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Tokai University European Center 東海大学ヨーロッパ学術センター Workshop on Japanese Language Education 日本語教育ワークショップ An Investigation into the Potential Related to Children Raised in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) Environments and the Importance of Network Building Considering language learning for CLD-children from the perspective of Japanese and bilingual education 複言語・複文化環境に生きる子どもの可能性探究とネットワーク構築の重要性 - CLD 児のことばの学びを日本語の位置付けとバイリンガル教育の観点から考える - Proceedings 2016 Spring April 30-May 1 4 30 日・5 月1

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Page 1: Workshop on Japanese Language Education · 2019. 11. 12. · seminar program with presentations of their own, and an enthusiastic and passionate discussion unfolded, inspired by Professor

Tokai University European Center

東海大学ヨーロッパ学術センター

Workshop on Japanese Language Education

日本語教育ワークショップ

An Investigation into the Potential Related to Children Raised in Culturally

and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) Environments and the

Importance of Network Building

– Considering language learning for CLD-children from the

perspective of Japanese and bilingual education –

複言語・複文化環境に生きる子どもの可能性探究とネットワーク構築の重要性

- CLD児のことばの学びを日本語の位置付けとバイリンガル教育の観点から考える -

Proceedings

2016

Spring

April 30-May 1

4月 30日・5月1

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Acknowledgments

This workshop series is supported by the Japan Foundation as an activity promoting Japanese

language education. Tokai University European Center thanks the Foundation for support received

for the fiscal year 2016.

本事業は国際交流基金の海外における日本語教育(日本語普及活動)助成(2016 年度)

を受けております。

© 2016

Tokai University European Center

Vedbæk Strandvej 476

DK-2950 Vedbæk

Denmark

Tel.: (+45) 45 89 08 09

Fax: (+45) 45 89 11 18

E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.u-tokai.dk

All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced in any form without prior written

permission from the publisher.

ISSN 2245-2184

ISBN 978-87-997463-3-0

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Table of Contents / 目次

Preface / まえがき 1

Workshop Announcement / 開催通知 3

Workshop Schedule / ワークショップの日程 5

First Session / 第1セッション:(Lecture Outline) /(講義概要) 7

“The Potential of Children Living in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD)

Environments and the Role of the Japanese Language”

「複言語・複文化環境に生きる子ども(CLD児)の可能性と日本語の位置付け」

Hiroshi Noyama (National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL),

JSL Research Division)

野山広 (国立国語研究所 日本語教育研究・情報センター)

Lecture Contents (PPT slides) / 講義内容(PPTスライド) 11

Second and Third Sessions / 第2・3セッション: (Work Session Summaries) / 21

(ワークセッション要約)

“Towards an Ordered and Positive Plurilingual Environment: The importance of network-

building” & “Language Learning for CLD-children and the Role of Japanese: From the

perspective of Japanese as heritage language”

「複言語環境の整備・充実に向けて:ネットワーク構築の重要性」 &

「CLD児のことばの学びと日本語の位置付け-継承語の観点から」

Hiroshi Noyama (National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL),

JSL Research Division)

野山広 (国立国語研究所 日本語教育研究・情報センター)

Fourth Session / 第4セッション:(Presentation Summary) /(発表要約) 25

“Current State and Issues of Japanese Speaking Environment for Pre-schoolers: The case of

Copenhagen Kana-club”

「未就学児を対象とした日本語使用環境の現状と課題 ―コペンハーゲンかなクラブを

例として―」

Michiko Suzuki (Former Teacher at Copenhagen Kana-Club)

鈴木理子(コペンハーゲンかなクラブ前常勤講師)

Fifth Session / 第5セッション:(Presentation Summary) /(発表要約) 29

“The First Year of the Cappadocia Japanese School: Revision of the curriculum and

future challenges”

「カッパドキア日本語補習校1年間の歩み―カリキュラムの見直しとこれからの課題」

Chika Shintani (Erciyes University)

新谷知佳(エルジェス大学)

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Sixth Session / 第6セッション:(Presentation Summary) /(発表要約) 32

“An Historical Overview of Mother Tongue Education in Sweden”

「スウェーデン母語教育の歴史的概要」

Kikuko Setojima (Språkcentralen, Malmö City)

瀬戸島菊子(マルメ市言語センター 母語教育課)

Seventh Session / 第7セッション:(Presentation Summary) /(発表要約) 35

“Cross-linguistic Influence on Cognition: A study on the viewpoint of simultaneous bilinguals”

「認知への言語の影響-同時バイリンガルの視点の置き方から」

Masako Hayakawa Thor (Dalarna University)

早川雅子(ダーラナ大学)

Eighth Session / 第8セッション:(Presentation Summary) /(発表要約) 39

“Common Instruction Methods in Foreign Language Acquisition as Second Language and

Mother Language Acquisition in Children”

「日本語教育と子どもの言語習得」

Shunsuke Hirakawa (Japanese Culture Center Cologne)

平川俊助(ケルン日本文化会館)

Ninth Session / 第9セッション:(Presentation Summary) /(発表要約) 43

“A Study on Intercultural Adaptation of Danish University Exchange Students in Japan through

Collaboration between the University and the Local Japanese Supplementary School”

「大学日本語教育と現地日本語補習学校との連携に関する試み

―場の提供とその効果― 異文化適応という視点から」

Jiro Tomioka (Aarhus University)

冨岡次郎(オーフス大学)

Tenth Session / 第 10セッション: 45

“Tips on Teaching Materials and Methods”

「教材・教室活動の工夫・Tips集」

First Presentation / 第1発表 46

Second Presentation / 第2発表 49

Third Presentation / 第3発表 51

Afterword / あとがき 52

Participant List / 参加者名簿 54

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1

Preface

The unrest following the “Arab Spring” has created many refugees, and Europe is being pressured by

the arrival of these refugees. This issue has divided public opinion, even in countries with a long

history of immigration or cross-border migration. The imminent concern these countries face is the

question of how to overcome differences in language and culture.

This is not something which can continue to be dismissed as an unrelated crisis far away from Japan.

We ought to observe the developments in Europe and learn from their experiences. There is also the

argument, that Japan can’t avoid relying on foreign workers in order to compensate for declining

birth-rates, accelerating ageing of the population, and economic stagnation. These circumstances and

problems are not unrelated to us who engage in Japanese language education. Therefore, the daily

theme which comes into mind for us gathered here in Denmark concerns the problems surrounding

language development and language education of children living abroad.

Regarding the education and learning of children living in plurilingual and pluricultural environments,

professor Hiroshi Noyama (Associate Professor at National Institute of Japanese Language and

Linguistics, JSL Research Division) has been invited to talk about language education. He has been

advocating the importance of how we view education and learning relating to heritage language/

Japanese language and first language, bilingual/ trilingual education.

The work session and lectures of this workshop were prepared based on the premise that

plurilingualism and pluriculturalism has a great potential for connecting people and thereby enriching

the world. Consequently, the discussion will concern how we should raise children in such

circumstances and the importance of providing proper environments and networks.

With these themes in mind, this workshop was not only for people in the field of Japanese Education,

but was also intended for people affiliated with extracurricular Japanese schools. However even

though we postponed the start of the workshop on the first day, as it coincided with the Copenhagen

Sakura Festival, it did not result in as many participants from such institutions as we had hoped. Even

so we had 5 first time participants, one from as far away as Turkey, joining the total of 14 participants

(16 including Professor Noyama and myself). A number of participants contributed to fill up the

seminar program with presentations of their own, and an enthusiastic and passionate discussion

unfolded, inspired by Professor Noyama’s lecture. The free talk session, Tips on teaching materials

and methods, which we introduced during the previous seminar, once again produced an active and

lively debate amongst the participants.

I am pleased that this 13th workshop also finished successfully and that we were able to extend our

network even further.

Fusato Taniguchi, Professor

Tokai University Institute of Global Education and Research

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まえがき

「アラブの春」後の混乱は多くの難民を生み出し、ヨーロッパは難民の受け入れを巡って

揺れています。移民や国境間の移動では長い経験を有する国でも国論を二分するような問

題になっています。言語や文化の違いをどう乗り越えるかが今また大きな課題として立ち

はだかっているように見えます。

私たち日本にとってもいつまでも対岸の火事ではあり得ません。ヨーロッパの動きを注視

し、彼らの経験に学ぶべきでしょう。また、ますます進行の度合いを強める日本の少子高

齢化や経済力の後退を補うためには、外国人の労働力に頼らざるを得ないとの議論もあり

ます。こういった情況や課題は日本語教育に携わる私たちにも無縁ではありません。そこ

で、ここデンマークで私たちの視野に入る身近なテーマ、海外にいる子どもの言語とその

教育を巡る問題について考えてみることにしました。

複言語・複文化環境に生きる子どものことばの教育・学びにおいて,継承語/日本語と第

一言語/欧州言語のバイリンガル(二つの言語)/トライリンガル(三つの言語)教育と

いう観点を持つことがいかに重要かということを従来から指摘されている野山広氏(国立

国語研究所 日本語教育研究・情報センター准教授)の主張に耳を傾けることにしました。

複言語・複文化には人々を結びつけ世界を豊かにしてくれる可能性があること。そうした

環境にいる子どもたちをいかに育んでいくべきか。適切な環境やネットワークが重要であ

ること。こうした観点からレクチャーとワークセッションが準備されました。

こうしたテーマに鑑み、今回は日本語教育の分野に限らず、日本語補習校の関係者の方々

にも広く参加を呼び掛け、一日目の開始時刻を繰り下げるなどの配慮をしましたが、コペ

ンハーゲンのサクラ祭りと重なったために、残念ながら期待どおりには行きませんでした。

しかし、遠くはトルコからの参加者を含め5人の初参加者があり、全部で 14 名が参集し

ました(野山先生、谷口を入れて 16 名)。研究発表や機関紹介などの発表枠もすべて埋

まり、野山先生の熱い語りかけに触発されて大変熱心な議論が繰り広げられました。前回

から設けた最後の自由なディスカッション枠「教材・教室活動の工夫、Tips」も活発にな

ってきました。

13回目となるこのワークショップも成功裡に終わり、ネットワークがさらに広がったこと

を嬉しく思います。

東海大学国際教育センター

教授 谷口聡人

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Workshop Schedule / ワークショップの日程

Date: April 30 (Saturday)

日にち:4月 30日(土)

13:30 Registration / 受付開始

13:50 Organizer’s Welcome / 主催者挨拶 Fusato Taniguchi

14:00-15:30 First Session (Lecture) / 第1セッション(講義)

“The Potential Related to Children Living in a Culturally and

Linguistically Diverse (CLD) Environments and the Role of

the Japanese Language”

「複言語・複文化環境に生きる子供(CLD児)の可能性

と日本語の位置付け」

Hiroshi Noyama

15:30-15:45 Coffee Break / コーヒーブレイク All / 全員

15:45-17:15 Second Session (Work Session 1) /

第2セッション(ワークセッション1)

“Towards an Ordered and Positive Plurilingual Environment:

The Importance of Network-Building”

「複言語環境の整備・充実に向けて:ネットワーク構築

の重要性」

Hiroshi Noyama

17:45-19:00 Dinner All / 全員

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Workshop Schedule / ワークショップの日程

Date: May 1 (Sunday)

日にち:5月1日(日)

09:00-10:30 Third Session (Work Session 2) /

第3セッション(ワークセッション2)

“Language Learning for CLD-Children and the Role of Japanese:

From the Perspective of Japanese as Heritage Language”

「CLD児のことばの学びと日本語の位置付け-継承後の観

点から」

Hiroshi Noyama

10:40-11:05 Fourth Session (Presentation 1) / 第4セッション(発表1)

“Current State and Issues of Japanese Speaking Environments for

Pre-Schoolers: The case of Copenhagen Kana-Club”

「未就学児を対象とした日本語使用環境の現状と課題-コ

ペンハーゲンかなクラブを例として-」

Michiko Suzuki

11:10-11:35 Fifth Session (Presentation 2) / 第5セッション(発表2)

“The First Year of the Cappadocia Japanese School : Revision of

the curriculum and future challenges”

「カッパドキア日本語補習校一年間の歩み-カリキュラム

の見直しとこれからの課題-」

Chika Shintani

11:40-12:05 Sixth Session (Presentation 3) / 第6セッション(発表3)

“An Historical Overview of Mother Tongue Education in Sweden”

「スウェーデン母語教育の歴史的概観」

Kikuko Setojima

12:10-13:20 Lunch Break / 昼休み

13:20-13:45 Seventh Session (Presentation 4) / 第7セッション(発表4)

“Cross-linguistic Influence on Cognition: A Study on the

Viewpoint of Simultaneous Bilinguals”

「認知への言語の影響-同時バイリンガルの視点の置き方

から」

Masako

Hayakawa

Thor

13:50-14:15 Eight Session (Presentation 5) / 第8セッション(発表5)

“Common Instruction Methods in Foreign Language Aquistition as

Second Language and Mother Language Acquisition in Children”

「日本語教育と子供の言語習得」

Shunsuke

Hirakawa

14:20-14:45 Ninth Session (Presentation 6) / 第9セッション(発表6)

“A Study on Intercultural Adaption of Danish University

Exchange Students in Japan Through Collaboration Between the

University and the Local Japanese Supplementary School”

「大学日本語教育と現地日本語補習学校との連携に関する

試み-場の提供とその効果-異文化適応という視点から」

Jiro Tomioka

14:50-15:30 Tenth Session / 第 10 セッション

Tips on Teaching Materials and Methods

教材・教室活動の工夫・Tips 集

Fusato Taniguchi

15:40-15:50 End of Workshop / 閉会

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Workshop Announcement / 開催通知

Program

An Investigation into the Potential Related to Children Raised in Culturally and Linguistically

Diverse (CLD) Environments and the Importance of Network Building

- Considering language learning for CLD-children from the

perspective of Japanese and bilingual education -

The “Arab Spring” and its subsequent unrest has created millions of refugees, many of whom have

made their way to Europe as asylum-seekers. The EU is now feeling the pressure of this mass

migration of refugees, and despite their long histories with immigration and cross-border migration,

public opinion in most European countries is sharply divided on the issue of the current refugee crisis.

Of most imminent concern for these countries is how to successfully integrate refugees, who come

from different cultures and speaking different languages, into their societies.

Although occurring far from the borders of Japan, the refugee crisis cannot be dismissed as being no

concern of the Japanese people. We need to pay attention to how the situation is handled in Europe

and learn from their experiences. This is undoubtedly a very complex issue with many dimensions,

but we can begin by considering the problem from the limited perspective of language education for

children living abroad.

Associate Professor Hiroshi Noyama of the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics

(NINJAL), JSL Research Division, is the featured speaker at the workshop. Prof. Noyama has for

many years been a proponent of the need to differentiate language education/learning for children in

plurilingual and pluricultural environments, and perceive it from different perspectives as being either

heritage language education, Japanese and first language education, bilingual or trilingual education.

The lecture and work sessions of this workshop take as their standpoint the assumption that a

plurilingual and pluricultural environment has the potential for connecting people and benefitting the

world. The workshop will discuss how we best raise children living in such circumstances, and the

importance of providing them with the right environment and the necessary network.

Participation in the workshop is not exclusively restricted to professionals in the field of Japanese

language education, but is also open to people affiliated, in one form or another, with extracurricular

Japanese schools in the Nordic region.

■Lecture:

“The Potential Related to Children Living in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD)

Environments and the Role of the Japanese Language”

Associate Professor Hiroshi Noyama

The linguistic environment and the processes for language learning we provide for our children play

a large role in the formation of their language skills and identity. For this reason, when it comes to

Japanese language education for children being brought up in a plurilingual environment, one must,

as far as possible, provide such education in relation to the level of development of the child’s other

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language (be it the first or second language). If such an effort is made, it is not only in the best interest

of the child as a learner and a person, but also leads to an increase of options for the child in the future.

The lecture argues for the importance to differentiating language education for CLD-children into the

following four categories: heritage language/Japanese and first language/bilingual/trilingual. The

lecture will then examine the importance and the potential of the roles played by the first language,

the mother tongue, and Japanese.

■ Work Session 1:

“Towards an Ordered and Positive Plurilingual Environment: The importance of

network-building”

Associate Professor Hiroshi Noyama

This session will discuss the importance of network-building for achieving an organized and positive

plurilingual environment, and report on the results of two recent longitudinal studies that have shed

light on the importance of dialogue and heritage language. One study was conducted from 2007-2012

and focused on the Japanese conversation and speaking habits of Brazilian students of ethnic Japanese

origin living in region A of Japan with a high density of foreign residents. The second study was

conducted from 2013 to 2015 and targeted Pakistani students scattered throughout a specific region

B. Finally, while considering various examples and referring to the article listed below*, the session

will discuss possible means for promoting the structure of linguistic environments for CLD-

children/learners (ethnolinguistic vitality=EV; communication network=CN) and enabling their own

empowerment.

*Noyama, Hiroshi & Oketani, Hitomi: “CLD Jidô/Seito no Gengo Kankyô no Seibi to Nihon-kata

Tabunka Kyôsei Shakai: Shakai sanka to iu kanten kara” (Structuring Language Environment for

CLD Students in Multicultural Society in Japan: From the perspective of social participation) in

Journal of Intercultural Education, No. 44 (Special Issue, Nihon-kata Tabunka Kyôsei Shakai to ha

Nanika? = What Is the Japanese model of a Multilingual Society?), 2016, pp 18-32. Bulletin of the

Intercultural Education Society of Japan.

■ Work Session 2:

“Language Learning for CLD-children and the Role of Japanese: From the perspective of

Japanese as heritage language”

Associate Professor Hiroshi Noyama

Having touched on the “role of Japanese” as a heritage language and the importance of dialogue as a

tool for increasing “network-building” in the lecture and work session 1, this second work session

will be for discussing and examining the required level of literacy for learning Japanese as a heritage

language in Europe, and for the acquisition of kanji-characters. As reference material for the

discussion, the 381 basic kanji for daily life will be introduced. This selection of kanji was developed

over a quarter century (based on experience from many different learning environments) for junior

high level night school classes in Japan. Reflecting on the content and structure of these kanji, the

session will discuss acquisition of the approximately 1000 kyôiku kanji by CLD-children learning

Japanese in Europe, not as an endeavor unrelated to their daily lives, but rather as the laying of the

required foundation (literacy) for the continued study of Japanese as their heritage language.

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First Session / 第1セッション

Lecture: “The Potential Related to Children Living in Plurilingual and Pluricultural Environments

(CLD children) and the Role of the Japanese Language”

講義:「複言語・複文化環境に生きる子ども(CLD児)の可能性と日本語の位置付け」

HIROSHI NOYAMA

National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL), JSL Research Division

野山 広

国立国語研究所 日本語教育研究・情報センター

Lecture Outline

Preface:

The cultivation of language learning environments and language learning processes play a significant

role in the formation of children’s language skills and their human character. For this reason, if

children raised in plurilingual environments (CLD children = Culturally and Linguistically Diverse

Children) were to participate in Japanese language education (for example as a hereditary language

in Europe), it is important to take into account the level of development of the children’s other

language (first or second language). These efforts and assistances are tied to the children’s educational

rights, not only as a protection of their human rights but also leads to an increase of available career

paths in the future.

Summary:

I commenced the lecture by touching on the current multilingual and multicultural conditions in Japan.

As an example I looked at the development of Japanese language education up to this point and made

references to the knowledge and experience acquired within this field. Furthermore, I adressed the

thoughts on plurilingualism and pluriculturalism in Japan (where you not only show interest for a

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language different from your own, but also make an effort to learn it), and the potential for expanding

Japanese language proficiency.

Next I introduced examples of cultural exchange activities intended to promote the understanding of

plurilingualism and pluriculturalism in Japanese regional communities, as well as footage of children

raised in these communities. Additionally, on the importance of network-building, I was able to

reconfirm it by examining the simultaneous act of communication and problem solving between

peoples with different cultures and languages, and the importance of taking context into account when

comparing the sense of values.

The next topic addressed the language development of the children who are shouldering the weight

of the plurilingual and pluricultural society (multilingual and multicultural), and how the language

study support should be arranged. Specifically, while commenting on the significance of the

multicultural society (symbiotic society), I considered the coexistence of CLD people living in the

same regions and attending the same schools and the difficulties and benefits relating to such a

coexistence. In relation to this I reaffirmed, that it is not only the family, but also the community and

its institutions that play major a role in supporting a child’s linguistic behaviour.

Touching on the diverse roles of the Japanese language, I reflected on the question of Japanese

educational support and the role of one’s mother tongue that will rise in response to a period of

plurilingualism and pluriculturalism. Specifically, the importance of having different views on

language when it comes to the language education and learning of CLD children, be it

inherited/Japanese language or first language/ European bilingual/ trilingual. In relation to this, I

shared my diagram on the value of language knowledge and cultural depth with the participants in

the work session, and reflected back on our own language history.

Next, from the regions with plurilingual and pluricultural language education support systems and

their emphasizing on the “importance of dialogue,” I reflected on how we can support and maintain

the diverse language environments of children who live and attend school in these regions. In this

connection, I reconfirmed the crucial part that the development of a symbiotic society and conscious

support of bilingual education plays in supporting a child’s feeling of self-esteem and the ability to

confirm his/her own identity.

In closing, looking at the language education policies of developed countries that are taking in

immigrants (Sweden, Australia, Germany etc.) and the Japanese policy development (MIC1, MEXT2,

MOFA3, Japanese Municipalities4), I reflected on the growing importance of Japanese education and

JSL education (Japanese as a second language), as well as providing study support. Furthermore, I

also examined at the possibilities and the importance of the roles that different languages are assigned

in relation to CLD children’s education and learning, be it first language or mother language (and

languages in this role) or Japanese language (inherited language).

1 Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication 2 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology 3 Ministry of Foreign Affairs 4 Japan Agency for Local Authority Information Systems

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講義概要:

【レクチャーの背景】

子どもの言語環境づくりやことばの習得過程は、その言語形成や人間形成に大きな影響

を与えます。このことから、複言語(二言語・多言語)環境に育つ子ども(CLD児=

Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Children:文化的,言語的に多様な背景をもつ子ども)

の日本語(例えば、欧州における継承語)教育に携わる場合、可能な限り、彼らのもう一

方のことば(第一言語や第二言語)の発達度合いを知っておく必要があります。こうした

努力・尽力が、子どもの学習権、ひいては人権を擁護し、進路選択の幅を拡充することに

も繋がると思われるからです。

【レクチャーの概要】

レクチャーでは、まず、日本の多言語・多文化化の現状について触れました。例えば、

これまでの日本語教育の展開を眺めつつ、その現場から得られた知見や経験、更には、日

本における複言語・複文化主義(自分の母語や第一言語と違う言語の使用に興味を示しつ

つ、少しでもその他言語を学ぼうとする考え方)と日本語力伸長の可能性についても言及

しました。

次に、日本の地域社会の状況の中で、複言語・複文化主義の理解促進に繋がると考えら

れる交流活動と、そこで育った子どもの事例について紹介しました(映像)。また、ネッ

トワーク構築の重要性という意味で、こうした「対話(違う言語や文化を持った人とさま

ざまな工夫をしながら行うコミュニケーション活動であり、状況に応じて価値観のすりあ

わせも必要となる会話)」を通した活動がいかに重要か、改めて確認しました。

次に、今後の複言語・複文化社会(多言語・多文化社会)を担うと考えられる子どもの

ことばの力を養う場合の、言語学習支援の在り方について触れました。具体的には、複言

語・複文化社会、多文化(共生)社会等の意味について言及しつつ、言語・文化背景が違

う住民同士が、同じ地域や学校で共生することや、生かし合うことの難しさと醍醐味につ

いて考えました。関連して、子どもの言語生活を支える際、家族だけでなく、地域社会、

関係機関の役割や責任が大きいことを再確認しました。

次に、日本語の位置付けの多様性に触れながら、複言語・複文化主義の時代に応じた日

本語の教育・学習支援の在り方や母語の活用の在り方について考えました。具体的には、

CLD児の言語(ことば)の教育・学びにおいて、継承語/日本語と第一言語/欧州言語の

バイリンガル(二つの言語)/トライリンガル(三つの言語)教育という観点を持つこと

がいかに重要かということを指摘、言及しました。関連して、ワークセッションに向けて、

「文化的深さ及び言語的知識の絶対値に関する相関図(野山作成)」を参加者の皆さんと

共有して、自分の言語史について振り返りを行いました。

次に、地域における複言語・複文化主義的な日本語学習支援の現場における「対話の重

要性」という観点から、地域で生活しながら学校に通う子ども(児童・生徒)の多様な言

語環境をどのように整備し、支えていくか考えました。その際に、子どものバイリンガル

教育を意識した支援や共生社会の構築に向けて、彼らの自尊感情(セルフエスティーム)

を支えやアイデンティティの確認ができるエンパワーメントが肝要であることを再確認し

ました。

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最終的に、移民の受入れ先進国(スウェーデン、豪州、ドイツ等)の言語教育政策や日

本(総務省・文科省・文化庁、地方自治体)の施策の展開からみえてきたことを踏まえな

がら、今後必要と考えられる日本語教育や JSL(第二言語としての日本語)教育、学習支

援の在り方について確認しました。さらには、彼ら CLD 児の教育・学びの場における、

第一言語や母語(と位置付けられた言語)、日本語(継承言語)の位置付け、その役割の

重要性と可能性についても展望しました。

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Lecture Content (PPT Slides) / 講義内容(PPT スライド):

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Second and Third Sessions / 第2・3セッション

Work Sessions 1&2:

ワークセッション1・2:

HIROSHI NOYAMA

National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL), JSL Research Division

野山 広

国立国語研究所 日本語教育研究・情報センター

Work Session Outline:

In extension of the preceding lecture, the two work sessions examined the importance and potential

of the relationship between first and mother tongue languages and Japanese as heritage language in

children’s language education/learning. More specifically, via group work the work sessions

discussed how the environment of CLD children (culturally and linguistically diverse children) is

most effectively structured, which methods and what type of network-building are important for

achieving the desired structure, and discussed what aspects are important and pertinent to pay extra

close attention to when incorporating the viewpoints of all people directly related to the language

education process (such as guardians, parents, teachers, staff at related institutions, etc.).

■Work Session 1 (Summary)

“Towards an Ordered and Positive Plurilingual Environment: The importance of network-building”

This session discussed the role of network-building for giving desired structure to a plurilingual

environment, and reported on the results of two recent longitudinal studies that have shed light on the

importance of dialogue and heritage language. One study was conducted from 2007-2012 and focused

on the Japanese conversation and speaking habits of Brazilian students of ethnic Japanese origin

living in region A of Japan with a high density of foreign residents. The second study was conducted

from 2013 to 2015 and targeted Pakistani students scattered throughout a specific region B. In

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addition, referring to specific cases and the literature listed below*, the session discussed possible

means for promoting the structure of linguistic environments for CLD-children/learners

(ethnolinguistic vitality=EV; communication network=CN) and enabling their own empowerment.

*Noyama, Hiroshi & Oketani, Hitomi: “CLD Jidô/Seito no Gengo Kankyô no Seibi to Nihon-kata

Tabunka Kyôsei Shakai: Shakai sanka to iu kanten kara” (Structuring Language Environment for

CLD Students in Multicultural Society in Japan: From the perspective of social participation) in

Journal of Intercultural Education, No. 44 (Special Issue, Nihon-kata Tabunka Kyôsei Shakai to ha

Nanika? = What Is the Japanese model of a Multilingual Society?), 2016, pp 18-32. Bulletin of the

Intercultural Education Society of Japan.

■Work Session 2 (Summary)

“Language Learning for CLD-children and the Role of Japanese: From the perspective of Japanese

as heritage language”

Having touched on the “role of Japanese” as a heritage language and the importance of dialogue as a

tool for increased “network-building” in the lecture and work session 1, this second work session was

for discussing and examining the required level of literacy for learning Japanese as a heritage

language in Europe, and for the acquisition of kanji-characters. As reference material for the

discussion, the 381 basic kanji for daily life was introduced. This selection of kanji was developed

over a quarter century (based on experiences from many different learning environments) for junior

high level night school classes in Japan. Reflecting on the content and structure of these kanji, the

session discussed acquisition of the approximately 1000 kyôiku kanji by CLD-children learning

Japanese in Europe, not as an endeavor unrelated to their daily lives, but rather as the laying of the

required foundation (literacy) for the continued study of Japanese as their heritage language.

ワークセッション概要:

レクチャーでの話を踏まえて、ワークセッションでは、子どもの言語(ことば)の教

育・学びの場における、第一言語や母語(と位置付けられた言語)、日本語(継承語)の

位置付け、その役割の重要性と可能性についても改めて展望しました。具体的には、WS中

のグループワーク等を通して、CLD 児(Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Children 文化

的、言語的に多様な背景をもつ子ども)を取り巻く環境をいかに整えていくのが適切なの

か、その為にはどのような工夫やネットワーク構築が重要なのか、そして、対応する関係

者(保護者・親、教員、関連機関の人々)の考え方や意識等も含め、どのような点に配慮

することがより適切かなど、共に考えながら検討しました。

■ワークセッション 1(要約)

「複言語環境の整備・充実に向けて:ネットワーク構築の重要性」

本セッションでは、まず、日本の外国人集住地域 Aに居住する日系ブラジル人生徒に対

して、2007~2012年まで行ってきた日本語会話と言語生活に関する縦断調査と、散在地域

B に居住するパキスタン出身の生徒に対して、2013~2015 年まで行ってきた同様の縦断調

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査結果から窺える対話と継承語の重要性について報告しました。また、CLD児童・生徒の

言語環境(ethnolinguistic vitality =EVや communication network=CN)の整備促進やエンパ

ワメントに向けてどのような工夫が可能か、事例や以下の論文を紹介・参考しながら、参

加者の皆さんと共に考察しました。

参考文献:野山 広・桶谷仁美(2016)「CLD児童・生徒の言語環境の整備と日本型多

文化共生社会-社会参加という観点から-」『異文化間教育』44号(特集「日本型多文化

共生社会とは何か」)pp. 18-32. 異文化間教育学会

■ワークセッション2 (要約)

「CLD 児のことばの学びと日本語の位置付け-継承語の観点から」

レクチャーとワークセッション1で皆さんと考えた継承語としての「日本語の位置付け」

や「ネットワーク構築」の拡充に向けた対話の重要性を踏まえながら、欧州場面で継承語

として日本語を学ぶ際に必要と考えられる識字(リテラシー)の力や、その基盤となる漢

字の習得について、意見交換しながら共に検討しました。ここでは、参考事例として、日

本の夜間中学で学ぶ生徒のために四半世紀以上かけて(現場のさまざまな経験知の蓄積等

から)開発された生活基本漢字(381 字)を紹介しました。関連した教材等も各参加者に

配布して、その概要をセッションの場で発表して頂きながら、その 381 字の漢字の欧州に

おける活用の在り方について考察しました。具体的には、欧州で CLD 児が日本語を学ぶ

際に、約 1000 字のいわゆる教育漢字を生活から離れて学び、習得するのではなく、継承

語(日本語)学習者として必要な識字(リテラシー)の力の基盤としての漢字の学び(数、

内容・構成、教え方など)について、意見交換、考察することが出来ました。

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Fourth Session / 第4セッション

Presentation: “Current State and Issues of Japanese Speaking Environments for Pre-Schoolers:

The case of Copenhagen Kana-Club”

発表:「未就学児を対象とした日本語使用環境の現状と課題

-コペンハーゲンかなクラブを例として-」

Michiko Suzuki (Former Teacher at Copenhagen Kana-Club)

鈴木理子(コペンハーゲンかなクラブ前常勤講師)

Presentation Summary:

The presentation aimed to define difficulties which the presenter had had while teaching pre-schoolers

at an attached institution to a supplementary school, and to improve the present issues. The issues are,

in detail, how to adjust to diversities of expectations and children’s backgrounds, and who and what

should be adjusted.

1. Overview of Copenhagen Kana-club

Copenhagen Kana-club was established in September 2008 in order to offer pre-schoolers

possibilities to use Japanese as well as to prepare for entering Japanese supplementary school. There

are two class levels, one for children aged 4 to 5 years, and one for children aged 5 to 6 years, with

about 12 children in each class. Class starts at 9:00 a.m. and ends at 12:25 p.m. on Saturdays. There

are 38 school days a year, and in addition, a sports day and a fire drill are held in conjunction with

the Japanese supplementary school in Copenhagen. Through several seasonal events, such as a New

Year’s party and bean-throwing which the parents also attend, Kana-club aims to provide a natural

atmosphere in which participants can communicate in Japanese, and to accustom children to Japanese

culture.

In class, children sing Japanese songs, play hand-games, listen to readings of picture books, try

creative tasks and play on the playground. The purpose of these activities is to enjoy communicating

in Japanese with other children. In order to develop writing skill, children start using pencils from the

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first year and they are expected to read and write all hiragana and be able to write to ten using Arabic

numerals before the end of the second year.

2. Overview of Japanese Supplementary School, Copenhagen (CPHJPSS)

CPHJPSS, which the Kana-club is attached to, was established in 1974 for the purpose of supporting

education of children of Japanese parents stationed overseas in the Copenhagen area. so that the

children can make a smooth transition back to the Japanese education system at a later time. Since its

establishment, CPHJPSS has been driven with economical support by the Japanese Government and

guidance by the Embassy of Japan in Denmark. CPHJPSS offers classes in Japanese as a mother

tongue and mathematics from first to ninth grade based on the curriculum specified by the Japanese

Ministry of Education and Science. There are 38 school days a year. Pupils are given homework, in

the form of kanji quizzes and exercises in math, every week in order to maintain the same educational

level as in Japan.

3. Diversity of expectations and children’s backgrounds

3.1. Diversity of expectations

Here, I talked about parents’ and the school’s expectations. Parent expectations vary very much

concerning level of Japanese. From the lowest level, to give their children an opportunity for listening

to and speaking Japanese, to the highest level, to make the children native speakers. Or in order to

prepare their children to pass the entrance exam to CPHJPSS. CPHJPSS expects that the Kana-club

sends children who can follow the class which the school offers without any difficulty.

3.2. Diversity of children’s backgrounds

Most of the children have parents that consist of one Japanese person and one non-Japanese person.

These children are therefore influenced by multiple cultures, i.e. where their parents grew up, where

they have lived, or which institutions they are currently attending. For the above reasons these

children usually have at least two or three languages and cultural backgrounds. Their Japanese

competencies and knowledge about Japan can also vary considerably.

There are constantly around 35 children in Kana-club, however, only about two or three of them are

compatible with the original purpose of CPHJPSS.

4. Kana-club’s Dilemma

The Kana-club should offer appropriate classes to the children adjusting the purpose to enjoyment of

communication in Japanese. At the same time, the Kana-club should play a role in preparing the

children with the appropriate Japanese proficiency for entering CPHJPSS, since the Kana-club is an

affiliated institution of this school. However, as mentioned above, there are only a few pre-schoolers

who fit in with the original purpose of the school. An incompatibility therefore exists between the

frame and its contents. where the Kana-club has to prepare children with culturally and linguistically

diverse backgrounds for receiving education based on the domestic curriculum in Japan.

5. Future tasks

As the result of the difficulties mentioned above, only half of the pre-schooler from the Kana-club

continued to CPHJPSS last year. There are several reasons for this, including inability to pass the

entrance exam, parents deciding not to send their children to the school, and parents deciding to have

their child repeat a pre-school year at the Kana-club. Some parents even say that they do not want

their children to study in the way that is taught at the supplementary school. But with regard to having

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their children learn Japanese language and Japanese culture, the supplementary school is their only

choice. Some children therefore suffer disappointment when they fail the entrance exam.

Considering the fact that almost all the pre-schoolers are culturally and linguistically diverse children

who have no plans to study in Japan, it would be better if there were other possibilities for learning

Japanese in future.

発表要約:

本発表は、日本人補習学校付属幼稚部としての役割を果たす上で発表者が感じた困難点

を明確にし、改善の可能性を探ることを目的とした。課題は多様性への対応と組織の性質

の違いであり、具体的には前者は期待の多様性、在籍児の言語文化背景の多様性、後者は

誰に合わせるのか、何に合わせるのかという課題である。

1. コペンハーゲンかなクラブ概要

正式名称はコペンハーゲン日本人補習学校付属幼稚部かなクラブ(以下かなクラブ)で、

就学前の幼児に日本語に触れる機会を提供し、補習学校への入学の準備の場とすることを

目的として 2008 年9月に設立された。4、5歳児対象の年中組と5、6歳児対象の年長

組があり、定員は1クラス 12 名程度である。土曜日午前9時から 12 時 25 分まで年間 38

回授業を行い、運動会と避難訓練を補習学校と合同で実施する他、すいか割りやお正月の

会、節分の豆まき等、保護者も参加する行事を通して親子で日本語を話す環境を整えると

共に日本の文化に親しむことを目的としている。

毎回の授業では、日本の歌や手遊び、絵本の読み聞かせ、工作、外遊びを通して日本語

での意思疎通を楽しむと共に、年中後期から運筆を始め、年長段階ではひらがなの清音を

ほぼ全て読み書きできるようになること、自分の姓名と1から 10 までの数字が書けるよ

うになることを目標とする。

2.コペンハーゲン日本人補習学校概要

長期滞在邦人子弟の学力の維持向上及び帰国後の学校教育への円滑な復帰を図ることを

主目的として 1974 年に設置された。日本国政府文部科学省の経済的支援と在デンマーク

王国日本国大使館の助言を受け、海外子女教育振興財団の指導のもと、文部科学省の指導

要領に沿って組まれたカリキュラムで小中学校の国語と算数/数学の授業が行われている。

授業は土曜日午前8時 45分の朝礼から 12時 35分までで、日本の学校と同水準の学力を

保つべく宿題が必ず出され、毎週漢字と計算の小テストが実施される。

3.多様性への対応

3.1.期待の多様性

補習学校入学を前提としてかなクラブに子供を通わせることになっているが、保護者の

期待は多様で、日本語に触れられればいいというものから、補習校に進学させたい、日本

人として日本語を操れるようにさせたいというものまで幅がある。また、補習学校からは、

授業についていける子供を送ってほしいという要望がある。

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3.2.在籍児の多様性

両親のどちらか一方が日本人である場合がほとんどであるが、在籍児達は両親のどちら

かが育った国や住んでいた国、或いはインターナショナルスクール等現在通っている教育

施設で使われている言語や文化の影響を受けながら育っており、日常的に2、3の言語に

触れている複言語複文化児で、日本語運用能力も日本についての知識も様々である。かな

クラブには毎年度 35 名前後在籍しているが、そのうち補習学校の設立趣旨に合致する在

籍児は2、3名ほどである。

4.組織の性質の違いからくる困難点

かなクラブとしては、日本語での意思疎通を楽しむという目標のもと、在籍児に合わせ

た授業を行うべきであるが、一方で、補習学校付属幼稚部としての役割を果たさなければ

ならない。しかし、補習校の設立趣旨に合致する幼児は上述のように少数であることから、

複言語複文化を持つ幼児に日本国内の国語教育を受ける準備をさせなければならないとい

う枠と中身の不一致が起きている。

5.今後の課題

以上のような多様性への対応と、枠と中身の不一致という解決すべき課題がある中、昨

年度の補習学校進学者は年長組在籍者の半数であった。理由は、入学試験に合格しなかっ

た、保護者の考えで進学させなかった、かなクラブを繰り返す等である。補習学校のよう

な勉強の仕方はさせたくないが、日本語や日本文化について学ばせようとすると他に入れ

るところがないという保護者の声も聞かれる。また、入学試験に受からなかったことで心

に傷を負う幼児もいる。

日本で学校教育を受ける予定のない複言語複文化児が大多数を占めるという現実を前に、

将来的には選択肢が増えればと思うものである。

参考資料:

コペンハーゲン日本人補習学校、かなクラブホームページ (http://cphhoshuko.jimdo.com/)

中島和子(2003)「JHLの枠組みと課題ーJSL/JFLとどう違うのかー」『母語・継承語・

バイリンガル教育(MHB)研究』プレ創刊号

(http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/110009391938.pdf?id=ART0009894065&type=pdf&lang=jp&host=cinii&ord

er_no=&ppv_type=0&lang_sw=&no=1459199620&cp=)

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Fifth Session / 第5セッション

Presentation: “The First Year of the Cappadocia Japanese School: Revison of the curriculum

and future challenges”

発表:「カッパドキア日本語補習校一年間の歩み-カリキュラムの見直しと

これからの課題-」

Chika Shintani(Erciyes University)

新谷 知佳(エルジェス大学)

Presentation Summary:

1. Outline of the Cappadocia Japanese School

The Cappadocia Japanese School was started in April 2015 in Cappadocia, Turkey and mothers are

managing school by themselves. There are four children in the first grade, three children in the second

grade and five children in the kindergarten class. There are also eight teachers (all mothers) and one

volunteer teacher. I presented two characteristics pertaining to the children at this school. One

characteristic is that all children have a Turkish father and a Japanese mother. The second

characteristic is that almost all children will reside in Turkey permanently. The classes are separated

by grade. The elementary school section offers not only a class of Japanese (kokugo), but also a class

of Japanese language (nihongo) and a kanji-character class. Once a month, there are season-related

activities, because the children are prevented from experiencing the Japanese seasonal culture first-

hand. The parent teachers teach classes for children and take turns every month. After classes,

children clean the school by themselves.

2. Language environment of each families

In order to investigate language usage in the family of each student, I sent out questionnaires about

school environment, family languages and learning environment at home by using a Google form in

April 2016. I collected eight answers. It is apparent from the answers that all children attend a local

school and only one family plans to return to Japan in the near future The family language is different

from family to family. Where some families use primarily Japanese, other families use primarily

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Turkish. From this result we learned the following. If the Japanese mother speaks Turkish with the

father, the child also speaks Turkish with the family. And even if the mother speaks only Japanese,

the children speak Turkish with siblings due to attendance at the local school. The learning

environment at home is different for each family as well. Some families are leaning subjects in

Japanese every day and reading Japanese books, whereas other families are leaning Japanese only at

Cappadocia Japanese School. The policy about leaning is very different from family to family, thus

necessitating a long-term strategy for the Cappadocia Japanese School on how to deal with this

discrepancy.

3. Revision of the curriculum

When we started the second school year in April 2016, parts of the curriculum were changed, because

the number of participants decreased due to the situation around Turkey and the increase of uneasiness

for mothers about the Japanese of their children. In this revision, we implemented a recording of

children’s attitude, divided classes into first grade and second grade, and incorporated mathematics

into the Japanese (nihongo) language classes. At the Japanese (nihongo) language class volunteer

teachers made the curriculum. Parent teachers are usually teaching this class, and once a month a

volunteer teacher is teaching.

4. Future challenges

As children reach the upper grades of elementary school, the study load gradually increases. We need

to think seriously about how we can manage the Japanese (nihongo) language class after next year,

how we can accommodate differences in Japanese proficiency of the children, and how mothers can

operate the school by themselves in the future.

発表要約:

1.カッパドキア日本語補習校の概要

カッパドキア日本語補習校は 2015 年4月に開校された、母親達による自治運営の補習

校である。現在、在籍している子どもの数は小学1年生4名、小学2年生3名、幼稚園年

少クラス2名、年中クラス3名の計 12 名で、教師の数は子ども達の母親8名とボランテ

ィアの日本語教師1名の計9名である。カッパドキア補習校に通う子どもたちの特徴とし

て、すべての子どもがトルコ人の父、日本人の母を持つダブルの子どもである、ほとんど

がトルコ生まれでトルコに定住予定であるという点が挙げられる。授業は、学年別のクラ

スに分けて行い、小学部では国語の授業の他に文字の授業、日本語クラスの時間を設置し

ている。また、月に一度季節の制作や季節の歌の時間も設けている。授業は母親が教師と

なって月ごとに交替で行い、授業後の掃除は子どもたち自身が行っている。

2.各家庭の言語環境

家庭内での使用言語を調査するために、2016 年4月に Google フォームを利用して選択

式と記述式のアンケートを行った。アンケート内容は学校環境、家庭内言語、家庭内学習

環境に関するもので、8家庭の回答が集まった。学校環境については、すべての子ども達

が現地校に通っており、現時点で日本に本帰国の予定があるのは1家庭のみであることが

わかった。家庭内言語については、子どもと1対1で話すとき、家族で過ごすとき、夫婦

間の会話、兄弟姉妹間の会話、それぞれの使用言語を尋ねたが、いずれも日本語のみであ

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る家庭から、ほとんどトルコ語のみの家庭までさまざまな回答が得られた。この結果から、

夫婦間言語がトルコ語の場合、家族で集まったときにもトルコ語の割合が高くなる傾向が

あること、母親や家族との言葉が日本語であっても、小学校や幼稚園の影響で、兄弟間で

はトルコ語がまじること、子どもの年齢が上がるほどトルコ語の割合が高くなるという傾

向があることが窺える。家庭内の学習環境については、日本語を使って教科を勉強する時

間があるか、日常会話以外に日本語に触れる時間があるかについて尋ねたが、これも家庭

によって様々で、家庭内でも一定の時間教科学習を行い、本の音読などを行っている家庭

もあれば、日本語に触れる時間は補習校の3時間のみという家庭もあった。各家庭の方針

がそれぞれ異なっており、補習校としての対応は長期的に検討していく必要があると言え

る。

3.カリキュラムの見直し

2016年4月に2年目を迎え、新年度を始めるにあたって、いくつかのカリキュラムの見

直しを行った。トルコの情勢不安によって参加者が減少したこと、現地の小学校に通い始

めた子どもが増え、家庭内でのトルコ語の割合が高くなり、親達の不安が強くなったこと

が見直しに至った要因である。今回の見直しでは、月替りで先生が変わるため、子どもた

ちの様子を記すノートを準備する、小学部を1年生と2年生の2クラスに分ける、小学部

の算数クラスをすべて日本語クラスにするという変更が行われた。日本語クラスでは、ボ

ランティアとして参加している日本語教師がカリキュラムの作成を行い、普段は、母親教

師達がそれをもとに授業を行い、月1回ボランティアが授業を行う形式をとっている。

4.今後の課題

小学校の学年が上がるに連れて、学校の勉強の負担も大きくなるため、来年度以降の日

本語クラスの位置づけをどうするか、これからさらに広がっていくと思われる子どもたち

の日本語能力の差へどのように対応するか、母親達で運営していく限界をどのように乗り

切るかといった課題を今後解決していく必要がある。

参考文献・URL

国際交流基金日本語国際センター(2005)『児童・生徒のためのわいわい日本語活動集―外国

人の子どものための日本語』スリーエーネットワーク「こどもの日本語ライブラリ」

http://www.kodomo-kotoba.info/(2016年4月 27日最終アクセス)

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Sixth Session / 第6セッション

Presentation: “An Historical Overview of Mother Tongue Education in Sweden”1

発表:「スウェーデン母語教育の歴史的概観」2

Kikuko Setojima (Språkcentralen, Malmö City)

瀬戸島菊子(マルメ市言語センター 母語教育課)

Presentation Summary:

Sweden has a long history of welcoming immigrants. As the numbers of immigrants have increased

since the end of the Second World War, education for children with a foreign background has also

developed. Already back in the 1960’s, Sweden started mother tongue education for students with a

mother tongue other than Swedish and is therefore considered a pioneer in the field. In this

presentation, I gave an overview of how mother tongue education began in Sweden, especially in

connection with the immigration policy and how it has developed over the years.

After the Second World War, Sweden, which maintained its neutral policy during wartime,

experienced rapid economic growth but faced a serious shortage of labour. In order to fill this shortage,

many industries hired immigrant workers largely from Finland and other European countries. In the

1960’s, the educational integration of children with a foreign background became a social issue. In

1966, the government introduced a subsidy for education in Swedish as a second language and study

guidance given in the pupil’s mother tongue. This was, so to speak, the emergence of mother tongue

education in Sweden.

1 I use the term ‘mother tongue’ in this report to avoid confusion, though Sweden used the term hemspråk ‘home language’

until 1997 when the term was officially replaced by modersmål ‘mother tongue’. 2 混乱を避けるため、今回の発表では「母語」という表現を使用したが、スウェーデンでは 1997年に公式に

「modersmål(母語)」という用語が使われる以前は、「hemspråk(家庭語)」という言い方を使用していた。

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In the 1970’s, a number of studies led by the government were conducted to investigate the conditions

and needs of immigrants. In 1975, Sweden declared itself a multicultural society and established an

immigration policy aimed at achieving equality between immigrants and Swedish citizens, cultural

freedom, and cooperation and solidarity between the Swedish and different ethnic minorities. These

ideas became the source of inspiration for Hemspråksreformen ‘Home language reform’. This reform

came into effect in 1977 and made it possible for immigrant children to study their mother tongue as

a school subject and be given study guidance in their own native language (Hernán 2007: 9-10).

The 1990’s was a turning point in the history of mother tongue education. From the 1980’s onward,

the number of asylum seekers, for example, from the former Yugoslavia and the Middle East, rose

drastically. When Sweden faced a deep economic crisis in the early 1990’s, critical voices were raised

in the media as to whether mother tongue education really could help immigrant children integrate

into Swedish society. Combined with budget cuts in municipalities, the number of mother tongue

students and teachers dropped sharply. At this time, a two-year university programme leading to

qualification for mother tongue teachers was also abolished (Hyltenstam 1996: 51-55).3

Today, EU countries are confronting an unprecedented refugee crisis and Sweden is no exception to

this. As we have seen, the history of mother tongue education in Sweden is strongly connected with

immigration policy. Therefore, we have to watch carefully which course Sweden will take and how

mother tongue education will be affected by social and political changes in the future.

発表要約:

スウェーデンは移民を積極的に受け入れてきた国である。戦後の移民の増加にともない、

移民の子どもたちのための教育も整備されてきた。スウェーデン語以外を母国語とする子

どもたちの母語教育も、他国に先駆けて 1960 年代に始まっている。今回の発表では、移

民政策と重要な結びつきを持って生まれた母語教育がどのようにしてできてきたか、また、

その後どんな歴史的変遷をたどってきたかを概観した。

第二次世界大戦中に中立を守っていたスウェーデンは、戦後いち早く産業が発達し、労

働不足が深刻となる。この労働不足を補うため、フィンランドを主とし、他のヨーロッパ

諸国からの外国労働者を数多く雇い入れることになる。1960年代になると、移民系の子供

たちの学習の遅れが問題となり、1966年には、外国語としてのスウェーデン語および子供

の母語による学習サポートに国から補助が出ることになった。この時期がいわばスウェー

デンの母語教育の萌芽期といえよう。

1970 年代になると、政府主導で移民の状況やニーズに関する調査がすすむ。1975 年に

は、スウェーデンが複数文化の国家であることを宣言し、平等、選択の自由、協調を柱と

する移民政策が確立する。この移民政策の考えは後の「家庭語改革」の基礎となり、1997

年の法制化により、移民系のこどもたちが学校の科目として母語教育を受けること、生徒

の母語で学習支援を受けることが可能になった(Hernán 2007: 9-10)。

1990 年代には、母語教育は歴史的転換期を迎える。1980 年代以降、旧ユーゴスラビア

や中東を中心に避難民が急激に増える。1990年代初頭、スウェーデンが深刻な不景気に見

舞われると、マスコミのとらえ方にも変化が見え、母語教育に対して否定的な考えが広が

3 For an overview of the situation after the 1990’s, see Setojima (2012).

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った。地方自治体での予算削減とあいまって、母語教育の生徒数、教師数とも激減する。

この時期、母語教育教師育成の大学 2年間のプログラムも廃止になる(Hyltenstam1996:51-

55)。4

今日、EU の国々は未曾有の難民危機に直面しているが、スウェーデンも例外ではない。

先に見た如く、スウェーデンの母語教育の歴史は移民政策と深い関係を持っているだけに、

今後、スウェーデンの移民政策、母語教育がどう変わっていくのか注目したい。

Reference materials / 参考文献

Hernán, Concha. 2007. Modersmålsundervisningen i Sverige – en krönika.

Modersmålsundervisningen i Malmö.

Hyltenstam, Kenneth (ed.) 1996. Tvåspråkighet med förhinder? Invandrar- och

minoritetsundervisning i Sverige. Studentlitteratur.

Setojima. 2012. ‘Mother Tongue Education in Malmö, Sweden’. Proceedings of the Workshop on

Japanese Language Education. Tokai University European Center. 43-46.

4 最近の状況については、瀬戸島(2012)を参考にされたい。

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Seventh Session / 第7セッション

Presentation: “Cross-linguistic Influence on Cognition: A Study on the Viewpoint of

Simultaneous Bilinguals”

発表:「認知への言語の影響―同時バイリンガルの視点の置き方から―」

Masako Hayakawa Thor (Dalarna University)

早川雅子(ダーラナ大学)

Presentation Summary:

1.Introduction

“Linguistic relativity” (Whorf, 1956), which refers to the hypothesis that the language we speak might

influence our thoughts, cognition and views of the world, has been discussed for decades. Previous

researchers in the field of bilingualism have conducted empirical studies and found evidence to

support the hypothesis that cross-linguistic differences may cause cognitive differences between the

speakers of different languages. Previous studies also indicate that the cognition of bilinguals with

linguistically different languages is influenced by both languages. In this current study, I will explore

whether there are any cognitive differences between Japanese and Swedish monolinguals. If there are

differences, how will the differences emerge in the cognition of Swedish-Japanese bilinguals?

2.Viewpoint in Japanese and English (Swedish)

Ikegami (2005) characterizes Japanese as being a ‘subjectivity-prominent’ language in contrast with,

for example, English. One of the indices of this feature in Japanese is the verb COME as well as the

verb GO. The concept of iku (GO) and kuru (COME) is based on the conceptualizer’s viewpoint. Iku

(GO) in Japanese5 refers to a movement from the conceptualizer to the other, whereas kuru (COME)

refers to the reversed movement from the other to the conceptualizer. In English (and Swedish), a

5 Except certain dialects in southern parts of Japan.

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movement for both directions between the conceptualizer and the interlocutor is expressed as COME.

Since the conceptualizer (viewpoint) is detached from the people who are involved, the movement

between them is observed objectively. The conceptual contrasts of COME/GO may influence whether

the speakers of the language construe the event subjectively or objectively. That is to say, “viewpoint”

is a cross-linguistic difference. Since they are influenced by the different concepts of verbs habitually,

the question is, will Japanese monolinguals and Swedish monolinguals construe events differently

even in the nonverbal cognitive tasks? How will Swedish-Japanese bilinguals construe events?

3.Method and participants

The participants in this study were eleven Swedish monolinguals (aged 13-16) living in Stockholm,

thirteen Japanese monolinguals (aged 12-16) living in the Greater Tokyo Area, and eleven

simultaneous Swedish-Japanese bilinguals (aged 12-15) raised and living in Stockholm. They are

functional bilinguals who have been exposed to both languages sequentially from birth and who have

been using both languages daily.

The participants were tested individually in Sweden or in Japan between March and May 2015.

Twenty short sentences with iku, kuru, etc. (or the Swedish translation of the sentences) were read

one by one, and the participants visualized the scene using Lego figures and toys, and they took a

photograph of the scene from the angle (viewpoint) which they were looking at the scene from. The

bilinguals did the test twice (once in Swedish and once in Japanese) with at least one week between

the tests. The photographs were interpreted and classified into the subjective or the objective

construal.

4.Results and Discussion

While 59.8 % of all the photographs of the Japanese monolinguals were taken from the subjective

viewpoint, only 30.0% of the photographs of all the Swedish monolinguals were taken from the

subjective viewpoint. On the other hand, 47.7 % of all the photographs of the Swedish monolinguals

were taken from the objective viewpoint, whereas 26.9% of all the photographs of the Japanese

monolinguals were taken from the objective viewpoint. The results show that Japanese monolinguals

construe event descriptions subjectively, while Swedish monolinguals construe them objectively. An

analysis of the bilinguals’ photographs showed that the bilinguals’ event construal was neither

subjective nor objective, but in-between.

The results demonstrate that the language we speak influences our cognition (for example,

viewpoint), and the cognition of bilinguals with linguistically different languages is influenced by

both languages.

発表要約:

1.はじめに

言語が思考や認知、世界観に影響を与えるのではないかという「言語相対論」(Whorf,

1956)は長い間議論されている。バイリンガルの先行研究では、異なる言語の話者間で言

語的差異に起因すると思われる認知の差があることが、実験や調査によって裏付けられて

いる。また、言語的差異のある言語を併せ持つバイリンガルの認知も、両方の言語から影

響を受けていることが検証されている。それでは、日本語のモノリンガルとスウェーデン

語のモノリンガルでは、認知の点でどんな違いが出るだろうか。またその両方を併せ持つ

バイリンガルの認知には、言語的差異はどのように現れるのであろうか。

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2.日本語と英語(スウェーデン語)の視点の置き方

池上(2005)は、英語(スウェーデン語も英語と同類)と比較し、日本語は主観性が顕著

に見られる言語であると言っている。その日本語の特徴を表すもののひとつに、動詞の

「来る/行く」がある。日本語の「来る/行く」の概念は、英語(スウェーデン語)の

「come/go」の概念と異なる。日本語の概念では、視点に近づくのを「来る」、視点から

の遠ざかる移動を「行く」としている6。一方、英語では、話者同士間の動きは両方向と

も come であり、自分が関わっている出来事でも、視点を自分の外に置き、客観的に事態

を把握して描写する傾向にある。この「来る/行く」と「come/go」の概念の相違が、話

者が事態を主観的に把握するか客観的に把握するかという違いに影響を与えている可能性

がある。習慣的に使う動詞の概念が異なることから、日本語モノリンガルとスウェーデン

語モノリンガルの事態の把握の仕方にも、違いが出るのだろうか。また、スウェーデン

語・日本語のバイリンガルは、事態をどのように把握するだろうか。

3.調査方法と調査協力者

調査協力者は、ストックホルム在住のスウェーデン語モノリンガル(13~16 歳)11 人、

東京郊外在住の日本語モノリンガル(12~16 歳)13 人、ストックホルム育ちで在住のス

ウェーデン語と日本語の同時バイリンガル(12~15 歳)11 人。スウェーデン語と日本語

の同時バイリンガルは、生誕時から両方の言語に触れ日常的に使っており、どちらの言語

も自由に操れる。

調査は、2015 年3月~5月の間に、スウェーデンと日本で一人ずつ個別に行った。

「来る/行く」などを含む短文(または、そのスウェーデン語訳)20文を一文ずつ聞いて

想像した情景をレゴの人形やおもちゃなどを用いてビジュアル化してもらい、視点を置い

ている場所からカメラで撮影してもらった。バイリンガルには、スウェーデン語と日本語

とでの調査を1回ずつ、1週間以上の間をあけて、2回受けてもらった。写真は、撮影さ

れた視点によって、主観的事態把握と客観的事態把握に分類した。

4.結果と考察

主観的視点から撮影した写真は、日本語モノリンガルが 59.8%であるのに対し、スウェ

ーデン語モノリンガルは 30.0%に過ぎなかった。また、客観的視点から撮影した写真は、

日本語モノリンガルは 26.9%で、スウェーデン語モノリンガルは 47.7%だった。この結果

から、日本語モノリンガルは主観的に事態把握をし、スウェーデン語モノリンガルは、客

観的に把握をしていることが分かる。バイリンガルが撮影した写真を分析すると、日本語

のモノリンガルよりも客観的に事態を把握しており、スウェーデン語のモノリンガルより

も主観的に事態を捉えていた。つまり、バイリンガルは、両言語のモノリンガルの間に位

置した。

このことから、言語が認知(例えば視点など)に影響を及ぼし、バイリンガルは異な

る言語の影響を両方から受けていると推測される。

6 九州など、方言によってはこの概念に当てはまらないこともある。

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Reference materials / 参考文献

Ikegami, Y. (2005) Indices of a ‘subjectivity-prominent’ language: Between cognitive linguistics and linguistic typology. Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 3: 132-164.

Whorf, B. L. (1956) Language, Thought, and Reality, John B. Carroll (ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

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39

Eight Session / 第8セッション

Presentation: “Common Instruction Methods in Foreign Language Aquistition as Second Language

and Mother Language Acquisition in Children”

発表:「日本語教育と子供の言語習得」

Shunsuke Hirakawa (Japanese Culture Center Cologne)

平川俊助(ケルン日本文化会館)

Presentation Summary:

This paper deals with common instruction methods in foreign language acquisition as second

language and mother language acquisition in children. The paper considers the possibility of applying

the methods which Japanese language teachers use in the classroom for the two areas of misuse

correction and character recognition to mother language education in Japanese language

supplementary schools.

Mistake correction

Nakajima (1998) mentions the following regarding bilingual education in foreign countries. She says

that it is important to extensively use correct Japanese language in the natural flow of the conversation

rather than apply psychological pressure to children’s mistakes in the process of mother language

acquisition. Thus it is recommended to use correct expressions added to the conversation rather than

pointing out mistakes and explaining them to children who do not understand grammar rules.

On the other hand, a method called “recast” is used for mistake correction in second language

acquisition. Recast is a method where the answer includes the correction of the mistake rather than

explicitly correcting the mistake of the leaner. This learning method emphasizes integrating grammar

instruction into communications based on “focus on forms”.

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According to Shirohata (2012), “by applying recast, it is possible to direct the student attention to

grammar points without interfering with the flow of communication” (p. 212). Thus recast is effective

for children for whom explicit explanation is ineffective and can be applied daily at home and in

Japanese language schools.

Character recognition

Learning kana characters (Japanese phonetic characters) is not easy neither in second language

learning nor in bilingual education.

According to Kawaguchi and Yokomizo (2005) it is important to introduce the kana characters in

words rather than teach them one by one, stimulate the interest of the student and elevate their

motivation.

Moreover, the Japan Foundation (2011) summarized the process until characters can be read as

follows:

1- The ability to differentiate Japanese language sounds.

2- The ability to apply the sounds to the character shapes at a reasonable speed.

3- The ability to differentiate different characters.

(The Japan Foundation (2011) “Teaching characters and vocabulary” p.13)

By summarizing the above points, it is important for the student to use compatible words and

expressions, then to recognize the Japanese language sounds, and then connect those sounds to the

characters in a phased learning process.

This learning method can be also applied to character recognition in children. An instruction example

of this is used in Toda Design Laboratory’s (2006) “Animals Ring cards”. This is a set of cards

designed for children with the picture of an animal on the front of the card, and the name of the animal

on the back. So it is easy to connect the picture of the animal to the character shape. As the set of

cards has forty-seven animals, it is possible for the children to choose the animals they like and which

they are familiar with. So they can connect it to the sound and the character shape. This set of cards

is being used in kana character leaning for children.

If this set of cards is used in the process mentioned above, it is possible to use it in phase learning by:

1) Choosing the correct animal after hearing the animal name.

2) Choosing the name of the animal after hearing the animal name.

3) Pronouncing the name of the animal after seeing the picture of the animal.

4) Pronouncing the name of the animal after seeing the name of the animal.

Conclusion

Because target group support and instruction vary from mother language acquisition to second

language learning, it is not easy to be aware of common instructing methods. However, it is possible

to expand the scope of teaching in the classroom by employing the known language learning

mechanisms.

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発表要約:

本稿では、子どもの母語獲得と第二言語としての外国語教育に共通する指導方法につい

て述べる。ここではフィードバックによる誤用訂正と文字の認識の2点について、日本語

教師が教室で用いる手法を、日本語補習校などの母語教育に応用する可能性を考察する。

誤りの訂正について

中島(1998)では、海外におけるバイリンガル教育についてまとめられている。母語獲

得過程にある子どもの誤用には心理的圧迫を与えず、自然な会話の流れの中で正しい日本

語のモデルを惜しみなく与えることが重要であると述べられている。このように、文法の

ルールがわからない子どもに対して、間違いを指摘し誤りを説明する方法ではなく、正し

い表現を言い添えて会話を進めることが望ましいと言われている。

一方、第二言語習得でリキャスト「recast」と呼ばれる誤用訂正が用いられる。リキャ

ストは学習者の誤用に対し明示的に修正を行わず、誤りを訂正した内容を含む返答をする

手法である。これはコミュニケーションに文法的指導を組み込むことを重視する学習方法

である、フォーカス・オン・フォーム(focus on form)に基づくものである。

白畑(2012)では、「リキャストを用いると、コミュニケーションの流れをあまり阻

害せずに文法項目に学習者の注意を向けることができる」(p. 212)と述べられている。

このように、リキャストは明示的説明が効果的ではない子どもにも有効であり、家庭や日

本語補習校においても日常的に用いることができると言える。

文字の認識について

第二言語習得とバイリンガル教育のいずれにおいてもかな文字の習得は容易でない。

かな文字の指導における重要な点について、川口・横溝(2005)は、かな文字の学習では

文字を1つずつ教えるのではなく単語で導入し、学習者の興味を刺激し動機を高めること

が重要であると述べられている。

また、国際交流基金(2011)では、文字が読めるまでの過程を以下のようにまとめて

いる。

①日本語の音が区別できる

②日本語の音と字形をある程度の速さで対応させることができる

③異なる文字の区別ができる

(国際交流基金(2011)『文字・語彙を教える』p.13)

これらをまとめると、学習者にとって親和性のある単語や表現を用い、日本語の音声を認

識した後に字形と結びつける段階的な学習を取り入れることが重要だと言える。

この学習方法は子どもの文字認識にも応用できると考えられるだろう。指導例の1つ

として戸田デザイン研究所(2006)の「リングカード・どうぶつ」を用いる。これは3歳

以上が対象のカード教材で、表面には動物の絵が、裏面には動物名が平仮名で表記されて

おり、動物の絵と字形を容易に結びつけやすいようデザインされている。また、47種類の

動物があるため子どもにとって身近で興味が働くものや、音や字形が単純で覚えやすいも

のを選ぶことができ、子供向けのかな文字学習に適していると言える。

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これを上記の過程に応用した場合、①動物の名前(音)を聞いて動物(絵)を正しく

選べる、②動物の名前(音)を聞いて名前(字形)を選ぶことができる、③動物(絵)

を見て名前(音)が発音できる、④動物の名前(字形)を見て発音できる、のような段

階的な学習に利用することができるだろう。

まとめ

母語獲得と第二言語習得では支援や指導の対象が異なるため、特に外国語としての日本

語学習に携わっている場合には、共通する指導方法を意識する機会は多くない。しかし、

これまで明らかになっている言語習得のメカニズムを利用することで、教室における指導

の幅を広げることができるのではないだろうか。

参考文献

・国際交流基金 (2011)『文字・語彙を教える』 ひつじ書房

・川口・横溝(2005)『成長する教師のための日本語教育ガイドブック・上』ひつじ書房

・中島(1998)『言葉と教育』 財団法人海外子女教育振興財団

・白畑(2012)『ことばの習得』 くろしお出版

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Ninth Session / 第9セッション

Presentation: “A Study on Intercultural Adaption of Danish University Exchange Students in Japan

Through Collaboration Between the University and the Local Japanese Supplementary School”

発表:「大学日本語教育と現地日本語補習学校との連携に関する試み

-場の提供とその効果-異文化適応という視点から」

Jiro Tomioka (Aarhus University)

富岡 次郎(オーフス大学)

Presentation Summary:

This research is to identify correlation between Danish university students’ pre-departure volunteer

experience at a Japanese Supplementary School and the degree of their intercultural adaptation in

Japan. The Japanese Supplementary School in Aarhus was established in April 2015 and is situated

in central Aarhus. Currently, 16 students from 1st grade elementary school to 3rd grade junior high

school are studying Japanese language and mathematics in Japanese. Mainly due to financial

circumstances, a lot of volunteer staff is needed, as is often the case with small schools. The classes

are usually taught on Sundays from 8:45 to 12:45, and three to five volunteers work there on a regular

basis, including Japanese university students who are on their exchange programs. Danish volunteers

are from Aarhus University majoring in Japan Studies and have studied Japanese since September

2014. Prior to this research, the first set of questions regarding their Japanese language abilities were

distributed and analyzed. The results of the questionnaire showed that the Danish volunteers felt vast

improvement in their Japanese language abilities through their experience. For the purpose of this

research, the second set of questions were sent to all the Danish students in Japan on their exchange

programs in April 2016 in order to compare the difference in the degree of intercultural adaptation

among those who have worked as volunteer staff, and those who have not. Responses were collected

from eight students, and the results have indicated that the volunteer experience at the Japanese

Supplementary School helped increase their degree of intercultural adaptation and decrease the level

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of culture shock. Some respondents even revealed that the volunteer experience helped them to

understand how social systems work in Japan, and that it should be a “must” for everyone before

going on exchange.

発表要約:

本研究は、デンマーク人大学生を対象に、日本語補習学校ボランティア経験と日本での異

文化適応との関係について調査することを目的としている。オーフス日本語補習学校は

2015年4月にオーフス市中心部に設立された。現在、小学校1年生から中学校3年生まで

の計 16 名が在籍し、国語と算数(数学)を学んでいる。小規模学校に典型的である経済

的な理由から、多くのボランティア頼みの経営を余儀なくされている。補習校の授業は、

原則として毎週日曜日 8:45~12:45 までで、常時約3~5名の日本人留学生を含めたボラ

ンティア・スタッフが勤務している。デンマーク人ボランティアは、2014年9月から日本

語を勉強しているオーフス大学日本学科の学生である。本調査に先立ち、日本語能力に関

する質問用紙を配布し、補習校でのボランティア経験が日本語能力の伸びに与える影響を

分析している。アンケート回答から、ボランティア経験が日本語力の伸びに大きく寄与し

ていることがわかった。それを受け、今回の調査では、ボランティア経験の有無が、日本

での文化適応に与える影響を明らかにするため、現在日本に留学している学生全員を対象

にアンケート調査を実施した。8名の学生から回答を得られ、ボランティア経験の有無に

より比較分析した結果、ボランティア経験者の方が異文化適応の問題が少なく、カルチャ

ーショックの度合いも低かったことがわかった。また、日本の社会がいかに機能している

かが事前にわかったことが大きな要因だったという意見や、留学前に全員が補習校ボラン

ティアを経験すべきだという意見もみられた。

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Tenth Session / 第 10 セッション

“Tips on Teaching Materials and Methods”

A “free talk” session has been incorporated in the workshop program since the fall of 2015 in response

to participant demand asking for more time during a workshop to discuss and share teaching tips and

experiences freely, and to present teaching-related problems/issues for an open debate.

Three participants made short presentations and introduced topics for discussion (see first, second

and third presentation below for details). It is the intention of the organizers to include this type of

session in future workshop programs, as it provides an open, free and constructive discussion of

teaching methods and a way to keep abreast of new developments and initiatives in the field.

「教材・教室活動の工夫・Tips集」

この「フリートーク」セッションは、2015 年秋の日本語教育ワークショップ以降、本

ワークショップのプログラム枠に導入された。自分の教室活動の経験や教材作成の工夫な

どについて、自由に話し合える時間をもっと確保してほしいとの声を反映したものであ

る。

今回は、三つの発表を出発点に展開された(発表の概要は下記を参照)。このセッショ

ンは、日本語教育におけるさまざまな現場の経験やアイディア、方法等を堅苦しくない形

でシェアする有益な機会であると思われることから、主催者はこれからも継続的に同様の

セッションを設けていく考えである。参加者の皆様の一層の参加や話題提供をお願いした

い。

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First Presentation / 第1発表

Presenter: Misao Melin

Institution: Modersmålscentrum i Lunds Kommun (Sweden)

Title: “Outdoor activity for language improving”

発表者: メリーン 美佐緒

所属: ルンド市母国語教育センター(スウェーデン)

題名: 子どもの言語発達のための戸外活動

Summary / 要約:

What is outdoor education / place-based learning?

- To teach / learn from what is concrete and "real" for children and students.

- To make life comprehensible through practical activities that involve multiple senses and

leaves a mark on the whole body.

- Learning in context.

- To show the children and students how they can be involved and influence what should be

investigated.

- To teach that there is not always only one solution to a problem.

Outdoor Education / place-based learning and language development / learning

- The experiences and sensual impressions create the need for new words / concepts to

describe feelings and experiences.

- Common experiences lead to discussions and creative conversations.

- Cooperation Activities requiring communication and dialogue.

- The activities done together in groups, everyone is on the same level, which provides a

common base to build form.

- New situations and "unknown" environments allow students / children the chance to be

more and show more. It upsets the usual order of the group.

- Provides the ability to vary the teaching / educational activities, which means that more

children / students get the chance to benefit from the learning experience.

Example of an activity:

1. Experiencing a tree

- Everyone must find a tree. In two, three minutes, we experience the tree with our minds,

in silence!

- Do (trunk, moss, lichen, etc.), smell, taste, listen (wind, knock the trunk, insects buzzing),

watching (this can loupe used).

- We gather in a circle. Everyone can describe their experiences with three words or

sentences.

2. Antonyms

- Groups of 3-5 people each.

- Each group gets an egg carton that has two antonyms written underneath. The words are

the secret to the other groups.

- The groups get a few minutes to find objects in the area that they think correspond to the

words.

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- Upon collection, the other groups try to guess which words the items describe.

- We can also name the objects. Justification for the selection of items. (See picture no.1

on page 48 below.)

3. Take cards + create a figure + hold art exhibition

Groups of five people each. Each group gets a bag and picks a card with 13 things to collect.

All groups receive the same card. Once all objects are collected, they use their imagination to

create a figure who they believe lives on the site. The figure is also given a name!

The group then discusses: Who the figure is, where it lives, what it eats, when it sleeps? what

sounds it makes, what it knows and what it will become. (See picture no. 2 on page 48 below.)

A group should try to choose a figure that all find interesting so that everyone can join the discussion.

For example, this can be done by creating new groups after the figures have been completed and

allowing each group to select their preferred figure. The exhibition opens! One person is elected to

represent the group and introduce its figure and answer questions about it.

One must use one’s imagination well! The groups then go around and see all of the artworks.

要約:

戸外活動/戸外教育とは ?

- 具体的な活動を通して「本物」を体験する場である。

- 自分の五感を活用しながら実践的な活動を通して、自分を取り巻く環境を理解すること。

- その場の環境・状況を全体的に学ぶこと。

- 何について調査するべきか、どのような事象が関係し、影響しているかなどを子どもたちに示す

こと。

- 問題解決方法は決して一つだけではないこと。

子どもの言語発達からみた戸外教育活動の意義について

- 実際の体験や感覚は、それらを言い表すための新しいことばを形成する。

- 様々な経験は、議論や創造的な会話につながる。

- 人とのコミュニケーションと話し合いを必要とする協力活動である。

- 活動はグループ全体で行われ、条件的には誰もが同じレベルでスタートする。

- 新しい環境や子どもにとっての未知なる世界は、ふだんの環境よりも格段にその環境に触れる

機会・みせる機会に溢れている。

- より多くの子どもたちが、このような戸外学習経験によって培われた能力や変化を得るチャンスを

提供することができる。

具体的な活動例---

1. 木を体験

一人一人、それぞれ好きな木を選び2,3分の間、無言でその木を体験する。

五感を使って、匂いや味、音(風、幹のきしみ、虫の音)ウォッチング(ルーペも使用可)を

する。

輪になって集合し、今体験したことを3つの言葉か文章で表してみる。

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2. 反対言葉

3人~5人のグループに分ける。

裏に二つの反対言葉が記された卵のパックを、それぞれのグループに一つずつ配布。 反

対言葉は他のグループには見せないようにする。

グループは何分間かの時間をもらい、その場に落ちている自然物で、反対言葉を表すも

のをみつける。

ほかのグループに見せ、何の反対言葉かをあててもらう。

集めた自然物を先に発表し、何故それを選んだのかを説明してもよい。

(下記の写真1を参照。)

3. カード + フィギュア作成 + アート展覧会

5人ずつのグループをつくる。それぞれのグループにナイロン袋を渡し、13の集めるアイテ

ムが書かれたカードを1枚ひく。カードの内容は同じとする。全てのアイテムを集めおわっ

たら、その全てを使って想像上のフィギュアを作る。できれば名前もつけ、以下のことを話

し合う。

これは一体誰?どこに住んでる?何を食べてる?いつ寝る?どんな音をたてる?どんな

ことを知ってる?何になると思う?(下記の写真2を参照。)

全員の興味が湧き、話し合いができそうなフィギュアを一つ選び、ディスカッションしてみる。

フィギュアが完成したら、新しいグループを再編成してグループごとに好きなフィギュアを選ぶのも

よい。

アート展覧会を開催しよう!フィギュアを作成したグループのうち一人は交代で作品の側に残

り、そのフィギュアの説明をしたり、質問に応えたりする。

想像力を充分に働かせてみよう!グループは空いてる作品のところへそれぞれ周り、全ての作

品を鑑賞する。

Picture 1 / 写真1 Picture 2 / 写真2

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Second Presentation / 第2発表

Presenter: Yuki Nakagawa-Laakkonen

Institution: Joutseno College (Finland)

Title: “Ideas for tasks for students who do not participate in the study tour to Japan

(follow-up on idea input at the 2015 fall workshop)”

発表者: 中川由紀

所属: ヨウツェノ学院(フィンランド)

題名: 「日本への研修旅行に行けない学生(居残り学生)への課題のアイディア

(2015年秋ワークショップにてアイディア募集のフォローアップ)」

Summary:

Joutseno College carried out its first official study tour to Japan from March 4th-16th, 2016. Students

who participated on the study tour had to pay all costs (including tuition, activity participation fees at

the Japanese school, accommodation, flights, etc.). I decided to give four units for participation in the

study tour, and a total of 15 students were registered.

However, due to financial circumstances, five students were not able to participate in the study tour.

The Japanese language and culture course at our school only has one teacher. If the teacher

accompanies fifteen students on a study tour, there is no one left to teach the five remaining students,

who cannot simply be given a holiday while the rest of the class is in Japan. Also, a large amount of

homework assignments would perhaps feel like a punishment, so what kind of task is fitting for them

during the study tour?

I had presented this problem and asked participants for input on good ideas during the “Tips Session”

of the 2015 fall workshop. This time I wanted to report back on the results.

The five students communicated to me that they want to go to the Japanese-style inn of Finland as

their own study tour. I talked with the Finnish owner of this Japanese-style inn and she promised to

give talks to the students on how to stay in the Japanese-style inn, how to make Japanese cuisine, and

on her own experiences of Japanese life.

The students were then assigned with the task of making minimum two videos in Japanese.

The students ended up producing two videos, the first of which bore the title "Memories from our

stay at a Japanese-style inn" (narration in Japanese, subtitles in Finnish), the second bore the title

"Presentation of the Japanese language and culture course at Joutseno College" (narration in Japanese,

subtitles in English). http://www.joutsenonopisto.fi/japanin-linjan-video/

While in Japan, I received e-mail updates from the students on all weekdays. Before departing for

Japan, they had told me of their chosen themes. These e-mail updates allowed me to follow the

progress of the video-making. But I did not receive any content details of the videos (it seems the

students wanted surprise us with a showing after the study tour). In other words, the students made

these two videos all by themselves.

Joutseno College is doing lectures and events for all students on every Friday afternoon. On April 1st,

we held an event called "Presentation of Japan study tour experiences" organized by the Japanese

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language and culture course. The students who participated in the Japan study tour presented their

experiences. The students who had remained in Finland also showed their two videos. I think this was

very good. Because then both group had the opportunity for making a presentation.

The five students who had remained behind in Finland told me that the stay at the Japanese-style inn

had been fun, that the Finnish owner’s lecture had been a good learning opportunity, and that the

video-making had been a bit difficult but very interesting work. They were pleased to have been able

to use their time to make a project.

This time, I gave four credits to the study tour participants and no credits to the students who remained

behind. In retrospect, I wonder if it would have been better to give one credit each to the remaining

students for their video on a stay at a Japanese-style inn.

要約:

Joutsenon Opisto(ヨウツェノ学院)では、2016年3月4日~16日に公式としては初めて

の日本への研修旅行を実施することになった。研修旅行の費用(日本語学校での授業料や

アクティビティ参加費、宿泊費、航空券等)は各自全額負担とし、参加する学生には4単

位与えることにした。結局、全部で 15名が参加申し込みをした。

しかし、主に経済的な理由により5名が参加しないことになった。当校の日本語・日本

文化コースは私1人で担当しており、その教師が研修旅行の引率に行くと、残された学生

達には教師不在となる。休みにするわけにはいかない。また、罰ゲームのように宿題ばか

り出すのも絶対に避けたい。一体その間、彼らにどんな課題を与えればいいのか。

以上のようなことを 2015 年秋のワークショップの Tips コーナーで説明し、みなさんの

アイディアを伺った。

今回はその結果報告を行った。

まず、居残り学生達が自らフィンランド国内の和風旅館に1泊2日の自主研修旅行をし

たいと言ってきた。旅館経営者(フィンランド人)と相談して、滞在中彼女が和風旅館の

泊まり方、日本料理の作り方、ご自身の日本生活体験談などをレクチャーしてくれること

になった。

そして、私からは、「日本語でのビデオ制作」最低2本という課題を出した。

結局、学生達が作成したビデオの 1 本目は、「和風旅館滞在記」(語りは日本語、フィ

ンランド語の字幕)、2 本目は「ヨウツェノ学院日本語・日本文化コース紹介」(語りは

日本語、英語の字幕)http://www.joutsenonopisto.fi/japanin-linjan-video/ であった。

私が日本滞在中、平日は毎日交代で居残り学生からのメール報告を受け取った。彼らが

選んだ2つのテーマは日本に出発する前から聞いており、進捗状況はメール報告によって

把握していたが、その内容(脚本等)については一切知らされていなかった(思うに帰国

後サプライズで見せたかったようだ)。つまり、これらのビデオは企画から何から全て学

生達が自分で考えて制作したものである。

当校では、毎週金曜日の午後、全校学生対象の講演やイベント等を行っており、日本研

修旅行終了後の4月1日は日本語・日本文化コースの主催で「研修旅行体験談紹介」とい

うイベントを行った。日本研修旅行に参加した学生達が数グループに分かれて発表し、居

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残り学生達は2本のビデオを上映した。どちらのグループも発表の機会を持つことができ、

大変よかったと思う。

居残り学生達自身も、和風旅館滞在は楽しかったし、経営者のレクチャーは勉強になる

ことが多かった、ビデオ制作は少し大変だったがおもしろかったし、形に残るものができ

てよかったなどという感想を述べていた。

今回は、日本研修旅行参加者には4単位与え、居残り学生達には特に単位を与えなかっ

たが、国内和風旅館宿泊体験とビデオ制作には各1単位ほど与えたほうがよかったかもし

れない。

Third Presentation / 第3発表

Presenter: Hisako Matsui Ahlberger

Institution: Tumba High School (Sweden)

Topics: “Standards for Japanese language exam credits (for students who do not participate in

class and only take the exam)”

“The number of kanji characters appropriate for high school level classes”

発表者: 松井久子

所属: トゥンバ高校(スウェーデン)

テーマ: 「日本語の単位認定試験(授業を受講せず、試験だけで単位を認定する場合)の基

準について。」

「高校レベルの授業での漢字学習数。」

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Afterword

During the lecture and workshops, I was able to discuss and exchange ideas on the importance of

language education for children living in plurilingual and pluricultural environments, regarding both

heritage language/ Japanese and first language/ European bilinguals/ trilingual, and how this relates

to the outcome my field research to date and past and present research.

I am very grateful to the participants from the Scandinavian countries as well as from the rest of the

EU. Also I’d like to thank the staff at TUEC for providing the venue and organizing the workshop.

I think there is a considerable chance that plurilingual and pluricultural environments can enrich the

life of the people living in them, by increasing their flexibility and tolerance, and by connecting people

with various backgrounds. Nevertheless, I imagine that the question of how to produce and organize

linguistic behaviour of CLD children and their opportunities for language learning is a problem that

gives rise to endless worries. If for some reason we are not able to provide appropriate support, a

child might lose its mothers tongue or inherited language entirely within the first years of elementary

education (e.g. please refer to the DVD footage on children and their loss of the Spanish language).

In order to protect the plurilingual and pluricultural environments as much as we can, it is also very

important to develop measures and policies in the concerned regions, where a child’s second language

(mother language or heritage language) is also taken into consideration. In other words, the drafting

of a comprehensive education policy becomes very important as a foundation for ensuring that a

child’s future linguistic possibilities reach their full potential, and for establishing language study

support systems, that take personal development into consideration, and offer support alongside

school attendance. In this respect I was pleased when the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture,

Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) in 2013 finally drafted a program, where the second

language of children living in a plurilingual environment was also take into consideration, a program

called “Interactive Assessment of JSL for international juvenile students (Dialogic Language

Assessment, DLA)” (http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/003/1345413.htm).

I hope that this workshop was able to contribute in some way to the people affiliated with the

plurilingual environments.

Best regards from the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL) in

Tachikawa, Tokyo, where I am working on establishing the “Japanese Society for the Study of Basic

Education and Literacies (JASBEL).” (http://jasbel.org/taikai)

Hiroshi Noyama, Associate Professor

National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL), JSL Research Division

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あとがき

今回のレクチャーとワークセッションでは、複言語・複文化環境に生きる子どものこ

とばの教育・学びにおいて、継承語/日本語と 第一言語/欧州言語のバイリンガル(二

つの言語)/トライリンガル(三つの言語)教育 という観点を持つことがいかに重要か

ということを、これまでの私自身の(形成的)フィールドワークの調査結果や気づき、

先行研究、実践研究等の結果・成果を踏まえながらお伝えし、参加者の皆さんと対話、

意見交換を行いました。北欧諸国を中心として欧州各国から参加して頂いた皆さんに、

この場を借りて改めて感謝致します。また、このような場を提供して下さった TUEC の

方々に重ねて感謝申し上げます。

複言語・複文化という環境には、人々の柔軟性・寛容性を高め、多様な背景の人を結

びつけ、その人の人生を豊かにしてくれる可能性が少なからずあると思います。ただ、

そうした環境にいる子どもたちの言語生活やことばの学びの場をいかに醸成し、整備し

ていくかということについては、個別の悩みが絶えないことと推察します。もし、諸事

情で、適切な対応ができない場合は、子どもの母語/第一言語/継承語は消えやすく、

その状況によっては、学校教育の初期段階に簡単に喪失してしまう可能性があります

(例:DVD映像の子どものスペイン語喪失の事例参照)。

こうした状況を複言語・複文化環境において出来るだけ防ぐためには、子どものもう

一方の言語(母語/継承語等)にも配慮した対応方策や政策等を当該地域で展開してゆ

く必要があります。換言すれば、子どもの将来の言語生活の充実や、人間形成を意識し

た言語学習支援、就学支援の展開を図るための基盤となるような、総合的な政策の構築

が必要になってきます。その意味で、日本の文部科学省が 2013 年に漸く、複言語環境

の子どものもう一方の言語(母語/継承語等)も視野に入れた「外国人児童生徒のため

の JSL対話型アセスメント DLA(Dialogic Language Assessment)」

(http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/003/1345413.htm)を作成し、提供したこと

は朗報だと思います。

今回の試みの場が、複言語環境の現場に関わる方々のために、何らかの貢献ができる

時間となっていたら幸いです。

「基礎教育保障学会」の設立大会(http://jasbel.org/taikai)に向けて奔走中の

東京・立川の国立国語研究所にて

国立国語研究所 日本語教育研究・情報センター

准教授 野山 広

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Participant List / 参加者名簿

Participants:

1. Hiroshi Noyama, National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (Japan)

2. Fusato Taniguchi, Tokai University (Japan)

3. Chika Shintani, Erciyes University (Turkey)

4. Shunsuke Hirakawa, Japanese Culture Center Cologne (Germany)

5. Yuki Nakagawa-Laakkonen, Joutseno College (Finland)

6. Yoko Kumagai, Dalarna University / Japanese Supplementary School Göteborg (Sweden)

7. Masako Hayakawa Thor, Dalarna University / Stockholm University (Sweden)

8. Sawako Murao, Lunds University (Sweden)

9. Hisako Ahlberger Matsui, Tumba High School (Sweden)

10. Kikuko Setojima, Språkcentralen, Malmö City (Sweden)

11. Misao Melin, Modersmålcentrum i Lunds Kommun (Sweden)

12. Kristina Hazuhara, Copenhagen Business School (Denmark)

13. Chiho Kondo, Copenhagen Business School (Denmark)

14. Jiro Tomioka, Aarhus University (Denmark)

15. Atsuko Watanabe Bertelsen, FOF (Denmark)

16. Michiko Suzkuki (Denmark)