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X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
GESTIÓN DE CRISIS EN LA OTAN
INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO GENERAL GUTIÉRREZ MELLADO
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
“ la OTAN, que empezó siendo una organización de
defensa, que en 1991 se transformó en una organización de defensa y seguridad, que tras la cumbre de Lisboa de 2010 se convirtió en una organización de seguridad y defensa, de seguir este camino terminará siendo una organización clásica de seguridad”
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
Evolución doctrinal de la OTAN.
Procedimiento de gestión de crisis.
Operaciones.
GUIÓN
IX Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
… armed attack against one or more ....shall be considered anattack against them all… and each of them… willassist the party or parties… by taking ..., individually and in concert withthe other parties, such action as it deems necessary, including theuse of armed force
Article 5
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
…las partes se consultarán cuando a juicio de cualquiera de ellas, la integridad territorial, la independencia política o la seguridad de cualquiera de las partes fuese amenazada.
Artículo 4
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
CONCEPTO ESTRATÉGICO 2010
”…NATO has a unique and robust set of political and military capabilities to address the full spectrum of crisis – before, during and after conflict. NATO will actively employ an appropiate mix of those political and military tools….”.
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
TIPOS DE CRISIS Y OPERACIONES DE RESPUESTA
Artículo 5: Defensa colectiva.
No Artículo 5: Operaciones de gestión de crisis.
Intervenciones humanitarias o en desastres naturales o tecnológicos.
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
• EAPC• PfP• NUC• NGC• Mediterranean Dialogue• Istanbul Cooperation
Initiative
CONTRIBUCIÓN A LA GESTION DE CRISIS
EUROPEAN UNION
Strategic PartnershipFramework for NATO - EU dialogue Implementation of Berlin PlusMutually reinforcing military capabilitiesCooperation in ‘joint’ theatresCooperation in fight against terrorism
Luis Caamaño
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
NATO- RUSSIA COUNCIL
• NRCRUS
“We spend too much energy on what divides us.
We should instead focus on what unites us. ”
IX Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
MEDITERRANEAN DIALOGUE
EGYPT JORDAN
ISRAEL
MAURITANIA
MOROCCO TUNISIA
ALGERIA
IX Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
ISTANBUL COOPERATION INITIATIVE
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Q A T A R
K U W A I T BAHRAIN
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
Luis Caamaño
NATO HEADQUARTERS
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
DEFINICIÓN
”…es el conjunto de medidas militares y no militares que son necesarias adoptar para responder a una situación de crisis que amenace la seguridad nacional o internacional”.
North Atlantic Council NAC highest authority Decisions by
consensus Only
Perm Reps represent all elements of government
Political control of the military at all times
NORTH ATLANTIC COUNCIL
SGSGCMCCMC SoCSoC
16
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Luis Caamaño
KEY CM COMMITTEES
Policy Coordination Group (PCG): handles pol/mil guidance & crisis management measures; acts as ‘lead committee’ in advising NAC…
Military Committee (MC): advises the Council on the conduct of military affairs, but it is NOT part of the NATO C2 structure
Political Committee (PC): handles political developments & options, public affairs
Senior Civil Emergency Planning Committee (SCEPC): handles civil preparedness and support to the military
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
CRISIS MANAGEMENT TASK FORCE
Multi-disciplinary, internationally staffed coordination task force(s) established early in the crisis by the SG
Provides advice to Secretary General, and coordinates recommendations to NAC throughout the lifecycle of a crisis
Representation from: IS operations, political, defence planning & public diplomacy staffs, IMS (ops/intel) & SCs, plus expertise (legal) as required
Exercise CMTFs established for high-level exercises
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
CM OBJECTIVES • Contribute to effective
conflict prevention • Manage crises effectively
to prevent them becoming conflicts
• Ensure timely civil and military preparedness
• If hostilities, control, prevent escalation and persuade aggressor to cease attack & withdraw
• When escalation and hostilities stopped, de-escalate
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
POLITICAL-MILITARY ESTIMATE PROCESS
PHASE 2
Assessment
PHASE3
ResponseOptions
Development
PHASE 4
PHASE 5
Planning Execution
PHASE 1
Indications &
Warning
PHASE 4
Planning
And
Execution
PHASE 5
Return
To
Stability
PHASE 6
NATO CRISIS MANAGEMENT PROCESS
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
Crisis Management at NATO
Through consultationAssess the situation
Consider optionsTake decision
Integrated Preventive Options and Crisis Response Measures
Pol/Mil + CEP NATO Intelligence & Warning System NATO’s Operational Planning System CEP Crisis Management Arrangements
Comprehensive Art 5 & non-Art 5 operations Defence against terrorism & Counter proliferation
Flexible Adaptable to varied crises situations Calibrated responses
Preventive/Precautionary Preventive Options to prevent crisis escalation & conflict Crisis Response Measures to enhance Alliance preparedness
NATO Crisis Response System (NCRS)
Luis Caamaño
IX Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
NATO CRISIS RESPONSE SYSTEM (NCRS)
• NATO works by consensus, respecting national sovereignty– But, decision-making is complicated and can be time
consuming• NCRS aims to aid decision-making
– But, its use must take account of political, as well as military and civil perspectives
• NCRS provides a means to get nations to take appropriate preparatory action, even before a decision on any major action has been made– It’s all about saving time in decision-making.
What Is It - really?
NATO CRISIS RESPONSE PLANNING
1 - Situation Awareness/Knowledge development
4 - Strategic CONOPS Development
5 - Strategic OPlan Development
(Force Generation)
6 - ExecutionCampaign Assessment/
OPlan Review7 - Transition
SH
AP
EJF
CH
Q N
AT
O
NATO Crisis Response Planning
Phase 1 Indicators and Warnings
Phase 4 Planning
Phase 3 Development of Response
Options
Phase 2 Assessment of
the Crisis
Phase 5 Execution
Phase 6Return to Stability
3 – Operational Orientation
2 – Operational Appreciation
and assessment of Options
4 – Operational Concept
Development
1 – SituationAwareness/Knowledge
Development
5 – Operational OPlan Development
6- Operational Direction Campaign Assessment
OPlan Review7 Transition
Information
Sharing
Disengagement Planning
Force Activation Directive
NAC Request for Principal Military
Requirements
Strategic Planning DirectiveOperational
Advice
SACEUR’s Strategic
Assessment
SACEUR’s OPlan
3 Response Options
2 Strategic Assessment
SACEUR’s Response Options
Warning Order
ACTORD
NAC Decision
Sheet Request for
Options
SACEUR’sCONOPS
NAC IDExecution Directive
Request for Advice
Information Sharing
Operational
ConceptJoint
OPlan
SACEUR’s OPlan
Assessment
SACEUR’s Mission
Progress Report
NAC ID
Disengagement Planning
Luis Caamaño
Operates
NATO COMMUNICATIONS
Provides
SUPPORTGIS
CMFACILITIES
Provides
Maintains
CRISIS INFORMATION
EnsuresINT & INFOflow
NATO HQ
CAPITALS
STRATEGIC COMMANDERS
Supports briefings
PRESENTATIONS
POLITICALMILITARY
ECONOMICMATTERS
Monitors
CENTRAL AGENCY
Crisis ManagementInformation
Acts As
NATOSituation Centre
NATOSituation Centre
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
• Cumbre de Chicago 2012:• Smart defense• Connected forces
• Cumbre de Gales 2014• Readiness Action Plan• Refuerzo de NRF
ADAPTACIÓN AL NUEVO ENTONO ESTRATEGICO Y ECONOMICO
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
• A disposición OSCE y NNUU 1992• SFOR / IFOR 1995• Kosovo 1999• Active endeavour 2001• Macedonia 2002• Darfur/ Iraq• ISAF
OPERACIONES OTAN DE GESTIÓN DE CRISIS
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LAS OPERACIONES OTAN
MISIONES ROBUSTAS
CONJUNCIÓN TRANSATLÁNTICA
PARTICIPACIÓN DE TERCEROS PAISES
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
Afganistán
Kosovo
Controlando el Mar Mediterráneo Contrapiratería en el Cuerno de África Apoyo a la Unión Africana
OPERACIONES EN MARCHA ACTUALMENTE
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
La OTAN en Bosnia Herzegovina La OTAN en Macedonia Operaciones contraterroristas La segunda guerra del Golfo Protección de grandes acontecimientos públicos La OTAN en Iraq El huracán Katrina Asistencia humanitaria en el terremoto en Pakistán Asistencia a la Unión Africana en Darfur, Sudan Contrapiratería en el Golfo de Adén y el Cuerno de África La OTAN en Libia
OPERACIONES YA FINALIZADAS
X Curso de Gestión Internacional de Crisis
Luis Caamaño
Guerra FríaDespués de la Guerra Fría
Operación Anchor Guard (Agosto 1990 – Marzo 1991
Operación Ace Guard (Enero 1991 – Marzo 1991Operación Allied Goodwill I & II (Febrero
1992 – Marzo 1992Operación Agile Genie (Mayo 1992
OPERACIONES DESDE 1949 HASTA LOS PRIMEROS AÑOS 90