Wyddoch-Chi-Pwy · 7/10/2018 · Corpus •HarryPotterandthe Philosopher’sStone,byJ.K. Rowling,waspublishedin 1997. •Translatedinto74languages. •TranslatedintoWelshin2003 byEmilyHuws,achildren’s

Wyddoch-Chi-PwyHarri Potter and the Sociopragmatics of Second Person

Júda Ronén The Hebrew University of JerusalemDepartment of Linguistics

3rd Poznań Conference of Celtic StudiesPoznań, July 2018

1

Part I

Introduction

2

WALS-45: Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns (world)

Helmbrecht (2013) no distinction binary multiple avoidance 3

WALS-45: Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns (Europe)

Helmbrecht (2013) no distinction binary multiple avoidance 4

Welsh language

• Indo-European › Celtic › Brythonic › Welsh• Autoglossonym: Cymraeg [kəmˈraiɡ]• 562,000 speakers, ±⅕ of the population of Wales, (2011census)

• Grosso modo, not in the Standard Average European (SAE)Sprachbund (Haspelmath 2001)

5

Corpus

• Harry Potter and thePhilosopher’s Stone, by J. K.Rowling, was published in1997.

• Translated into 74 languages.• Translated into Welsh in 2003by Emily Huws, a children’sauthor from Caeathro,Caernarfon (North Wales).

6

T-V distinction: relevant sociolinguistic concepts

• age

• courtesy

• familiarity

• gender

• honorificity

• insult

• politeness

• power

• respect

• situation

• social distance

• solidarity

• status

• …

The ‘T’ and ‘V’ terms were coined by R. Brown and Gilman(1960) after Latin tū (2.sg) and vōs (2.pl).

7

T-V distinction in European languages

2sg.fam (T) 2sg.hon (V) homonymy

Early Mod. Eng. thou ye 2plYiddish וד du ריא ir 2plGerman du Sie 3pl + capitalizingFrench tu vous 2plRussian ты ty вы vy 2plEstonian sina teie 2plTurkish sen siz 2plWelsh ti chi 2pl⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮

8

Etymology

Modern Welsh ti chi

< Middle Welsh ti chwi< Proto-Brythonic *ti *hwi< Proto-Celtic *tū *swīs

(cf. Gaulish *suis)< Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ *wos, *wēs

2sg.nom 2pl.obl

Northern colloquial chdi /χtiː/ < (â) chdidissimilation

< (â)th’di < (â) thydi ‘with you (reduplicated)’ (see Willis 2013)

9

Translation choices

2you ⇢

personal

2sg.famti

chi

2sg.honchi2plchi

(non-personal)

Theoretical background: Levý 1967.

10

Dispersing light ≈ dispersing language

Illustration by Jean-Leon Huens, National Geographic Stock 11

Loci of T-V distinction

Eng. eq. locus ti chiyo

u,…

simple, weak ti chisimple, strong (ti), chdi chireduplicated (tydi) (chwychwi)conjunctive tithau chithaupossessive (indep.) dy eichpossessive (dep.) ’th ’chprepositions arnat arnoch‘bod’ forms (yd)wyt (yd)ychfinite verbs canaist, … canasoch, …

∅{

(imperatives cân / cana cenwch / canwch)

12

Number of occurrences

you 1034your 148yeh 121yer 60yourself 14yours 8yourselves 5yerself 2yerselves 1

1393

13

Tagging examples

14

Mapping interpersonal relationships

T-V speaker addressee

⋮ ⋮ ⋮

chi Doris Crockford Harryti Draco Harrychi Draco McGonagallti Draco Nevilleti Draco Ronti Dudley Harryti Dumbledore Hagridti Dumbledore Harryti Dumbledore McGonagallti Filch Harryti Filch Peeveschi Filch Snapeti Firenze Banechi Firenze Harryti Firenze Harry⋮ ⋮ ⋮

15

Part II

ti:chi in the corpus

16

1 Change in address form

2 Unknown / non-specific addressee

3 Age and status

Ex. 1: Harry → Hagrid (A)

Harry looked up at the giant.He meant to say thank you,but the words got lost on theway to his mouth, and whathe said instead was, ‘Who areyou?’

Edrychodd Harri i fyny ar ycawr. Bwriadai ddweud di-olch, ond aeth y geiriau argoll ar y ffordd i’w geg, a’r hyna ddywedodd o oedd, ‘Pwysg.hon

’dach chi?’

The giant chuckled. Chwarddodd y cawr.

‘True, I haven’t introducedmeself. Rubeus Hagrid,Keeper of Keys and Groundsat Hogwarts.’

‘Digon gwir, dwi ddim wedi’nghyflwyno fy hun. RubeusHagrid, Ceidwad Allweddi aThiroedd Hogwarts.’

ch. 4 (The Keeper of the Keys), p. 40/37 17

Ex. 2: Harry → Hagrid (B)

Harry, meanwhile, still hadquestions to ask, hundreds ofthem.

Yn y cyfamser, roedd ganHarri gwestiynau i’w gofyn,cannoedd ohonyn nhw.

‘But what happened to Vol–sorry – I mean, You-Know-Who?’

‘Ond beth ddigwyddoddi Vol — ddrwg gen i —

sg.famWyddost-Ti-Pwy, dwi’n fed-dwl?’


Ex. 3: Hermione → Hagrid (A)

The afternoon’s eventscertainly seemed to havechanged her mind aboutSnape.

Roedd digwyddiadau’rpnawn yn amlwg wedi newidei meddwl ynghylch Sneip.

‘I know a jinx when I see one,Hagrid, I’ve read all aboutthem! You’ve got to keep eyecontact, and Snape wasn’tblinking at all, I saw him!’

‘Dwi’n nabod melltith panwela i un, Hagrid. Dwi wedidarllen amdanyn nhw! Mae’n

rhaidsg.honichi gadw cyswllt

llygad, a doedd amrannauSneip ddim yn symud o gwbl.Welais i o!’

ch. 11 (Quidditch), p. 141/151 19

Ex. 4: Hermione → Hagrid (B)

‘Oh, come on, Hagrid, youmight not want to tell us, butyou do know, you know ev-erything that goes on roundhere,’ said Hermione in awarm, flattering voice. Ha-grid’s beard twitched andthey could tell he was smil-ing.

‘O,sg.famty’d ’laen, Hagrid, ella

nadsg.famwyt ti ddim isio dweud

wrthon ni, ondsg.famrwyt ti’n

gwybod.sg.famRwyt ti’n gwybod

popeth sy’n digwydd yn ylle yma,’ meddai Hermione,a’i llais yn fêl i gyd. Sbon-ciodd barf Hagrid. Roedd ynddigon hawdd dweud ei fodyn gwenu.

ch. 14 (Norbert the Norwegian Ridgeback), p. 169/184 20

Ex. 5: Vernon → Hagrid (A)

Uncle Vernon made a funnyrasping noise.

Gwnaeth Yncl Vernon sŵncrafu rhyfedd.

‘I demand that you leave atonce, sir!’ he said. ‘You arebreaking and entering!’

‘Dwi’n mynnusg.honeich bod

sg.honchi ’n gadael ar unwaith!’

meddai. ‘sg.hon

Rydych chi’n torri’rgyfraith!’


Ex. 6: Vernon → Hagrid (B)

‘But yeh must know about yermum and dad,’ he said. ‘I mean,they’re famous. You’re famous.’

‘Ond ma’n rhaid dy fod ti’n gw-bod rwbath am dy fam a dy dad,’meddai. ‘Hynny ydi, ma’n nhw’nenwog. Rwyt ti’n enwog.’

‘What? My – my mum and dadweren’t famous, were they?’

‘Be? Doedd — fy mam a ’nhad iddim yn enwog, oedden nhw?’

[…] […]

‘Yeh don’ know what yeh are?’he said finally.

‘Wyddost ti ddim be wyt ti?’meddai o’r diwedd.

Uncle Vernon suddenly foundhis voice.

Yn sydyn cafodd Yncl Vernonhyd i’w lais.

‘Stop!’ he commanded. ‘Stopright there, sir! I forbid you totell the boy anything!’

‘sg.famTaw !’ gorchmynnodd. ‘

sg.famTaw ’r

munud yma!sg.famPaid â meiddio

dweud dim byd wrth yr hogyn!’ch. 4 (The Keeper of the Keys), p. 41/39 22

Ex. 7: Firenze → Harry (A+B)

‘Are you all right?’ said the centaur,pulling Harry to his feet.

‘sg.famWyt ti’n iawn?’ gofynnodd y dynfarch,gan godi Harri ar ei draed.

‘Yes — thank you — what was that?’ ‘Ydw — diolch — be oedd hwnna?’

The centaur didn’t answer. He had as-tonishingly blue eyes, like pale sap-phires. He looked carefully at Harry, hiseyes lingering on the scar which stoodout, livid, on Harry’s forehead.

Atebodd y dynfarch ddim. Roeddganddo lygaid gleision syfrdanol, fel saf-fir gwelw, a chraffodd ar Harri, gan oediar y graith ddulas, gleisiog ar ei dalcen.

‘You are the Potter boy,’ he said. ‘Youhad better get back to Hagrid. The Forestis not safe at this time — especially foryou. Can you ride? It will be quicker thisway.

‘Harri Pottersg.hon

ydych chi,’ meddai, ‘Wellsg.honichi fynd yn ôl at Hagrid. Dydi’r Goed-wig ddim yn ddiogel ar yr adeg yma —

yn arbennig isg.honchi .

sg.honFedrwch chi far-

chogaeth? Bydd yn gyflymach fel hyn.

ch. 15 (The Forbidden Forest), p. 187/203 23



Who’s there?

In-book written address of unknown readers

Narrative techniques

3 Age and status

Ex. 8: Vernon → ? (=Hagrid)

There was a crash behindthem and Uncle Vernon cameskidding into the room. Hewas holding a rifle in hishands – now they knew whathad been in the long, thinpackage he had brought withthem.

Clywyd trwst mawr tu cefniddyn nhw a sglefriodd YnclVernon i mewn i’r ystafell. Cy-diai mewn reiffl — a sylwed-dolodd pawb beth fu yn yparsel hir, cul roedd o wedidod gyda nhw.

‘Who’s there?’ he shouted. ‘Iwarn you – I’m armed!’

‘Pwy sy ’na?’ gwaeddodd.‘Dwi’n eich rhybuddio chi —mae gen i wn!’


Ex. 9: Hagrid → ? (=Ronan)

They walked more slowly, earsstraining for the faintest sound.Suddenly, in a clearing ahead,something definitely moved.

Ymlaen â nhw’n arafach, ganglustfeinio am y smic lleiaf osŵn. Yn sydyn, mewn llannercho’u blaenau, symudodd rhyw-beth.

‘Who’s there?’ Hagrid called.‘Show yerself – I’m armed!’

‘Pwy sy ’na?’ galwodd Ha-grid. ‘Dowch i’r golwg; ma’ gini arfa!’

[…] […]

‘Oh, it’s you, Ronan,’ said Ha-grid in relief. ‘How are yeh?’

‘O,sg.famchdi sy ’na, Collwyn,’ med-

dai Hagrid mewn rhyddhad.

‘Sutsg.famwyt ti?’

ch. 15 (The Forbidden Forest), p. 184/200 25

Ex. 10: Peeves → ? (=Harry + Hermione + Ron)

They didn’t meet anyone else until they

reached the staircase up to the third

floor. Peeves was bobbing halfway up,

loosening the carpet so that people

would trip.

Welson nhw neb arall nes iddyn nhw

gyrraedd y grisiau a arweiniai i’r trydydd

llawr. Roedd y Piwsiwr yn sboncio o

gwmpas hanner y ffordd i fyny, yn lla-

cio’r carped er mwyn i bobl faglu.

‘Who’s there?’ he said sud-denly as they climbed to-wards him. He narrowed hiswicked black eyes. ‘Knowyou’re there, even if I can’tsee you. Are you ghoulieor ghostie or wee studentbeastie?’

‘Pwy sy ’na?’ meddai’n sydynwrth iddyn nhw ddringo tuagato. Culhaodd ei lygaid duonmaleisus. ‘Wn i eich bod chiyna, hyd yn oed os na fedra ieich gweld chi. Be ydych chi,ellyll neu ysbryd neu ddis-gybl?’

ch. 16 (Through the Trapdoor), p. 199/217 26



Who’s there?



3 Age and status

Ex. 11: Book title → ?

Hagrid almost had to dragHarry away from Curses andCounter-Curses (Bewitchyour Friends and Befud-dle your Enemies with theLatest Revenges: Hair Loss,Jelly-Legs, Tongue-Tying andmuch, much more) by Pro-fessor Vindictus Viridian.

Bu raid i Hagrid fwy neulai lusgo Harri oddi wrthMelltithion a Gwrthfelltithion(Rheibiwch Eich Ffrindiau aDryswch Eich Gelynion DrwyDalu’r Pwyth yn ôl: ColliGwallt, Coesau Jeli, ClymuTafod a llawer iawn, iawnmwy) gan yr Athro Daniel Di-alydd.

‘I was trying to find out howto curse Dudley.’

‘Ceisio darganfod sut y medrai felltithio Dudley oeddwn i.’


Ex. 12: Writer of the puzzle → ?

‘Look!’ Hermione seized a roll ofpaper lying next to the bottles.Harry looked over her shoulderto read it:

‘Edrych!’ Cythrodd Hermione irolyn o bapur wrth ochr y poteli.Edrychodd Harri dros ei hysg-wydd i’w ddarllen:

Danger lies before you, whilesafety lies behind,

O’ch blaen mae perygl, ondmae’n ddiogel tu cefn,

Two of us will help you,whichever you would find,

Bydd dwy ohonom yn help, ondichi weld y drefn,

One among us seven will let youmove ahead,

Gadael ichi symud ymlaenwnaiff un ymysg saith,

Another will transport thedrinker back instead,

A’r llall — dod â’r yfwr yn ôl ywei gwaith,

[…] […]

ch. 16 (Through the Trapdoor), p. 206/226 28



Who’s there?



3 Age and status

Ex. 13: Author → ‘Readers’ (generic)

Harry then did something thatwas both very brave and verystupid: he took a great runningjump and managed to fastenhis arms around the troll’s neckfrom behind. The troll couldn’tfeel Harry hanging there, buteven a troll will notice if youstick a long bit of wood up itsnose, and Harry’s wand had stillbeen in his hand when he’djumped – it had gone straight upone of the troll’s nostrils.

Yna gwnaeth Harri rywbethoedd yn ddewr iawn a hefydyn andros o ffôl: rhedodd atyr ellyll gan neidio a llwyddo idaflu ei freichiau amdano o’r tucefn. Fedrai’r ellyll ddim teimloHarri’n hongian yno, ond byddhyd yn oed ellyll yn sylwi osgwthiwch chi ddarn hir o bren ifyny’i drwyn, ac roedd hudlathHarri yn ei law tra oedd o’n nei-dio — ac wedi mynd yn syth ifyny un o ffroenau’r ellyll.

ch. 10 (Hallowe’en), p. 130/139 29

Ex. 14: Free Indirect Speech

But Hermione had givenHarry something else tothink about as he climbedback into bed. The dog wasguarding something ... Whathad Hagrid said? Gringottswas the safest place in theworld for something youwanted to hide – exceptperhaps Hogwarts.

Ond roedd Hermione wedirhoi rhywbeth arall i Harrifeddwl amdano wrth iddoddringo’n ôl i’w wely. Roeddy ci’n gwarchod rhywbeth…beth oedd Hagrid wedi eiddweud? Banc Gringrwnoedd y lle mwyaf diogel yn ybyd ar gyfer rhywbeth roed-dech chi eisiau’i guddio —heblaw Hogwarts, efallai.

ch. 9 (The Midnight Duel), p. 120/128 30

Ex. 15: Hagrid → Harry

‘Yeah – so yeh’d be mad tertry an’ rob it, I’ll tell yehthat. Never mess with gob-lins, Harry. Gringotts is thesafest place in the world feranything yeh want ter keepsafe – ’cept maybe Hogwarts.[…]

‘Ia — felly fe fyddat ti’n gwblwallgo i geisio dwyn o’no,dwi’n deud ’that ti. Paid bythâ thynnu coblyn yn dy ben,Harri. Banc Gringrwn ydi’r llemwya diogal yn y byd i gyd ar

gyfar rhwbathsg.famrwyt ti angan

ei warchod — heblaw Hog-warts, ella. […]

ch. 5 (Diagon Alley), p. 50/49 31



3 Age and status

Students and teachers

Children and their (adoptive) parents

Grown-ups chi-ing Harry

Students ↔ teachers

speaker addressee T-V

student teacher chistudent student ti

T→T

Dumbledore McGonagall tiMcGonagall Dumbledore tiQuirrell Dumbledore chiQuirrell Snape tiSnape Quirrell ti

T→S

Dumbledore Harry tiMadam Hooch Neville tiMcGonagall Draco, Harry, Hermione,

Jordan, Neville, Woodchi

Quirrell Harry chiSnape Harry, Hermione chiSnape Neville ti

32

Diachronic socio-linguistic change

older system newer system

teacher ~ student T↔S=sg.honchi T→S=

sg.famti

S→T=sg.honchi

parent ~ child P→C=sg.famti

C→P=sg.honchi

P↔C=sg.famti

(Thomas (2006, §4.130))

• Emily Huws, the translator, was born in 1942.• Hogwarts as a old-fashioned school.

33

Thomas (2006, §4.130)

Gall arwyddocâd cymdeithasol y ffurfiau U2 a Ll2 amrywiohefyd o genhedlaeth i genhedlaeth. Yn y 1960au, er enghraifft,y norm oedd mai perthynas ieithyddol gilyddol fyddai rhwngathrawon a’u disgyblion, gyda phawb yn defnyddio ffurfiau Ll2wrth gyfarch ei gilydd. Erbyn hyn, y mae’n fwy arferol i’rberthynas honno fod yn anghilyddol, gyda’r athro’n cyfarch eiddisgybl â ffurfiau U2, ond yn derbyn ffurfiau Ll2 oddi wrth ydisgybl. Datblygiad i’r gwrthwyneb yw bod tuedd gref bellach irieini a’u plant ddefnyddio ffurfiau U2 yn gilyddol yn hytrachna’r ffurfiau anghilyddol a arferid genhedlaeth ynghynt.

34

Thomas (2006, §4.130) (my translation)

The social signified of the 2sg and 2pl forms can vary fromgeneration to generation as well. In the 1960s, for example, thenorm was reciprocal linguistic relations between teachers andstudents, with all using 2pl forms addressing one each other.Since then, it became more usual for these relations to beirreciprocal: the teacher addressing his student with 2sgforms, but receiving 2pl forms from the student. An oppositedevelopment is the further strong tendency for parents andtheir children to use 2sg forms reciprocally, rather than theirreciprocal forms used by an earlier generation.

35

Ex. 16: Headmaster → Kate Roberts, age 10–15 (1901–1906)

[…] mae un o’r bechgyn ynlluchio pysen tuag ataf. Try’rysgolfeistr yn ei ôl a go-fyn i mi yn Saesneg pwy a’itaflodd. Dywedaf na wn, arhoi fy nwy wefus ar ei gilydd

yn dynn. ‘Fesg.honddylech wybod,’

medd ef, a rhoi dwy gansengïaidd i mi, un ar bob llaw,mor galed ag y gall. Ond nidwyf yn crïo. Deil fy ngwefusauyn dynn ar ei gilydd.

[…] one of the boys lobs a peaat me. The headmaster turnsback and asks me in Englishwho threw the pea. I say Idon’t know, and keep my lipstight together. ‘You shouldknow,’ he says, and he givesme two fierce strokes of thecane, one on each hand, withall his might. But I don’t cry.I keep my lips tight shut.

Y Lôn Wen (Roberts 1960); translation: Gillian Clarke (Roberts 2009) 36

Ex. 17: Quirrell → Harry

A pale young man made his wayforward, very nervously. One ofhis eyes was twitching.

Daeth gŵr ifanc gwelw ymlaen,yn nerfus. Plyciai un o’i lygaid.

‘Professor Quirrell!’ said Hagrid.‘Harry, Professor Quirrell will beone of your teachers at Hog-warts.’

‘Yr Athro Quirrél!’ meddai Ha-grid. ‘Harri, yr Athro Quirrél fyddun o dy athrawon yn Hogwarts.’

‘P-P-Potter,’ stammeredProfessor Quirrell, graspingHarry’s hand, ‘c-can’t t-tellyou how p-pleased I am tomeet you.’

‘P-P-Potter,’ meddai’r AthroQuirrél gan gydio yn llawHarri. ‘F-f-fedra i ddimdweud

sg.honwrthych chi pa mor f-

f-falch ydw i o gaelsg.honeich cy-

farfodsg.honchi .’


Ex. 18: Quirrell → Harry

It was Quirrell. Quirrél oedd o.

‘You!’ gasped Harry. ‘Chi!’ ebychodd Harri.

Quirrell smiled. His facewasn’t twitching at all.

Gwenodd Quirrél. Doedd eiwyneb ddim yn plycio o gwbl.

‘Me,’ he said calmly, ‘I won-dered whether I’d be meetingyou here, Potter.’

‘Fi,’ meddai’n ddigyffro. ‘Ro’ni’n meddwl tybed a fyddwn

i’nsg.honeich cyfarfod

sg.honchi yma,

Potter.’

ch. 17 (The Man with Two Faces), p. 209/229 38

Ex. 19: Voldemort → Harry

‘[…] Unicorn blood hasstrengthened me, thesepast weeks… you saw faithfulQuirrell drinking it for me inthe Forest… and once I havethe Elixir of Life, I will be ableto create a body of my own…Now… why don’t you give methat Stone in your pocket?’

‘[…] Yr wythnosau diwethafyma fe’m cryfhawyd gan

waed uncorn…sg.fam

welaist tiQuirrél ffyddlon yn ei yfedi mi yn y Goedwig… ac un-waith y bydd Elicsir Bywydgen i, byddaf yn medru creufy nghorff fy hun… Nawr…

pam nasg.famroi di’r Maen yna

sydd ynsg.famdy boced i mi?’

ch. 17 (The Man with Two Faces), p. 213/233 39




T→T


T→S




40

Ex. 20: Madam Hooch → Neville

But Neville, nervous and jumpy and

frightened of being left on the ground,

pushed off hard before the whistle had

touched Madam Hooch’s lips.

Ond gan fod Nefydd yn nerfus ac yn ofni

cael ei adael ar y ddaear, gwthiodd i

ffwrdd yn gryf cyn i’r bib gyffwrdd gwe-

fusau Madam Heddwen.

‘Come back, boy!’ she shouted,but Neville was rising straightup like a cork shot out of a bot-tle […]

‘sg.famTy’d yn ôl, hogyn!’ gwaeddodd,ond roedd Nefydd yn codi’n sythi fyny fel corcyn yn saethu allano botel […]

[…] […]

‘Broken wrist,’ Harry heard hermutter. ‘Come on, boy – it’s allright, up you get.’

‘Wedi torri’i arddwrn,’ clywodd

Harri hi’n mwngial. ‘sg.famTy’d ’laen,

hogyn — popeth yn iawn,sg.famcod

arsg.famdy draed.’

ch. 9 (The Midnight Duel), p. 109/116 41

Ex. 21: Snape → Neville

[…] Neville had somehow man-aged to melt Seamus’s cauldroninto a twisted blob and theirpotion was seeping across thestone floor, burning holes inpeople’s shoes. […]

[…] Rywfodd, roedd Nefydd wedillwyddo i doddi crochan Sea-mus yn llanast meddal, a llifaieu dracht ar hyd y llawr, ganlosgi tyllau yn esgidiau pobl. […]

‘Idiot boy!’ snarled Snape,clearing the spilled potionaway with one wave of hiswand. ‘I suppose you addedthe porcupine quills beforetaking the cauldron off thefire?’

‘Hogyn hurt!’ chwyrnoddSneip, gan glirio’r llanastag un chwifiad o’i hud-

lath. ‘Mae’n debygsg.famiti

ychwanegu’r pigau porci-wpein cyn tynnu’r crochanoddi ar y tân.’

ch. 8 (The Potions Master), p. 103/109 42




T→T


T→S




43

Why Dumbledore → Harry = ti?

• Dumbledore → {Hagrid, Harry, McGonagall} =sg.famti

• Systematic choice: >60 occurrences.• Situations:

• on Harry’s way to the Mirror of Erised• after a Quidditch game (‘“Well done,” said Dumbledore quietly, sothat only Harry could hear. […]’)

• in the hospital wing

• Signalling closeness, beyond a ‘teacher → student’

relationship, wheresg.honchi signals distance?

44



3 Age and status




Diachronic socio-linguistic change

older system newer system

parent ~ child P→C=sg.famti

C→P=sg.honchi

P↔C=sg.famti

(Thomas (2006, §4.130))

• Emily Huws, the translator, was born in 1942.• Hogwarts as a old-fashioned school.

45

Ex. 22: Fred Weasley ↔ Molly Weasley

‘Fred, you next,’ the plumpwoman said.

‘Fred,sg.famchdi nesa,’ meddai’r wraig

nobl.‘I’m not Fred, I’m George,’ saidthe boy. ‘Honestly, woman, callyourself our mother? Can’t youtell I’m George?’

‘George ydw i, nid Fred,’ med-

dai’r bachgen. ‘Asg.famtithau’n

sg.famdy

alwsg.famdy hun yn fam inni, wir!

sg.famWyddost ti ddim mai Georgeydw i?’

‘Sorry, George, dear.’ ‘Ddrwg gen i, George, ’ngwas i.’

‘Only joking, I am Fred,’ said theboy, and off he went. His twincalled after him to hurry up, […]

‘Pryfocio o’n i! Fred ydw i,’ med-dai’r bachgen, ac i ffwrdd ag o.Galwodd ei efaill arno i frysio,[…]

ch. 6 (The Journey from Platform Nine and Three-Quarters), p. 70/72 46

Ex. 23: Harry → Vernon

‘Er – Uncle Vernon?’ ‘Ym — Yncl Vernon?’

Uncle Vernon grunted to showhe was listening.

Rhochiodd Yncl Vernon i ddan-gos ei fod yn gwrando.

‘Er – I need to be at King’s Crosstomorrow to – to go to Hog-warts.’

‘Ym — dwi angen bod yn King’sCross fory i — i fynd i Hogwarts.’

Uncle Vernon grunted again. Rhochiodd Yncl Vernondrachefn.

‘Would it be all right if you gaveme a lift?’

‘Fyddai’n bosib isg.honchi roi reid

imi?’Grunt. Harry supposed thatmeant yes.

Rhoch. Cymerodd Harri fodhynny’n golygu iawn.

‘Thank you.’ ‘Diolch isg.honchi .’

ch. 6 (The Journey from Platform Nine and Three-Quarters), p. 66/69 47

Ex. 24: Petunia, Vernon → Harry

‘In the car crash when your par-ents died,’ she had said. ‘Anddon’t ask questions.’

‘Yn y ddamwain car pan lad-

dwydsg.famdy rieni,’ roedd hi wedi’i

ddweud. ‘Asg.famphaid â holi a stilio.’

Don’t ask questions – that wasthe first rule for a quiet life withthe Dursleys.

Peidio holi a stilio — dyna’rrheol gyntaf ar gyfer bywydtawel gyda’r Dursleys.

Uncle Vernon entered thekitchen as Harry was turningover the bacon.

Daeth Yncl Vernon i’r gegin felroedd Harri’n troi’r cig mochdrosodd.

‘Comb your hair!’ he barked, byway of a morning greeting.

‘sg.famRho grib drwy

sg.famdy wallt, wir!’

oedd ei gyfarchiad boreol.

ch. 2 (The Vanishing Glass), p. 20/15 48

Ex. 25: Dudley → Vernon

Dudley stood with his nosepressed against the glass,staring at the glisteningbrown coils.

Safodd Dudley â’i drwyn ar ygwydr, yn rhythu ar y torchaubrown, sgleiniog.

‘Make it move,’ he whinedat his father. Uncle Vernontapped on the glass, but thesnake didn’t budge.

Dechreuodd swnian ar eidad. ‘

sg.famGwna iddi symud.’

Curodd Yncl Vernon yn ysgafnar y gwydr â’i fysedd, ondsymudodd y neidr ddim.

‘Do it again,’ Dudley ordered.[…]

‘Eto!’ gorchmynnodd Dudley.[…]

ch. 2 (The Vanishing Glass), p. 25/20 49

Families


Weasley parents Weasley children tiWeasley children Weasley parents ti

Dursley parents Dudley Dursley tiDudley Dursley Dursley parents ti

Dursley parents Harry tiHarry Dursley parents chi

50



3 Age and status




Ex. 26: People at the Leaky Cauldron → Harry

Then there was a great scraping of chairsand, next moment, Harry found him-self shaking hands with everyone in theLeaky Cauldron.

Bu sŵn mawr crafu cadeiriau, a’r eiliadnesaf roedd pawb yn y Gogor-Grochanyn ysgwyd llaw â Harri.

‘Doris Crockford, Mr Potter, can’t believeI’m meeting you at last.’

‘Cadi Morgan, y Bonwr Potter. Fedra i

ddim credu ’mod i’nsg.honeich cyfarfod

sg.honchi

o’r diwedd.’‘So proud, Mr Potter, I’m just so proud.’ ‘Braint fawr, y Bonwr Potter, braint fawr.’

‘Always wanted to shake your hand – I’mall of a flutter.’

‘Wedi dyheu erioed am gael ysgwyd llaw

efosg.honchi — dwi wedi cynhyrfu’n lân!’

‘Delighted, Mr Potter, just can’t tell you.Diggle’s the name, Dedalus Diggle.’

‘Yn falch o’sg.honch cyfarfod

sg.honchi , y Bonwr

Potter, yn falch dros ben. Dyfyr ydi’r enw,Dyfyr Drwyndwn.’


Ex. 27: Madam Malkin → Harry

‘Hogwarts, dear?’ she said,when Harry started to speak.‘Got the lot here – anotheryoung man being fitted upjust now, in fact.’

‘Hogwarts, ’ngwas i?’ meddaihi, cyn gynted ag yr agoroddHarri ei geg. ‘Mae’r cwbl geni yn fan’ma — a dweud y gwirmae ’na ŵr ifanc arall yn caelei ffitio ar y funud hefyd.’

[a conversation betweenHarry and Draco]

[…]

But before Harry could an-swer, Madam Malkin said,‘That’s you done, my dear,’ […]

Ond cyn i Harri gael cyfle iateb, meddai Malan Meirion,

‘Dynasg.famti ’n barod, ’ngwas i,’

[…]


Ex. 28: Ollivander → Harry

An old man was standing be-fore them, his wide, pale eyesshining like moons through thegloom of the shop.

Safai hen ŵr o’u blaenau, eilygaid llydan, gwelwon yn dis-gleirio fel lleuadau drwy fwrll-wch y siop.

‘Hello,’ said Harry awkwardly. ‘Helô,’ meddai Harri’n chwithig.

‘Ah yes,’ said the man. ‘Yes,yes. I thought I’d be seeingyou soon. Harry Potter.’ Itwasn’t a question. ‘You haveyour mother’s eyes. […]

‘A, ie,’ meddai’r dyn. ‘Ie. Ie.Roeddwn i’n meddwl y by-

ddwn i’nsg.honeich gweld

sg.honchi

cyn bo hir, Harri Potter.’ Nidcwestiwn oedd o. ‘Mae lly-

gaidsg.honeich mam

sg.hongynnoch chi.

[…]


Ex. 29: Ollivander → Hagrid

‘Rubeus! Rubeus Hagrid!How nice to see you again... Oak, sixteen inches, ratherbendy, wasn’t it?’

‘Rubeus! Rubeus Hagrid! Dda

gen isg.famdy weld

sg.famdi eto…

derw, un fodfedd ar bymtheg,eithaf ystwyth, yntê?’

‘It was, sir, yes,’ said Hagrid. ‘Ia, syr, ia,’ meddai Hagrid.

‘Good wand, that one. But Isuppose they snapped it inhalf when you got expelled?’said Mr Ollivander, suddenlystern.

‘Hudlath dda, honna. Ondmae’n debyg iddyn nhw eithorri hi’n glec yn ei han-

ner pansg.famgest ti dy ddiarddel,’

meddai Onllwyn ab Oswallt,gan droi’n chwyrn yn sydyn.


Part III

Conclusion

55

Translator’s choices

The translator’s choices reflect:

• The usage within xyr speech community (norme).• Xyr own understanding of the text and artistic freedom.

‘you ⇢ T-V’ is one interesting case study of many, offering us aglimpse into sociopragmatics.

56

Cross-linguistic typological comparative project

Why Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone?

• Same original text, different languages (74 in total!)• Written in English, lacking a T-V distinction• Diverse interpersonal relations

Relevant references:

• T-V in film translations: Levshina 2017; Meister 2016; Pavesi2012; Pavesi 2009

• Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 60.2 (Jul.2007): a hoard of an issue dealing with parallel texts

57

Progress so far (July 2018)

Language Translation

Chinese 哈利·波特与魔法石Hindi हरैी पॉटर और पारस पत्थरIndonesian Harry Potter dan Batu BertuahRussian Гарри Поттер и философский каменьWelsh Harri Potter a Maen yr Athronydd

Join us! ☺

58

Diolch i chi!

If you work on a language with a T-V distinction Harry Potterand the Philosopher’s Stone has been translated into, do joinour research project!

Contact me for more information:

Júda Ronén✉ [email protected]🌎 https://ac.digitalwords.net/

(where you can download this presentation)

https://gitlab.com/rwmpelstilzchen/hp-tv

(where you can download the Open Research source and data files)

📞 +972-2-6419913 📱 +972-52-5587769

Creative Commons Attribution

[email protected]://ac.digitalwords.net/https://gitlab.com/rwmpelstilzchen/hp-tvhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Ex. 30: generic you ⇢ non-personal (appendix I)

Unfortunately,genericyou needed

a specially signed note fromone of the teachers to lookin any of the restricted books[…]

Yn anffodus,was

roeddneedangen

notenodyn wedi ei arwyddo’n ar-bennig gan un o’r athrawon iedrych yn un o’r llyfrau cyfyn-gedig, […]

ch. 12 (The Mirror of Erised), p. 145/156

Ex. 31: generic you ⇢ rhywun ‘someone’ / ∅ (appendix I)

Snape and Filch were inside,alone. Snape was holding hisrobes above his knees. Oneof his legs was bloody andmangled. Filch was handingSnape bandages.

Doedd neb yno ond Sneip aFilch. Daliai Sneip ei ddilladuwch ei bengliniau. Gwaedaiun o’i goesau’n ddifrifol, ganedrych fel petai wedi cael eillarpio gan rywbeth, ac roeddFilch yn estyn rhwymyn iddo.

‘Blasted thing,’ Snape was

saying. ‘How aregenericyou sup-

posed to keepgenericyour eyes on

all three heads at once?’

‘Damia fo!’ meddai Sneip.

‘howSut

ismae

possiblebosib

fori

someonerywun

keep-infgadw

eyellygad ar y tri phen ar

unwaith?’

ch. 11 (Quidditch), p. 134/144

Ex. 32: tell you ⇢ dweud (appendix I)

‘Call me Hagrid,’ he said, ‘ev-eryone does. An’ like I toldyeh, I’m Keeper of Keys atHogwarts – yeh’ll know allabout Hogwarts, o’ course.’

‘Hagrid ma’ pawb yn ’y ngalwi,’ meddai. ‘Gwna ditha

hefyd.andAc

asfel

speak-pst.1sgdudish

1sgi ,

fi ydi Ceidwad Allweddi Hog-warts — glywaist ti am Hog-warts, wrth gwrs?

ch. 4 (The Keeper of the Keys), p. 41/38

Names: retaining or slightly adapting (appendix II)

main

Harry Potter Harri PotterHermione Granger Hermione GrangerRon Weasley Ron WeasleyMinerva McGonagall Minerva McGonagallAlbus Dumbledore Albus Dumbledore

muggles(all)

Vernon Dursley Vernon DursleyPetunia Dursley Petiwnia DursleyYvonne YvonneMrs Figg Mrs Figg… …

foreignnames

{Parvati Patil Parvati PatilSeamus Finnigan Seamus Finnigan

See Pritchard (2014)

Names: domesticating (appendix II)

houses

Slitherin SlafennogHufflepuff WfftipwffGryffindor LlereuolRavenclaw Crafangfran

names

Ollivander Onllwyn ab OswalltMadam Hooch Madam HeddwenProfessor Sprout Yr Athro SgewyllOliver Wood Orwig BedwyrPansy Parkinson Prydwen ParriGoyle Efnisien

terms andobjects

Quaffle LlyncillSeeker ChwiliwrMirror of Erised Dyrch UchwaBertie Bott’sEvery-Flavour Beans

Ffa Pob-BlasBedwyr Belis

See Pritchard (2014)

References (I)

Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson (1987). Politeness: someuniverals in language use. Vol. 4. Studies in InteactionalSociolinguistics. Cambridge University Press. isbn: 0‒521‒31355‒4.

Brown, Roger and Albert Gilman (1960). “The Pronouns of Power andSolidarity”. In: Style in Language. Ed. by T. A. Sebeok. MIT Press,pp. 253–276.

Feral, Anne-Lise (2006). “The Translator’s ‘Magic’ Wand: Harry Potter’sjourney from English into French”. In: Meta 51.3, pp. 459–481. doi:10.7202/013553ar. url:https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/013553ar.

https://doi.org/10.7202/013553arhttps://id.erudit.org/iderudit/013553ar

References (II)

Flohr, Harald (Aug. 2013). “The Phenomenon of Language Contact:English influence on Irish and Welsh found in the translations ofRowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone”. In: Zeitschriftfür Celtische Philologie (1), pp. 65–116. issn: 0084-5302. doi:10.1515/zcph.2013.007.

Haspelmath, Martin (2001). “The European Linguistic Area: StandardAverage European”. In: Language Typology and LanguageUniversals / Sprachtypologie un sprachliche Universalien / Latypologie des langues et les universaux linguistiques: aninternational handbook / ein internationales Handbuch / manuelinternational. Vol. 20.2. Ed. by Martin Haspelmath et al. Handbücherzur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft / Handbooks ofLinguistics and Communication Science. Berlin, New York: Walterde Gruyter. Chap. XIV.107, pp. 1492–1510. isbn: 9783110171549.

https://doi.org/10.1515/zcph.2013.007

References (III)

Haspelmath, Martin (Sept. 2010). “Comparative Concepts andDescriptive Categories in Crosslinguistic Studies”. In: Language86.3, pp. 663–687. JSTOR: 40961695.

Helmbrecht, Johannes (2013). “Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns”.In: The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Ed. byMatthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath. Leipzig: Max PlanckInstitute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Chap. 45. url:http://wals.info/chapter/45.

Jentsch, Nancy K. (2002). “Harry Potter and the Tower of Babel:translating the magic”. In: The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter:perspectives on a literary phenomenon. Ed. by Lana A. Whited.Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, pp. 285–301.isbn: 0‒8262‒1443‒6.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/40961695http://wals.info/chapter/45

References (IV)

Levshina, Natalia (2017). “A Multivariate Study of T/V Forms inEuropean Languages Based on a Parallel Corpus of Film Subtitles”.In: Research in Language: The Journal of University of Lodz 15.2,pp. 153–172. doi: 10.1515/rela-2017-0010.

Levý, Jiří (1967). “Translation as a Decision Process”. In: To HonorRoman Jakobson: Essays on the Occasion of his SeventiethBirthday. Janua linguarum 32. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 1171–1182.

Meister, Lova (2016). “The T/V Dilemma: Forms of address as astylistic resource in English-Swedish subtitling”. In: Perspectives24.4, pp. 527–542. issn: 1747-6623. doi:10.1080/0907676X.2015.1069862.

Pavesi, Maria (2009). “Pronouns in Film Dubbing and the Dynamics ofAudiovisual Communication”. In: 6, pp. 89–107. url: https://vialjournal.webs.uvigo.es/pdf/Vial-2009-Article5.pdf.

https://doi.org/10.1515/rela-2017-0010https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2015.1069862https://vialjournal.webs.uvigo.es/pdf/Vial-2009-Article5.pdfhttps://vialjournal.webs.uvigo.es/pdf/Vial-2009-Article5.pdf

References (V)

Pavesi, Maria (2012). “The Enriching Functions of Address Shifts in FilmTranslation”. In: Approaches to Translation Studies 36, pp. 335–356.

Pritchard, Ffion Haf (2014). “Cyfieithu Llenyddiaeth Plant i’r Gymraeg:tair astudiaeth achos”. MA thesis. Prifysgol Caerdydd, Ysgol yGymraeg. 182 pp. url: https://orca.cf.ac.uk/64572/.

Roberts, Kate (1960). Y Lôn Wen: darn o hunangofiant. Welsh.Dinbych: Gwasg Gee. 154 pp. isbn: 9780000179913.

(2009). The White Lane: a fragment of autobiography. Trans.by Gillian Clarke. Llandysul, Ceredigion: Gwasg Gomer. xiii, 302.isbn: 978‒1‒84851‒016‒6. url:http://www.gomer.co.uk/index.php/trosiadau-translations-y-ln-wen-the-white-lane.html. Trans. of Y Lôn Wen. darn ohunangofiant. Welsh. Dinbych: Gwasg Gee, 1960. 154 pp. isbn:9780000179913.

https://orca.cf.ac.uk/64572/http://www.gomer.co.uk/index.php/trosiadau-translations-y-ln-wen-the-white-lane.htmlhttp://www.gomer.co.uk/index.php/trosiadau-translations-y-ln-wen-the-white-lane.html

References (VI)

Rowling, Joanne Kathleen (1997). Harry Potter and the Philosopher’sStone. London: Bloomsbury. 223 pp. isbn: 978‒0‒7475‒7360‒9. url:https://bloomsbury.com/harrypotter.

(2003). Harri Potter a Maen yr Athronydd. Welsh. Trans. fromthe English by Emily Huws. Bloomsbury. 245 pp. isbn:0‒7475‒6930‒4. Trans. of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone.London: Bloomsbury, 1997. 223 pp. isbn: 978‒0‒7475‒7360‒9. url:https://bloomsbury.com/harrypotter.

Thomas, Peter Wynn (Nov. 2006). Gramadeg y Gymraeg. Adargraffwydgyda mân ddiwygiadau. Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. x, 837.isbn: 0‒7083‒1345‒0.

Willis, David (2013). Microvariation in Welsh Pronouns andAgreement. url:http://people.ds.cam.ac.uk/dwew2/bilbao_handout_050613.pdf.

https://bloomsbury.com/harrypotterhttps://bloomsbury.com/harrypotterhttp://people.ds.cam.ac.uk/dwew2/bilbao_handout_050613.pdf

Introductionti:chi

ti:chi in the corpusChange in address formUnknown / non-specific addresseeWhoâ•Žs there?In-book written address of unknown readersNarrative techniques

Age and statusStudents and teachersChildren and their (adoptive) parentsGrown-ups chi-ing Harry

ConclusionAppendixReferences

Documents

Wyddoch-Chi-Pwy · 7/10/2018 · Corpus •HarryPotterandthe Philosopher’sStone,byJ.K. Rowling,waspublishedin 1997. •Translatedinto74languages. •TranslatedintoWelshin2003 byEmilyHuws,achildren’s