Xây dựng hệ thống đề kiểm tra định kì theo chuẩn kiến thức và kĩ năng hóa học khối 11 THPT

7/27/2019 Xy dng h thng kim tra nh k theo chun kin thc v k nng ha hc kh i 11 THPT

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B GIO DC V O TOTRNG I HC S PHM TP. H CH MINH

Hunh Ngc Ti

XY DNG H THNG KIM TRA

NH K THEO CHUN KIN THC V

K NNG HA HC KHI 11 THPT

LUN VN THC S GIO DCHC

Thnh ph H Ch Minh 2011

www.daykemquynhon.ucoz.com

www.facebook.com/daykem.quynhon


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B GIO DC V O TOTRNG I HC S PHM TP. H CH MINH

Hunh Ngc Ti

XY DNG H THNG KIM TRANH K THEO CHUN KIN THC V

K NNG HA HC KHI 11 THPT

Chuyn ngnh: L lun v phng php dy hc mn Ha hcM s: 60 14 10

LUN VN THC S GIO DCHC

Ngi hng dn khoa hc:TS. V ANH TUN

Thnh ph H Ch Minh - 2011




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0BLI CM N

Lun vn thc s vi ti Xy dng h thng kim tra nh k theo chun kin

thc v k nng ho hc khi 11 THPTc hon thnh nh s gip tn tnh nhiu

qu thy, c. Ti c bit cm n TS. V Anh Tun ang cng tc ti V Gio dc Trung

hc B Gio dc v o tol ngi trc tip hng dn ti t khi hnh thnh

tng cho n lc hon thnh lun vn. ng thi, ti trn trng cm n qu thy, c ging

dy khoa Ha, Trng i hc S Phm TP.HCM.

Ti chn thnh cm n qu thy, c cng tc ti Phng Khoa hc Cng ngh v Sau i

hc to mi iu kin tt nht gip ti hon thnh lun vn. Ti chn thnh cm n Ban gim hiu, T b mn ha hc v cc em hc sinh Trng

THPT An Ninh, c Ha ,Long An; trng THPT Hu Ngha, c Ha , Long An; trng THPT

Nguyn Hu Th, Bn Lc, Long An; trng THPT Trn Vn n, Bnh Dng, TP HCM;v mt

s Trng THPT TP HCM, Tin Giang, Bnh Dng, Qung Ngi, Long An to iu

kin thun li nht cho ti trong qu trnh thc nghim s phm ti trng.

Ti chn thnh cm n cc bn trong lp cao hc chuyn ngnh L lun v phngphp dy hc mn ha hc kha 19 gp gip ti hon thin ti nghin cu ny.

Ti xin cm n gia nh v bn b lun bn cnh ng vin, gip ti hon thnh

lun vn ny.

Tc gi




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3T2.2.1. Chng 1: S in li 3T ................................................................................................................ 35

3TS dng dng c, ho cht tin hnh c thnh cng, an ton cc th nghimtrn. 3T................... 35

3T2.2.2. Chng 2: Nit- Photpho3T ......................................................................................................... 35

3T2.3. kim tra nh k chng I: S in li3T ......................................................................................... 37

3T2.3.1. Thit k trc nghim khch quan3T ......................................................................................... 37

3T2.3.1.1. Xy dng ma trn 3T ........................................................................................................ 37

3T2.3.1.2. Th vin cu hi3T ............................................................................................................... 38

3T2.3.2. Thit k t lun3T ................................................................................................................... 57

3T2.3.2.1. Xy dng ma trn 3T ........................................................................................................ 57

3T2.3.2.2. Th vin cu hi3T ............................................................................................................... 58

3T2.3.3. Thit k kt hp TNKQ v t lun3T ....................................................................................... 65

3T2.3.3.1. Xy dng ma trn 3T ........................................................................................................ 65

3T2.4. kim tra nh k chng II: NITO- PHOTPHO3T............................................................................ 69

3T2.4.1. Thit k trc nghim khch quan3T ......................................................................................... 69

3T2.4.1.1. Xy dng ma trn 3T ........................................................................................................ 69

3T

2.4.1.2. Th vin cu hi3T

............................................................................................................... 71

3T2.4.1.3. Thng k s cu theo ma trn3T ........................................................................................... 86

3T2.4.1.4. Xy dng 3T ..................................................................................................................... 86

3T2.4.2. Dng t lun3T ........................................................................................................................ 93

3T2.4.2.1. Xy dng ma trn 3T ........................................................................................................ 93

3T2.4.3.Hnh thc kt hp TNKQ v t lun3T ....................................................................................... 104

3T2.4.3.1. Xy dng ma trn 3T ...................................................................................................... 104

3T2.4.3.2. Thng k s cu theo ma trn3T ......................................................................................... 105

3T2.4.3.3. Xy dng 3T ................................................................................................................... 105

3T2.5. thi hc k I 3T................................................................................................................................ 109

3T2.5.1. Xy dng ma trn 3T .............................................................................................................. 109

3T

2.5.2. Thng k s cu theo ma trn3T

................................................................................................. 110

3T2.5.3. Xy dng 3T .......................................................................................................................... 110

3TTIU KT CHNG 23T ....................................................................................................................... 112




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3TChng 3: THC NGHIM S PHM 3T........................................................................ 114

3T3.1. Mc ch, nhim v thc hin s phm3T ......................................................................................... 114

3T3.2. Ni dung thc nghim s phm 3T ..................................................................................................... 114

3T3.3. Phng php thc nghim s phm3T ............................................................................................... 114

3T3.3.1. Chn i tng thc nghim v a bn thc nghim3T ............................................................. 114

3T3.3.2. T chc thc nghim s phm3T ............................................................................................... 115

3T3.4. Kt qu thc nghim s phm3T ....................................................................................................... 115

3T3.4.1. X l s liu thc nghim s phm 3T ........................................................................................ 116

3T3.4.2. nh gi kt qu thc nghim s phm3T .................................................................................. 120

3TKT LUN CHUNG V MT S KIN NGH3T.......................................................... 125

3TTI LIU THAM KHO3T............................................................................................... 127

3TPh lc3T.................................................................................................................................. 1




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1BDANH MC NHNG CH VIT TT

CTPT : cng thc phn t

CTCT : cng thc cu to

CSVC : c s vt chtDH : dy hc

Dd : dung dch

GV : gio vin

GS : gio s

GD-T : Gio dc v o to

GDTrH : Gio dc Trung hc

HDG : hng dn gii

HS : hc sinh

KT : kim tra

KTG : kim tra nh gi

KT-KN : kin thc k nng

KL : kim loi

PPDH : phng php dy hc

PPHT : phng php hc tp

PP : phng php

PPCT : phn phi chng trnh

PK : phi kim

SGK : sch gio khoa

SGV : sch gio vin

TNKQ : trc nghim khch quan

TN THPT: tt nghip trung hc ph thng




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2BM U

9B1.L DO CHN TI

Ngh quyt s 40/2000/QH10, ngy 09 thng 12 nm 2000 ca Quc hi kha X v i mi

chng trnh gio dc ph thng, khng nh mc tiu ca i mi chng trnh gio dc ph thng

ln ny l xy dng ni dung chng trnh, phng php gio dc, sch gio khoa ph thng mi

nhm nng cao cht lng gio dc tan din th h tr, p ng yu cu pht trin ngun nhn lc

phc v cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc, ph hp vi thc tin v truyn thng Vit Nam, tip

cn trnh gio dc ph thng cc nc pht trin trong khu vc v trn th gii. Vn bn ng

thi yu cu: Vic i mi chng trnh gio dc ph thng phi qun trit mc tiu, yu cu v ni

dung, phng php gio dc ca cc bc hc, cp hc qui nh trong Lut Gio Dc; khc phc nhngmt hn ch ca chng trnh, SGK; tng cng tnh thc tin, k nng thc hnh, nng lc t hc; coi

trng kin thc khoa hc x hi v nhn vn; b sung nhng thnh tu v khoa hc v cng ngh hin

i, ph hp vi kh nng tip thu ca hc sinh. m bo s thng nht, k tha v pht trin ca

chng trnh gio dc; tng cng tnh lin thng ca gio dc ph thng vi gio dc ngh nghip,

gio dc i hc; thc hin phn lung trong h thng gio dc quc dn o to s cn i v c

cu ngun nhn lc; m bo s thng nht v chun kin thc v k nng, c phng n vn dng

chng trnh SGK ph hp vi han cnh v iu kin ca cc a bn khc nhau. i mi ni dung

chng trnh SGK, phng php dy v hc phi thc hin ng b vi vic nng cp v i mi trang

thit b dy hc, t chc nh gi, thi c, chun ha trng, s, o to bi dng GV v cng tc qun

l gio dc.

t nc ta ang bc vo giao an cng nghip ha v hin i ha vi mc tiu n nm 2020

Vit Nam s t mt nc nng nghip v c bn tr thnh nc cng nghip, hi nhp vi cng ng

quc t. Nhn t quyt nh thng li ny l con ngi, l ngun nhn lc ngi Vit Nam c phttrin tan din v s lng ln cht lng. Vic ny bt u t gio dc ph thng, i hi nh trng

to ra nhng con ngi lao ng t ch, nng ng v sng to. thc hin yu cu ny th phng

php gio dc phi hng vo vic khi dy, rn luyn v pht trin kh nng suy ngh t duy mt cch

t ch nng ng v sng to ngay trong hc tp nh trng. y l nguyn nhn dn n vic i mi

phng php dy, i mi hnh thc kim tra nh gi sao cho ph hp vi yu cu x hi.

Nhm xc nh mc nm c kin thc, k nng k xo ca ngi hc v thm nh tnh hiu

qu ca phng php gio dc th vic lm khng th thiu l kim tra nh gi. kim tra nh

gi c kt qu th cn c mt ngn hng ng chun v c tin cy cao. Ngn hng ny khng

ch dnh ring cho gio vin m cho c hc sinh s dng nh mt ti liu tham kho ng tin cy.




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Trn th trng c nhiu sch tham kho, nhng th lai sch gii thiu kim tra theo ng

chun kin thc, k nng ca B GD-T l cha vi nhu cu ca hc sinh v gio vin. Vic xut

mt h thng kim tra nh trn, a dng v hnh thc, phong ph v ni dung v m bo ng

chun (c km theo li gii hoc hng dn) l vic cn thit cho gio vin v hc sinh khi dy v hc

mn ha hc.

10B2. MC CH CA TI

Nhm xy dng h thng kim tra nh k mn ha hc lp 11, ng chun kin thc k nng,

cth, r rng, h tr gio vin thun li hn trong cng tc ging dy, gip hc sinh t nh gi qu

trnh hc tp ca mnh, gp phn nng cao cht lng dy v hc hin nay.

11B3.NHIM V CA TI

-Nghin cu c s l lun v c s thc tin v kim tra nh gi.

-Nghin cu c s l lun v c s thc tin v chun kin thc v k nng.

- Phn loi, h thng cc hnh thc kim tra nh k ha hc khi 11 THPT.

- Xy dng h thng kim tra theo chun kin thc v k nng ha hc khi 11 THPT.

- Thc nghim s phm nhm xc nh tnh hiu qu ca ti.

12B4.I TNG V KHCH TH NGHIN CU

- i tng nghin cu: xy dng h thng kim tra nh k ha hc lp 11.

- Khch th nghin cu: qu trnh dy hc ha hc trng THPT.

13B5.PHM VI NGHIN CU

Xy dng h thng kim tra nh k chng 1: S in li, chng 2: Nit- Photpho, thi HKIlp 11 THPT.

14B6.GI THUYT KHOA HC

Nu nghin cu thnh cng ti, n gip:

-Gio vin c thm t liu dy hc, lm phong ph vn kin thc, h thng kimtra ca GV.

-Hc sinh c th t kim tra nh nng cao vai tr t hc, t nh gi, t khi dy HS lng

say m khoa hc, t nghin cu, tm ti rn luyn v pht trin t duy.




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15B7.NG GP MI CA TI

- xut c s l lun v kim tra nh gi, v chun kin thc v k nng ha hc

- xut phng php kim tra nh k ha v c cho GV v HS THPT.

-Tp hp cc hnh thc kim tra c bn c nng cao, cp nht, gp phn gip GV thun li

hn trong cng tc ging dy, nng cao hiu qu dy hc. Gup cc em HS c thm t liu st chng

trnh ph thng t hc nh, cng c v rn luyn t duy.

-Xy dng b sung kim tra c cc bi ton v bng s liu, v dy chuyn sn xut, ng dng

thc t nhm a mn ha hc gn gi hn i vi i sng hng ngy.

16B8.PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

-Phn tch tng hp: c v chn lc cc t liu dy hc ha hc trn SGK, sch tham kho, bo,

tp ch. c nghin cu cc ti liu v bi tp ha hc.

-Phng php h thng cu trc.

-Phng php chuyn gia: hi kin GVHD, GV i trc c kinh nghim ging dy.

-S dng phiu hi, phng vn.

-Thc nghim s phm.

-Thng k ton hc, x l s liu.




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3BChng 1: C S L LUN V THC TIN CA TI

17B1.1. Lchsvnnghin cu

Trn th gii ni chung v Vit Nam ni ring,lch s kim tra nh gi c t rt lu, c th ni khi bt

u c nhn thc l c kim tra nh gi. Khi nim kim tra nh gi hnh thnh khi no?

Trong lch s nc ta, gip vua la chn ngi ti gii phn b vo cc chc quan tr nc,

triu nht chc cc k thi (thi c) so snh v o lng kh nng gia cc th sinh vi nhau, t

chn ra ngi xut sc nht b nhim vo cc chc quan. Tuy nhin, o lng trong gio dc ch

xut hin cch y hn mt th k. Nm 1970, khoa hc v kim tranh gi ch l nhng pht

trin ri rc. Ti min Nam Vit Nam c cng trnh nghin cu ca Dng Thiu Tng v Trc

nghim v o lng thnh tch hc tp (xut bn nm 1973). Trong ng i su nghin cu

nhng nguyn l cn bn v o lng v a ranhn nh: Kim tra nh gi phi da trn mc

tiu dy hc. Bn cnh ng cn ch ra nhng im khc nhau gia phng php lun v

phng php trc nghim, cch s dng tng phng php cho ph hp vi mc tiu nh gi.

Trc nm 1990 khng c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v KTG trong GD. Sau nm 1994,

KTG c ch trng v nghin cu su hn, minh chng tiu biu l cc cuc hi tho v KTGdo B GD v T t chc. Ni dung ch yu bn v cch thc v hnh thc KTG cc k thi, ch

trng l kthi TNTHPT v thi tuyn sinh H.

Sau y chng ti xin im qua mt s cng trnh nghin cu v KTG:

a/ Cc vn bn, ti liu hng dn v i mi KTG ca B GDT

- Ti liu bi dng GV thc hin chng trnh SGK lp 10, lp 11, lp 12- mn Ho hc,

NXB Gio Dc, nm 2005, nm 2006, nm 2007.

- Ti liu hng dn: K thut xy dng b trc nghim khch quan, V GDTrH- B GD vT, nm 2008.

- Ti liu bi dng Cn b qun l v GV v bin son kim tra, xy dng th vin cu hi

v bi tp, V GDTrH, B GD v T, nm 2011.

b/ Sch v KTG v xy dng b KT

- ng th Oanh, Nguyn Th Ng, V Anh Tun (nm 2009), T hc t kim tra nh gi

kin thc k nng ho hc THPT dnh cho HS kh gii (tp 1- Ho hc c s), NXB Gio Dc Vit

Nam.




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- ng Th Oanh v mt s tc gi khc (nm 2007, nm 2008), B kim tra nh gi ho

hc lp 10, lp 11, NXB i hc S Phm.

- Phm Trng, Nguyn Tn Thin, Tng c Huy, nm 2010, kim tra kin thc Ho hc

11, NXB Gio Dc Vit Nam.

c/ Cc lun vnthc s t nm 2000 n nay

- Phm Th Bc, nm 2008, Tng cng nng lc t kim tra nh gi ca HS THPT bng h

thng b kim tra kin thc k nng ho hc lp 11 - Nng cao (V c)- Lun vn Thc s chuyn

ngnh L lun v phng php dy hc Ho hc HSP H Ni.

- Hunh Th Thu H, Nm 2009, Xy dng B kim tra nh gi lp 12- Nng cao (ho

hc hu c) tng cng nng lc t hc t kim tra nh gi ca HS THPT- Lun vn Thc s

chuyn ngnh L lun v phng php dy hc Ho hc HSP Hu.

-Nguyn Th Tuyt An, nm 2010, Xy dng b phn Ho hc v c gip HS THPT tng

cng kh nng t kim tra nh gi, Lun vn Thc s chuyn ngnh L lun v phng php dy

hc Ho hc HSP TP H Ch Minh.

Vic i mi KTG kt qu hc tp caHS l vn quan trng v c nhiu nh GD

quan tm. Nhng hin nay, vic ra KTG HS cn mang tnh ch quan, tu vo tng khu vc,

tng trng, tng GV... m hnh thc, ni dung khc nhau. Nm 2010 B GD quy nh chun

kin thc v k nng, nn vic xy dng b KTG theo chun kin thc v k nng l ht sc cnthit v hu ch cho GV, cho HS.

18B1.2. Chun kin thc v k nng

35B1.2.1. Khi nim chun [7, 17, 22]

Theo t in Ting Vit ph thng, Vin ngn ng hc, NXB tp HCM 2002, chun l ci c

chn lm cn c i chiu, hng theo m lm cho ng. Chun (standard) ci c chn lm mc di vo i chiu m lm cho ng (theo t

in ting Vit thng dng, Nh ch bin, NXB Gio dc, 1995).

Chun nh gi l cn cquan trng thc hin vic nh gi, chun c hiu l yu cu c

bn, ti thiu cn t c trong vic xem xt cht lng sn phm.

Chun l mc yu cu i tng gio dc phi p ng c cng nhn t tiu chun

cht lng gio dc. Chun bao gm cc tiu chun v cc tiu ch.

Nh vy, chun l nhng yu cu, tiu ch tun th theo nhng nguyn tc nht nh c

dng lm thc o nh gi hot ng, cng vic, sn phm thuc lnh vc no .

Chun phi m bo nhng yu cu c bn sau:




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- Chun phi c tnh khch quan, khng l thuc vo quan im hay thi ch quan ca

ngi s dng Chun.

- Chun phi c hiu lc n nh v phm vi ln thi gian p dng.

- m bo tnh kh thi, c ngha l Chun c th t c.

- m bo tnh c th, tng minh v c tnh nh lng.- m bo khng mu thun vi cc chun khc trong cng lnh vc hoc nhng lnh vc c

lin quan.

36B1.2.2. Khi nim kin thc, k nng [16, 30, 33]

71B1.2.2.1. Kin thc

Theo t in ting Vit ph thng, Vin ngn ng hc, NXB TP HCM 2002, kin thc l

nhng iu hiu bit c c do tng tri hoc do hc tp.

Theo l lun dy hc, kin thc c hiu l kt qu ca qu trnh nhn thc bao gm mt tp

hp nhiu mt v cht lng v s lng ca cc biu tng v khi nim c lnh hi, gi li

trong tr nh v ti hin khi c nhng i hi tng ng . Khi xt quy lut hc tp l qu trnh ca

hot ng nhn thc, I.Fkhalamov cng a cc nh ngha khc nhau v kin thc di gc

trit hc, gio dc hc v sinh l hc ([30], tr12-19).

Kin thc ha hc chng trnh 11 THPT m ta ang xt bao gm kin thc v c v kin

thc hu c, y ta xt v kin thc v c l:

- L thuyt ch o: Khi nim v s in li, cht in li, cht in li mnh, cht in li yu,

cn bng in li. Thuyt axit-baz ca A-r-ni-ut v Bron- stt. Khi nim v pH, mi trng ca

dung dch, cht ch th axitbaz, cch tnh pH ca dung dch axit mnh, baz mnh. Bn cht v

iu kin xy ra phn ng ca phn ng trao i ion.

- Cht c th: Cu to phn t, trng thi t nhin, tnh cht vt l, ha hc, ng dng chnh viu ch ca nit, amoniac, mui amoni, axit nitric, mui nitrat, photpho, axit photphoric, mui

photphat, cacbon, silic, cc hp cht ca cacbon v silic. Khi nim, phn loi, tnh cht v ng

dng ca phn bn ha hc. Cng nghip silicat: thnh phn ho hc, tnh cht, quy trnh sn xut

v bin php k thut trong sn xutthu tinh, gm, xi mng.

72B1.2.2.2.K nng

Theo t in ting Vit ph thng, Vin ngn ng hc, NXB TP HCM 2002, k nng l kh

nng vn dng nhng kin thc thu c trong mt lnh vc no vo thc t.




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Theo t in ting Vit, Vn Tn, NXB Khoa hc x hi, 1994, k nng l kh nng ng dng

tri thc khoa hc vo thc tin.

Theo M.A. anilov,k nng l kh nng ca con ngi bit s dng c mc ch v sng to

nhng kin thc v k xo ca mnh trong hot ng l thuyt cng nh thc tin ([33], tr 12-tr14).

K nng bao gi cng xut pht t kin thc da trn kin thc, k nng chnh l kin thc tronghnh ng. Khi hnh ng thng qua luyn tp m tr thnh t ng ha gi l k xo. Theo M.V.

Zueva ([33], tr12-tr 14), cc nh l lun dy hc c Lin X chia k nng c bn v ha hc

thnh cc nhm:

- K nng p dng tri thc bng cch p dng nhng thao tc tr tu c bn.

- K nng gii cc bi ton ha hc (nh lng v nh tnh).

- K nng tin hnh th nghim quan st v nu kt lun di hnh thc ni hay vit.

- K nng s dng cc tri thc thu lm c trong mt s dng cng tc ngoi lp, ngoi

trng.

Trong chng trnh HKI- ha v c lp 11, theo chng ti hc sinh cn t c mt s k

nng nh:

-Quan st th nghim, rt ra c kt lun, phn bit, so snh, d on phn ng;

-Vit c phng trnh in li, phng trnh ion;

-

Gii c bi tp: tnh nng mol ion , tnh pH ca dung dch, tnh ton theo phng trnh,tnh % khi lng cc cht trong hn hp, tnh % th tch nit trong hn hp kh, tnh theo hiu sut

phn ng, tnh khi lng sn phm to thnh qua nhiu phn ng, bi tp khc c ni dung lin

quan, mt s bi tp tng hp c ni dung lin quan...([16], tr13- tr23).

Trong hc tp ho hc, k nng l bit vn dng cc kin thc hc tr li cc cu hi,

gii bi tp, lm thc hnh, c knng tnh ton, v hnh, dng biu ... Thng thng k nng

c xc nh theo 3 mc :

+ Thc hin c.

+ Thc hin thnh tho.

+ Thc hin sng to.

Tuy nhin trong chng trnh GDPT, ch yu cp n 2 mc u, cc mc cn li

ch trngpht huy nng khiu, s trng, nng lc sng to ca HS.

37B1.2.3. Mi quan h gia kin thc v k nng trong trong qu trnh dy hc ([33],

tr14)

Theo M.A. anilov nu ln mi quan h gia kin thc v k nng nh sau:




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Kin thc v k nng c mi quan h bin chng vi nhau. Kin thc l c s l nn tng

hnh thnh nn k nng, vic nm vng k nng s c tc dng tr li gip cho kin thc tr nn

sng ng, linh hot hn, khc su hn. Trong dy hc ha hc ngi ta cng khng nh l : khn g

c tri thc th s khng c k nng. Khng c vic p dng tri thc s khng t c s pht trin

ca k nng . Ngc li nu ch c tri thc m khng c k nng khng bit p dng tri thc th trithc tr thnh v dng, l l thuyt so rng.

19B1.3. Kim tra nh gi

38B1.3.1. Khi nim kim tra (7, 14, 17, 30)

Theo t in Gio dc hc, Kim tra l mt b phn ca hot ng dy hc, nhm nm

c thng tin v trng thi v kt qu hc tp ca HS v nhng nguyn nhn c bn ca thc trng

tmra nhng bin php khc phc l hng, ng thi cng c tip tc nng cao hiu qu ca

hot ng dy v hc.

Khi nim kim tra c th hiu l vic thu thp nhng d liu, thng tin v mt lnh vc no

l c s cho vic nh gi. Ni cch khc th kimtra l xem xt tnh hnh thc t nh gi,

nhn xt.

Theo T in Ting Vit, kim tra c hiu l: Xem xt tnh hnh thc t nh gi, nhn

xt. Nh vy, vic kim tra s cung cp nhng d kin, nhng thng tin cn thit lm c s cho vic

nh gi hc sinh.

Mt s nh nghin cu cho rng: Kim tra l thut ng ch cch thc hoc hot ng gio

vin s dng thu thp thng tin v biu hin kin thc, k nng v thi hc tp ca hc sinh

trong hc tp nhm cung cp d kin lm c s cho vic nh gi; Kim tra c hiu theo ngha

rng nh l theo di qu trnh hc tp v cng c th c hiu theo ngha hp nh l cng c kim

tra hoc mt bi kim tra trong cc k thi; Vic kim tra cung cp nhng d kin, nhng thng tinlm c s cho vic nh gi.

39B1.3.2. Khi nim nh gi (7, 14, 17)

C nhiu khi nim vnh gi, c nu trong cc ti liu ca nhiu tc gikhc nhau. Theo

t in Gio dc hc, nh gi kt qu hc tp l xc nh mc kin thc, k nng, k xo ca

hc sinh so vi yu cu ca chng trnh ra.

Khi nim nh gi c th hiu l cn c vo cc kin thc, s liu, biu , cc d liu, cc thng

tin c lng nng lc hoc phm cht nhn nh, phn on v xut quyt nh. Ni ngn gn

th nh gi l nhn nh gi tr. Theo Tin Ting Vit: nh gi c hiu l nhn nh gi tr.




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Trong cc ti liu vnh gi kt quhc tp ca hc sinh, ta thng gp cc khi nim:

- nh gi l qu trnh thu thp v x l kp thi, c h thng thng tin vhin trng, kh

nng hay nguyn nhn ca cht lng v hiu qugio dc cn cvo mc tiu gio dc, lm c s

cho nhng chtrng, binphp v hnh ng gio dc tip theo nhm pht huy kt qu, sa cha

thiu st.- nh gi kt quhc tp ca hc sinh l qu trnh thu thp v xl thng tin vtrnh ,

khnng t c mc tiu hc tp ca HS cng vi tc ng v nguyn nhn ca tnh hnh ,

nhm to c scho nhng quyt nh s phm ca gio vin v nh trng HS hc tp ngy mt

tin bhn.

- nh gi c ngha l: Thu thp mt tp hp thng tin , thch hp, c gi trv ng tin

cy; v xem xt mc ph hp gia tp hp thng tin ny v mt tp hp tiu ch ph hp vi cc

mc tiu nh ra ban u hay iu chnh trong qu trnh thu thp thng tin; nhm ra mt quyt nh

- nh gi c hiu l qu trnh hnh thnh nhng nhn nh, phn on vkt qucng

vic, da vo sphn tch nhng thng tin thu c i chiu vi mc tiu, tiu chun ra,

nhm xut nhng quyt nh thch hp ci thin thc trng, iu chnh, nng cao cht lng

v hiu qucng tc gio dc.

- nh gi l qu trnh thu thp thng tin, chng cvi tng nh gi v a ra nhng

phn xt, nhn nh vmc t c theo cc tiu ch a ra trong cc chun hay kt quhctp.

- nh gi l qu trnh thu thp thng tin, chng cvi tng nh gi v a ra nhng phn

xt, nhn nh vmc t c theo cc tiu ch c a ra trong cc tiu chun hay kt quhc

tp. nh gi c thl nh gi nh lng (quantitative) da vo cc con shoc nh tnh (qualitative)

dvo cc kin v gi tr.

nh gi l phng tin xc nh mc ch v mc tiu ca cng vic c t c hay

khng. N bao gm vic xem xt cc phng tin ang c sdng t n mc ch v mc

tiu.

nh gi l qu trnh thu thp phn tch v gii thch thng tin mt cch c hthng nhm xc

nh mc t n cc mc tiu ging hun vpha hc sinh.

nh gi gm c 3 khu chnh l: Thu thp thng tin, xl thng tin v ra quyt nh. nh

gi l mt qu trnh bt u khi chng ta nh ra mt mc tiu phi theo ui v kt thc khi a ra

quyt nh lin quan n mc tiu , ng thi cng li mu cho mt chu trnh gio dc tip

theo.




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nh gi thc hin ng thi 2 chc nng: va l ngun thng tin phn hi vqu trnh dy

hc, va gp phn iu chnh hot ng ny.

Kimtra nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh nhm theo di qu trnh hc tp ca hc sinh,

a ra cc gii php kp thi iu chnh phng php dy ca thy, phng php hc ca tr, gip

hc sinh tin b v t c mc tiu gio dc.

40B1.3.3. Cc hnh thc kim tra nh gi (7, 14, 17, 23)

73B1.3.3.1. Phn loi

KIM TRA NH GI-Kim tra kho st

Vic kim tra ny thc hin vo u nm hc, saukhi HS vo hc mt hoc hai tun.

-nh gi khi snh gi thnh tch ban u ca hc sinhtrc khi GV bt u ging dy kin thcmi.

-Kim tra thng xuynGV thc hin thng xuyn trn lp di

nhiu hnh thc khc nhau: khi n tp bi c, khibt u bi mi, khi hc sinh p dng kin thc c gii quyt vn mi... Qua gip GV kpthi iu chnh cch dy v HS iu chnh cchhc.

-nh gi hnh thnhL li nh gi dng theo di s tin bca HS, cung cp s phn hi lin tc chothy v tr iu chnh cch dy v hckp thi v hp l .

-Kim tra nh ky l hnh thc kim trasau khi HS hc xongmt chng hoc mt phn kin thc, c quynh trc theo chng trnh gio dc. Khi lngkin thc tng i ln, thi gian tng i di,y l kt qu ca mt qu trnh hc tp, ging dy.

N gip GV v HS cng nhn li kt qu dy vhc sau mt giai on, lm c s cho vic xc nhnhng iu chnh trong phn mi.

-nh gi chun onLin quan n nhng kh khn trong hctp. Cc kh khn ny mi xy ra hoc xyra lin tc, mc d thng qua nh gi hnhthnh c thyv tr iu chnh. Vy cn

phi nh gi chun on chi tit hn, tmra nguyn nhn cn bn, ra bin phpkhc phc cho nhng giai on tip theo.

-Kim tra tng ktLoi kim tra ny thng c tin hnh vo cuimi nm hc, cui hc phn, y l c s GVa ra nhng nh gi chung v HS sau mt nmhc.

Cc loi kim tra trn y u c mi quanh mt thit vi nhau, GV khng nn ch da vomt loi hnh kim tra m nh gi HS, nh th d

b phin din, sai lm.

-nh gi tng ktThc hin vo cui k hc, hoc cui kho,hay mt n v hc trnh. Nhm xc nhmc t c cc mc tiu ging hun,v kin thc, v k nng, cung cp thng tin nh gi mc tiu mn hc v hiu quvic ging dy.




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74B1.3.3.2. Hnh thc

C nhiu hnh thc kim tra nh gi khc nhau, y chng ti xin nu cc hnh thc kim

tra c dng nhiu v ph bin:

a/ Kim tra vit:

a.1/ Kim tra trc nghim t lun

* Uu im:U

+ Kim tra c trnh , s lnh hi kin thc c cung cp ca hc sinh.

+ Kim tra c kh nng din t, trnh by ni dung lp lun gii quyt vn ca hc sinh.* UNhc im:U

+ Tnh khch quan khng cao, v ph thuc vo:

- Ch vit.

- Kh nng din t, cch gii bi.

- Cch hnh vn.

+ Tnh v t v sng sut ca gio vin chm bi khng m bo.

+ Mt nhiu thi gian chm bi.+ Thng ch kim tra s lnh hi kin thc hc sinh trong mt phm vi hp.

* iu kin t kt qu cao :

Theo thiim kim tra

Theo itng kim tra

Theo cchthc kim tra

Theo chth kim tra

Ki mtra unm

Ki mtra nhk

Ki mtra cuihc k

Ki mtraphchp

HSkimtralnnhau

HStkimtra

Ki mtra cnhn

Ki mtranhm

Ki mtratonlp

Ki mtrani

Ki mtravit

Ki mtrathchnh

GVkimtraHS

HnhthcTNTL

HnhthcTNKQ

Kim tra nh

Hnhthc kthp TLvTNKQ




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+ t vn cn chnh xc v cch gii quyt phi khch quan.

+ Phi ph hp mc tiu ra.

+ Vn cn gii quyt va c tnh phn tch va c tnh tng hp.

+ bi yu cu hc sinh c suy lun.

+ t cu hi kim tra s t hc ca hc sinh.+ t cu hi kim tra c lin quan n chi tit ging dy trong lp hc m khng c trong

gio trnh kim tra s hin din ca hc sinh trong gi ging.

a.2./ Kim tra trc nghim khchquan

* Uu im:U

+ Trong mt thi gian ngn c th kim tra c nhiu kin thc c th, tng kha cnh khc

nhau.

+ Phm vi kim tra rng trnh c hc t. S cu hi nhiu nn bao hm tnh dn tri kh

ln.

+ Tn t thi gian chm bi.

+ Bo m tnh khch quan, tin cy cao khi chm im.

+ Gip gio vin c th dng cc phng php thng k ton hc nhm pht hin s tip thu

ng b hay khng trong lp.

+ Cho php lng ho c vic ging dy.+ Hc sinh c th t nh gi bi lm ca mnh.

+ Gip cho hc sinh k nng phn on mtvn .

+ Do cn c thao tc v t duy nhanh nn trnh c quay cp.

* UNhc im:U

+ Do khng yu cu hc sinh din t bi gii di dng hnh vn, nn khng trnh khi hc

sinh lm bi mt cch b ng (chn ngu nhin do khng nhn nh c r rng ).

+ Hn ch t duy sng to, khng pht trin t duy sng to ca hc sinh, ch rn luyn tr nh

my mc. Nhng cu trc nghim cn t duy tng hp khng th lm trong thi gian ngn c.

+ Ch cho gio vin bit kt qu lm bi ca hc sinh, khng bit qu trnh v kh nng t duy

gii quyt vn ca hc sinh.

- Hc sinh khng c iu kin bc l t tng, k nng, tnh cm, thi lin quan n mn hc

c kim tra, khng gip cho hc sinh pht trin ngn ng ni v vit.

- Vn dng ch yu tr nh ca hc sinh.


+ Cu trc nghim cn i chiu vi mc tiu, gio trnh.




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+ S cu hi phi ph hp thi gian qui nh cho bi thi trc nghim khch quan.

b/Kim tra vn p

* Uu im:U

+ Trc tip i thoi vi hc sinh.

+ Tnh khch quan tng i cao nu c nhiu thy hi.+ t c nhiu cu hi lng gi nhiu mt: Mc suy lun, kh nng ng i, s

nhanh tr hay khng?

* UNhc im:U

+ t thi gian cho hc sinh suy ngh.

+ Mt thi gian ca GV.


+ t vn cn chnh xc v cch gii quyt phi khch quan.

+ thi gian cho hc sinh suy ngh.

+ Nhiu thy hi cng tt.

c/ Kim tra cho (HS t kim tra, kim tra ln nhau)

* u im:

+ Pht trin vic t gic hc tp ca hc sinh.

+ To c mi trng hc tp thn thin gia hc sinh vi nhau, iu kin tt cho vic h tr

nhau cng tin trong hc tp.

+ Vic kim tra mt vn c th c lp i lp li nhiu ln.

+ Hc sinh rn luyn k nng lm vic nhm.

* UNhc im:U

+ Tnh khch quan khng cao do ngi t kim tra c th t tha mn vi cu tr li hoc kt

qu mnh tm c hoc trnh ca ngi cng hc c hn.+ Cp bc kim tra thp .

+ D t tha mn vi cu tr li.

U* iu kin t kt qu cao:

+ Nghim khc vi chnh mnh.

+ T kim tra mt vn nhiu ln. Mt vn cn c xem xt nhiu mt qua nhiu cu hi

tng ng

+ Bi ging phi c ghi y chnh xc.+ C ti liu tham kho.




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+ Thc hin ng quy nh ca Quy ch nh gi, xp loi HS THCS, HS THPT do B GD -

T ban hnh, tin hnh s ln kim tra thng xuyn, kim tra nh k, kim tra hc k c l

thuyt v thc hnh. m bo tnh ton din: y cc kha cnh, cc mt cn nh gi theo yu

cu v mc ch. m bo tnh h thng: Tin hnh lin tc v u n theo k hoch nht nh,

nh gi thng xuyn, c h thng s thu c nhng thng tin y , r rng v to c s nh gi mt cch ton din.

+ im kim tra thc hnh (im h s 1), GV cn c vo tng trnh th nghim mt bi thc

hnh (c thng nht trc trong ton tnh) theo hng dn, ri thu v chm ly im thc hnh.

+ Cc bi kim tra nh k (kim tra 01 tit, kim tra hc k v kim tra cui nm hc) cn

c bin son trn c s thit k ma trn cho mi .

+ Bi kim tra 45 pht nn thc hin c hai hnh thc: trc nghim khch quan v t lun (t

l ni dung kin thc v im phn trc nghim khch quan ti a l 50%). Bi kim tra cui hc k

nn tin hnh di hnh thc 100% t lun. Trong qu trnh dy hc gio vin cn phi luyn tp

cho hc sinh thch ng vi cu trc thi v hnh thc thi TNPT m B GD-Tt chc hng nm.

43B1.3.6. i mi vic kim tra nh gi (15, 17, 19, 20)

a) Phi c s hng dn, ch o cht ch ca cc cp QLGD

i mi KT-G l mt yu cu cn thit phi tin hnh khi thc hin i mi PPDH cng nhi mi gio dc. i mi GD cni t tng kt thc tin pht huy u im, khc phc cc biu

hin hn ch, lc hu, yu km, trn c s tip thu vn dng cc thnh tu hin i ca khoa hc

GD trong nc v quc t vo thc tin nc ta. Cc cp qun l GD cn ch o cht ch, coi trng

vic hng dn cc c quan qun l GD cp di, cc trng hc, cc t chuyn mn v tng GV

trong vic t chc thc hin, sao cho i n tng kt, nh gi c hiu qu cui cng. Thc o

thnh cng ca cc gii php ch o l s i mi cch ngh, cch lm ca tng CBQLGD, ca mi

GV v a ra c cc ch s nng cao cht lng dy hc.

b) Phi c s h tr ca ng nghip, nht l GV cng b mn

n v t chc thc hin i mi PPDH, i mi KT-G l trng hc, mn hc vi mt

iu kin t chc dy hc c th. Do vic i mi KT-G phi gn vi c trng mi mn hc, nn

phi coi trng vai tr ca cc t chuyn mn, l ni trao i kinh nghim gii quyt mi kh khn,

vng mc. Trong vic t chc thc hin i mi KT-G, cn pht huy vai tr ca i ng GV gii

c nhiu kinh nghim, GV ct cn chuyn mn h tr GV mi, GV tay ngh cha cao, khng

GV no phi n c. Phi coi trng hnh thc hi tho, thao ging, d gi thm lp rt kinh

nghim kp thi, nh gi hiu qu tng gii php c th trong vic i mi PPDH v i mi KT -




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G: ra kim tra bo m cht lng, kt hp hnh thc t lun vi TNKQ cho ph hp vi c

trng b mn.

c) Cn ly kin xy dng ca HS hon thin PPDH v KT-G

i mi PPDH v i mi KT-G ch mang li kt qu khi HS pht huy vai tr tch cc, ch

ng, sng to, bit t tm cho mnh PP hc tp hu hiu, bit t hc, t nh gi kt qu hc tp.Trong mi trng s phm thn thin, vic thu thp kin xy dng ca HS gip GV nh gi

ng v mnh, tm ra con ng khc phc cc hn ch, thiu st, hon thin PPDH, i mi KT -

G l ht sc cn thit mang li nhiu li ch, n pht huy mi quan h thc y tng h gia

ngi dy v ngi hc.

d) i mi KT-G phi ng b vi cc khu lin quan v nng cao cc iu kin bo m

cht lng dy hc

i mi KT-G gn lin vi i mi PPDH ca GV v i mi PPHT ca HS, kt hp nh

gi trong vi nh gi ngoi. cp thp, GV c th dng kim tra ca ngi khc (ca ng

nghip, do nh trng cung cp, t ngun d liu trn cc Website chuyn ngnh) KT -G kt

qu hc tp ca HS lp mnh. cp cao hn, nh trng c th trng cu mt trng khc, c

quan chuyn mn bn ngoi t chc KT-G kt qu hc tp ca HS trng mnh.

i mi KT-G ch c hiu qu khi kt hp nh gi ca GV vi t nh gi ca HS. Sau

mi k kim tra, GV cn b tr thi gian tr bi, hng dn HS t nh gi kt qu lm bi, t choim bi lm ca mnh, nhn xt mc chnh xc trong chm bi ca GV. Trong qu trnh dy hc

v khi tin hnh KT-G, GV phi bit khai thc li gip HS t nhn r sai st nhm rn luyn

PPHT, PP t duy.

Ch o i mi KT-G phi ng thi vi nng cao phm cht v nng lc ca i ng GV,

ut nng cp CSVC, trong c thit b dy hc v t chc tt cc phong tro thi ua mi pht

huy ti ahiu qu.

e) Pht huy vai tr thc y ca i mi KT-G i vi i mi PPDH

Trong mi quan h hai chiu gia i mi KT-G vi i mi PPDH, khi imi mnh m

PPDH s t ra yu cu khch quan phi i mi KT-G, bo m ng b cho qu trnh hng ti

nng cao cht lng dy hc. Khi i mi KT-G m boyu cu khch quan, chnh xc, cng

bng s to tin xy dng mi trng s phm thn thin, to ng lc mi thc y i mi

PPDH v i mi cng tc qun l. T , s gip GV v cc c quan qun l xc nh ng n

hiu qu ging dy, to c s GV i mi PPDH v cc cp qun l ra gii php qun l ph

hp.




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f) Trong nh trng, hot ng dy hc l trung tm thc hin nhim v chnh tr c

giao, thc hin s mnh trng ngi. Hot ng dy hc ch t hiu qu cao khi to lp c

mi trng s phm lnh mnh, bu khng kh thn thin, pht huy ngy cng cao vai tr tch cc,

ch ng, sng to ca HS. Do , phi a ni dung ch o i mi PPDH ni chung v i mi

KT-G ni ring thnh trng tm ca cuc vn ng "Mi thy c gio l mt tm gng o c,t hc v sng to" v phong tro thi ua Xy dng trng hc thn thin, hc sinh tch cc.

Cng trong mi quan h , bc pht trin ca cuc vn ng v phong tro thi ua ny s to

ng lc thc y qu trnh i mi PPDH v i mi KT -G t c mc tiu cui cng l thc

y nng cao cht lng GD ton din.

20B1.4. c trng ca kim tra ha hc hin nay[ 23 ]

Kim tra ha hc hin nay da trn c s ba c trng v nh gi:

1.4.1. nh gi pht trin(formative assessment)

nh gi pht trin l mt thut ng rt thng gp, trc y thng c dch l nh gi

qu trnh, trong giai on hin nay ta hiu nh gi pht trin thc hin hai chc nng c bn

ca KTG : nh gi phc v qun l (khng ch trng xc nh thnh tch ca HS m ch trng

gip HS v GV hiu c nhng im mnh, im yu v nhng l hng kin thc ca tng em

c k hoch kp thi pht huy hoc khc phc chng) v nh gi phc v qu trnh dy-hc (lythng tin phn hi cho HS v GV, quan tm hiu qu ca hot ng ging dy trong vic pht

trin kh nng ca ngi hcch khng phi l vic chng minh HS t c mt mc thnh

tch no ).

1.4.2. nh gi thc tin(authentic assessment)

nh gi thc tin bao gm mi hnh thc v phng php KTG c thc hin vi mc

ch kim tra cc nng lc cn c trong cuc sng hng ngy v c thc hin trong bi cnh thc

t. T thc tin trong thut ng ny nhn mnh mi lin h cht ch ca cch nh gi ny vi

nhng yu cu ca cuc sng thc, trong vai tr ca HS nh mt ch th sng to c nhn

mnh.

1.4.3. nh gi sng to(alternative assessment)

nh gi sng to nhn mnh s mi m, a dng v sng to ca nhng cch thc hin

KTG khc vi cch lm theo li mn ca truyn thng. Cch nh gi ny cung cp nhiu mu i

din v vic hc ca HS nng cao ti a hnh nh v ting ni ca HS thng qua nhng hotng v thnh tch a dng ca chng. V vy, n to ng c cho HS gip chng c trch nhim

hn i vi vic hc ca chnh mnh, lm cho KTG tr thnh mt b phn thng trc ca kinh




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Kim tra, nh gi trong qu trnh dy hc l ht sc phc tp lun lun cha ng nhng

nguy c sai lm, khng chnh xc. Do ngi ta thng ni: "Kim tra -nh gi" hoc "nh gi

thng qua kim tra" chng t mi quan h tng h v thc y ln nhau gia hai cng vic ny.

kim tra phi m bo cc yu cu c bn sau y:

- m bo chnh xc khoa hc.

- Phi bm st mc tiu, mc ch gio dc.

- C tnh va sc, ph hp thi lng lm bi.

- m bo ng kin thc k nng qui nh.

- C tnh phn ho hc sinh.

- C tnh s phm, thm m.

- Pht huy nng lc, lng say m hc tp ca hc sinh.

22B1.6. Quy trnh thit k kim tra nh k mn ha hc khi 11 ([7], [17] tr 30- tr32)

Theo nh hng ch o v vic i mi kim tra, nh gi m B GD -T ban hnh, xy

dng kim tra nh k ta phi thit k ma trn kim tra.

44B1.6.1. Quy trnh thit k ma trn kim tra

75B1.6.1.1.Xc nh mc ch ca kim tra

kim tra l mt cng cdng nh gi kt quhc tp ca HS sau khi hc xong mt ch

, mt chng, mt hc k, mt lp hay mt cp hc nn ngi bin son kim tra cn cn c

vo yu cu ca vic kim tra, cn cchun kin thc k nng ca chng trnh v thc thc tp

ca HS xy dng mc ch ca kim tra cho ph hp.

1.6.1.2. Xc nh hnh thc kim tra

kim tra c cc hnh thc sau:

- kim tra tlun;

- kim tra trc nghim khch quan;

- kim tra kt hp chai hnh thc trn: c ccu hi dng t lun v cu hi dng trc

nghim khch quan.

Mi hnh thc u c u im v hn chring nn cn kt hp mt cch hp l cc hnh thc

sao cho ph hp vi ni dung kim tra v c trng mn hc nng cao hiu qu, to iu kin




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nh gi kt quhc tp ca HS chnh xc hn.

Nu kim tra kt hp hai hnh thc th nn cho HS lm bi kim tra phn trc nghim khch

quan c lp vi vic lm bi kim tra phn t lun: lm phn trc nghim khch quan trc, thu

bi ri mi cho hc sinh lm phn tlun.

76B1.6.1.3. Thit kma trn kim tra

- Cu trc ma trn :

Lp mt bng c hai chiu, mt chiu l ni dung hay mch kin thc chnh cn nh gi, mt

chiu l cc cp nhn thc ca HS theo cc cp : nhn bit, thng hiu v vn dng (gm c vn

dng v vn dng mc cao hn).

Trong mi l chun kin thc k nng chng trnh cn nh gi, tl% sim, slng

cu hi v tng sim ca cc cu hi.

Slng cu hi ca tng ph thuc vo mc quan trng ca mi chun cn nh gi,

lng thi gian lm bi kim tra v trng sim quy nh cho tng mch kin thc, tng cp

nhn thc.

- M tvcc cp t duy:

Cp t duy M t

Nhn bit

* Nhn bit c th c hiu l HS nu hoc nhn ra cc khi nim, ni dung,vn

hc khi c yu cu.* Cc hot ng tng ng vi cp nhn bit l: nhn dng, i chiu, ch ra* Cc ng t tng ng vi cp nhn bit c th l: xc nh, lit k, i chiuhoc gi tn, gii thiu, ch ra,* V d:T cng thc cu to cht hu c, HS c th ch ra cng thc no biu din hpcht este;Trong mt s cht ho hc cho c trong SGK, HS c th nhn c nhngcht no phn ng c vi anilin (C R6RHR5RNHR2R)(Tm li HS nhn thc c nhng kin thc nu trong SGK)

Thng hiu

* HS hiu cc khi nim c bn, c kh nng din t c kin thc hc theo hiu ca mnh v c th s dng khi cu hi c t ra tng t hoc gn vicc v d HS c hc trn lp.* Cc hot ng tng ng vi cp thng hiu l: din gii, k li, vit li, ly cv d theo cch hiu ca mnh* Cc ng t tng ng vi cp thng hiu c th l: tm tt, gii thch, m t,so snh (n gin), phn bit, trnh by li, vit li, minh ha, hnh dung, chng t,chuyn i* V d:SGK nu quy tc gi tn amin v v d minh ho, HS c th gi tn c mtvi amin khng c trong SGK;

SGK c mt s PTHH, HS vit c mt s PTHH tng t khng c trongSGK.* HS vt qua cp hiu n thun v c th s dng, x l cc khi nim ca ch trong cc tnh hung tng t nhng khng hon ton ging nh tnh hung gp




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UCh thch:UcnKT: cn kim tra TS: tng s

45B1.6.2. Qui trnh thit k kim tra

UBc 1: UXc nh mc tiu, phm vi, m tyu cu cn t ca ni dung kim tra theo

cc cp (tdn kh).

GV (hoc t chuyn mn) phicn c vo h thng cc chun kin thc, k nng c quinh trong Chng trnh GDPT ca mn hc m t yu cu cn t theo cc cp ca t duy.

l cc kin thc khoa hc v c phng php nhn thc chng, cc k nng v kh nng vn

dng vo thc t, nhng thi , tnh cm ivi khoa hc v x hi, chia lm bn cp : nhn

bit, thng hiu, vn dng v vn dng mc cao hn.

Kin thc no trong chun ghi l Ubit cUth thng xc nh cp bit;

Kin thc no trong chun ghi l Uhiu cUth thng xc nh cp hiu;

Kin thc no trong chun ghi phn Uk nngUth xc nh l cp vn dng.

UTuy nhin:

Kin thc no trong chun ghi l hiu c nhng ch mc nhn bit cc kin thc

trong SGK th vn xc nh cp bit;

Nhng kin thc, k nng kt hp gia phn bit c v phn k nng th c xc

nh cp vn dng.

S kthp, tng hp nhiu kin thc, k nng l vn dng mc cao hn.* Chun c la chn nh gi theo mi cp t duy l chun c vai tr quan trng

trong chng trnh mn hc, l chun c thi lng quy nh trong phn phi chng trnh

nhiu v lm c s hiu c cc chun khc.

* Mi mt ch (ni dung, chng...) u phi c nhng chun i din c chn nh

gi.

* S lng chun cn nh gi mi ch (ni dung, chng...) tng ng vi thi lng

quy nh trong phn phi chngtrnh dnh cho ch (ni dung, chng...) .Nn s lng

cc chun k nng v chun i hi mc vn dng nhiu hn.




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Ch :Nhng cu hi lin quan n cc kin thc v l thuyt thng cp 1, cp 2.

Nhng cu hi lin quan n bi tp, thc hnh thng cp 3, cp 4. Nhng cu hi, bi tp

cp 4 thng lin quan n s vn dng nhiu kin thc, k nng tng hp trong phm vi kim

tra chng hn nh nhng cu hi cn vn dng cc mc cao ca t duy x l tnh hung, gii

quyt vn , nhng cu hi vn dng cc kin thc, k nng hc vo thc tin nh cc k nngsng, k nng giao tip, k nng thc hnh, k nng gii thch cc s vt hin tng cng nh ng

dng trong th gii t nhin, nhng cu hi lin quan n cc vn bo v mi trng, s dng

nng lng tit kim v hiu qu, ng ph vi s bin i kh hu v gim thiu thin tai (ty

theo mn hc)

UBc 2U: Xy dng ni dung ma trn cho kim tra

- T chuyn mn (hoc ngi ra ) cn c vo s m t yu cuni dung cn kim tra theo

chun kin thc, k nng trong phm vi cn kim tra trong chng trnh GDPT bc 1 a vo

ma trn.

- Cn c vo mc tiu kim tra, i tng HS v t l lng kin thc, k nng cc cp

quyt nh im s v thi gian kim tra cho mi cp sao cho m bo phn ha c cc i

tng HS trong qu trnh nh gi. GV c th s dng nhiu thang im (chng hn thang 100

im, thang 50 im,), nhng khi chm xong bi kim tra c quy i ra thang 10 im theo

nguyn tc lm trn qui nh trong quy ch.- Cn c vo im s, thi gian kim tra quyt nh s lng chun KT -KN cn kim tra

cho mi cp . S lng chun KT-KN v thi gian ph thuc vo i tng HS v cht lng cu

hi.

V d :

UBc 3:UBin son th vin cu hi v ra kim tra theo khung ma trn kin thc, k

nng

bc ny GV, t chuyn mn (ngi ra ) cn cn c vo yu cu cn t ca ni dung

kim tra bin son cu hi. S lng cu hi mi cp phi m bo ph kn kin thc, k

nng cn kim tra. Cc cu hi trong mi cp l tng ng nhau v im s.




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GV cn tp trung bin son y cc cu hi cc cp cao (nh cp 3, cp 4) nhm

kim tra c s vn dng sng to ca HS. y chnh l cc cu hi thuc ni dung n tp.

GV cn cn c vo lng kin thc, k nng trong cu hi, mc t duy cng nh kh

ca cu hi (so vi HS trung bnh) xc nh thi gian thc hin trung bnh ca cu hi.

- Cn c vo khung ma trn kim tra v s lng cc dng cu hi cc cp khc nhauc chn bc 2 ngi ra (hoc cho my tnh bc ngu nhin) tuyn la cu hi trong Th

vin cu hi.

- ng vi mi phng n v mi cch tuyn la ta c mt kim tra. Nu th vin cng

nhiu cu hi th ta thu c nhiu bi kim tra c cht lng tng ng. Khi ra cn trnh

kim tra qu nhiu ni dung trong mt thi lng qu t.

- Bin son v hon thin kim tra v th thc cng nh ni dung.

UBc 4:UXy dng p n v biu im cho kim tra

- Cn c vo kim tra v ma trn kim tra xy dng p n v biu im.

- Cn c vo chun kin thc, k nng cn kim tra chia thnh cc thch hp.

- Thang im l 10 im cho ton bi, mi hoc cu hi c th c gi tr im nh nht l

0,25 im. C th c thang im khc nhng khi chm xong u phi qui i ra thang 10 im.

- Cn ch n nguyn tc lm trn s khi cho im ton bi. Thang nh gi gm 11 bc: 0,

1, 2, , 10 im (c th c im thp phn c lm trn ti mt ch s sau du phy) theo quych ca B GDT (Q 40/2006/BGDT ngy 05/10/2006).

UBc 5:UThm nh v nim phong kim tra, p n

- Ty theo tnh cht v mc tiu kim tra m c t chc c r sot hoc thm nh kim

tra, p n.

- Hon thin, nim phong v bo qun kim tra, p n.

Vic c phn bin, thm nh, nim phong, bo qun kim tra phi tun theo cc qui nh hin

hnh v thi c.

23B1.7. Thc trng vic kim tra nh gi mn ha hc v c khi 11 THPT (4, 6, 14, 20)

46B1.7.1. Thun li

Kim tra, nh gi l mt vn quan trng, v vy gn y nhiu nh gio dc, cc cp qun

l quan tm n vn ny.

Thng qua cc hi ngh, lp tp hun, tinh thn i mi bt u i vo thc t.

Phn ln cc GV trng ph thng nhn thc c ngha to ln ca vic kim tra, nh

gi v t nhiu c s ci tin v ni dung, hnh thc, phng php dy hc.




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c nhng gio vin, nh trng tch cc v thu c kt qu tt trong i mi kim tra,

nh gi ng b vi c gng i mi phng php dyhc nhng cha c nhiu v cha c cc

cp qun l gio dc quan tm khuyn khch, nhn rng in hnh.

47B1.7.2. Kh khn v nguyn nhn

a) Cha t c s thng bng: gio vin dy khc nhau nn kim tra, nh gi khc nhau.

Thiu tnh khch quan: phn ln da vo cc thi c sn v p kin thc ca hc sinh theo

cc dng cu hi c n nh trc trong cc thi c sn.

Thiu tnh nng ng: do cha thit k ma trn kim tra v cha c th vin cu hi, bi

tp nns lng cu hi kim tra rt hn ch v ch yu da vo ni dung ca cc sch bi tp,

sch tham kho, cc thi tt nghip THPT hay cc thi vo cc trng i hc ca cc nm

trc.

Coi nh kim tra nh gi cht lng nm vng bn cht h thng khi nim ho hc c bn,

cc nh lut ha hc c bn, cn nng v ghi nh v ti hin.

Cha ch nh gi nng lc thc hnh, tng hp kin thc, vn dng kin thc vo thc

tin. Hu nh t kim tra v th nghim ho hc v nng lc t hc ca hc sinh.

Cha s dng cc phng tin hin i trong vic chm bi v phn tch kt qu kim tra

rt ra cc kt lun ng.

b) Trong qun l ch o cha nh gi ng tm quan trng ca i mi thi, kim tra, nh

gi i vi vic to ng c, thc y i mi phng php dy hc, th hin:

V thi, kim tra, nh gi hin vn cn nng v yu cu hc sinh hc thuc lng, nh my

mc; t yu cu cc mc cao hn nh hiu, vn dng kin thc, rn luyn k nng v gio dc

tnh cm, thi .

Cha vndng linh hot cc hnh thc kim tra, cha coi trng nh gi, gip hc sinh hc

tp thng qua kim tra m ch tp trung ch vic cho im bi kim tra. Mt s gio vin, nh trng

lm dng hnh thc trc nghim.

Tnh trng trn ang l mt trongnhng ro cn chnh i vic i mi phng php dy

hc theo hng pht huy tnh tch cc, ch ng, sng to v rn luyn phng php t hc ca hc

sinh; lm thui cht hng th v ng c hc tp ng n.




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24B1.8. Gii php nng cao cht lng kim tra nh gi ha hc v c khi 11

48B1.8.1. i vi cp qun l

- C th ha ch trng ch o ca B GDT v i mi PPDH, i mi KT-G, a cng tc

ch o i mi PPDH, i mi KT-G lm trng tm ca cuc vn ng Mi thy c gio l

mt tm gng o c, t hc v sng to v phong tro thi ua Xy dng trng hc thn

thin, HS tch cc,vi mc tiu xy dng mi trng s phm lnh mnh v pht huy vai tr tch

cc, tinh thn hng th, ch ng, sng to trong hc tp ca HS;

- Lp k hoch ch o i mi PPDH, i mi KT-G di hn, trung hn v nm hc, c th

ha cc trng tm cng tc cho tng nm hc:

+ Xc nh r mc tiu cn t c, ni dung, i tng, phng php t chc bi dng,

hnh thc nh gi, kim nh kt qu bi dng; lngghp vic nh gi kt qu bi dng vi

vic phn loi GV, cn b qun l c s GD hng nm theo chun ban hnh.

+ Xy dng i ng GV ct cn vng vng cho tng b mn v tp hun nghip v v i mi

PPDH, i mi KT-G cho nhng ngi lm cng tc thanh tra chuyn mn.

+ Tng cng u t xy dngCSVC, thit b dy hc to iu kin thun li cho vic i mi

PPDH, i mi KT-G.

+ Gii thiu cc in hnh, t chc trao i, ph bin v pht huy tc dng ca cc gng inhnh v i mi PPDH,i mi KT-G.

+ T chc tt vic bi dng GV:

Cn t chc s dng ti liu Hng dn thc hin chun KT-KN ca Chng trnh gio dc

ph thng do B GDT ban hnh, sm chm dt tnh trng GV ch da vo SGK nh mt cn c

duy nht dy hc v KT-G, khng c iu kin v thi quen tip cn nghin cu nm vng chun

KT-KN ca chng trnh mn hc.

- Tng cng khai thc CNTT trong cng tc ch o v thng tin v i mi PPDH, KT-G:

+ Lp chuyn mc trn Website ca S GDT v PPDH v KT-G, lp ngun d liu v th

vin cu hi v bi tp, kim tra, gio n, kinh nghim, cc vn bn hng dn i mi PPDH,

KT-G, cc video bi ging minh ha;

+ Th im hnh thc dy hc qua mng (learning online) h tr GV, HS trong ging dy,

hc tp, n thi.

- Ch o phong tro i mi PPHT pht huy vai tr tch cc, ch ng, sng to trong hctp v rn luyn o c ca HS, gn vi chng bo lc trong trng hc v cc hnh vi vi phm

quy nh ca iu l nh trng.




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- Trch nhim ca nh trng

+ C th ha ch trng ca B v S GDT v ch o i mi PPDH, i mi KT-G a

vo ni dung cc k hoch di hn v nm hc ca nh trng vi cc yu cu nu. Phi ra

mc tiu phn u to cho c bc chuyn bin trong i mi PPDH, i mi KT-G; kin tr

hng dn GV thc hin, kp thi tng kt, rt kinh nghim, nhn in hnh tin tin v chm lo ut xy dng CSVC, TBDH phc v imi PPDH, i mi KT-G;

+ T chc hp l vic ly kin ca GV v HS v cht lng ging dy, gio dc ca tng

GV; nh gi st ng trnh , nng lc i mi PPDH, i mi KT-G ca tng GV trong

trng, t , kp thi ng vin, khen thng nhng GV thc hin i mi PPDH c hiu qu;

+ T chc tt cng tc bi dng GV:

(i) Trc ht, phi t chc cho GV nghin cu nm vng chun KT -KN ca chng trnh, tch

cc chun b TBDH, t lm dng DH trit chng dy chay, khai thc h s chuynmn,

chn lc t liu lin h thc t nhm kch thch hng th hc tp cho HS.

(ii) Nghin cu p dng PPDH tch ccvo iu kin c th ca lp; nghin cu tm l la

tui vn dng vo hot ng gio dc v ging dy. Nghin cu cc KN, k thut dy hc v k

nng t chc cc hot ng cho HS. T chc cho GV hc ngoi ng, tin hc lm ch cc phng

tin dy hc, ng dng CNTT, khai thc Internet phc v vic hc tp nng cao trnh chuyn

mn.(iii) Hng dn GV lp h s chuyn mn v khai thch s ch ng lin h thc t dy

hc, bi dng tnh cm hng th hc tp cho HS.

+ T chc din n v i mi PPDH, i mi KT-G ca GV, din n i mi PPHT cho

HS; h tr GV v k thut ra t lun, trc nghim, cch kt hp hnh thc t lun vi trc

nghim sao cho ph hp vi ni dung kim tra v c trng ca mn hc.

+ Kim tra cc t chuyn mn v nh gi hot ng s phm ca GV:

(i) Kim tra cng tc bi dng v t bi dng ca GV, kp thi ng vin mi c gng sng

to, un nn cc biu hin ch quan t mn, bo th v x l mi hnh vi thiu tinh thn trch

nhim;

(ii) Tin hnh nh gi phn loi GV theo chun ban hnh mt cch khch quan, chnh xc,

cng bng v s dng lm cn c thc hin chnh sch thi ua, khen thng;

+ Phi hp vi Ban i din cha m HS qun l hc tp HS nh, bi dng HS gii, gip

HS hc lc yu km, gim lu ban, b hc:




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(i) Duy tr k cng, nn np v k lut tch cc trong nh trng, kin quyt chng bo lc

trong trng hc v mi vi phm quy nh ca iu l nh trng, cng c vn ha hc ng to

thun li tip tc i mi PPDH, KT-G;

(ii) T chc phong tro i mi PPHT thc y tinh thn tch cc, ch ng, sng to v ly

kin phn hi ca HS v PPDH, KT-G ca GV.+ Khai thc CNTT trong cng tc ch o i mi PPDH, KT-G:

+ Lp chuyn mc trn Website ca trng v PPDH v KT-G, lp ngun d liu v cu hi

v bi tp, kim tra, gio n, kinh nghim, cc vn bn hng dn i mi PPDH, KT-G, cc

video bi ging minh ha;

+ Th im hnh thc dy hc qua mng LAN ca trng (learning online) GV gii, chuyn

gia h tr GV, HS trong ging dy, hc tp, n thi.

- Trch nhim ca T chuyn mn:

+ n v t chc bi dng thng xuyn quan trng nht l cc t chuyn mn. Cn coi trng

hnh thc t chc cho GV t hc, t nghin cu, sau GV c kinh nghim hoc GV ct cn ch tr

tho lun, gii p thc mc, trao i kinh nghim. Sau khi nghin cu mi chuyn , cn t chc

d gi, rt kinh nghim h tr GV thc hin i mi PPDH v KT-G;

+ T chc cho GV nghin cu nm vng chun KT-KN ca CT mn hc v hot ng GD

mnh ph trch v t chc u n vic d gi v rt kinh nghim, gio dc thc khim tn hchi v sn sng chia s kinh nghim; tho luncch gii quyt nhng vn mi, vn kh, pht

huy cc hot ng tng tc v hp tc trong chuyn mn;

+ Yu cu GV thc hin i mi hnh thc KT G hc sinh. Cn a dng ha cc dng bi

tp nh gi nh: cc dng bi tp nghin cu; nh gi trn sn phm hot ng hc tp ca HS

(tp cc bi lm tt nht ca HS; tp tranh nh hc sinh su tm, cc bi vn, bi th, bi bo su

tm theo ch ; s tay ghi chp ca hc sinh); nh gi thng qua chng minh kh nng ca HS

(s dng nhc c, my mc...); nh gi thng qua thuyt trnh; nh gi thng qua hp tc theo

nhm; nh gi thng qua kt qu hot ng chung ca nhm

+ xut vi Ban gim hiu v nh gi phn loi chuyn mn GV mt cch khch quan,

cng bng, pht huy vai tr GV gii trong vic gip GV nng lc yu, GV mi ra trng;

+ Phn nh, xut vi nh trng v cng tc chuyn mn v cng tc bi dng GV, pht

hin v ngh nhn in hnh tin tin v chuyn mn, cung cp cc gio n tt, kim tra tt

cc ng nghip tham kho;

+ nh gi ng n v xut khen thng nhng GV thc hin i mi PPDH, i mi KT-

G c hiu qu.




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49B1.8.2. i vi gio vin

+ Mi GV cn xc nh thi cu th, tinh thn hc sut i, khng ch quan tha mn; t

gic tham gia cc lp bi dng, t bi dng thng xuyn v sn sng hon thnh nhim v GV

ct cn chuyn mn khi c la chn; kin tr vn dng nhng iu hc nng cao cht lng

dy hc;

+ Phn u thc s nm vng ni dung chng trnh, i mi PPDH v KT-G, rn luyn k

nng, k thut dy hc (trong c k nng ng dng CNTT, khai thc internet), tch ly h s

chuyn mn, to c uy tn chuyn mn trong tp th GV v HS, khng ngng nng cao trnh

cc lnh vc h tr chuyn mn nh ngoi ng, tin hc;

+ Thc hin i mi PPDH ca GV phi i i vi hng dn HS la chn PPHT hp l, bit

t hc, t nh gi, t ch, khim tn tip thu kin ca ng nghip v ca HS v PPDH, KT -Gca mnh iu chnh;

+ Tham gia tp hun chuyn mn, nghip v; d gi ca ng nghip, tip nhn ng nghip

d gi ca mnh, thng thn gp kin cho ng nghip v khim tn tip thu gp ca ng

nghip; t gic tham gia hi ging, thao ging, thi GV gii, bo co kinh nghim chia s, hc hi

kinh nghim nhm trau di nng lc chuyn mn.

Trong qu trnh i mi s nghip GD, vic i mi PPDH v KT -G l gii php then cht

nng cao cht lng dy hc ni ring v cht lng GD ton din ni chung. y l mt yu

cu va cp bch va lu di, i hi phi ch o cht ch, lin tc v phi ng vin mi s kin

tr n lc sng to ca i ng GV, li cun s hng ng ca ng o HS. to iu kin thc

hin c hiu qu ch trng i mi PPDH v KT-G, phi tng bc nng cao trnh i ng

GV, ng thi tng cng u t xy dng CSVC, nht l TBDH. Cc c quan qun l GD phi

lng ghp cht ch cng tc ch o i mi PPDH v KT-G vi vic t chc thc hin cuc vn

ng "Mi thy c gio l mt tm gng o c, t hc v sng to"v phong tro thi ua Xydng trng hc thn thin, hc sinh tch cc tng bc nng cao cht lng GD ton din, p

ng yu cu ca s nghip cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc v hi nhp quc t.

50B1.8.3. i vi hc sinh

- Pht huy vai tr t kim tra nh gi ca HS

Bn cnh vic kim tra nh gi ca GV trong sut cc gi hc, kim tra thng xuyn, kim

tra nh k th GV phi hng dn cho hc sinh bit t nh gi kin thc ca mnh, bit nh gi

cho bn mnh. Nh vy, HS c quyn tham gia vo kt qu nh gi ca chnh mnh v ca bn

mnh.




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HS cn l cu ni gia c nhn HS, GV, ban kho th v lnh o nh trng trong cng tc

i mi kim tra nh gi. Mi c nhn c th nghim v tr, vai tr ca mnh trong cng tc

kim tra nh gi chnh bn thn HS.

Mun c nhng HS, tp th HS c vai tr trong i mi kim tra nh gi, vai tr ca GV

ging dy v cng to ln. GV ging dy phi hng dn cc em, phi lng nghe cc em, phi cngtm, cng bng v khch quan i vi mi HS. Lnh o trng, ban kho th cn lng nghe kin

ca cc em, nh hng gip cc em phng php t kim tra nh gi.

-Nng cao nng lc ca HS trong cng tc i mi kim tra, nh gi.

25B1.9. Gii thiu mt s phn mm h tr kim tra nh gi. ([15], tr 220 -245)

Ngy nay vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin vo dy hc tr thnh thi quen, nhu cu

khng th thiu. Trong kim tra nh gi cng vy, cng ngh thng tin h tr rt nhiu cho vic

son v o , gip GV gim bt thi gian, cng sc v cho chnh xc cao, khch quan. Mt

s phn mm thng dng nh: Hot Potatoes, Editor, IQ test, Mc Mic, Quiz Maker, AMtp,

ExamGen, EmpTest, Trac nghiem, Testor, TestProLite...

51B1.9.1. Phn mm Hot Potatoes

Phn mm Hot Potatoes do University of Victoria (Canada)hp tc viHalf-Baked Softwarev Creative Technologythc hin.

U* u im:

Phn mm c cc tnh nng c bn cho vic thit lp cc kim tra trc nghim nh:

- o ngu nhin ngn hng cu hi (k c o th t p n).

- Cho php chn hnh nh vo.

- C th in ra giy km p n (thng qua mt phn mm g vn bn nh MS Word).

- Son tho c nhiu dng cu hi trc nghim.

C th son tho bng ting Vit (dng Unicode).

C th gi bi trc nghim ca mnh ln trang Hot Potatoes hc sinh c th lm th bt k

u c my tnh kt ni Internet.

U* Nhc im:

Khng h tr cc k hiu ton, l, ha cn cc mn hc khc c th s dng rt tt v tin li.




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52B1.9.2. Phn mm McMIX

Phn mm McMIX phin bn 1.10 c Th.s V Tn Qun v k s Nguyn V Hong Anh

nghin cu v pht trin.

U* u im:

McMIX l phn mm c cung cp hon ton min ph v khng b gii hn thi gian s

dng, khng gii hn s lng mn thi, s lng thi v s lng cu hi trong mi thi. Nhim

v chnh ca chng trnh l to ra cc thi trc nghim khch quan bng cch hon v th t cc

cu hi v th t cc phng n tr li t mt thi chun v xut ra cc thi di dng vn bn

theo nh dng ca Microsoft Word cng vi cc p n, phng n hon v di dng tp tin

Microsoft Excel. Khng ch th, McMIX cn c th s dng c cho mi mn thi trc nghim

mi cp hc. c bit, McMIX l mt trong rt t cc chng trnh trn thi trc nghim ctnh nng bo ton ti a nh dng gc vi tt c cc nh dng vn bn, hnh nh, cng thc,...

TIU KT CHNG 1

Trong chng I chng ti trnh by c s l thuyt v thc tin ca ti bao gm:

- Cc khi nim v KTG, chun, KT, KN, chun KT-KN.

- Hnh thc, chc nng, yu cu ca KTG

- Thc trng, gii php nng cao KTG hin nay.

- Qui trnh thit k ma trn.

- Qui trnh thit k KT theo chun KT-KN, theo ma trn .

- Gii thiu mt s phn mm h tr son tho KTG.

Nhng vn trn l c s ti nghin cu, xy dng h thng kim tra nh k cho HS

lp 11 theo chun KT-KN.




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4BChng 2:XY DNG H THNG KIM TRA NH K THEO

CHUN KIN THC V K NNG MN HO HC LP 11

26B2.1. Chun kin thc trong ha hc v c lp 11

53B2.1.1. Chng 1: S in li

Bit c:

Khi nim v s in li, cht in li, cht in li mnh, cht in li yu, cn bng in li.

nh ngha: axit, baz, hiroxit lng tnh v mui theo thuyt A-r-ni-ut.

Axit mt nc, axit nhiu nc, mui trung ha, mui axit.

0TTch s ion ca nc, ngha tch s ion ca nc.

0TKhi nim v pH, nh ngha mi trng axit, mi trng trung tnh v mi trng

kim.

Cht ch th axit -baz : qu tm, phenolphtalein v giy ch th vn nng.

0T0TMc ch, cch tin hnh v k thut thc hin cc th nghim:

+ Tc dng ca cc dung dch HCl, CH R3RCOOH, NaOH, NHR3Rvi cht ch th+ Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li: AgNO R3R vi NaCl, HCl vi

NaHCOR3R, CHR3RCOOH vi NaOH.

Hiu c:

Bn cht ca phn ng xy ra trong dung dch cc cht in li l phn ng gia cc ion.

xy ra phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li phi c t nht mt trong cc

iu kin: + To thnh cht kt ta.

+ To thnh cht in li yu.

+ To thnh cht kh.

54B2.1.2. Chng 2: Nit- Photpho

Bit c:

0T0TV tr trong bng tun hon , cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t nit.

0T0TCu to phn t, tnh cht vt l (trng thi, mu, mi, t khi, tnh tan), ng dng chnh,

trng thi t nhin; iu ch nit trong phng th nghim v trong cng nghip




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0T 0TCu to phn t, tnh cht vt l (tnh tan, t khi, mu, mi), ng dng chnh, cch iu ch

amoniac trong phng th nghim v trong cng nghip.

0T 0TTnh cht vt l (trng thi, mu sc, tnh tan); Tnh cht ho hc (phn ng vi dung dch

kim, phn ng nhit phn) v ng dng ca mui amoni.

0T 0TCu to phn t, tnh cht vt l (trng thi, mu sc, khi lng ring, tnh tan), ng dng,

cch iu ch HNO R3Rtrong phng th nghim v trong cng nghip (t amoniac).

0T 0TPhn ng c trng ca ion NO 3

vi Cu trong mi trng axit.

0T 0TCch nhn bit ion NO 3

P

Pbng phng php ha hc. Chu trnh ca nit trong t nhin.

0T 0TV tr trong bng tun hon , cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t photpho.

0T 0TCc dng th hnh, tnh cht vt l (trng thi, mu sc, khi lng ring, tnh tan, c tnh),

ng dng, trng thi t nhin v iu ch photpho trong cng nghip.

0T 0TCu to phn t, tnh cht vt l (trng thi, mu, tnh tan), ng dng, cch iu ch H R3RPO R4

Rtrong phng th nghim v trong cng nghip.

0T 0TTnh cht ca mui photphat (tnh tan, tc dng vi axit, phn ng vi dung dch mui khc),

ng dng.

0T 0TKhi nim phn bn ha hc v phn loi

0T

0T

Tnh cht, ng dng, iu ch phn m, ln, kali, NPK v vi lng.0T 0TMc ch, cch tin hnh v k thut thc hin cc th nghim :

+ Phn ng ca dung dch HNO R3Rc, nng v HNOR3Rlong vi kim loi ng sau hiro.

+ Phn ng KNO R3Roxi ho C nhit cao.

+ Phn bit c mt s phn bn ho hc c th (c phn bn l hp cht ca photpho).

Hiu c:

0T 0TPhn t nit rt bn do c lin kt ba, nn nit kh tr nhit thng, nhng hot ng

hn nhit cao.

0T 0TTnh cht ho hc c trng ca nit: tnh oxi ho (tc dng vi kim loi mnh, vi hiro),

ngoi ra nit cn c tnh kh (tc dng vi oxi).

0T 0TTnh cht ho hc ca amoniac: Tnh baz yu ( tc dng vi nc, dung dch mui, axit) v

tnh kh(tc dng vi oxi, clo).

0T 0THNOR3Rl mt trong nhng axit mnh nht.

0T

0THNO R3Rl cht oxi ho rt mnh: oxi ho hu ht kim loi, mt s phi kim, nhiu hp cht v

c v hu c.




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0T 0TD on tnh cht ha hc, kim tra bng th nghim v kt lun c tnh cht ho hc ca

amoniac.

0T 0TQuan st th nghim hoc hnh nh..., rt ra c nhn xt v tnh cht vt l v ha hc ca

amoniac.

0T 0TVit c cc PTHH dng phn t hoc ion rt gn.

0T0TPhn bit c amoniac vi mts kh bit bng phng php ho hc.

0T 0TTnh th tch kh amoniac sn xut c ktc theo hiu sut phn ng.

0T0TQuan st th nghim, rt ra c nhn xt v tnh cht ca mui amoni.

0T0TVit c cc PTHH dng phn t, ion thu gn minh ho cho tnh cht ho hc.

0T 0TPhn bit c mui amoni vi mt s mui khc bng phng php ha hc.

0T

0T

Tnh % v khi lng ca mui amoni trong hn hp.0T0TD on tnh cht ha hc, kim tra d on bngth nghim v rt ra kt lun.

0T 0TQuan st th nghim, hnh nh..., rt ra c nhn xt v tnh cht ca HNO R3R.

0T 0TVit cc PTHH dng phn t, ion rt gn minh ho tnh cht ho hc ca HNOR3Rc v long.

0T 0TTnh thnh phn % khi lng ca hn hp kim loi tc dng vi HNOR3R.

0T 0TQuan st th nghim, rt ra c nhn xt v tnh cht ca mui nitrat.

0T 0TVit c cc PTHH dng phn t v ion thu gn minh ho cho tnh cht ho hc.

0T 0TTnh thnh phn % khi lng mui nitrat trong hn hp; nng hoc th tch dung dch

mui nitrat tham gia hoc to thnh trong phn ng .

0T 0TD on, kim tra bng th nghim v kt lun v tnh cht ca photpho.

0T 0TQuan st th nghim, hnh nh .., rt ra c nhn xt v tnh cht ca photpho.

0T 0TVit c PTHH minh ho.

0T 0TS dng c photpho hiu qu v an ton trong phng th nghim v thc t

0T 0TVit cc PTHH dng phn t hoc ion rt gn minh ho tnh cht ca axit H R3RPOR4R v mui

photphat.

0T 0TNhn bit c axit HR3RPOR4Rv mui photphat bng phng php ho hc.

0T 0TTnh khi lng H R3RPOR4Rsn xut c, % mui photphat trong hn hp.

0T 0TQuan st mu vt, lm th nghim nhn bit mt s phn bn ha hc.

0T 0TS dng an ton, hiu qu mt s phn bn ho hc.

0T0TTnh khi lng phn bn cn thit cung cp mt lng nguyn t dinh dng

S dng dng c, ho cht tin hnh c an ton, thnh cng cc th nghimtrn.

Quan st hin tng th nghim v vit cc phng trnh ho hc.




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Loi b c mt s cht thi sau th nghim bo v mi trng.

Vit tng trnh th nghim.

28B

2.3. kimtra nhk chng I: Sinli

58B2.3.1. Thit k trc nghim khch quan

77B2.3.1.1. Xy dng ma trn

TNCH

MC NHN THC CNGNhn bit Thng hiu Vn dng Vn dng

mc cao hn1.Khi nimin li, mc in li

- Phn bit ccht in li vkhng in li, chtin li mnh vyu

Vit c phngtrnh in li

Tnh nng mol caion trong dung dchcht in li mnh.

Xt s bini in litheo nng

S cu hi 2 1 1 1 5S im 2,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 5,0 (16,7%)2. Axit, baz,mui v pH

-Nhn ra mt scht c th l axit,

baz, hiroxitlng tnh, mui.- Biu thc tch s

ion ca nc- Cht ch th axit-baz .

- Vit c PTin li ca cc axit,

baz, hiroxitlng tnh, muic th.

- ngha tch sion ca nc- Biu thc tnh pH

- Vit c PT in licc mui axit, mui

phc tp- Xc nh mi trngda vo [HP+P]; [OHPP];

pH; pOH- Phn bitcc axit,baz bng cht ch th

- Tm cmi quan hgia nng , in li, vpH

- Xc nh pHca dung dchsau khi phnng

S cu hi 3 5 3 2 13

S im 3,0 5,0 3,0 2,0 13,0 (43,4%)

3. Phn ngtrao i iontrong dungdch

- iu kin xyra phn ng traoi ion trong dungdch

- Bn cht phnng xy ra trongdung dch l phnng gia cc ion.

-Vit PTHH dng ionthu gn- Tnh % khi lngcc cht trong hnhp

- Bi ton tnhnng molion trongdung dch sau

phn ng

S cu hi 4 4 3 1 12

S im 4,0 4,0 3,0 1,0 12,0 (40%)Tng s cuTng s imT l %

1212,040%

99,0

30%

66,0

20%

33,0

10%

3030,0

100%

Ghi ch: Khi chm xong bi, GV quy i v im 10 bng cchim

30

10




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78B2.3.1.2. Th vin cu hi

UCh 1U:Phn bit c cht in li v cht khng in li, cht in li mnh v cht in li

yu

UMc bit:

1. Cu no di y l ng khi ni v s in li?

A.S in li l s ha tan mt cht vo nc to thnh dung dch.

B. S in li l s phn li mt cht di tc dng ca dng in.

C. S in li l s phn li mt cht thnh ion dng v ion m khi cht tan trong nc hay

trng thi nng chy.

D.S in li thc cht l qu trnh oxi ha kh.

2.Cho cc cht di y: HR2RO, HCl, NaOH, NaCl, CH R3RCOOH, CuSO R4R. Cc cht in li yu l:

A. HR2RO, CHR3RCOOH, CuSOR4 R B. CHR3RCOOH, CuSO R4

C. HR2RO, CHR3RCOOH D. HR2RO, NaCl, CHR3RCOOH, CuSOR4

3. Cho cc cht di y: HNOR3 R, NaOH, NaCl, Mg(OH)R2, RCuSOR4, RHR2RSOR3R. Cc cht in li mnh

l:

A. NaOH, NaCl, HR2RSOR3R, CuSOR4R B. HNOR3R, NaOH, NaCl, CuSO R4,

C. NaCl, CuSOR4, RH R2RSOR3 R, HNOR3R D. NaCl, Mg(OH)R2, RCuSOR4, RHNOR3

4.Cht in li mnh l

A. cht phn li thnh ion m v ion dng khi tan trong nc .

B. cht c kh nng cho proton .

C. cht m cc phn t ho tan phn li hon ton thnh ion trong dung dch.

D. cht tan vo nc thnh dung dch phn li.

5.Cht in li yu l

A. cht phn li thnh ion m v ion dng khi tan trong ncB. cht c kh nng cho proton .

C. dung dch c phn t ho tan u phn li hon ton thnh ion .

D. cht m phn t ho tan ch phn li mt phn thnh ion trong dung dch.

6.Dy cht no sau y, trong dung dch nc u l cht in li yu ?

A. HR2RS, HR2RSOR3R, HR2RSOR4 R, NHR3R. B. HR2RCOR3R, HR3RPOR4 R, CHR3RCOOH, Ba(OH)R2R.

C. HR2RS, CHR3RCOOH, HClO, NHR3R. D. HR2RCOR3R, HR2RSOR3 R, HClO, AlR2R(SOR4R)R3 R.

7.Dung dch vi cng nng mol c kh nng dn in ln nht lA. NaCl B. HR2RSOR3 RC. NaR2RSOR4R D. CHR3RCOOH

8.Dung dch CHR3RCOOH c cha




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A. CHR3RCOOP

-P, HP+P, OHP- P B. CHR3RCOOP

-P, OHP-P, CHR3RCOOH

C. CHR3RCOOP-

P, HP+P D. CHR3RCOOP-

P, HP+P, CHR3RCOOH

9.Chn nhng cht in li mnh trong s cc cht sau:

NaCl (1); Ba(OH)R2R(2); HNOR3R(3); AgCl (4); Cu(OH)R2R(5); HCl (6)

A.1, 2, 3, 6 B. 1, 2, 5, 6 C.2, 3, 4, 5 D.1, 2, 3, 410. Cho cc cht: NaCl (1); Ba(OH)R2R(2); HNOR3R (3); AgCl (4); Cu(OH)R2R (5); HCl (6). S cht

in li mnh l

A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

UMc hiu:

1.Cht no sau y khng dn c in:

A. KCl rn, khan. B. Nc sng , ao, h.

C. Dung dch KCl trong nc. D. Nc bin

2.Cc dung dch sau y c cng nng 0,10 mol/l, dung dch no dn in km nht ?

A. HCl B. HF C. HI D. HBr

3. Dung dch no di y dn in tt nht ?

A. NaI 0,0020M B. NaI 0,010M

C. NaI 0,10M D. NaI 0,0010M

4.Phng trnh in li trong dung dch ca cc cht no sau c vit ng?A. HBrO HP+P+ BrO0TPP B.0THBrO R4 RHP

+P+ BrO

4

C. CHR3RCOOH HP+

P+ CHR3RCOO0TP

P0T D. KR2 RCrO R4 R 2KP+

P+ CrO 24

5.Dung dch E c cc ion: HP+P, KP+P, MgP2+P, ClP-Pv SOR4RP2-

P. S cht in li ho tan trong dung dch E

l

A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

6.Trng hp no sau y cc ion khngcng tn ti trong 1 dung dch?A. KP+P, 23CO ,

24SO . B. FeP2+P, 3NO

, SP2P, NaP+

C. AlP3+P, 24SO , MgP2+P, ClP. PD. HP+P, NOR3RP

P, 24SO

, MgP2+P.

UMc vn dng:

1. Dung dch X gm cc ion : Na P+P( 0,1M ); MgP2+P( 0,05M); ClP-P( 0,06M); v ion SO R4RP2-

PNng ion

SOR4RP2-

Pl

A. 0,07M B. 0,06M C. 0,05M D. 0,1M

2.Dung dch X cha a mol Na P+P, b mol SOR4RP2-

P, c mol MgP2+Pv d mol ClP-P. Mi quan h gia a,b,c,d

tha mn biu thc no sau y?




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A. a + 2c = 2b + d B. a + 2c = b + d

C. 2a + c = b + 2d D. a + b = c + d

3.Nng mol ca cc ion trong dung dchNa R2 RCrO R4 R0,020M l

A. 0,02 mol NaP+Pv 0,04 mol CrO 24

B. 0,02 mol NaP+Pv 0,08 mol CrO 24

C. 0,04 mol NaP+Pv 0,02 mol ClO 24

D. 0,04 mol NaP+Pv 0,04 mol CrO 24

4.Nng mol ca cc ion trong dung dch Al R2 R(SO R4 R) R3 R0,020M l

A. 0,02 mol AlP+Pv 0,03 mol SO 24

B. 0,04 mol AlP+Pv 0,06 mol SO 24

C. 0,04 mol AlP+Pv 0,03 mol SO 24

D. 0,02 mol AlP+Pv 0,06 mol SO 24

5.Trong dung dch CHR3 RCOOH 0,043M; ngi ta xc nh c nng ca ion HP+

Pbng 0,00086

mol/l. Hi c bao nhiu phn trm phn t CH R3RCOOH trong dung dch ny phn li ra ion ?

A. 5% B. 10% C. 20% D. 2%

6.S lt dd HR2RSOR4R0,8M c cha s ion HP+

Pbng s ion HP+Pc trong 2 lt dd HCl 1,2M l

A. 1,5 B. 2 C. 1 D. 3

7. S lt dung dch Ba(OH)R2 R0,5M c s mol OHP

Pbng s mol OH P Pc trong 5 lt dd NaOH 0,2M

l

A. 1 lt B. 0,5 lt C. 2 lt D. 1,5 lt

8.Dung dch HF 0,1M c in li = 0,4%. Nng HP

+P

ca dung dch bngA. 2.10P4P B. 4.10P3P C. 4.10P4P D. 8.10P4

UCh 2:

-Nhn ra mt s cht c th l axit, baz, hiroxit lng tnh, mui.

- axit mt nc, axit nhiu nc, mui trung ha, mui axit

-Biu thc tch s ion ca nc

- Vit c PT in li ca cc axit, baz, hiroxit lng tnh, mui c th.

- ngha tch s ion ca nc

-Xc nh mi trng da vo [HP+P]; [OHPP]; pH; pOH

- Tnh nng ca ion, phn t.

-Xc nh pH ca dung dch axit, baz mnh.

-Xc nh pH ca dung dch sau khi phn ng

UMc bit:

1. Theo thuyt Areniut, axit lA. cht ho tan c mi kim loi

B. cht tc dng c mi baz




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C. cht c kh nng cho proton

D. cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation HP+

2. Pht biukhngng v pH l

A. pH= -lg [HP+P] B. [HP+P]=10PaPth pH = a

C. pH+pOH = 14 D. [HP+P].[OHP-P]=10P-143.Chn cu tr li ng, khi ni v mui trung ha.

A. Mui trung ha l mui m dung dch lun c gi tr pH=7

B. Mui trung ha l mui ctobi axt mnh v baz mnh

C. Mui trung ha l mui khng cn c hidro trong gc axit

D. Mui trung ha l mui c kh nng cho proton

4. Theo Ahreniut thpht biungl

A. Baz l cht nhn proton.

B. Axit l cht nhng proton.

C. Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation H P+P.

D. Baz l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation OH P-P.

5. Hiroxit lng tnh l

A. Zn(OH)R

2R

. B. Mg(OH)R

2R

. C. Fe(OH)R

3R

. D. NaOH6. Chn cu tr li ng, khi ni v mui axit:

A. Dung dch mui c pH < 7.

B. Mui c kh nng phn ng vi baz.

C. Mui vn cn hiro trong phn t.

D. Mui vn cn hiro c kh nng phn li to proton trong nc.

7. Nc ng vai tr g trong qu trnh in li cc cht trong nc?/ Vai tr ca nc trong qutrnh in li cc cht trong nc l

A. mi trng in li. B. dung mi khng phn cc.

C. dung mi phn cc. D. to lin kt hiro vi cc cht tan.

8. Chn cu tr li ng nht, khi xt v Zn(OH)2 l:

A. cht lng tnh. B. hiroxit lng tnh.

C. baz lng tnh. D. hiroxit trung ha.

9. C my axit mt nc trong s : HCl, CH3COOH, H2S, H2O, NaOH, HF, H3PO4, HI




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A. 3 B. 5 C. 7 D. 4

10. Dung dch mui axit l

A. CHR3RCOONa. B. NaRRHCOR3 RC. Ba(NOR3R)R2R. D. NHR4RCl.

11. Pht biu sai l /chn pht biu saiA. Gi tr [HP+P] tng th gi tr pH tng

B. Dd m gi tr pH> 7 c mi trng baz

C. Dd m gi tr pH< 7 c mi trng axit

D. Dd m gi tr pH= 7 c mi trng trung tnh

12. Pht biu ng l/chn pht biu ng

A. Gi tr [HP+P] tng th gi tr pH tng

B. Dd m gi tr pH > 7 c mi trng baz

C. Dd m gi tr pH > 7 c mi trng axit

D. Dd m gi tr pH = 7 c tnh lng tnh

13. Cho dung dch X c pH=10, dung dch Y c pH=3. Pht biu ng l/ chn kt lun ng

A. X c tnh baz yu hn Y B. X c tnh axt yu hn Y

C. Tnh axit ca X bng Y D. X c tnh axt mnh hn Y

14. Hy chn pht biu ng trong cc pht biu sau:

A. Dung dch axit nht thit c pH =7.

B. Dung dch mui trung ho nht thit c pH = 7 .

C. Nc ct c pH =7

D. Dung dch mui trung ho nht thit c pH > 7.

15. Hy chn pht biu ng trong cc pht biu sau:

A. Dung dch axit c pH 7

UMc hiu:

1. Dy cc cht no sau y va tc dng vi dung dch HCl va tc dng vi dung dch NaOH?A. Pb(OH)R2R, ZnO, FeR2ROR3R B. Al(OH)R3R, AlR2RO R3R, NaHCOR3R

C. NaR2RSOR4R, HNOR3R, AlR2RO R3R D. NaCl, ZnO, Zn(OH)R2




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2.Cho mi dung dch ng trong 1 l mt nhn : HCl, MgSOR4R, BaClR2R. Dng thuc th no sau

y c th nhn bit c tt c cc dung dch?

A. Qu tm. B. NaOH. C. HCl. D. NaR2RCOR3R.

3.Trong s cc dung dch sau:

(1) NaOH (2) HCl (3) NHR3R(4) NaCl (5) NaHSOR4R (6) CR2RHR5ROH.

Nhng dung dch c pH>7 l

A. 1, 3, 6. B. 1, 3. C. 1, 3, 5, 6. D. 2, 5.

4. kh chua cho t mt tha rung, ngi nng dn nn bn cht no ?

A. CaCOR3R. B. Ca(OH)R2R. C. NaCl. D. HR2RSOR4R.

5.Mt dung dch cha cc cation : MgP2+P, NaP+P, AlP3+P, CaP2+Pth anion trong dung dch c th l

A. 24SO

P

PB. 23CO

. C. 3NO . D. OHPP.

6.Trn hai th tch bng nhau ca dung dch HNOR3Rv dung dch Ba(OH) R2Rc cng nng mol.

Dung dch thu c sau phn ng c

A. pH > 7 B. pH = 7 C. pH < 7 D. pH = 14

7.Phng trnh in ly no di y c biu din ng?

A. CaCOR3RCaP2+

P+ CO 23

B. HCl HP+

P+ ClP-

C. NaOH NaP+

P+ OHP- PD. PPNHR3R+ HR2RO NHR4RP+

P+ OHP-

8.Dung dch HR2RSOR4R0,1 M c pH

A. bng 1. B. bng 2. C. nh hn 1. D. ln hn 1.

9.Trn 100 ml dung dch HCl 1 M vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c dung dch c pH

bng

A. 7. B. > 7. C. 1. D. < 7.

10.Trung ha 250 ml dung dch axit axetic CHR3RCOOH 0,5M bng dung dch kali hiroxit thu c

dung dch c pH

A. bng 7. B. > 7. C. < 7. D. 7.

11. Dung dch NaOH c pH = 12. Nng NaOH trong dung dch trn bng

A. 1,2M. B. 2M. C. 0,02M. D. 0,01M.

12.Cho phng trnh in ly ca nc : HR2RO + HR2ROHR3ROP+

P+ OHP

Theo thuyt proton ca Brsted th nc l mt

A. axit B. baz C. cht lng tnh D. cht trung tnh

13. i vi dung dchaxit yu HNOR2R0,1M nh gi ng l




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A. pH>1 B. pH=1 C. [HP+P]


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A. pH=2 B. pH=12 C. pH=-2 D. pH=0.2

14. Cho dung dch NaOH 0,01M. Kt qu v pH, pOH v nng mol ca dung dch l

A. pOH = 2 v [Na P+P]< [OHP-P]= 10P-2P B. pH=2 v[NaP+P]=[OHP-P]=10P-2

C. pH=12 v [Na P+P]> [OHP-P] D. pH=12 v[NaP+P]=[OHP-P]=10P-2

15. Cho dung dch HCl 0.01M. Kt qu v pH, pOH v nng mol ca dung dch lA. pOH = 2 v [HP+P]< [ClP-P]= 10P-2P B. pH=2 v[HP+P]=[ClP-P]=10P-2

C. pH=12 v [HP+P]> [ClP-P] D. pH=12 v[HP+P]=[ClP-P]=10P-2

16. Th tch dung dch HCl 0.3 M cn trung ha 100ml dung dch hn hp NaOH 0.1M

v Ba(OH)2 0.1M l

A. 100ml B. 150ml C. 200ml D. 500ml

17. pH ca dung dch NaOH 0,1M v dung dch HCl 0,001M ln lt l:A. 1 v 2 B. 13 v 3 C. 3 v 13 D. 0,1 v 0,01

18. Cho 3 dung dch c cng nng mol/l: HCl (1), NaOH (2), Ba(OH)2 (3). Th t tng

dn pH l

A. (1) < (2) < (3) B. (3) < (2) < (1)

C. (2) < (3) < (1) D. (2) < (1) < (3)

19. Cho 3 dung dch c cng nng mol/l: HCl (1), NaOH(2), Ba(OH)2 (3). Th t gim

dn baz l

A. (1) , (2) , (3) B. (3) , (2) , (1)

C. (2) , (3) , (1) D. (2) , (1) , (3)

20. Dung dch CH3COOH 0,01 mol/l c pH khong no sau y?

A. pH = 7. B. pH > 7. C. 2 < pH < 7. D. pH =2.

21. Nu trn 150ml dung dch HCl 2M vi 50ml dung dch NaOH 2M th dung dch thu

c cA. pH = 7 B. pH>7 C. pH


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24. Cho dung dch cha x mol Ba(OH) R2Rvo dung dch cha x mol HCl. Dung dch thu c sau

phn ng c mi trng

A. axit B. trung tnh C.baz D. lng tnh

25.Trn 20ml dung dch NaOH 0,05M vi 20ml dung dch Ba(OH)R2R0,075M. Nu coi th tch sau

khi pha trn bng tng th tch ca hai dung dch u th pH ca dung dch thu c l:A 1 B. 2 C. 12 D. 13

26.Dung dch NaOH c pH =11, cn pha long dung dch ny bao nhiu ln c dung dch

NaOH c pH= 9?

A. 3ln B. 100ln C. 20 ln D. 500ln

27.Hai dung dch NaOH (pH= 10) v HR2RSOR4R(pH = 4,5) c [HP+

P] ln lt l

A. 0,0001M v 0,0000316M. B. 1,0.10P-10PM v 0,0000316 M.

C. 1,0.10P-10PM v 1,0 .10P-9,5PM . D. 0,0001M v 1,0 .10P-9,5PM.

28. Nu trn 150ml dung dch HCl 0,2M vi 50ml dung dch H2SO4 0,2M th dung dch thu

c c

A. pH = 1,3 B. pH= 0,39 C. pH =2 D. pH = 0,6

29. Nu trn 150ml dung dch NaOH 0,2M vi 50ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M th dung dch

thu c c

A. pH = 13,39 B. pH= 12,69 C. pH= 12,47 D. pH = 1230. Th tch dung dch HCl 0,2M cn trung ho 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M l

A. 50ml B. 100ml C. 200ml D. 500ml

Ch 3:

-Bn cht phn ng xy ra trong dung dch l phn ng gia cc ion.

-iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch

- Vit PTHH dng ion thu gn

-Phn bit cc axit, baz, mui bng cht ch th v thuc th

- Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong hn hp. Tnh nng mol ion thu c sau phn ng.

Mc bit:

1. Phng php thng dng thu ly kt ta khi cho dung dch Na R2RSOR4Rd vo dung dch BaCl R2

Rl

A. C cn B. Chng ct C. Lc D. Chit

2.Trong cc cp cht sau y, cp cht cng tn ti trong dung dch lA. AlClR3Rv NaNOR3R. B. HNOR3Rv NaHCOR3 R.

C. NaAlOR2Rv KOH. D. NaCl v AgNOR3R.




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3. phn bit bn dung dch mt nhn: AlCl R3R, NaNOR3R, KR2RCOR3 R, NH R4RNOR3Rthuc th c s dng

trc tip c th l

A. Dung dch BaClR2R B. Dung dch HR2RSOR4

C. Dung dch Ba(OH)R2R D. Dung dch AgNO R3

4.Nhng ion c th tn ti trong cng mt dung dch lA. NaP+P, MgP2+P, OHP-P, NOR3RP

-P B. AgP+P, HP+P, ClP-P, SOR4 RP

2-

C. HSOR4RP-

P, Na P+P, CaP2+P, COR3RP2-

P D. OHP-P, NaP+P, BaP2+P, ClP-

5.Phng trnh ha hc vitkhngng l

A. NaR2RSOR4R+ BaClR2R BaSO R4R+ 2NaCl

B. FeS + ZnCl R2R ZnS + FeClR2

C. HCl + Mg(OH)R2R MgCl R2R+ 2HR2RO

D. FeS + 2HCl FeClR2R+ HR2RS

6. Dy cht va tc dng vi dung dch HCl va tc dng vi dung dch NaOH l

A. Zn(OH)2 , Al2O3, KHCO3 B. NaR2RSOR4R, HNOR3R, AlR2ROR3

C. NaR2RSOR4R, ZnO, Zn(OH)R2R D. Zn(OH)R2R, NaHCOR3R, CuClR2

7.Cho cc ion: OH , 23CO ,Na+ ,CaP2+P, Cl ,Ag+ ,H+ . Cc ion c th cng tn ti trong mt dung dch

l:

A. OH , Na+ , CaP2+P, Cl B. OH , CaP2+P, Cl , H+

C. OH , 23CO , Na+ , H+ D. OH , Cl , Ag+ , NaP+

8.Khi trn hai dung dch vo nhau, trng hpkhngxy ra phn ng l

A. NaCl v AgNO R3R B. HCl v KHCOR3

C. FeClR3Rv KNOR3R D. BaClR2Rv KR2RCO R3R.

9.Phn ng trao i ion l

A. phn ng c s thay i s oxi ho .

B. phn ng khng c s di chuyn proton .

C. phn ng khng c s di chuyn electron .

D. phn ng trong hai cht trao i vi nhau cc ion thnh phn .

10.Trong cc cp cht di y, cp cht no cng tn ti trong dung dch?

A. AlClR3Rv CuSOR4R B. NaHSOR4Rv dd NaHCO R3

C. NaAlOR2Rv HCl D. NaCl v AgNOR3

11.Ch ra phng trnh vit khngng.A. HCl HP+P+ ClP-P. B. CHR3RCOOHCHR3RCOOP

-P+ HP+P.

C. HR3RPOR4R3HP+

P+ 3PO 34

. D. NaR3RPOR4R3NaP+

P+ PO 34

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