikato

He Pamu Ahumoana ki Aoraki. Whakaahua – Te Moheni Ahumoana o Aotearoa

Te Ahumoana A-mahi

WHARANGI MEKA

Te Ahumoana me te Taiao He kainga hira te moana mo te maha noa atu o nga tupu, kararehe hoki. Haunga atu i tera, he matapuna kai te moana mo te maha o nga tangata o Aotearoa. Waihoki, he wahi mo te hakinakina me te rehia, pera i te whakaeke ngaru, te kauhoe me te eke waka. He mea hira hoki te moana mo te ohanga o Aotearoa. Na te moana ka whiwhi mahi te tangata, i roto i nga pakihi tapoi, i roto ano hoki i te ahumoana.

Ko te waimoana o Aotearoa tëtahi o ngä waimoana tino mä rawa atu o te ao. Ko ëtahi take mö tënei: kaöre i te tokomaha te taupori tangata; waihoki, he tawhiti te moana ki ngä pütahi taupori tangata. E ai ki te körero he whenua mä, käkäriki hoki. Ka whiwhi painga tätou nä tërä ähuatanga, ä-hauora nei, ä-taiao nei hoki, tae noa ki te ähua o ngä pakihi me te hokohoko atu ki te ao. Hei tauira – nä te mea he tino mä te wai o könei, käore he take kia waiho ngä kaimoana ki rö wai Mäori hei maunu paru i mua i te hauhake (e kiia nei ko te depuration tënei tukanga). Nä tënei ka tino tohu pütea nga kaimahi ahumoana o Aotearoa, ä, kei te tino pirangitia hoki ngä kaimoana o Aotearoa.

Ka whakaaro ana koe mö te taiao moana, he take nui kia whakatauritehia ngä päinga o te pämu ahumoana me ngä pänga atu ki te taiao. Mö te ahumoana, ka rerekë te ähua o te pänga atu ki te taiao i runga anö i te momo kararehe, tupu ränei kei te whakatipuria,

te wähi o te pämu ahumoana me ngä tukanga, tikanga hoki kei te whäia e ngä kaimahi pämu ahumoana.

He tauira tënei: Hei whängai i ngä ika ahumoana, ka ruiruia ngä pire kai ki runga i te karetai o te wai. Ka totohu ngä pire ki ngä ika kei raro. He rite tënei ki te ähua o te whängai ika ki roto i te kauranga ika. Ka äta aroturuki ngä kaimahi para-karaka o Aotearoa i te rahi o te kai kei te whängaihia atu kia kore ai rätou e moumou kai. (Ka whakamahia ngä mihini hopu whakaahua me ngä taputapu whakatauira pängarau mö tënei mahi). Kei ngä wähi käore i te kaha te rere o te tai, ko ngä toenga kai me ngä tütae ka taka ki te papamoana, me te aha, ka paru te wai. Koira te take me whakatü pämu ahumoana ki ngä wähi e kaha nei te rere o te taitimu me te taipari.

5

Nä Te Puni Kökiri i tuku te pütea hei whakamäori i ënei whärangi meka. Nä Holden Hohaia i whakamäori.

Pamu Ahumoana Kutai. Whakaahua – Kaunihera Ahumahi Kaimoana o Aotearoa

Etahi tamariki e heri ana i nga tupu pingao hei awhina i tetahi kaupapa tiaki tahuahua. Whakaahua – Nicola Vallance – Te Papa Atawhai

Nga Wahi Keu o te Taiao Ko ngä Kaunihera ä Rohe, përä i a Taiao Waikato, ka aroturuki rätou i ngä pämu ahumoana kia möhio ai käore rätou i te pä kino atu ki te taiao. Hei äwhina i te kaupapa kua whakamärama rätou i ëtahi “wähi keu” mö ngä ähuatanga taiao (arä, te kounga o te wai me ngä momo kararehe e noho ana i runga i te papamoana i raro nei i ngä pämu ahumoana). Ko tënei pünaha “mäka wähi keu“ he momo pünaha whakatüpato kia möhio wawe ai ngä kaimahi kaunihera, kaimahi ahumoana me ngä tohunga pütaiao mënä kua raru te taiao. Nä tërä ka taea e rätou te timata wawe i ngä mahi whakatika.

Nga Puna KoreroMäori me te Whanaketanga Ahumoana – Mäori and Aquaculture Development(http://www.tpk.govt.nz/publications/docs/maoriaquaculture-may07.pdf)

Environment Waikato Technical Report 2005/28: Trigger Points for Wilson’s Bay Marine Farming Zone(http://www.ew.govt.nz/publications/technicalreports/documents/tr05-28.pdf)

Blue Ocean Institute’s Guide to Ocean Friendly Seafood (http://www.blueocean.org/seafood/)

1Mäori me te Whanaketanga Ahumoana – Mäori and Aquaculture Development (http://www.tpk.govt.nz/publications/docs/maoriaquaculture-may07.pdf), page 24

He maha nga tupu, kararehe hoki e whakawhirinaki atu ana ki te takutai o Aotearoa hei kainga mo ratou – pera i te korora. Whakaahua – Rod Morris, na te Papa Atawhai.

Te Ukaukatanga Taiao – He Tirohanga MaoriKo te whakamärama o te ukaukatanga taiao ka pënei – inä ka whakamahia ngä rawa o te taiao me tiaki tonu ngä tukanga rauropi kia ukauka tonu ai aua rawa mö ngä whakatipuranga kei te tipu ake. Ko te kaitiakitanga te whakatinanatanga o ënei mätäpono.

Ko tëtahi whakamärama mämä noa iho mö te kaitiakitanga ko tënei – ko te tiaki i a tätou rawa taiao. Engari ko ëtahi atu tängata ka whakamäramahia te kaitiakitanga anö nei he whäriki, me ngä kanoi whakahonohono i a tätou me ä tätou kawenga ki ngä atua, ki ngä taonga, ki te whenua, ki ä tätou tamariki mokopuna hoki. Ka mutu, he kawenga tä ngä kaitiaki kia tuku painga ki te katoa.

Nga Kokota me te Kounga WaiE toru o ngä tino momo ahumoana e whä o Aotearoa, he kökota: Ko te kütai Greenshell™, te tio Moananui a Kiwa, me te päua. He ähua rite ngä kökota ki töu mihini ngote puehu – ngotengote ai rätou i ngä korakora i roto i te wai, me te aha ka kohikohi ënä mea i roto i te tinana. Nä tërä ka taea e ngä kütai te horoi te wai i roto nei rätou e tipu ana. Engari nä tërä hoki, ka whaikaha ngä paruparu i roto i te tinana, ä, tënä pea ka tukuna te paruparu ki ngä kararehe me ngä tängata e kai ana i a rätou. Koira tëtahi take he mea hira rawa atu te kounga o te wai ki ngä kaimahi ahumoana. Ko ngä ngohe ki runga whenua ka pä atu hoki ki te kounga o te wai.

Rite tonu te aroturuki a ngä tohunga pütaiao i te kounga o te wai i roto i ngä rohe ahumoana. I ëtahi wä käore e taea e ngä kaimahi ahumoana te hauhake a rätou kaimoana nä te mea kua pängia te kounga o te wai e ngä ngohe tangata, me te aha, käore i te haumaru pea kia kai i ngä kaimoana o taua wähi.

Te Ahumoana A-mahi

WHARANGI MEKA

Te Ahumoana me te Ohanga Ko te mahi pamu ahumoana he wahanga hira o te ohanga o Aotearoa. Kei nga wahi pera i a Havelock ki te Waipounamu me Kaeo, Manaia hoki ki te Ika a Maui, he nui te orau o nga tangata e whiwhi mahi ana mai i te ahumahi pamu mahi ahumoana.

I te tau 2006 he $350 miriona te wäriu o ngä hokohoko mai i te pämu ahumoana. He whäinga tö te ahumahi ahumoana kia tae atu ki te $1 piriona te wäriu o ngä hokohoko i roto i te tau kotahi. E mea ana rätou kia whakatutukingia tënei i mua i te tau 2025.

Te whakatutuki i nga hiahia a-ao nei Ka kite koe i ngä kai ahumoana i roto i ngä toa me ngä wharekai o könei. Engari kei te tukuna hoki ngä kai ahumoana ki ngä wähanga maha noa o te ao. I tënei wä kei te hokona atu ngä kai ahumoana ki Amerika, Hapani, Uropi, Ahitereiria me Körea. Kei te hokona hoki ki ëtahi atu whenua engari koina ngä mea matua.

Kei te äwangawanga te Röpü Kai me te Ahumahi o te Päremata Kotahitanga o ngä iwi o te Ao nä te mea kaore i te rawaka ngä ika i roto i te moana. E kï ana ratou kotahi anake te huarahi hei whakatutuki i te hiahia a ngä tau kei te haere ake – ko te ahumoana.

E kite ana tënei röpü ko te rahi o ngä ika kei te hopukina mai i te köwao he örite ia tau mai ränö i 1980. Engari kua piki noa ake te hiahia kai ika.

6

E mahi ana nga kairangahau ki te redfin perch, he momo wai Maori tena pea ka whai wahi kia whakatipuria i roto i te ahumoana ki Aotearoa. Whakaahua – Wananga Hangarau o Mahurangi.

Mai waenga i te tau ähua 1985 kua 8 örau ia tau te kaha o te tipu o te ahumoana ki Aotearoa. Kua pupuri te kaha o te tipu mai i tërä wä tae noa ki näianei. Ko te whanaketanga o te ahumoanu o Aotearoa he örite ki tö ngä whenua katoa o te ao. Ko te ahumoana te wahanga o te ahumahi hanga kai tino tere rawa atu töna tipu. I waenga i te tau 1985 me te 2005 he 11.7 örau ia tau te tauwaenga o te tipu ä-rahi nei (arä, ngä kirokaramu o te kai kei te hangaia) o te ahumahi ahumoana.

Ko tëtahi take mö tënei, mä te whakatipu kararehe, tupu hoki ki runga pämu ahumoana, ka taea te whakapiki te tokomaha o ngä kararehe me ngä tupu e whakatipuria ana. Ka pënei mä te whängai kai pai, tiaki pai kia kore ai e kaingia e ngä kaikonihi me te whakarite ähuatanga pai mö te tipu. Hei tauira, kua kite ngä tohunga pütaiao e rua wä te tere ake o te tipu o te kütai ki töna rahi hokohoko (90 – 120 mm) mënä ka whakatipuria ki runga pämu ahumoana.

Ko te rangahau me te wairua auaha etahi ahuatanga hira i roto i te ahumoana o Aotearoa hei whakatipu kutai pai rawa. Whakaahua – Whare Wananga o Cawthron

Nä Te Puni Kökiri i tuku te pütea hei whakamäori i ënei whärangi meka. Nä Holden Hohaia i whakamäori.

I tënei wä kei te tino whakawhirinaki atu te ahumahi pämu ahumoana o Aotearoa ki ngä kütai GreenshellTM, tio Moananui a Kiwa me ngä para-karaka kingi. E kï ana ngä kairangahau me whakawhänui te ahumoana kia maha ake ngä momo tupu, kararehe hoki e whakatipuria ana, tae noa ki ngä momo whiwhi pütea nui ki runga i ngä mäkete o te ao.

E whakapae ana ëtahi mënä ka whakatipuria ngä momo whiwhi pütea nui ake, ka taea te whakapiki te rahi o te pütea e tae mai ana ki tënei whenua. E kï ana rätou, tata ki te tekau wä te rahi o te pikinga o te utu mënä ka pënei. Waihoki, ka kore e mate kia whakanuitia te rahi o te wähi o te moana kei te whakamahia i tënei wä.

He aha ai kua Whiwhi Tohu Hoko te Kutai Greenshell™ o Aotearoa? He rongonui te kütai Greenshell™ o Aotearoa. E ai ki te korero koia tëtahi o ngä kütai tino pai rawa atu o te ao. Koirä te take i whakarite te ahumahi kütai o Aotearoa kia whiwhi taua kütai i te tohu hoko. Nä tërä ka tere möhio te tangata i whakatipuria taua kütai ki Aotearoa e ngä kaimahi ahumoana kua whai tiwhikete.

Koia koa, nä te tino rongonui o te kounga o ngä kütai Greenshell™ i ngana ëtahi kaimahi ahumoana o Haina ki te whakatapeha he kütai Greenshell™ kë a rätou kütai. I whai tauira rätou o te hoahoa me ngä tuhinga i runga i te pükete, ä, i ngana kia hokona ki Amerika hei kütai Greenshell™. Kei te äwangawanga ngä kaimahi ahumoana o Aotearoa kei pängia tëtahi tängata e te mate nä tana kai i ërä kütai whakatapeha. Nei ka puta tërä whakapae ka tino raru te ingoa pai o te ahumahi kütai o Aotearoa, ahakoa ehara nä tätou ërä kütai.

Kei te whakatipuria e Haina neke atu i te 50 o ngä momo kütai, tae noa ki tëtahi momo kükutai (arä te momo anga-käkäriki: Perna viridis). He rite töna nei hanga ki te kütai Greenshell™ o Aotearoa (Perna canaliculus).

He mahi hë-ä-ture kia whai tauira o te tohu hoko mö te Greenshell™. Kei te mahi tahi a Aotearoa me Amerika me ëtahi atu whenua (kei reira e hokona ana a tätou kütai) kia möhio ai kei te mahi tika ngä tängata hoko kütai, ä, käore i te whakatapehatia taua tohu hoko. Me mutu tënei mahi hë.

Nga Puna KoreroOur Blue Horizon (http://www.aquaculture.govt.nz/obh_document_0.php)

Aquaculture in New Zealand Market Intelligence Report (http://www.aquaculture.govt.nz/files/pdfs/aquaculture_market_intell.pdf)

Scientist offers way to combat counterfeit NZ mussels (http://www.growfish.com.au/content.asp?contentid=1644)

Tatauranga Ahumahi Pämu Ahumoana 2006 – Ngä Tino Momo e Whä Kei te Hauhaketia ki Aotearoa

Momo Te Tatau o

ngä Pämu

Ahumoana

Heketea

katoa (o te

wähi moana)

Ngä mano

kirokarama i

hauhaketia

Kütai

GreenshellTM 645 4,747 97,000

Tio Moananui a Kiwa 230 750 2,800

Para-karaka Kingi 23 60 7,721

Päua (abalone) 18 20 n/a

Puna körero: Pürongo ä-Tau mö te Kaunihera Ahumoana o Aotearoa 2006-07

Ko te koura tetahi tauira noa iho o nga momo maha noa ka ahei ki te whakatipu i runga i nga pamu ahu-moana. Whakaahua - Moheni Ahumoana o Aotearoa.

Kei te tatari kau te ahumoana paua kia tipu ake nä te mea kei te kaha hiahiatia te paua e nga tangata o rawahi. Whakaahua: Te Kareti o Queen Charlotte.

Te Ahumoana A-mahi

WHARANGI MEKA

No wai te Takutai Moana? Te Whakataurite i nga Whakamahinga o te TakutaiNonahea te wa whakamutunga i haere koe ki te takutai? He aha tou mahi ki reira? I hi ika koe, i kohi kaimoana ranei koe? I kaukau koe? I whakaeke ngaru ranei koe? I hoe waka pea koe, i haere ranei na runga poti? I torotoro ranei koe ki tetahi hopua i te akau? Katoa o enei he tauira o nga whakamahinga a-

rehia nei o te takutai.

Whakaarohia ngä take maha noa o te hira o te takutai me ngä moana: hei käinga mö ngä koiora, te torotoro pütaiao, te kohikohi kaimoana me te hauhake, hï ika hokohoko, ahumoana, heri tangata, heri taonga hoki, täpoi, hanga poti, arä kë noa atu ngä päinga o te takutai me te moana.

Neke atu i te 80 örau o tätou e noho tata ana ki te takutai. Kua tipu te tataunga o ngä tängata e noho nei ki Aotearoa. Nä tërä kua piki haere hoki ngä pänga atu ki ngä takutai me ngä moana. Kei te kaha whakataetaengia ëtahi wähanga o te takutai. Ko tëtahi mahi nui a ngä kaunihera ä-rohe, ko te whakataurite i ënei hiahia me ënei whaipänga o rätou mä e whakamahi ana i te takutai, ä, me te whakarite mahere hoki kia mahi tahi ai ngä kaiwhakamahi katoa hei painga mö te katoa.

Kei hea te wahi mo te ahumoana? I timata te ahumoana ki Aotearoa ähua 40 tau ki muri. I taua wä käore i tino whakaarohia kia whakarite mahere hei noho ngä pämu ahumoana ki te wähi tika o ia rohe. Tae rawa ki te mutunga o te tau 2000, 8,500 heketea o te wai takutai kua whakaaetia hei pämu ahumoana. I ëtahi kaunihera, he maha noa ngä tono kia whakatü pämu ahumoana. Nä tërä i mämä noa te kite me whakatü pünaha pai ake hei äta whakamahere i ngä whanaketanga ahumoana hou. Kei roto i tënei pünaha hou me äta whakaaro mö ngä hiahia o ngä kaimahi ahumoana, ngä hapori kei reira te pämu ahumoana, me ngä pänga o te ahumoana ki te taiao.

I te tau 2005 i whakatüngia he pünaha hou mö te whakahaere whanaketanga ahumoana ki Aotearoa. Ko tëtahi mea hou nui ko te whakarohe i te wähi e kiia nei ko te “wähi whakahaere ahumoana.” Inäianei, ka taea te whakatü kaupapa ahumoana ki roto anake i ënei wähi nei kua tohua e te kaunihera i raro anö i te mahere takutai ä-rohe. Inä kei te whakaaro ngä kaunihera ki te whakatü wähi whakahaere ahumoana, me aro atu rätou ki ngä pänga o te ahumoana ki te taiao, ngä rawa ika me ërä atu whakamahinga o taua wähi.

I mua i te wä ka whakaüngia he wähi whakahaere ahumoana – me te tuku wä ki ngä kaimahi ahumoana kia tono mai – me rähui e rätou te 20 örau o taua wähi hei tuku atu ki Te Ohu Kaimoana Trustee Ltd. Koia te kaitiaki mö ngä rawa whakataunga i raro i te Ture Whakataunga Take Mäori Ahumoana Hokohoko 2004. Kua riro mä Te Ohu Kaimoana hei tohatoha te wähi ki ngä iwi o ia rohe. Nä tënei whakataunga ka whiwhi ngä iwi i te 20 örau o ngä tika wähi wai kua whakaritea i roto i ngä wai takutai mai i te tau 21 Mahuru 1992 tae noa ki tënei wä.

7

Kei te whakatika enei tamariki kia rukuruku ngongoha, Te Moana Rahui o Te Angiangi, Heretaunga. Whakaahua – Catherine Tiffen, mai i te Tari Papa Atawhai

Nä Te Puni Kökiri i tuku te pütea hei whakamäori i ënei whärangi meka. Nä Holden Hohaia i whakamäori.

Nga Puna KoreroAquaculture reform 2004: The Rules of the Game – Creating Aquaculture Management Areas (http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/rma/aquaculture-info-game-rules-jan05/aquaculture-info-game-rules-jan05.html)

Mark Hickford. ‘Law of the foreshore and seabed’, Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 21-Sep-2007 (http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/OceanStudyAndConservation/LawOfTheForeshoreAndSeabed/en)

Environment Bay of Plenty AMA project (http://www.envbop.govt.nz/Coast/AMA-project.asp)

Details of the Maori Commercial Aquaculture Claims Settlement:

Ministry of Fisheries (http://www.fish.govt.nz/en-nz/Maori/Details+of++Settlement/default.htm)

http://teohu.maori.nz

Ahu Moana:The Aquaculture and Marine Farming Report (report Wai953)

Te Takutai me te PapamoanaI te tau 1997 e waru ngä iwi o te Waipounamu i tono atu ki te Köti Whenua Mäori kia whakataungia nö wai te takutai me te papamoana. Hei tä ngä iwi nei, nö ratou aua wähi i runga anö i ngä tikanga tuku iho. Ko tëtahi take i përä ai rätou na te mea i te mahue mai rätou ki waho o ngä tika whakawhanake pämu ahumoana kütai ki Wairau.

I pöturi te ngöki haere o tënei kerëme ki roto i te pünaha köti, ä, tae rawa ki te tau 2003 kätahi ka kï te köti Apïra, “ae” kei te Köti Whenua Mäori te mana kia wänangahia tënei take. Engari i mua i te wä ka haere tërä take ki mua i te aroaro o te Köti i whakamanahia te Ture Takutai me te Papamoana 2004.

Ka whakamärama tërä ture (ahakoa käore tonu ëtahi iwi e whakaae ana ki taua ture) ko te Karauna kë te kaipupuri i te mana mö te takutai me te papamoana, häunga i ërä wähanga kei te puritia këtia e tëtahi atu. Kei te tümatanui te tika kia kuhu atu ki runga i te takutai me te papamoana mö te rëhia me te whakatere waka. Ka tiaki hoki te ture i ngä ngohe me ngä tika i whakaüngia mai ränö i te tau 1840.

Pamu Ahumoana ki te Whitianga a Kupe. Whakaahua: Peter Singleton, Taiao Waikato.

He tirohanga atu ki te pamu ahumoana tio. Whakaahua - Ahumoana Aotearoa

Te Whakamahere i te Whakamahinga o te Takutai me nga UaraHe mahi whaihua te whakamahere i te takutai me öna whakamahinga, uara maha noa hoki (përä mö te ara kaipuke hokohoko, hei rähui moana, ngä wähi tapu hoki). Mä tënei ka taea e ngä kaunihera ä-rohe te whakatau tika me te whakatakoto tikanga mö aua wähi. Hei tauira, i te tau 2002 i timata a Taiao Heretaunga i töna kaupapa Wähi Whakahaere Ahumoana. Ko tëtahi mahi o te kaupapa ko te whakawhanake mahere e whakaatu ana i ngä whakamahinga me ngä uara katoa o te takutai o Heretaunga. Mutu ana te tuhituhi i ënei mähere i heria atu e Taiao Heretaunga ki te tümatanui kia möhio ai mënä i tika ngä pärongo i whakaaturia. Whai muri mai o tënä i tinihia ëtahi wähanga nä runga anö i` ngä körerorero tümatanui i puta. Inäianei ka whakamahia aua mahere hei äwhina i ngä tängata ki te whiriwhiri me pëhea, ki whea hoki, te whakatü Wähi Whakahaere Ahumoana ki tërä rohe.