World War IWorld War IA New Kind A New Kind

of Warof War

Chapter 26 section 2

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Charlie Chaplin

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Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan

Germany’s plan to avoid a two front war

First phase was to invade France through Neutral Belgium.

Quickly Defeat France before Russia could mobilize

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By violating the neutrality agreement signed between Belgium & Germany, England declared war on August 4th.

This became known as the “Rape of Belgium”

With Great Britain entering the war on the side of the Allies, Germany was now forced to fight the two front war they had been trying to avoid.

The War becomes a stalemate

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Nations take SidesNations take SidesBy mid-August 1914, two sides at

war throughout Europe Central Powers—Germany,

Austria-Hungary (and other nations)

Allies—Britain, France, Russia (and other nations)

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Invasion ofInvasion of FranceFranceThe German army quickly

advances towards the outskirts of Paris

Early Sept., 600 Taxies are rushed back and forth to the front lines moving the troops

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First Battle of the Marne First Battle of the Marne September 5 – 12, 1914September 5 – 12, 1914

French Soldiers during the battle12

German soldiers during the 1st Battle of the Marne 13

The French and the British troops are able to hold the Germans at the Marne River

This battle ended Germany’s hope for a quick victory

Both sides will begin to dig deep trenches in order to protect their armies

Battle lines will barely change over the next four years

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Western Front as of 1916

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War in the TrenchesWar in the TrenchesTwo systems of trenches stretched

hundreds of miles, western EuropeMillions of Allied and Central Powers

soldiers in trenches of Western FrontBattles result in many deaths, small

land gains

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Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, - Rain produced deep puddles, mud - Lice, rats, bad sanitation constant problems - Removing dead bodies often impossible

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Over the TopOver the TopSoldiers ordered out of trenches to

attack enemySprinting across area known as

“no-man’s-land” a deadly gameThousands on both sides died, cut

down by enemy guns25

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New WeaponsNew WeaponsNew technology led to greater

numbers being killed more effectively

Neither side able to make significant advances on enemy’s trenches

Each side turned to new weapons like poison gas

http://www.history.com/videos/wwi-firsts#wwi-firsts 29

Poison GasPoison GasFirst used by the Germans, but

eventually used by all.There were different types of gas.

Some caused blindness, severe blisters, or death by choking

Value limited, must be careful of the wind

both sides developed gas masks30

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Additional WeaponsAdditional Weapons Rapid-fire machine guns in wide use Artillery and high-explosive shells,

enormous destructive power

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Artillery piece of the 320th. Artillery piece,"Cyclone ", and its escort on rail, registered ALPG.32. 9. P.3038. Hogstade.

(Belgium September 5th, 1917). 36

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TanksTanksTanks pioneered by British and

first used in 1916, in the Battle of the Somme

Could cross rough battlefield terrain (no man lands)

But Reliability was a problem

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AircraftAircraftAircraft most useful At beginning of war, mostly for

observation1915 Zeppelins were used to bomb

the coast of England Soon had machine guns, bombs

attachedFaster airplanes useful in attacking

cities, battlefields 42

ZeppelinsZeppelins

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AirplanesAirplanes

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Germany’s Red Barron: Manfred von Richthofen

Is credit for 80 “kills” against the Allies pilots 48

US top ace, Eddie Rickenbacker, with 26 victories. He survived the war.

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A Sopwith Camel rising from the flight deck of a lighter towed into the wind at top speed by a destroyer. This was the method used by Lt. S.D.Culley to take off when he shot down a Zeppelin off the borkum Riff lightship on 11th August 1918.

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Submarines Submarines

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AKA U-boats from the German word Unterseeboot

First used by the Germans in 1914Primary weapons were the

torpedoesAllies ships were forced to travel in

convoys to protect the merchant ships transporting supplies from the U.S. to Europe.

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The Eastern FrontThe Eastern FrontEastern battles were fought between

the Russians and Serbs against the AH and Germans along the German-Russian Border

The line was more mobile than in the west, because trenches were used very little

It was just as deadly, slaughter and stalemate were just as common. 56

Battle of TannenbergBattle of Tannenberg First battle on the Eastern Front, August

26-30, 1914The Russians are defeated after invading

E. Prussia Out of 150,000 men only 10,000 escaped,

92,000 were taken PrisonerThe Germans lost 20,000 menNews of the defeat is kept out of the press.

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Russia StrugglesRussia StrugglesRussia’s war effort was suffering

by 1916, many casualties, few supplies, due to slow industrialization

Huge size of Russian army keeps it a formidable force

Most importantly they prevent Germany from sending more troops to the Western Front 61

Southern Europe & BalkansSouthern Europe & Balkans

In 1915, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers against rival Serbia

Romania joined the Allies to gain land in Hungary

Italy joined the Allies to gain land in Austria, by a secret treaty.

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War around the WorldWar around the WorldJapan joined the Allies as an excuse

to capture German outpost in China and the Pacific

Allies take control of remaining German holdings in Asia, Africa

Britain and France use their colonial subjects to help in war effort

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Ottoman EmpireOttoman EmpireBecause of its strategic location

they were a desirable allyIF they had sided with the Allies,

the Central Powers would have been completely encircled.

Late October 1914, the Turks joined the Central powers

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The Gallipoli CampaignThe Gallipoli Campaign

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Cutting off crucial Allied supply line to Russia. Through the Dardanelles between the Mediterranean and Black Sea.

Allies sent British, Indian, Australian and New Zealander troops to capture Ottoman Dardanelles strait in February 1915

They battled for 10 months, defeated, they are out in January 1916, after losing 200,000 + troops

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Armenians CrisisArmenians CrisisA ethnic group living in the Caucasus

Mountains, part of them lived in Russia the rest in the Ottoman Empire

As Christians they were a minority, and did not have the same rights as Muslims

Some Turkish Armenians joined the Russians.

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The Ottomans used this as a reason to deport the entire population to Syria and Mesopotamia

During this time period 600,000 to 1.5 million died

Many were killed by planned massacres; others were starved by marching with no food (Genocide)

Others immigrated to other countries, Leaving none in their native lands

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33rdrd Front for the Ottomans Front for the Ottomans1916, in the Middle

East, Arab nationalist revolted, led by Husayn ibn Ali

The raids are successful and the Ottomans lose territory and eventually Baghdad

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Lawrence of ArabiaLawrence of Arabia

British Colonel T.E. Lawrence sent to support the Arab revolt

Lead guerrilla raids against the Turks

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