Definition of Terms POLYGRAPH POLYGRAPH is an instrument for
the recording of changes in blood pressure; pulse rate, respiration
and skin resistance as indication of emotional disturbances
especially of lying when questioned. The word was derived from the
word POLY means many and GRAPHS means writing chart. POLYGRAPH
POLYGRAPH is an instrument for the recording of changes in blood
pressure; pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance as indication
of emotional disturbances especially of lying when questioned. The
word was derived from the word POLY means many and GRAPHS means
writing chart. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 5
POLYGRAPHY POLYGRAPHY it is the scientific method of detecting
deception, using a polygraph machine. FEAR FEAR is emotional
response to specific danger that appears to beyond a persons
defensive power. STIMULUS STIMULUS is a force or motion reaching
the organism and excites the receptors. POLYGRAPHY POLYGRAPHY it is
the scientific method of detecting deception, using a polygraph
machine. FEAR FEAR is emotional response to specific danger that
appears to beyond a persons defensive power. STIMULUS STIMULUS is a
force or motion reaching the organism and excites the receptors.
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Slide 6
REACTION REACTION it is an action in mental attitude evokes by
external influence. DECEPTION DECEPTION is an act of deceiving or
misleading usually accompanied by lying. DETECTION DETECTION It is
an act of discovery of existence, presence of fact or something
hidden or obscure. LYING LYING the uttering or conveying of
falsehood or creating a false or misleading information with the
intention of affecting wrongfully the acts and opinion of other.
REACTION REACTION it is an action in mental attitude evokes by
external influence. DECEPTION DECEPTION is an act of deceiving or
misleading usually accompanied by lying. DETECTION DETECTION It is
an act of discovery of existence, presence of fact or something
hidden or obscure. LYING LYING the uttering or conveying of
falsehood or creating a false or misleading information with the
intention of affecting wrongfully the acts and opinion of other.
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Slide 7
RESPONSE RESPONSE is any activity or inhibition of the previous
activity of an organism resulting from stimulation. SPECIFIC
RESPONSE SPECIFIC RESPONSE is any deviation from the normal tracing
of the subject. NORMAL TRACING NORMAL TRACING is a tracing on the
chart wherein the subject answered in the irrelevant question.
POLYGRAPH EXAMINER POLYGRAPH EXAMINER is one who conducts and
administer the test. RESPONSE RESPONSE is any activity or
inhibition of the previous activity of an organism resulting from
stimulation. SPECIFIC RESPONSE SPECIFIC RESPONSE is any deviation
from the normal tracing of the subject. NORMAL TRACING NORMAL
TRACING is a tracing on the chart wherein the subject answered in
the irrelevant question. POLYGRAPH EXAMINER POLYGRAPH EXAMINER is
one who conducts and administer the test.
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Slide 8
CHART OR POLYGRAMS CHART OR POLYGRAMS refers to the composite
records of pneumograph, Galvanograph and cardiosphygmograph
tracings recorded from series of questions. Subject Subject refers
to the person being examined. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 9
Early Methods of detecting deception Trial by Combat Trial by
Ordeal Trial by Iron Hot Ordeal Ordeal by Balance Ordeal of Rice
Chewing Donkeys Tail Ordeal Trial by Combat Trial by Ordeal Trial
by Iron Hot Ordeal Ordeal by Balance Ordeal of Rice Chewing Donkeys
Tail Ordeal www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 10
What is Polygraph? The polygraph is used to test or question
individuals for the purpose of detecting deception or verifying
truth of statements through a visual, permanent and simultaneous
recording of a persons cardiovascular and respiratory pattern as a
minimum instrumentation requirement. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 11
A polygraph(commonly referred to as a liedetector) is an
instrument that measures and records several physiological
responses such as: liedetector blood pressureblood pressure, pulse,
respiration and skinpulserespirationskin ConductivityConductivity
while the subject is asked and answers a series of questions, on
the basis that false answers will produced instinctive
measurements. The polygraph measures physiological changes caused
by the sympathetic nervous system during questioning.sympathetic
nervous system www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 12
Within the U.S. federal government, a polygraph examination is
also referred to as a PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DETECTION OF DECEPTION
(PDD) examination. Several other technologies are also used in the
field of lie detection, but the polygraph is the most famous.lie
detection Within the U.S. federal government, a polygraph
examination is also referred to as a PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DETECTION
OF DECEPTION (PDD) examination. Several other technologies are also
used in the field of lie detection, but the polygraph is the most
famous.lie detection www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 13
History of Polygraph The idea that lying produces physical
side-effects has long been claimed. In West Africa persons
suspected of a crime were made to pass a bird's egg to one another.
If a person broke the egg, then he or she was considered guilty,
based on the idea that their nervousness was to blame. In ancient
China the suspect held a handful of rice in his or her mouth during
a prosecutor's speech. Since salivation was believed to cease at
times of emotional anxiety, the person was considered guilty if by
the end of that speech the rice was dry.West Africabirdancient
Chinaricemouthsalivationanxiety www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 14
1895 Cesare Lombroso, an Italian scientist, employed the first
scientific instrument to detect deception HYDROSPHYMOGRAPH,
measured changes in pulse and blood pressure when suspects were
questioned about their involvement of a specific offense.
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Slide 15
1914 VITTORIO BENUSSI successfully detected deception with a
PNEUMOGRAPH an instrument that graphically measures an examinees
inhalation and exhalation. Benussi thus demonstrated that changes
in breathing patterns accompany deception.
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Slide 16
1917 WILLIAM MARSTON which was used to obtain periodic
discontinuous blood pressure readings during the course of an
examination. Further research by WILLIAM MARSTON in 1917 dealt with
the SPHYGMOMANOMETER, which was used to obtain periodic
discontinuous blood pressure readings during the course of an
examination. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 17
1920 A device recording both blood-pressure and galvanic skin
response was invented in 1920 by Dr. John A. Larson of the
University of California and first applied in law enforcement work
by the Berkeley Police Department under its nationally renowned
police chief August Vollmergalvanic skin responseJohn A.
LarsonUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyAugust Vollmer
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Slide 18
Further work on this device was done by Leonarde Keeler.[2] The
first time the term "polygraph" was used was in 1906 by James
MacKenzie in his invention the "ink polygraph," which was used for
medical reasons. Leonarde Keeler[2] Further work on this device was
done by Leonarde Keeler.[2] The first time the term "polygraph" was
used was in 1906 by James MacKenzie in his invention the "ink
polygraph," which was used for medical reasons. Leonarde Keeler[2]
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Slide 19
The Four Major Components PNEUMOGRAPH CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH
COMPONENT GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT KYMOGRAPH COMPONENT PNEUMOGRAPH
CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH COMPONENT GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT KYMOGRAPH
COMPONENT www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 20
Today, polygraph examiners use two types of instrumentation:
analog computerized In the United States, most examiners now use
computerized instrumentation. Today, polygraph examiners use two
types of instrumentation: analog computerized In the United States,
most examiners now use computerized instrumentation.
www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 21
An analog polygraph instrument Most analog polygraphs are being
replaced by digital devices. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 22
Slide 23
Methods of Deception Detection 1. Devices which record the
psycho-physiological response. 2. Use of drugs that try to inhibit
the inhibitor 3. Hypnotism 4. By observation 5. Scientific
Interrogation 6. Confession 1. Devices which record the
psycho-physiological response. 2. Use of drugs that try to inhibit
the inhibitor 3. Hypnotism 4. By observation 5. Scientific
Interrogation 6. Confession www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 24
Use of Drugs that Inhibit the Inhibitor Administration of the
TRUTH SERUM Narcoanalysis/Narcosysthesis Intoxication with Alcohol
Administration of the TRUTH SERUM Narcoanalysis/Narcosysthesis
Intoxication with Alcohol www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 25
He forgets his alibi which he may have built up to cover his
guilt. He may give details of his acts or may even implicate
others. The drug acts as depressant in the nervous system. Clinical
evidence indicates the various segments of the brain particularly
the cortex. Statements taken from the subjects while under the
influence of truth serum are evolutionary obtained hence they are
not admissible as evidence. He forgets his alibi which he may have
built up to cover his guilt. He may give details of his acts or may
even implicate others. The drug acts as depressant in the nervous
system. Clinical evidence indicates the various segments of the
brain particularly the cortex. Statements taken from the subjects
while under the influence of truth serum are evolutionary obtained
hence they are not admissible as evidence.
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Slide 26
HYPNOSIS It is the alteration of consciousness and
concentration in which the subject manifests a heightened of
suggestibility while awareness is maintained. Not all persons are
susceptible to hypnotic induction. Subjects who are compulsive-
depressive type, strong-willed like lawyers, accountants,
physicians and other professionals are usually non- hypnotizable.
It is the alteration of consciousness and concentration in which
the subject manifests a heightened of suggestibility while
awareness is maintained. Not all persons are susceptible to
hypnotic induction. Subjects who are compulsive- depressive type,
strong-willed like lawyers, accountants, physicians and other
professionals are usually non- hypnotizable.
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Slide 27
REASONS: (why it is not admissible in court) It lacks the
general scientific acceptance of the reliability of hypnosis per se
in ascertaining the truth from falsity. The fear that the Trier of
fact will give uncritical and absolute reliability to a scientific
device without consideration of its flaw in ascertaining veracity.
It lacks the general scientific acceptance of the reliability of
hypnosis per se in ascertaining the truth from falsity. The fear
that the Trier of fact will give uncritical and absolute
reliability to a scientific device without consideration of its
flaw in ascertaining veracity. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 28
The possibility that the hypnotized subject will deliberately
fabricate. The prospect that the state of heightened suggestibility
in which the hypnotized subject is suspected will produce
distortion of the fact rather than the truth. The state of the
mind, skill and professionalism of the examiner are too subjective
to permit admissibility of the expert testimony. The possibility
that the hypnotized subject will deliberately fabricate. The
prospect that the state of heightened suggestibility in which the
hypnotized subject is suspected will produce distortion of the fact
rather than the truth. The state of the mind, skill and
professionalism of the examiner are too subjective to permit
admissibility of the expert testimony. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 29
Physiological & Psychological Symptoms of GUILT
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Slide 30
SWEATING- sweating accompanied with a flushed face indicate
anger, embarrassment or extreme nervousness. Sweating with a palled
face may indicate shock of fear. Sweating hands indicate tension.
COLOR CHANGE if the face is flushed, it may indicate anger,
embarrassment or shame. A pale face is a more common sign of guilt.
DRYNESS OF THE MOUTH nervous tension causes reflex inhibition of
salivary secretion and consequently dryness of the mouth. This
causes continuous swallowing and licking of the lips. SWEATING-
sweating accompanied with a flushed face indicate anger,
embarrassment or extreme nervousness. Sweating with a palled face
may indicate shock of fear. Sweating hands indicate tension. COLOR
CHANGE if the face is flushed, it may indicate anger, embarrassment
or shame. A pale face is a more common sign of guilt. DRYNESS OF
THE MOUTH nervous tension causes reflex inhibition of salivary
secretion and consequently dryness of the mouth. This causes
continuous swallowing and licking of the lips.
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Slide 31
Excessive activity of the Adams apple - on account of the
dryness of the throat aside from the mouth, the subject will
swallow saliva from the mouth and this causes the frequent upward
and downward movement of the Adams apple. Fidgeting subject is
constantly moving about in the chair, pulling his ears, rubbing his
face, picking and tweaking the nose, crossing or uncrossing the
legs, rubbing the hair, eyes, eyebrows, biting or snapping of
fingernails. These are indicators of nervous tension. Excessive
activity of the Adams apple - on account of the dryness of the
throat aside from the mouth, the subject will swallow saliva from
the mouth and this causes the frequent upward and downward movement
of the Adams apple. Fidgeting subject is constantly moving about in
the chair, pulling his ears, rubbing his face, picking and tweaking
the nose, crossing or uncrossing the legs, rubbing the hair, eyes,
eyebrows, biting or snapping of fingernails. These are indicators
of nervous tension. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 32
Peculiar Feeling Inside there is a sensation of lightness of
the head and the subject is confused. This is the result of his
troubled conscience. Swearing to the truthfulness of his assertion
usually a guilty subject frequently utters such expression. I swear
to God I am telling the truth or I hope my mother drops dead if I
am lying, I swear to Goetc. Such expressions are make to make
forceful and convincing his assertion of innocence. Peculiar
Feeling Inside there is a sensation of lightness of the head and
the subject is confused. This is the result of his troubled
conscience. Swearing to the truthfulness of his assertion usually a
guilty subject frequently utters such expression. I swear to God I
am telling the truth or I hope my mother drops dead if I am lying,
I swear to Goetc. Such expressions are make to make forceful and
convincing his assertion of innocence. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 33
Spotless past record - Religious man the subject may assert
that it is not possible for him to do anything like that inasmuch
as he is a religious man and that he has a spotless record.
Inability to look at the investigator straight in the eye the
subject does not like to look at the investigator for fear that his
guilt may seen in his eyes. He will rather look at the floor or
ceiling. Spotless past record - Religious man the subject may
assert that it is not possible for him to do anything like that
inasmuch as he is a religious man and that he has a spotless
record. Inability to look at the investigator straight in the eye
the subject does not like to look at the investigator for fear that
his guilt may seen in his eyes. He will rather look at the floor or
ceiling. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
One lies by omission by omitting an important fact,
deliberately leaving another person with a misconception. Lying by
omission includes failures to correct pre- existing misconceptions.
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Slide 38
Lie-to-children www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 39
White Lie A white lie would cause no discord if it were
uncovered and offers some benefit to the liar, the hearer, or both.
White lies are often used to avoid offense, such as telling someone
that you think that their new outfit looks good when you actually
think that it is a horrible excuse for an outfit. The lie is told
to avoid the harmful implications and realistic implications of the
truth. A white lie would cause no discord if it were uncovered and
offers some benefit to the liar, the hearer, or both. White lies
are often used to avoid offense, such as telling someone that you
think that their new outfit looks good when you actually think that
it is a horrible excuse for an outfit. The lie is told to avoid the
harmful implications and realistic implications of the truth.
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Slide 40
A noble lie is one that would normally cause discord it if were
uncovered, but that offers some benefit to the liar and perhaps
assist in an orderly society and thus potentially gives some
benefit to others also. It is often told to maintain law, order and
safety. A noble lie usually has the effect of helping an elite
maintain power. A noble lie is one that would normally cause
discord it if were uncovered, but that offers some benefit to the
liar and perhaps assist in an orderly society and thus potentially
gives some benefit to others also. It is often told to maintain
law, order and safety. A noble lie usually has the effect of
helping an elite maintain power. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 41
An emergency lie is a strategic lie told when the truth may not
be told because, for example, harm to a third party would come of
it. Example: a neighbor might lie to an engaged husband about the
whereabouts of his unfaithful wife, because said husband might
reasonably be expected to inflict physical injury to his husband.
An emergency lie is a strategic lie told when the truth may not be
told because, for example, harm to a third party would come of it.
Example: a neighbor might lie to an engaged husband about the
whereabouts of his unfaithful wife, because said husband might
reasonably be expected to inflict physical injury to his husband.
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Slide 42
It is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on
an material matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law or
in any of various sworn statements in writing. Perjury is a crime
because the witness has sworn to tell the truth and, for the
credibility of the court, witness testimony must be relied on an
being truthful. It is the act of lying or making verifiably false
statements on an material matter under oath or affirmation in a
court of law or in any of various sworn statements in writing.
Perjury is a crime because the witness has sworn to tell the truth
and, for the credibility of the court, witness testimony must be
relied on an being truthful. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 43
Slide 44
MISLEADING www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 45
A polite term for lying, though some might consider it to refer
to being merely misleading. It is merely considered to be a
euphemism for lying. A polite term for lying, though some might
consider it to refer to being merely misleading. It is merely
considered to be a euphemism for lying. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 46
EXAGGERATION An exaggeration occurs when the most fundamental
aspect of a statement is true, but the degree to which it is true
is not correct. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 47
JOCOSE LIE Are lies that are meant in jest and are usually
understood as such by all present parties. Sarcasm can be an
example. Storytelling traditions that are present in some places,
where the humor comes form the storytellers insistence that he or
she is telling that absolute truth despite all evidence to the
contrary. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 48
Advertisements often contain statements that are not credible,
such as we are always happy to give a refund.
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Slide 49
It is alleged that some belief systems may find lying to be
justified. Example: Religious lies www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 50
Augustines Taxonomy of Lies Lies in religious teaching. Lies
that harm others and help no one. Lies that harm others and help
someone. Lies told for the pleasure of lying Lies told please
others in smooth discourse. Lies that harm no one and that help
someone. Lies that harm no one and that save someones life. Lies
that harm no one and that save someones purity.
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Slide 51
Lying in the Bible The Hebrew midwives lied to the king of
Egypt rather than carry out his order to kill all male Hebrew
babies; the midwives did this because they feared God. (Exodus
1:15-20) Rahab lied to the king of Jericho about hiding the Hebrew
spies (Joshua 2:4-5) and was not killed with those were disobedient
because of her faith (Hebrews 11:13) The Hebrew midwives lied to
the king of Egypt rather than carry out his order to kill all male
Hebrew babies; the midwives did this because they feared God.
(Exodus 1:15-20) Rahab lied to the king of Jericho about hiding the
Hebrew spies (Joshua 2:4-5) and was not killed with those were
disobedient because of her faith (Hebrews 11:13)
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Slide 52
Delilah repeatedly accused Samson of lying to her as she
interrogated him about the source of his strength. Abaraham
instructs his wife, Sara, to lie to the Egyptians and say that she
is his sister (Gen 12:10), which leads to the Lord punishing the
Egyptians (Gen 12:17-19). Delilah repeatedly accused Samson of
lying to her as she interrogated him about the source of his
strength. Abaraham instructs his wife, Sara, to lie to the
Egyptians and say that she is his sister (Gen 12:10), which leads
to the Lord punishing the Egyptians (Gen 12:17-19).
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Slide 53
The science of Lie Detection
Slide 54
The Polygraph Instrument www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 55
Slide 56
The polygraph instrument usually measures four to six
physiological reactions recorded by three different medical
instruments that are combined in one machine. Older polygraph
machines were equipped with long strips of paper that moved slowly
beneath pens that recorded the various physiological responses.
Newer equipment uses transducers to convert the information to
digital signals that can be stored on computers and analyzed using
sophisticated mathematical algorithms. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 57
CARDIO-SPHYGMOGRAPH Blood pressure and heart rate are measured
by the cardio-sphygmograph component of the polygraph, which
consists of a blood pressure cuff that is wrapped around the
subject's arm. During the questioning the cuff remains inflated.
Blood pressure and heart rate are measured by the
cardio-sphygmograph component of the polygraph, which consists of a
blood pressure cuff that is wrapped around the subject's arm.
During the questioning the cuff remains inflated.
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Slide 58
The movement of blood through the subject's veins generates a
sound that is transmitted through the air in the cuff to a bellows
that amplifies the sound. The magnitude of the sound relates to the
blood pressure and the frequency of the changes in the sound
relates to the heart rate. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 59
PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT The pneumograph component of the
polygraph records the subject's respiratory rate. One tube is
placed around the subject's chest and a second is placed around his
or her abdomen. These tubes are filled with air. When the subject
breaths, changes in the air pressure in the tubes are recorded on
the polygraph. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 60
GALVANOGRAPH The galvanograph section records the amount of
perspiration produced. It consists of electrical sensors called
galvanometers that are attached to the subject's fingertips. The
skin of the fingertips contains a high density of sweat glands,
making them a good location to measure perspiration. The
galvanograph section records the amount of perspiration produced.
It consists of electrical sensors called galvanometers that are
attached to the subject's fingertips. The skin of the fingertips
contains a high density of sweat glands, making them a good
location to measure perspiration. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 61
As the amount of sweat touching the galvanometers increases,
the resistance of the electrical current measured decreases and
these changes are recorded by the polygraph. Most forensic
psychophysiologists (FPs) consider the cardiosphygomgraph and the
pneumograph components more informative than the galvanograph. As
the amount of sweat touching the galvanometers increases, the
resistance of the electrical current measured decreases and these
changes are recorded by the polygraph. Most forensic
psychophysiologists (FPs) consider the cardiosphygomgraph and the
pneumograph components more informative than the galvanograph.
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Slide 62
KYMOGRAPH Kymograph component is a motor that pulls or drives
the chart paper under the recording pen simultaneously at the rate
of 6 or 12 inches per minute. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 63
The Examination Room It must be private and free from all
outside noise and detracting influences. Adequately lighted and
well ventilated Devoid of pictures, paintings, decors or other
ornaments. Preferably sound-proof Without any furniture other than
a polygraph desk. Subjects chair with arm rest and an examiners
stool. With one-way mirror and remote sound system for monitoring
the test proceedings to an authorized audience.
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Slide 64
The Polygraph Examiner TECHNICALLY, he must have a complete
knowledge of the instrument and its capabilities and limitations.
MORALLY maintain a high personal integrity and increasing personal
proficiency through constant study and research. TECHNICALLY, he
must have a complete knowledge of the instrument and its
capabilities and limitations. MORALLY maintain a high personal
integrity and increasing personal proficiency through constant
study and research. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 65
He constantly bears in mind his primary obligation to his
subjects is to afford them all possible safeguards against error
and must not accept any subjects whose physical or mental health or
state makes him unfit. He is an impartial seeker of truth. Never
allow his personal feelings, sympathies, or prejudice influence the
results of the examination. He constantly bears in mind his primary
obligation to his subjects is to afford them all possible
safeguards against error and must not accept any subjects whose
physical or mental health or state makes him unfit. He is an
impartial seeker of truth. Never allow his personal feelings,
sympathies, or prejudice influence the results of the examination.
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Slide 66
Types of Questions in a Polygraph Test 1. Control Question -
preliminary information question 2. Irrelevant Question - 3.
Relevant Question - In a polygraph test, the types of questions
alternates, the test is passed if the physiological responses
during the probable lie control questions are larger than those
during the relevant question. Types of Questions in a Polygraph
Test 1. Control Question - preliminary information question 2.
Irrelevant Question - 3. Relevant Question - In a polygraph test,
the types of questions alternates, the test is passed if the
physiological responses during the probable lie control questions
are larger than those during the relevant question.
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Slide 67
3 Phases Of A Polygraph Examination 1. Pre-Test Phase - the
examiner discusses with the subject the test issue, review the test
questions that will be ask during the test and assess the subjects
emotional and physiological suitability to undergo the polygraph
test. 2. Testing Phase - subjects physiological responses are
recorded as the subject answers a set of questions reviewed
earlier. 3. Post Test Phase - examiner reviews test data obtained
and interprets the polygraph chart. www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 68
* A polygraph test normally lasts between one and a half hours
to two and a half hours. * Polygraph test result in the philippines
is not admissible in evidence as proof of the guilt of an accused.
* Polygraph test is voluntary. * The accuracy of polygraph test is
about 90% provided the examiner is competent and the polygraph
machine is in good working condition. * Polygraph is an
investigative tool. * The principle behind a lie detection test is
that when the subject hears a questions which he or she intends to
lie, the brain interprets and triggers automatic and uncontrollable
physiological changes captured by the polygraph.
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Slide 69
Who Uses The Polygraph 1. Law Enforcement Agencies 2. Legal
Community 3. Private Sector Kinds of Errors in a Polygraph Test 1.
False Positive - occurs when a truthful examinee is reported as
being deceptive. 2. False Negative - when a deceptive examinee is
reported as truthful. Causes of Polygraph Errors 1. Failure of
examiner to properly prepare the examinee for the examination. 2.
Misreading of the physiological data on the polygraph charts. 3.
Defective polygraph machine. Who Uses The Polygraph 1. Law
Enforcement Agencies 2. Legal Community 3. Private Sector Kinds of
Errors in a Polygraph Test 1. False Positive - occurs when a
truthful examinee is reported as being deceptive. 2. False Negative
- when a deceptive examinee is reported as truthful. Causes of
Polygraph Errors 1. Failure of examiner to properly prepare the
examinee for the examination. 2. Misreading of the physiological
data on the polygraph charts. 3. Defective polygraph machine.
www.kertpillora.co.nr
Slide 70
1. Stammering; 2. Swearing to or before God that he did not
commit the crime; 3. Pointing his guilt to somebody else; 4.
Subject refuses to answer questions thru alibis and excuses; 5. He
is all the time absent-minded; 6. He is always requesting for
repetition of questions; 7. He often asks counter-questions and
counter-queries; 8. He often asks permissions to go to
comfort-rooms, etc. 1. Stammering; 2. Swearing to or before God
that he did not commit the crime; 3. Pointing his guilt to somebody
else; 4. Subject refuses to answer questions thru alibis and
excuses; 5. He is all the time absent-minded; 6. He is always
requesting for repetition of questions; 7. He often asks
counter-questions and counter-queries; 8. He often asks permissions
to go to comfort-rooms, etc. Signs of Lies and Deceptions
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Slide 71
is instructed to sit down properly; listens carefully to all
the questions asked; answers all the questions truthfully; must
answer all the questions definitely with either YES or NO iis
instructed to sit down properly; llistens carefully to all the
questions asked; aanswers all the questions truthfully; mmust
answer all the questions definitely with either YES or NO
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7-12 yrs old Fantastic subject 13-19 yrs old Age of limitation
and Idolatry 20-25 yrs old Idealistic and be principled 26-60 yrs
old Materialism. Maturity & Responsibility 61-death Memories
are fading; Irritability and Senility www.kertpillora.co.nr
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1. Emotion as CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCES 2. Emotion as MOTIVES 3.
Emotion as RESPONSES
2. Emotion as MOTIVES Emotional Motive as Facilitating Behavior
Emotional Motive as Interfering Behavior
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External Responses Internal Responses 3. Emotion as
RESPONSES
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Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Thinks is responsible for
your memory, intelligence, your thoughts Controls your autonomic
functions heart rate, breathing, homeostasis Controls your immune
system protects you from viruses
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Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Receives information within
a fraction of a second, too minuscule to measure Acts on the
external universe allows you to cry, walk, play a musical
instrument Utilizes language one of your most advanced functions
Possesses emotions creates your affective universe
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Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain
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Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Left Hemisphere Verbal
competence Speaking, reading, thinking & reasoning Processes
info in sequence One piece of data at a time logical Right
Hemisphere Nonverbal areas Comprehension, spatial relationships,
drawing, music, emotion Processes info. As a whole intuitive
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Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Left Hemisphere Important
for the expression of positive emotion Damage to the L.H. leads to
loss of the capacity of joy. Activation in the L.H. leads to
tendencies to approach other people. Right Hemisphere Important for
the expression of negative emotion Damage to the R.H. may make
people euphoric. Activation in the R.H. leads to tendencies to
withdraw from people.
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Responsible for the distribution of the blood
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Responsible for the taking of air into the lungs and also
expelling carbon dioxide
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External covering of the body consisting essentially of
Epidermis, Dermis, and the Hypodermis
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The Historical Development of the Polygraph
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1895 - first attempt to use a scientific instrument stressing
its importance to Lie-Detection CESARE LOMBROSO - an Italian
Criminologist and Physicist, who published experiments regarding
the presence and absence of blood pressure and pulse rate changes
on suspects whose guilt or innocence he sought to be
determined.
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FIRST PERSON TO USE SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS FOR THE PURPOSE OF
DETECTING LIES. CESARE LOMBROSO www.kertpillora.co.nr
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1 914-VITTORIO BENUSSI Published his researches on respiration
changes as indicators of lying and deception
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William Moulton Marston In 1915, he made researches on
sphygmomanometer's usefulness in detecting lies and deceptions
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Improvised and conformingly utilized the techniques Of
Benussi
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In 1921, he assembled an instrument capable of recording
simultaneous physiological changes of blood-pressure, pulse-rates,
and respiration www.kertpillora.co.nr
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Devised an additional instrument, which consisted of
galvanometer for recording what is known as the GSR, to
Larson.
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Contributed a new device for recording unobserved muscular
activities of the arms, thighs and feet.
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Devised the Ink Polygraph www.kertpillora.co.nr
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Reference: PROFESSIONAL ACADEMY OF THE PHILIPPINES (Criminology
File Academy) & CAMILLUS LAUREL ALLEGO, SR. NBI Region 7
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