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Agenda
• SGML/XML View of Documents (pp 3─9)• XML Background (pp 10─12)• Document Management (pp 13─17)• IETM (pp 18─24)• An XML DB (pp 25)• IETM and DB (pp 26─27)• IETM and Expert System (pp 28─29)• Expert System Background (pp 30─31)• ES for M60A3 Engine Troubleshooting (pp 32─48)• XML-Related Project (pp 49─50)• Conclusion (pp 51)
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SGML/XML View of Documents
• Central to SGML/XML is the concept that documents have structurestructure, contentcontent, and formatformat.
• These three ingredients combine to form a document.
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SGML/XML View of DocumentsContent
• What is Content?– Content is the actual data within a
document.– The words and illustrations that make
up a bicycle assembly manual are its contents.
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SGML/XML View of DocumentsFormat
• What is format?– Format consists of how the words, sentences,
and paragraphs are visually presentedvisually presented and distinguished from one another within a document.
– Boldface for title, italics for special terms, and blank lines between sections are examples of document formats.
– People often confuse format with People often confuse format with
structure.structure.
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SGML/XML View of DocumentsStructure
Coconut Pudding
12 ounces coconut milk
4 to 6 tablespoons sugar
4 to 6 tablespoons cornstarch
3/4 cup water
Pour coconut milk into saucepan.
Combine sugar and cornstarch; stir in waterand blend well.
Stir sugar mixture into coconut milk; cook and stir over low heat until thickened.
Recipe
Title
IngredientList
Ingredient
InstructionList
Step
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• Defining structures in SGML/XML– The structure of a document its type is
defined by a document type definition, or DTD.
– The DTD lays out the rules for a document through the use of elements, attributes, and entities.
SGML/XML View of DocumentsStructure
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SGML/XML View of DocumentsStructure
<!ELEMENT recipe (title,ingredientList, instructionList)><!ELEMENT title (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT ingredientList (ingredient*)><!ELEMENT instructionList(step*)><!ELEMENT ingredient (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT step (#PCDATA)>
• An XML DTD looks like
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<!DOCTYPE RECIPE SYSTEM ”recipe"><RECIPE><TITLE>Coconut Pudding</TITLE><INGREDIENTLIST> <INGREDIENT> 12 ounces coconut milk</INGREDIENT> <INGREDIENT> 4 to 6 tablespoons sugar </INGREDIENT> <INGREDIENT> 4 to 6 tablespoons cornstarch </INGREDIENT> <INGREDIENT> 3/4 cup water </INGREDIENT><INGREDIENTLIST><INSTRUCTIONLIST> <STEP> Pour coconut milk into saucepan. </STEP> <STEP>Combine sugar and cornstarch; stir in water and blend well. </STEP> <STEP>Stir sugar mixture into coconut milk; cook and stir over low heat until thickened. </STEP> …</INSTRUCTIONLIST></RECIPE>
SGML/XML View of DocumentsStructure
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XML Background
• HTML helped establish the Internet by providing a universal way to present information.
• However, HTML only addresses the presentation of data.
• Using SGML, users can add structure along with the content of a document.
• However, SGML has proven too heavy-weight for the Internet.
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XML Background
• The XML is a simple dialect of SGML.• HTML is sufficient for sending web pages
that are viewed by human beings.• XML, however, adds the tags that enable
computers to understand, act on or process the information.
• XML has been designed for ease of implementation and for interoperability with both SGML and HTML.
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XML Background
• XML Application Profile– Information brokering – Electronic business– Electronic publishing
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Printing
Import
Exchange
Searching andviewing
Creation
Types of Interaction with Document
Workstation
UpdateWorkstation
Review/validation
Workstation
Conversion/transformation
Workstation
Document classificationDocument assemblyDocument archivalDocument storage
Useful databaseinformation
Document creationand modification
Document managementand storage
Document utilization
Workstation
Laser printer
Building alternatedocuments
Online searchingviewing,
exchange, export
Extraction,analysis
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Data Type Requirements of Documents
• HTML– One file per page– Simple uni-directional linking
• XML– Tens, hundreds or even thousands of objects per
page– Multiple DTDs– Hierarchical structure and rich linking– Query and navigation capabilities required– Agents and business rules interact with the data
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Data Types of Storage File System
• File system– Store monolithic stuff.– Folder system on top of them– Good at storing multimedia data
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Data Types of Storage Relational DB
• Relational database– Tabular in nature– Good at storing rows and columns of
data like spreadsheets and data from forms like invoices.
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Data Types of Storage Object-Oriented DB
• Object-oriented database– Good at managing structured,
hierarchical rich linked information.– That’s exactly what XML is.– XML is the object representation of
data.
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IETM Background
• An Interactive Electronic Technical Manual (IETM), as defined in the DoD IETM Specifications, is a package of information required for the diagnosis and maintenance of a weapons system, optimally arranged and formatted for interactive screen presentation to the end-user.
• It is a Technical Manual prepared (i.e., authored) by a contractor and delivered to the Government, or prepared by a Government activity, in digital form on a suitable medium, by means of an automated authoring system.
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IETM Background
• An IETM is designed for electronic screen display to an end user, and has the following three characteristics: – The information is designed and formatted for screen
presentation to enhance comprehension. – The elements of technical data making up the technical
manual are interrelated. A user's access to required information is possible by a variety of paths.
– The computer-controlled technical manual display device functions interactively (as a result of user requests and information input) to provide procedural guidance, navigational directions, and supplemental information.
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IETM Background
• IETMs allow a user to locate required information faster and more easily than is possible with a paper technical manual.
• They are easier to comprehend, more specifically matched to the system configuration under diagnosis, and are available in a form that requires much less physical storage than paper.
• Powerful interactive troubleshooting procedures, not possible with paper technical manuals, can be made available using the intelligent features of the IETM display device.
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IETM Specifications for DoD Use
• MIL-M-87268 defines how the IETM should look and behave to the reader. This standard will soon be replaced by a performance specification (MIL-PRF-87268A).
• MIL-D-87269 establishes the IETM database forms, structure, and key controlling mechanisms. This standard will soon be replaced by a performance specification (MIL-PRF-87269A).
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Class Definition of IETM
• NSWCCD developed a set of definitions to partition the range of electronic technical manual functionality into five classes to establish a common framework and vocabulary for discussions.
• The classes are defined in fairly broad, general terms that necessarily overlap somewhat.
• The class definitions have been loosely adopted within Navy to facilitate discussions of options and differences.
• http://navycals.dt.navy.mil/classes.html
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Class Definition of IETM
• Class 1:– Electronically Indexed Pages
• Class 2:– Electronically Scrolling Documents
• Class 3:– Linearly Structured IETMS (example)
• Class 4:– Hierarchically Structured IETMs (example)
• Class 5:– Integrated Data Base (IETIS)
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Class Definition of IETM
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An XML DBMS
OODB (Jasmine)
Class schemaData object
XML parser
DB schemagenerator
XML document
XML DTD
Object definitions
in ODQL
Schemadefinitions
in ODQL
ODQLprocessor
ODQL (Object Data Query Language): the language for defining, manipulating,and query object in Jasmine, an object-oriented DB by CA.
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IETM and DB
• Class 3 (SGML file without DB)– Data Format
• Linear ASCII with SGML tags • SGML with content vice format tags • Maximum use of MIL-D-87269 • Generic: SGML tags equivalent to MIL-D-87269
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IETM and DB
• Class 4 (SGML + DB)– Data Format
• Fully attributed DB elements (MIL-D-87269) • MIL-D-87269 content tags with full conformance with
Generic Level Object Outlines (architectural forms) • Authored directly to database for interactive electroni
c output • Data managed by a DBMS • Interactive features "authored in" vice added-on • Generic: COTS equal to MIL-D-87269 data definition an
d tags
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IETM and Expert System
• Class 5 – Display
• Expert system allows same display session and view system to provide simultaneous access to many differing functions (e.g., supply, training, troubleshooting)
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IETM and Expert System
• Class 5 – Data Format
• IETM info integrated at the data level with other application info
• Does not use separate databases for other application data.
• Identical to Class 4 standards for IETM applications data per MIL-D-87269
• Coding for Expert Systems and AI modules when used
• Generic: COTS equal to MIL-D-87269 data definition and tags
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Elements of an Expert System
User
Knowledge engineer
Working Memory
KnowledgeBase
RuleAdjuster
InferenceEngine
Interface
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Knowledge Acquisition
HumanExpert
HumanExpert
KnowledgeEngineer
KnowledgeEngineer
Dialog
Knowledge Base of
Expert System
Knowledge Base of
Expert System
Explicit Knowledge
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ES for M60A3 Engine Troubleshooting
• Knowledge representation• Knowledge acquisition• The user interface• Implementation• Demonstration
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Implementation Tools
• Flex: – An expert system shell developed by
Logic Programming Associates, UK.– Based on LPA Prolog– Window programming facilities– Rules, frames.
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Knowledge Representation (M60A3)
• IF-THEN Rule /* 若 主電瓶指示器發生效用 *//* 且 引擎可發動 *//* 則 執行 solve1 */
rule solution1 if check_master_battery_light is ‘ 是’ and check_engine is ‘ 是’ then solve1.
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Knowledge Representation (M60A3)
• Prompt and explanation
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Knowledge Acquisition (M60A3)
• Knowledge source– Troubleshooting procedure from the M60A3
maintenance manual步驟 1. 將主電瓶開關定於通電位置。
檢查主電瓶指示器燈是否發生效用。 (1) 若指示器燈能作用 , 應進行步驟 2 (2) 若指示器燈不能作用 , 則應進行 60 號故障 排除步驟 2. 檢查變速器變速桿 … (1) ... (2) ...
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Knowledge Acquisition (M60A3)
• The knowledge source can be illustrated by a decision tree.
是檢查主電瓶指示器燈是否發生效用 ?
進行 60 號故障排除 檢查變速器變速桿是否在停車位置 ?
將其定於 P 位置並試圖發動引擎
在 P 位置將變速桿定於H 、 L 、 R 再將變速桿定回 P 位置並試圖發動引擎
檢查引擎是否轉動 ?
否
否
否
是
是
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User Interface (M60A3)
• The interface provides three functions:– Display the
malfunction component
– Diagnosis
– Troubleshooting procedure
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User Interface (M60A3)
• User can choose one of:– Default troubleshooting
procedure (inference starting from the root of the decision tree), or
– Procedure for selected malfunction component (from the corresponding node in the tree).
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Demo (M60A3)
• At the beginning of program execution
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Demo (M60A3)
• Press [ 確定 ]
•Press [ 確定 ]
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Demo (M60A3)
• Answer the question,
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Demo (M60A3)
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Demo (M60A3)
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Demo (M60A3)
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Demo (M60A3)
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Demo (M60A3)
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Further Improvement
• Validating the prototype system• Adding shallow knowledge• Improving user interface• Automatic conversion of M60A3 SGML docu
ment instances into an OODB• Employing the SGML DB as the knowledge
base of the expert system• Intelligent Interactive Electronic Technical
Manual (IETM)
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XML-Related Projects
• Design and Implementation of an Object-Oriented XML Document Repository– Sponsor: III– Time: 1998/9─1999/6
• An Office Automation System Based on SGM Document Database– Sponsor: NSC– Time: 1998/8─1999/7
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XML-Related Thesis Projects
• A Video Content Query System Based on XML Database
• An Agent-Based Electronic Commerce System Based on Object-Oriented Database System
• A Query-By-Template User Interface for XML Document Database
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Conclusion
• XML will be the "lingua franca" of the WWW for – Information brokering, – Electronic business, and – Electronic publishing.
• Using XML DB to combine the task of technical document management and data management.
