World War IIWorld War II

Shaping of the Modern WorldShaping of the Modern World

Core 151Core 151

Fall 2007Fall 2007

Current Events: The Issue Current Events: The Issue with Turkeywith Turkey During World War I, The Ottoman Empire (What is now During World War I, The Ottoman Empire (What is now

modern Turkey) was responsible for the systematic killing modern Turkey) was responsible for the systematic killing of nearly 1.5 million Armeniansof nearly 1.5 million Armenians– Killing was religiously motivatedKilling was religiously motivated

The Armenian Massacre was never officially labeled The Armenian Massacre was never officially labeled Genocide Genocide – The Armenians lack a strong interest group in the time period The Armenians lack a strong interest group in the time period

sincesince The United States Congress is currently trying to pass a The United States Congress is currently trying to pass a

resolution labeling it as such.resolution labeling it as such.– Highly Political IssueHighly Political Issue

The Timing…?The Timing…? War in IraqWar in Iraq Democrat vs. RepublicanDemocrat vs. Republican Historical PerspectiveHistorical Perspective

Background CausesBackground Causes1.1. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis, a military alliance was formed. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis, a military alliance was formed.

(later called Axis powers)(later called Axis powers)2.2. Axis Totalitarianism – All were dictatorshipsAxis Totalitarianism – All were dictatorships3.3. Axis MilitarismAxis Militarism4.4. Axis NationalismAxis Nationalism

A.A. Japan – Shinto teachings – Emperor worshipJapan – Shinto teachings – Emperor worshipB.B. Italy – recreate the old Roman EmpireItaly – recreate the old Roman EmpireC.C. Germany – the “master race” will ruleGermany – the “master race” will rule

5.5. Axis ImperialismAxis Imperialism6.6. Failure of the Failure of the Policy of Appeasement. – Policy of Appeasement. – Great Britain Great Britain

allowed the dictators to take lands hoping they would be allowed the dictators to take lands hoping they would be satisfied.satisfied.

A.A. 1938 Germany annexed Austria – why – Austria is a German Cultured 1938 Germany annexed Austria – why – Austria is a German Cultured land.land.

B.B. 1938 Germany annexed Czechoslovakia – why – German speakers in the 1938 Germany annexed Czechoslovakia – why – German speakers in the Czech Republic.Czech Republic.

7.7. US NeutralityUS Neutrality

Europe 1939Europe 1939

World War II in Europe and AfricaWorld War II in Europe and Africa

The WarThe WarThe Spark… The Spark…

1939 Hitler wants Poland – England says NO 1939 Hitler wants Poland – England says NO Germany attacks Poland on September1, Germany attacks Poland on September1,

1939 -- war begins again in Europe1939 -- war begins again in Europe Blitzkrieg War – “Lightning War” – use of Blitzkrieg War – “Lightning War” – use of

planes, tanks, long range artillery, and planes, tanks, long range artillery, and troops with precision and speedtroops with precision and speed

– LuftwaffeLuftwaffe– PanzersPanzers– Storm TroopersStorm Troopers– HowitzersHowitzers

War on Three Fronts – World-Wide InvolvementWar on Three Fronts – World-Wide Involvement1.1. EuropeEurope2.2. AfricaAfrica3.3. AsiaAsia

War in AfricaWar in Africa

North African Campaign :10 North African Campaign :10 June 1940-16 May 1943June 1940-16 May 1943

Egypt-Libya Campaign – El Egypt-Libya Campaign – El Alamein, 1942-1943Alamein, 1942-1943

American landing in French American landing in French Morocco, 1942Morocco, 1942

Tunisian Campaign 1943Tunisian Campaign 1943 Consisted of British (and company), Consisted of British (and company),

French, and American troops.French, and American troops. Point of departure for the Invasion of Point of departure for the Invasion of

Italy.Italy.

Patton vs. RommelPatton vs. Rommel

War in EuropeWar in Europe• 1939 Soviet 1939 Soviet Anti-Aggression Pact. –Anti-Aggression Pact. – leave leave

Russia alone.Russia alone.• This would be short livedThis would be short lived

• French defenses called the French defenses called the Maginot LineMaginot Line• Expensive – Construction ended at the forest.Expensive – Construction ended at the forest.• English troops defend Belgium (Schlieffen Plan)English troops defend Belgium (Schlieffen Plan)• Germans attack through the forestGermans attack through the forest• French and British troops were forced to the coastFrench and British troops were forced to the coast• 338,00 troops were evacuated from Dunkirk338,00 troops were evacuated from Dunkirk• Hitler marched into Paris in 1940. Established the Hitler marched into Paris in 1940. Established the

Vichy Republic and Fortress Europe.Vichy Republic and Fortress Europe.

• Germany prepares to invade England. Germany prepares to invade England. The The Battle of Britain Battle of Britain 24 hr. Bombing Campaign of 24 hr. Bombing Campaign of England.England.

War in EuropeWar in Europe• Hitler made mistakesHitler made mistakes

• Invaded Russia – in the Fall of 1940 –he opened Invaded Russia – in the Fall of 1940 –he opened up a 2 front war.up a 2 front war.

• Practiced terrible cruelty towards the Russians.Practiced terrible cruelty towards the Russians.• 1942-1943 1942-1943 Battle of StalingradBattle of Stalingrad. Russia . Russia

stops the Nazis and pushes them back stops the Nazis and pushes them back toward Germany.toward Germany.• Considered the Bloodiest Battle in Human Considered the Bloodiest Battle in Human

HistoryHistory• Combined 1.5 Million casualtiesCombined 1.5 Million casualties• For a time, the average lifespan of a new For a time, the average lifespan of a new

Russian Solider Lifespan was less than one dayRussian Solider Lifespan was less than one day• Many starved or froze to deathMany starved or froze to death

• Italian Campaign 1943Italian Campaign 1943• D-Day – Normandy 1944D-Day – Normandy 1944• VE Day - 9 May 1945VE Day - 9 May 1945

• Hitler commits suicide in his bunker 30 AprilHitler commits suicide in his bunker 30 April• German troops surrender in France German troops surrender in France 7 May7 May, in , in

Germany Germany 8 May8 May, and on the eastern front , and on the eastern front 9 9 MayMay

War in AsiaWar in Asia• 7 May 1937 Japan invaded China – why?7 May 1937 Japan invaded China – why?

• Japan needs raw materials to build its war machines Japan needs raw materials to build its war machines • Japan needs petroleum to fuel its war machinesJapan needs petroleum to fuel its war machines

• Japan had been grabbing Asian Islands Japan had been grabbing Asian Islands • December 1941, Japan Bombs Pearl Harbor- December 1941, Japan Bombs Pearl Harbor-

• United States formally declares war against Empire United States formally declares war against Empire of Japan December 8of Japan December 8

• Soon declares war on Hitler and GermanySoon declares war on Hitler and Germany• USA also begins fighting a Two-Front warUSA also begins fighting a Two-Front war

• 4 June – 7 June 1942 Battle of Midway – Turning 4 June – 7 June 1942 Battle of Midway – Turning pointpoint

• Decisive American victoryDecisive American victory• asserted American naval dominance in the Pacificasserted American naval dominance in the Pacific

• Island Hopping CampaignIsland Hopping Campaign• Spring 1945 Iwo Jima – OkinawaSpring 1945 Iwo Jima – Okinawa• Atomic Bomb Atomic Bomb

• 6 August 1945 - Hirohima 6 August 1945 - Hirohima • 9 August 1945 – Nagasaki9 August 1945 – Nagasaki• 15 August 1945 – VJ Day15 August 1945 – VJ Day

OutcomesOutcomes American Superpower StatusAmerican Superpower Status

– US as the Supreme VictorUS as the Supreme Victor Lack of domestic battlefieldLack of domestic battlefield Massive mobilization effortMassive mobilization effort Science and technologyScience and technology

Cold WarCold War– Ideological struggle for power and influence Ideological struggle for power and influence

between the USSR (Communist) and USA between the USSR (Communist) and USA (Democratic)(Democratic)

– The Spoils of War – Division of Europe – The Spoils of War – Division of Europe – “The Iron Curtain”“The Iron Curtain”

OutcomesOutcomes Decline of Europe – Rise of AsiaDecline of Europe – Rise of Asia

– Devastated again from warDevastated again from war– Most European governments would never fully regain status as Most European governments would never fully regain status as

world powersworld powers German SplitGerman Split Weak FranceWeak France Italy in disarrayItaly in disarray Rebuilding in BrittanRebuilding in Brittan

World Government OrganizationWorld Government Organization– Rise of the United Nations as an International peacekeeping Rise of the United Nations as an International peacekeeping

organizationorganization– Permanent and Rotating MembershipPermanent and Rotating Membership– Based in New York, NYBased in New York, NY

Nuclear Age Nuclear Age – The Landscape of Warfare is forever changed following the The Landscape of Warfare is forever changed following the

awe-inspiring use of atomic weapons to conclude World War IIawe-inspiring use of atomic weapons to conclude World War II– Once developed, Nuclear Technology soonOnce developed, Nuclear Technology soon was copied by was copied by

the USSR, China, France, Britain, Israel, etc…the USSR, China, France, Britain, Israel, etc…

World War II: Total WarWorld War II: Total War

Total warTotal war is a military conflict in is a military conflict in which nations mobilize all available which nations mobilize all available resources in order to destroy another resources in order to destroy another nation's ability to engage in war. nation's ability to engage in war. – This was true for all nations involved in This was true for all nations involved in

WWIIWWII This total war concept is more This total war concept is more

focused toward focused toward Civilian LifeCivilian Life Occurs when the conflict requires the Occurs when the conflict requires the

entire effort of the societyentire effort of the society

Home FrontHome Front World War II was responsible for World War II was responsible for

ending the Global Economic Crisis, ending the Global Economic Crisis, by replacing it was a Global Military by replacing it was a Global Military CrisisCrisis

Industrial Production shifted entirely Industrial Production shifted entirely toward war effortstoward war efforts– Lipstick factor --- Bomb FactoryLipstick factor --- Bomb Factory– No 1943-1945 Model CarsNo 1943-1945 Model Cars

Government organized war effortsGovernment organized war efforts– Production BoardsProduction Boards– Office of War InformationOffice of War Information

Importance of Propaganda to the effortImportance of Propaganda to the effort Methods of Production and Organization Methods of Production and Organization

Shaped Post-war countriesShaped Post-war countries

Leadership During World Leadership During World War IIWar II

FDR -- USAFDR -- USA

Hitler -- GermanyHitler -- Germany

Stalin -- USSRStalin -- USSR

Churchill -- BritianChurchill -- Britian

Japan (Hirohito)Japan (Hirohito)