Upload
dangthu
View
217
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
32,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
,yq;ifapy; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; gw;wpAk; Mupau; FbNaw;wq;fspd; guk;gypy; ,Ue;J nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp tiuapyhd murpay; tuyhw;wpy; ,lk;ngw;w Kf;fpa re;ju;g;gq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; gw;wpAk; ,t;tyfpy; fw;Wf; nfhs;s re;ju;g;gk; fpl;Lfpd;wJ.
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;1.MidapwT2.G+efup3.gue;jd;4.,uiz kL5.Ky;iyj;jPT6.nty;yd; Fsk;7.khq;Fsk;8.KUq;fd;9.er;rpahu nts;sr;rpkiy 10.jpUf;Nfhzkiy11.Fjpiukiy12.Nkhjufk; MW13.kupr;Rf;fl;b14.tpy;gj;J15mDuhjGuk;16.ge;jd; Fop17.nghk;gupg;G18.fyh Xah19.tzj;j tpy;Y20.fe;jd; fhL21.jpUf;NfhzkL22.mudfy;Y23.nghyd;dWit24.kfhtypfq;if25.ghyhtp26.Gj;jsk;27.MizkL28.Mz;bfk29.gs;sk30.gq;fnjdpa31.fyhtj;j32.fz;b33.jdpfy34.Nguhjid
35.epy;fy36.N`dngj;j37.gpgpy38.fk;gis39.kLy;rPk40.ehtygpl;b41.G+z;LNyhah42.nghj;Jtpy;43.fpj;Jy;fy44.gpafk45.mtprhtis46.ngypnyd Fif47.ntspkl48.fsdp49.ky;thid50.,uhtzd; vy;y51.gl;lnjhk;gNyd52.jk;Gy;y53.`q;nty;y54.n`l;lN`j;j55.Etnuypah56.Nehu;Tl;57.gz;lhutis58.jpf;Xah59.k];nfypah60.rptndhspghjkiy61.gl;lnjhlNyd62.vn`ypanfhl63.Nyfk64.FTk;gpfy65.gk;guf];jyht66.Xf;fk;gpl;ba67.N`hl;ld; rkntsp68.nghfe;jyht
Njrg;glk; 3.1 ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy tho;tplq;fs;
33 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; vd;gJ vOj;J %y
tuyhW Muk;gkhtjw;F Kw;gl;l fhykhFk;.
,e;ehl;by; tp[adpd; tUiff;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhykhFk;. ,yq;ifapy;
Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;l tuyhW fhzg;gLtJ fp.K
6Mk; E}w;whz;L mstpyhFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; mjw;F
Kd;gpUe;Nj ,yq;ifapy; kf;fs; tho;e;jhu;fs;
vd;gJ njhy;nghUs; rhd;WfspypUe;J mwpaf;
$bajhf cs;sJ. Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mjhuq;fs;
,d;wp njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfis kl;Lk; Mjhukhff;
nfhz;L fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l tuyhw;Wf;Fupa fhyNk
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,yq;ifapy; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;Jf;Fupa kf;fs; tho;e;jjhf
milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s gy ,lq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,uj;jpdGupg;
gpuNjrj;jpd; tz;ly; kz; gilfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gl;l gspq;Ff;fy;>
nrk;kQ;rs; fw;fshy; jahupf;fg;gl;l tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;Jf;F
cupj;jhd fy;yhAjq;fSk;; thdu kdpjDilaJ vdf; fUjf;$ba gw;fSk;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it kpfg; gz;ila tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l kf;fSf;Fr;
nrhe;jkhditnadf; fUjKbAk;. ,tw;iw gioa fw;fhyj;Jf;Fupa
nghUl;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;Jf;F cupa
njhy;nghUl;fs; gy ,lq;fspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Gyj;rpq;fs>
ghfpad;fyFif> FUtpl;ilf;F mUfpYs;s gl;lnjhk;g Fif> Nffhiyf;F
mUfpy; cs;s mj;jdnfhilapy; mike;Js;s mYnd> ngy;yd;gjp ngy;yr>
fpj;Jy;fy ngypngy;y];] Mfpa ,lq;fs; ,tw;Ws; rpythFk;. tuyhw;Wf;F
Kw;gl;l fhy kdpj vr;rq;fs; ghfpad; fy> gl;lnjhk;gf; Fif> ngy;yd;
gjp ngy;yr Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. epy;fy> ngypfy;Nf
,uhtzd; vy;y Mfpa Fiffspy; kdpjDila vYk;Gj; Jz;Lfs; vd;gd
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; kf;fSila tho;f;if Kiw
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; kdpjDila tho;f;if Kiwgw;wpf;
fw;Fk; NghJ mtu;fs; gad;gLj;jpa czT> ,Ug;gplk;> mtu;fSila
Ntiyfis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa MAjq;fs; vd;gd
njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; mtrpakhFk;.
cU 3.1 ,uj;jpdGupapy; ,uj;jpdf;fy; mfo;T ,lq;f spy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fy; MAjq;fs;
34,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
mtu;fSila ,Ug;gplk; mstpy; rpwpajhf
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jpypUe;J xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L
FLk;gq;fs; ,t;tPLfspy; trpj;J ,Uf;fyhk;
vdf; fUjKbfpwJ. fpj;Jy;fy mfo;tpd; NghJ
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l czT rikg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jpa
mLg;G rw;W rpwpajhff; fhzg;gLtJ ,tw;wpw;F
rhd;W gfu;fpd;wd. mJ mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd
FLk;gk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F NghJkhdjy;y vd;gij
tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. czT toq;Fjy; ,yFthf mika
FLk;g vz;zpf;ifia Fiwthf itj;jpUg;gJ
trjpahf mike;jJ. fpj;Jy;fy mfo;tpd; NghJ
xU fl;llj;jpd; ,bghL fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
epu;khzpg;G 12500 tUlq;fSf;F Kw;gl;lJ vd
ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
gyhq;nfhil kdpjd; Ks;sk; gd;wp> mzpy;>
Fuq;F Mfpa rpwpa tpyq;fpdq;fis mjpfsT
czthf gad;gLj;jpdhd;. fhl;Lg;gd;wp> kiu
Nghd;w ngupa tpyq;fpdq;fspd; ,iwr;rpiaAk;
mupjhf cztpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpdhd;. ePupYk;>
kuj;jpYk; cs;s ej;ij tiffs; cztpy; gpujhd ,lj;jpid tfpj;jd
vd;gJ fpilf;fg; ngw;w XLfspy; ,Ue;J mwpaf; $bajhAs;sJ. jhtu czT
tiffSs; fhl;L thio> nff;FD tpij> Mrdpg;gyh tpij vd;gdTk;>
ts;spf;fpoq;F Nghd;wdTk; cztpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,w;iwf;F 27000
tUlq;fSf;F Kd;Gk; cg;G gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;F ngyp FifapypUe;J
rhd;W fpilj;Js;sJ. gl;lnjhk;g Fif Nghd;w ehl;bd; cl;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s
,lq;fspy; flw; rpg;gpfspd; XLfs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J flw;fiug;
gpuNjrj;Jld; njhlu;Gfs; Ngzg;gl;ld vd;gjidj; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ.
fpj;Js;fy ngyp Fif> gl;lnjhk;g Fif> ghfpad;fy Fif>
vd;gdtw;wpy; mf;fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w ,we;jtu;fSf;fhd kuzr; rlq;;F
rk;gpujhaq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. xUtu; ,wf;f NeupLk;
NghJ cliy mg;Gwg;gLj;jpa gpd; mjd; vYk;Gfis vLj;Jr; nrd;W
Mokw;w Fopfs; Njhz;bg; Gijj;J itj;jjid mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,e;j
kz;ilNahLfs; Nrw;Wf; fy;ypdhy; epwe;jPl;lg;gl;bUe;jd. gyhq;nfhil
kdpjdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Nfj;jpu fzpj Kiwapy; mike;j fy;yhAjq;fs;
mfo;tpd; NghJ fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ahNjDk; Nfj;jpuf; fzpj tbtj;ijg;
ngWk; Nehf;Fld; MAjq;fspd; Xuq;fs; nkJthf rPtg;gl;l fy;yhAjq;fs;
rpwpa fy;yhAjq;fs; vd miof;fg;gl;ld. MAjq;fis tbtikj;jikahy;
cU 3.2 gyhq;nfhil kdpjdpd; fw;gid cUtk;
cU 3.3 rpwpa fy;yhAjq;fs;
35 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
mit $u;ikAs;sdthf ,Ue;jd. ,tw;iw fy;yhAjqfs; vd tiuaiw
nra;ayhk;. ,it ngUk;ghYk; 2 nrd;hpkPw;wu; msitf; nfhz;lit.rpy 4.5
nrd;up kPw;wu; mstpdjhFk;.
kj;jpa fw;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fy;ypdhyhd Nfhlup> mk;kp> cuy;>
cyf;if Nghd;w cgfuzq;fSk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it gy;NtW
NjitfisAk; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;ldthFk;.
Mupaf; FbNaw;wq;fs; mikf;fg;gLjy;
tp[adpd; tUif
,yq;ifapy; Mupaf; FbNaw;wq;fspd; miktplk; njhlu;ghf njhy;
nghUs;> ,yf;fpak; Mfpa %yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. kfhtk;rk;>
jPgtk;rk; Mfpa fh;z guk;giuf; fijfs; ,tw;Ws; gpujhdkhdit. ghfpadpd;
mwpf;ifapYk; ̀ pAq; rhq; vd;gtuJ mwpf;ifapYk; ,yq;ifapd; FbapUg;Gfs;
njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ~~tyhf];]|| [hjff;fijAk;
,yq;iff;Ff; Fbngau;e;jtu;fs; gw;wpa jftiy toq;Fk; %yhjhukhFk;.
fu;z guk;giuf;fijfSf;F Vw;g fp.K 6Mk; E}w;whz;bd; eL
miug;gFjpapy; Kjd;Kjyhf ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fl; FO
,yq;iff;F tUif je;jjhfj; jfty;fs; cs;sd. tp[ad; cs;spl;l
FOtpdNu ,yq;iff;F te;j KjyhtJ FOtpduhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wdu;.
mtu;fs; Mupau; r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUif je;jikahy; mtu;fs; mikj;j
FbNaw;wk; Mupaf; FbNaw;wk; vdg; ngau; ngw;wJ.
kfhtk;rj;jpd;gb tp[ad; ,e;jpahtpd; yhlh ehl;bd; rpq;fGuj;ij Ml;rp
nra;j rpq;fghF murdpd; kfdhthd;. tp[ad; jdJ ,sikf; fhyj;jpy;
Ju;elj;ijAk; Ju;g;gof;ftof;fq;fSk; nfhz;bUe;jikahy; mtDila
elj;ij nraw;ghL njhlu;ghf kf;fs; kd;ddplk; Kiwapl;ldu;. ,jdhy;
tp[ad; cs;spl;l 700 Ngu; nfhz;l FOtpdiu kd;dd; ehL flj;jpajhf
kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,f;FOtpdu; tl ,e;jpahtpd; yhlh ehl;bypUe;J
ghUf;fr;r Rg;ghuf Mfpa JiwKfq;fisf; fle;J ,yq;ifapd; tlNkw;Ff;
flw;fiuapy; ky;tj;J Xahtpw;Fk; fyh Xahtpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd fiuNahuj;jpy;
te;jpwq;fpajhf kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mtu;fs; ,e;j ,lj;ij jk;ggz;zp
vd;W mioj;jdu;.
kfhtk;rj;jpw;F Vw;g ,f;FOtpdu; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;jJ Gj;ju;
ngUkhd; gupepu;thzk; mile;j Nghah jpdj;jpyhFk;. Gj;ju;ngUkhd;
36,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
gupepu;thzk; mila Kd;G ,e;jpuid mioj;J vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j rkak; epiyf;fg; NghtjhfTk;> mjdhy; tp[aidAk; mtdJ Njhou;fisAk; ,yq;ifiaAk; ghJfhf;Fk;gb mtDf;Ff; $wpajhfTk; me;jg; nghWg;ig ,e;jpud;> cg;Gy; nja;tj;jplk; xg;gilj;jjhfTk; njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cg;Gy; nja;tk; ehNlhbj;Jwtp xUtu; Nghy Ntlkpl;L te;J mtu;fSf;Fg; gpupj; E}iyf; fl;b gpupj; ghuhazk; nra;ag;gl;l ePiuj; jiyapy; njspj;J ghJfhg;G toq;fpajhfTk; kfhtk;rk; $Wfpd;wJ. ,yq;iff;F te;j FOtpdu; FNtdpiar; re;jpj;jjhfTk; mts; jd;Dila kha rf;jpahy; tp[a Dila FOtpdiu xU ngha;ifapy; rpiw nra;jjhfTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Wjpapy; mf; FOtpdiu tpLtpf;fr; nrd;w ,sturd; tp[ad; mf; FOtpdiu kPl;lJld; mtu;fSf;F ,yq;if ,uhr;rpaj;ij toq;f FNtzp rk;kjpj;jjhfTk; kfhtk;rk; $Wfpd;wJ.
mjd; gpd; FNtdpapdhy; toq;fg;gl;l muprpapdhy; rikf;fg;gl;l Nrhw;iw ,f;FOtpdu; cz;ljhfTk;> FNtdpahy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l tpahghuf; fg;gypy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l muprpapy; ,Ue;Nj ,e;j czT rikf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
md;W ,uT fpuprtj;JGw efupy; tpoh xd;W eilngw;w Ntis ,af;fu; Fyj;jtu;fs; mq;F xd;W$bapUe;jjhfTk; FNtdpapd; cjtpAld; mf;Fyj;jpdiu tp[ad; Njhw;fbj;J ,yq;if ,uhr;rpaj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljhfTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;l gpd;du; tp[ad; Kb#l;bf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd mikr;ru;fs; fUjpdu;. ,jw;fhf ,sturd; tp[adpd; tpUg;gg;gb ,e;jpahtpd; kJuhGupj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,sturpiaf; mioj;J te;jdu;. Kb#bf; nfhz;l tp[a kd;dd; jk;ggz;zpiaj; jdJ jiyefuhff; nfhz;L 38 tUlq;fs; Ml;rp nra;jhd;. ,tDila mikr;ru;fSk; mDuhj> cgjp];]> cUnty> tp[pj vd;w FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jdu;.
Njrg;glk; 3.2 ,yq;if ,e;jpahtpw;F mz;ikapy; mike;js;sik
37 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
Mupaf; FbNaw;wq;fspd; guk;gy;
,e;ehl;by; Mupau; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jik xNu jlitapy; ele;j epfo;r;rpad;W. FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jy;> guk;gy; vd;gd fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; tUif je;j ,e;jpa Fbg;ngau;Tf; FOtpdupdhy; Vw;gl;ljhf fu;zg; guk;giuf; fijfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fspypUe;J mwpaf; $bajha; cs;sJ.
fp.K 6Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J ,e;ehl;bw;F tUif je;j gy FOtpdiug; gw;wp tk;rf; fijfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,sturd; tp[ad; cl;gl;l FOtpdu>; ,sturd; tp[adpd; murpahf kJuhGupapy; ,Ue;J mioj;J tug;gl;l ,sturp cs;spl;l FOtpdu;> gz;LthRNjtd; cl;gl;l FOtpdu;> gj;jfr;rdh cs;spl;l FOtpdu;> mtSila rNfhjuu; cs;spl;l FOtpdu;> MfpNahu; FbNaw;wq;fspd; Muk;gj;jpw;Fk;> guk;gYf;Fk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j gpujhd Fbg;ngau;tpdnudf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,f;FOtpdu; ,yq;ifapd; tlNkw;F> fpof;F fiufspy; mike;Js;s JiwKfq;fspy; fiuapwq;fpaJld>; mtu;fs; jkJ epue;juf; FbapUg;Gf;fis mikf;f cyu;tyaj;ijr; Nru;e;j Mw;wq;fiug; gpuNjrq;fisj; njupT nra;jdu;. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; mtu;fSf;F ed;F gof;fg;;gl;l tptrhaj; njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Vw;wjhd ngsjpff; fhuzpfs; mg;gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gl;likahFk;. rkntspg; gpuNjrk; ePu;trjp> tptrhaj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fhyepiy vd;gtw;wpid ,g;gpuNjrk; nfhz;bUe;jikahy; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpidj; jkJ FbapUg;Gf;fis mikg;gjw;Fj; njupT nra;jdu;.
tp[ad; cl;gl;l FOtpdu; ,yq;ifapd; tlNkw;Ff; fiuNahukhfj; jiuapwq;fp mtu;fSila FbapUg;Gf;fisf; fjk;g ejp> fk;gPu ejp> Nfhz ejp vd;gtw;wpd; fiufspy; mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. kfhtk;rj;jpw;Nfw;g ,sturd; tp[adhy; jk;ggz;zp FbapUg;Gk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mDuhj mikr;ruhy; mDuhjfhkKk;> cgjp];] mikr;ruhy; cgjp];] fhkKk; cjadp> cUnty
Mfpa Vida mikr;ru;fs; jj;jk; ngau;fshy; FbapUg;Gf;fisAk; mikj;Jf;
nfhz;ldu;. ,f;FbapUg;Gf;fs; midj;Jk; ky;tj;J Xah> (fjk;g ejp) fyh
Xah (Nfhz ejp) Mfpa MWfspd; mUfpy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
Njrg;glk; 3.3 Mupaf; FbNaw;wq;fspd; guk;gy;
38,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
,jd; gpwF ,sturd; tp[adpd; gl;lj;J ,uhzpahf;f kJuhGupapy;
,Ue;J mioj;J tug;gl;l ,sturp cs;slq;fpa FOtpdUk; ,q;F te;J
FbapUg;Gf;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
gz;LthRNjt murDila gl;lj;J ,uhzpahd gj;j fr;rhdh
cl;gl;l FOtpdu; ,yq;ifapd; fpof;F fiuapy; mike;Js;s Nfhfu;zk;
(jpUNfhzkiy) JiwKfj;jpy; fiuapwq;fpdu;. mtSila rNfhjuu;fSk;
FOtpdUk; ,j;JiwKfj;jpD}lhfNt ,yq;ifapy; FbNawpdu;. ,e;j
,sturu;fs; tp[pj;jfhkk;> uhkNfhz> jPf fhk> Nuhfz Mfpa FbNaw;wq;fis
,yq;ifapd; fpof;F> njd; fpof;F jpirfspy; mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
Nkw;Fg; gpuNjrj;jpy; fsdp fq;ifapd; fiuapy; fy;ahzp vd;w
FbapUg;Gk; cUthfpaJ. njd;fpof;Fg; gpuNjrj;jpy; fpupe;jp ejpf; fiuapy;
kfh fhkk; vd;w FbapUg;Gk;> fgufe;j ejpf; fiuapy; fhr;rufhkk; Mfpa
FbapUg;GfSk; mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,f;FbNaw;wq;fs; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;lfhy
FbNaw;wq;fs; vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. Muk;g fhyf; FbNaw;wq;fs; ejpf;
fiufspy; mikf;fg;gl;lJld; rdj;njhif mjpfupg;Gld; FbNaw;wq;fs;
cs;ehL Nehf;fpAk; gutyile;jJ.
Mupaupd; murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu Kiwfs;
Mupau;fs; ,e;ehl;by; mikj;j KjyhtJ FbapUg;G fhkk; (fpuhkk;)
vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. mDuhj fhkk;> cgjp];] fhkk; Mfpa FbapUg;Gfs;
,jw;F cjhuzq;fshFk;. Mupaf; FbapUg;Gfs; mikf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspd;
Ml;rpahsu; ~~fhkpdp|| vd;w ngaiug; ngw;wpUe;jhu;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; fhkpdpfSs;
gyk; tha;e;j Ml;rpahsd; murd; vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lhd;.
Mupau;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;J ,q;F FbapUg;Gf;fis mikj;Jf;
nfhz;l fhyj;jpy; tptrhak;> tpyq;F Ntshz;ik> tpahghuk; Nghd;w
eltbf;iffs; ,e;jpahtpy; epytpd. Mupau;fs; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;j gpd;Gk;
mg;nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; njhlu;e;Jk; <Lgl;ldu;. Mupau;fs; tho;e;j
gpuNjrj;jpd; Gtpapay; gpd;dzpia Muha;e;J ghu;f;Fk; NghJ tptrhaj;Jf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd gpuNjrj;ij njupT nra;Js;sik njspthfpd;wJ. gj;jfr;rdhTld;
tUif je;j mtDila rNfhjudhd mDuhj vd;w ngaUilatd; Fsk;
xd;iwf; fl;bajhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mupau;fs; ,e;ehl;bw;F te;jNghJ itjPf rkak; ,e;jpud;> #upad;
Mfpa Njtu;fis topgLk; Kiwfs; vd;gd ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gl;ld.
mtu;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; epytpa i[d rkak; gw;wpAk; mwpe;jpUe;jdu;. ,e;j
topghl;L Kiwfs; ,yq;ifapYk; gutp ,Uf;fyhk;. mj;Jld; ngsj;j rkak;
njhlu;ghfTk; mwpe;jpUf;fyhk;.
39 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
gapw;rp :
FbapUg;Gf;fs; mUfpyike;j ejpapd; gz;ila fhyg; ngau;
me;ejpapd; jw;Nghija ngau;
1 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kdpju;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba ehd;F ,lq;fspd; ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
2 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;Jf;Fupa kdpjd; czTf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa jhtu czT tiffs; ahit?
3 Mupau; FbapUg;Gf;fspd; guk;gy; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f.
nraw;ghL :
1 ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpju; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisg; ngwf; $ba ,lq;fisj; Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf
2 Mupau; FbapUg;Gf;fis mikg;gjw;F Mjhukhaike;j MWfisAk; mjw;F mUfpy; mike;Js;s FbapUg;GfisAk; Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.
40,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
nghyd;dWit ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp tiuapyhd murpay; tuyhW
muRupik jhgpj;jy; tk;rf; fijfs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Mfpa tuyhw;W
%yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; jfty;fSf;F Vw;g mur gjtp ,yq;ifapd;
Kf;fpa murpay; KiwahfpaJ. ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; nry;thf;Fld; kf;fs;
rk;kjj;Jld; kf;fspd; ghJfhg;gpw;Fk;> eyd; NgzYf;Fk; cjTk; gjtpahf
murd; vd;w gjtp r%fj;jpd; mq;fPfhuj;jpw;F cs;shfpaJ.
,yq;ifapd; Muk;g Mupau;; FbNaw;wq;fspd; Ml;rpahsd; fhkpdp
vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lhd;. mj;Jld; ~~murd;|| vd;w tpUJg; ngaiuAk;
,e;ehl;bd; Ml;rpahsu;fs; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
Kjd; Kjyhf ,sturd;; gz;Lfhgad; kfhtyp fq;ifapd; mUfpy;
FbNaw;wq;fspd; Mjpf;fj;ij cWjp nra;jgpd; Nkw;Fg; gpuNjrj;jpy;
mike;Js;s FbapUg;Gf;fisAk; xd;wpizj;Jf; nfhz;L mDuhjGuj;jpd;
murdhf Kb #l;bf;nfhz;lhd;. gz;Lfhga murd; RahjPdkhff; fhzg;gl;l
,e;jf; FbapUg;Gf;fis xd;wpizj;J mDuhjGuj;jpd; murdhdik murpay;
tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpa epfo;thff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,td; mDuhjGuj;jpid
efuj;Jf;Fupa midj;J mk;rq;fSk; nfhz;l KOikahd efukhf
cUthf;fpdhd;.mtd; ,yq;ifapd; fpuhkpa vy;iyfis tiuaWj;jjhfTk;
kfhtk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vt;thwhapDk; Njtek;gpajPrd; kd;dDila murhl;rpf; fhyk; tiu
,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l Kb#l;L tpohitg; Nghd;w Kb#l;L tpoh ,yq;ifapy;
fhzg;gl;ljhfj; jfty; fpilf;ftpy;iy. mNrhfr; rf;futu;j;jpapdhy; Kb#l;L
tpohtpd; nghUl;L mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fis (mur rpd;dq;fisg;)
gad;gLj;jp ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf Njtek;gpajPrd; Kiwg;gb Kb#l;L
tpohit elj;jpdhd;. mj;Jld; mNrhf kd;dd; tpUk;gpa ~~Njtek;gpa|| vd;w
gl;lg; ngaiuAk; #l;bf; nfhz;lhd;. mjd; gpd; Ml;rpahsiu miog;gjw;F
kfhuh[h vd;w ngaUk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Kb#l;L tpohit elj;Jtjw;F
murp xUtu; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. murdpd; Kjd;ik ,uhzpf;Fg; gl;lj;J
,uhzp vd;w ngau; toq;fg;gl;lJ. mDuhjGuj;jpy; ,Ue;j Kjd;ik murd;
kfhuh[h vd miof;fg;gl;lhd;. gpuNjr Ml;rpahsu;fs; murd; vd;w ngaupdhy;
miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
44 tUlq;fs; mDuhjGuj;ij Ml;rp nra;j vy;yhsidj; Njhw;fbj;J
cUFiz ,uhr;rpaj;ijAk; mDuhjGuj;ijAk; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;L
Jl;lifKD murd; ,yq;ifia xd;wpizj;jhd;. ,J xNu murdpd; fPo;
,yq;ifj; jPT KOtJk; Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;likf;F cjhuzk; MFk;.
41 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; nry;thf;fpdhy; gj;J mur ju;kj;jpw;F (jruh[ju;k)
Vw;g ehl;il Ml;rp nra;tJ murDila nghWg;ghff; fUjg;gl;lJ. gpf;Ffspd;
MNyhridfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJk; murhl;rpapy; Kf;fpakhdjhff;
fUjg;gl;lJ. murDila Kf;fpa nghWg;G cyfk;> rhrdk; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk;
ghJfhj;jy; MFk;. ,q;F cyfk; vd;gJ kf;fisAk;> rhrdk; vd;gJ ngsj;j
FUkhu;fisAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. kf;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;> Fsq;fis mikj;jy;>
ngsj;jj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;F tpfhiufis mikj;jy; vd;gd murDila
Kf;fpa flikfshff; fUjg;gl;ld.
Kd;gpUe;j muru;fs; gpd;gw;wpa Ml;rpKiwr; rl;lj;jpl;lq;fSf;F mika
ehl;il Ml;rp nra;tjw;F muru;fs; Kaw;rp nra;jdu;. ,jw;Nfw;g ~~Kd;ida
gof;f tof;fq;fs;|| Ml;rp eltbf;iffSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,t;thW
xOq;F Kiwahfg; gutpa murhl;rp KiwahdJ ngUk;ghYk; kf;fspd;
mq;fPfhuKila Ml;rpKiwahff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ehl;bd; ghJfhg;igj;
jpl;lkply;> nghUshjhu rkaj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wy; vd;gd murdhy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba gpujhd flikahfTk;> nghWg;ghfTk; fUjg;gl;ld.
murhl;rpapd; NghJ mikr;ru;fSk; Kf;fpa ,lj;jijg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;.
tk;rf;fijfspy; ~~mikr;ru;||> 'mnkj;j||> 'mnkjp" vd;w ngau;fs; mtu;fis
miog;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
muRupik njhlu;gpy; rNfhjudplk; ,Ue;J rNfhjud; my;yJ
je;ijaplkpUe;J kfd; muRupikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ljhf
tpsq;fpaJ.
gz;Lfhga murDk; mtdJ topj;Njhd;wy;fSk;
murd; gz;Lfhgad; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fq;fs; kfhtk;rk; > jPgtk;rk;
Mfpa %yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. gz;LfhgaDila je;ij
jPffhkpdpahFk.; ,tu; gj;jfr;rhdhtpd; xU rNfhjuUila kfd; Mthu;.
gz;Lfhga ,sturdpd; jhahu; cd;khj rpj;jpuhthFk; ,jd;gb ,sturd;
gz;Lfhgad; Muk;g Mupau; FOtpd; guk;giuiar; Nru;e;jtdhthd;.
,sturd; gz;Lfhgad; jhapd; rNfhjuu;fs; gyUlDk; Nghu; nra;J
mtu;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J mDuhjGuj;jpd; murdhdhd;. Mupaf; FbNaw;wq;fs;
gytw;iw xd;wpizj;J xw;iwahl;rp cUthFtjw;F ,tu; Mw;wpa Nrit
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhFk;. mDuhjGuj;ij Ml;rpapd; kj;jpa epiyakhfj;
njupT nra;j ,tNd mDuhjGu ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Muk;g Ml;rpahsdhthd;.
xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l epu;thf Kiw murd; gz;Lfhgadhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
mDuhjGu efuk;> tPjpfs;> ,we;jtu;fis mlf;fk; nra;Ak; kahd G+kp Mfpa
42,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;l jpl;lkplg;gl;l efukhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;turd; jdJ Ml;rpapd; gj;jhtJ Mz;by; ehl;bd; fpuhkq;fspd; vy;iyfis tFj;jjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ~~efuFj;jpfd;|| vd;w gjtpAk; efu gupghydj;;jpw;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,g;gjtpf;F mga ,sturd; epakpf;fg;gl;lhd;. 70 Mz;L fhyk; gz;Lfhgad; ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jhd;.
gz;LfhgaDf;F gpd; mtDila kfd; %j;jrptd; murd; Mdhd;. gpd;du; mtdJ Gjy;tdhd jp];] (jPrd;) murdhdhd;. ,e;j murdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpd; nksupag; NguuRld;; el;GwT epytpaJ. ,sturd; jp];] Ml;rpf;F te;j gpd;du; ,e;jpahtpd; mNrhfrf;futu;j;jpaplk; gy;NtW md;gspg;G nghUl;fSld; J}Jf; FOit mDg;gpaJld; jPrdpd; Kb#l;L tpohitr; rk;gpujha Kiwg;gb elhj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd mur rpd;dq;fis ,e;j J}Jtu;fsplk; mNrhf kd;dd; mDg;gp itj;jhu;. rj;jpupau;fspd;; Kb#l;L tpoh itgtk; Njtek;gpajPrd; kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpNyNa Muk;gkhdJ. md;W KjNy ~~Njtek;gpa|| vd;w gl;lg; ngaUk; jPrDf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
kfpe;jNjuu; cs;spl;l FOtpdu; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;jik> ,yq;ifapy; Gj;j rhrdk; mikf;fg;gl;lik> gpf;Fzp rq;fkpj;ij ,yq;iff;F tUif je;jik> mjd; gpd;G Gj;jrhrdj;ij mikj;jik> Gdpj nts;sur kuf;fpisia ehl;baik vd;gd Njtek;gpajPrDila fhyj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;w Kf;fpa rka epfo;r;rpfshFk;. ,yq;iff; fyhrhuj;jpy; Gj;Jzu;T Vw;gLtjw;F ,it fhuzkhfpd.
Njtek;gpajPr kd;dDf;Fg; gpd; mtDila rNfhjud; ,sturd; cj;jpa murdhdhd;. mtdpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;du; mtDila rNfhjud; kfhrptDk; mjd; gpd; #ujp];] ,sturDk; murdhfpdu;. #ujp];] kd;dDila fhyj;jpy; Nrd> Fj;jpfd; Mfpa ,U njd;dpe;jpa Fjpiu tpahghupfs; ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;wp 22 tUlq;fs; Ml;rp nra;jdu;.
,e;j Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fsplk; ,Ue;J ,sturd; mNryd; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wp 10 tUlq;fs; Ml;rp nra;jhd;. mNryDila fhyj;jpy; vy;yhsd; vd;w Nrho kd;dd; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;J mDuhjGu Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhd;. vy;yhs kd;dd; 44 tUlq;fs; Ml;rp nra;jjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. murd; vy;yhsd; ePjpahd Ml;rpahsd; vd kfhtk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vy;yhsd; mDuhGuj;ij Ml;rp nra;j fhyj;jpy; fpupe;jp Xah ejpf; fiuapy; khfkj;ij (kfhfhkk;) jiyefuhff; nfhz;L kd;dd; fhte;jPrd; cUFizia Ml;rp nra;jhd;. mk;kd;ddpd; kidtp tpfhukfhNjtpahthu;. ,tu;fs; ,UtUf;Fk; ifKD> jp];] vd ,U Gjy;tu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. ,sturd; ifKD ,sikf; fhyk; njhl;L Nrhou;fsplk; ,Ue;J ehl;il kPl;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w vz;zj;Jld; fhzg;gl;lhd;.
43 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
fhte;jprd; murDf;Fg; gpd;
cUFizf;F murdhd ifKD
vy;yhsidj; Njhw;fbj;J ,yq;if
KOtijAk; jdJ Ml;rpapd; fPo;f;
nfhz;L te;jhd;.
vy;yhsidj; Njhw;fbj;j
gpd; NrhoUf;F vjpuhf ,d;DnkhU
gilnaLg;ig Nkw;nfhs;s Jl;lif
KDTf;F Neu;e;jJ.
tp[pj;jGu Nghupd; NghJ Njhy;tp
mile;j vy;yhs kd;dd; cjtp Nfl;L
,e;jpahTf;F mDg;gpa nra;jpf;F
tpilahf gy;Y}fDila jiyikapy;
,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;j gilAld;
Jl;lifKD Nkhj Ntz;ba epiy
Vw;gl;lJ. me;jg; Nghupy; Jl;lifKD
ntw;wp mile;jhd;.
me;epauplk; ,Ue;J ehl;il kPl;L
KO ehl;ilAk; xd;W gLj;jp Ml;rp
nra;j Ml;rpahsdhf Jl;lifKD
murd; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;whd;.
fp.K 161 njhlf;fk; 137 tiuapy; 24 tUlq;fs; ,yq;ifia Ml;rp
nra;j ,k;kd;dd; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ngsj;j rka tsu;r;rpf;fhfg; ngUk;
gzpahw;wpdhd;. mDuhjGuj;jpy; kpuprntl;b> Utd;ntyprha> Nyhtkfhgha
Mfpa rka topghl;blq;fs; ,tdhy; fl;Ltpf;fg;gl;ld.
mDuhjGuf; fhyj;J muru;fSs; tyfk;gh kd;dd; nra;j murpay;
NritAk; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
fp.K 109 njhlf;fk; 103 tiuahd fhyj;jpy; fy;yhl ehfd; Ml;rp
nra;jhd;.,tdJ fhyj;jpy; kfhuj;jf;f vd;w Nrdhjpgjp muRupikiag; gwpj;Jf;
nfhz;lhd;.Ml;rpiag; gwpj;Jf;nfhz;l NghjpYk; ,td; kpff; Fiwthf
mjhtJ 5 ehl;fs; kl;LNk Ml;rp nra;jhd;. rj;jhjp];] kd;ddpd; ,isa
Gjy;tdhd tl;lfhkpdp (tyfk;gh) kfhuj;jf Nrdhjpgjpiaj; Njhw;fbj;J
fp.K 103,y; murdhdhd;. jkJ guk;giuf;F nrhe;jkhd muRupikia
kPz;Lk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; ,td; ntw;wp ngw;whd;.
Njrg;glk; 3.4 - Jl;lifKD murdpd; gilfs; gazk; nra;j ghijia fhl;Lk; glk;
44,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
tyfk;gh kd;dd; Ml;rpf;F tUk; NghJ murpaypy; xU Fog;g epiy
epytpaJ. cUFiz ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; eFy fpuhkj;jpy; jPa my;yJ jp];]
vd;w gpuhkzd; fpsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jp;dhd;. ehl;by; ,t;thwhd epiyikfs;
epyTifapy; njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J te;j VO Ngiuf; nfhz;l FOtpdu;
,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. ,t;thwhd Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fspy;
xUtu; NrhkhNjtpiaAk; ,d;ndhUtu; ghj;jpu jhJitAk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L
kPz;Lk; ,e;jpahtpw;F nrd;wdu;. jhbad;> Gyfj;jd;> gh`pad;> gidakhud;>
gpisakhud; MfpNahu; xUtiunahUtu; nfhd;W 14 tUlk; mDuhjGuj;ij
Ml;rp nra;jdu;.
murd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf kiyaul;ilf;Fr; nrd;W xspe;jhd;. mg;NghJ
Fg;gpfy kfhjp];] vd;w gpf;F murUf;F cjtp nra;jhu;. ngUk; ,d;dy;fSf;F
kj;jpapy; ngsj;j gpf;FfspdJk; kiya Njrj;jpd; ~~jdrPt|| vd;w gpuNjr
Ml;rpahsupd; cjtpAlDk; gilfisj; jpul;bf; nfhz;L fp.K 89 ,y; tyfk;gh
kd;dd; Ml;rpia kPz;Lk; ngw;Wf;; nfhz;lhd;. murhl;rpf;F te;jTld; tyfk;gh
mgafpup tpfhiuia mikj;J xspe;jpUf;Fk; NghJ jkf;F cjtp toq;fpa
kfhjp];] gpf;Ftpw;F mu;g;gzpj;jhd;. ,J ,yq;ifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
(gpf;F xUtUf;F nra;j) KjyhtJ jdpg;gl;l tpfhiu mu;g;gzkhFk;. mgafpup
tpfhiuia ,t;thW mu;g;gzk; nra;jik ngsj;j rkaj;jpy; KjyhtJ
gpuptpidf;F (epfha Ngjk;) mbg;gilahfpaJ.
,J tiu guk;giu guk;giuahf Ngzg;gl;L te;j jpupgplfk; khj;jis
mYtpfhiuapy; E}y;tbtk; ngw;wJ ,t;turDila fhyj;jpyhFk;. tyfk;gh
kd;dd; vjpupfsplkpUe;J ehl;ilg; ghJfhj;J fp.K 89 njhlf;fk; 77 tiu
Ml;rp nra;jhd;.
mDuhjGuf; fhy murpay; tuyhw;iw fw;ifapy; trg kd;dd; Ml;rpf;F
te;jik ,d;ndhU Gjpa mur guk;giuia cUthf;fpaikahy; kpf Kf;fpa ,lk;
tfpf;fpd;wJ. trg kd;dd; ,yk;gfu;ztk;rj;jpd; Kjy; Ml;rpahsdhthd;;. trg
kd;dDld; Muk;gkhd ,yk;gfu;z tk;rk; 370 tUlq;fSf;F mjpfkhf epd;W
epiyj;jJ. trg kd;dd; fp.gp 65 njhlf;fk; 109 tiu 44 tUlq;fs; ehl;bid
Ml;rp nra;jhd;. trg kd;dDila Ml;rpf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
tlf;fpy; aho;ghz jPgfw;gj;jpYk; njw;fpy; rpj;Js; gt;t> jp];]kfhuhk
Mfpa ,lq;fspYk;> fpof;fpy; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpYk; Nkw;fpy; FUzhfy;
khtl;lj;jpYk; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. ,it trg kd;ddpd; Ml;rp ,yq;if
KOtjpYk; gutpapUe;jikf;F rhd;Wfshfpd;wd.
Fsq;fs;> ePu;g;ghrdf; fhy;tha;fs; gytw;iw mikj;J tptrha
mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; tpfhiufs; Kjypatw;iw mikj;J Gj;j rhrdj;jpd;
tsu;r;rpf;Fk; ,t;turd; ngUk; gzpahw;wpAs;shd;.
45 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
fp.gp 276 njhlf;fk; 303 tiu ,yq;ifia Ml;rp nra;j kfhNrdd;
Ml;rpf; fhyk; tuyhw;W uPjpahf Kf;fpakhdJ. ,td; Nfhj;jhga kd;dDila
,isa Gjy;td; Mthd;. ,tDf;Fj; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;j rq;fkpj;jpu
vd;w itj;Jy;a thj (khfhahdk;) gpf;F fiyfis fw;gpj;jhu;. ,g;gpf;Ftpd;
Mjpf;fj;jpdhy; kfhNrd kd;dd; kfhahd ngsj;jj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;F
mDruiz toq;fpdhu;. mur mDruiz fpilj;jikahy; kfhahd ngsj;jk;
gut VJthfpaJ.
mj;Jld; kfhtpfhiuf;F vjpuhf eltbf;if vLg;gjw;F muirj;
J}z;b tpLtjw;F rq;fkpj;jpu gpf;F Kw;gl;lhu;. kfhtpfhiu gpf;FfSf;F
jhdk; nfhLg;gtu;fSf;F jz;lid toq;fTk; fl;lisaplg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;
kfhtpfhiu gpf;Ffs;> cUFiz> kya gpuNjrq;fSf;Fr; nrd;wikahy;
mDuhjGu kf;fSf;F topfhl;Ltjw;F vtUk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,jdhy;
muRf;F vjpuhf kf;fs; fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;.
Nkftu;zhga vd;w mikr;ru; ,f;fpsu;r;rpf;F jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.
gpd; Nkftu;zhgaDf;Fk;> murDf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l fye;Jiuahlypd;
tpisthf fpsu;r;rp KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd; murd;
kfhtpfhiuia GdUj;jhuzk; nra;jhu;.
kfhNrd kd;dd; kfhtpfhiu vy;iyapDs; N[j;jtduhk vd;w
tpfhiuia mikj;J rhfypf vd;w rkag; gpuptpdUf;F ifaspj;jhu;. ,t;thW
mikf;fg;gl;l N[j;jtduhk ,yq;ifapd; kpf ngupa J}gpahFk;.
rka uPjpahf Vw;gl;l ,e;epiyik ,yq;ifapd; murpaypYk; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jp fpsu;r;rp Nghd;wit Vw;gLtjw;F VJthfpaJ. ,t;thwhd epiyikfs;
,Ue;j NghJk; ,t;turd; kpd;;Ndupah> khfy;y> FUSthtp Mfpa Fsq;fis
mikj;J tptrha tpUj;jpf;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jhd;. N[j;jtduhik>
kpd;Ndupah tpfhiu> Nfhfz;z tpfhiu> fyd;jf tpfhiu vd;gd ,tdhy;
fl;lg;gl;litahFk;;.
kfhNrd kd;ddhy; tptrhaj;jpw;F nra;ag;gl;l Kf;fpa Nritahf
tpsq;FtJ kpd;Ndupaf; Fsj;ij mikj;J mg;gpuNjrj;ij tpUj;jp nra;jikahFk;;.
,jdhy; ,td; ~~kpd;Ndupahj; nja;tk;||vd miof;fg;gl;lhd;.
kpj;nrd; kd;dDila fhyj;jpy; kPz;Lk; njd;dpe;jpa Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;
rpyu; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;J Ml;rp;iaf; ifg;gw;wpdu;. gz;Lghupj;j>
Fl;lghupd;j> jpupju> jhbfd;> gPbfd; vd;w ngau;fSila ,tu;fs; KiwNa
27 tUlq;fs; mDuhjGuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp Ml;rp nra;jdu;.
46,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
,j;njd;dpe;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J ,uhrul;ilia kPz;Lk;
,sturd; jhJNrdd;; ifg;gw;wpdhd;. ,td; nksupa mur tk;rj;ijr; Nru;e;jtd;.
,sikf; fhyj;jpy; vjpupfsplkpUe;J ghJfhg;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf
jdJ khkdhfpa ngsj;j gpf;FTld; mDuhjGu tpfhiunahd;wpy; Jwtpahf
,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. vjpupfSf;F mUfpy; trpg;gJ mt;tsT
ghJfhg;ghdjy;y vd;gjhy; fyh Xahtpd; tyJ gf;f tpfhiuf;F mioj;Jr;
nry;yg;gl;lhd;. gpd; JwT tho;it tpl;L gil jpul;Lk; Ntiyapy;
<Lgl;lhd;. jpuhtpl Ml;rpahsiuj; Njhw;fbj;J fp.gp 459,y; murdhfpdhd;.
jpuhtplu;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J ,yq;ifapy; Ml;rpia epWtpaik ,tu; nra;j
ghupa murpay; NritahFk;. fyh thtpia mikj;jJld; Nahjvy fhy;tha;
vd;w [afq;iff; fhy;thia mikj;jjd; %yk; tptrha tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ghupa
Nritahw;wpAs;shd;.
jhJNrd kd;dd; jdJ ,uz;lhtJ kidtpapd; kfd; fhrpag;gdhy;
kuzkile;jhd; vd;W tuyhW $Wfpd;wJ. fhrpag;gd; ~~kpfhu|| vd;w Nrdhjpgjpapd;
MNyhridg;gb nraw;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. kpfhu jhJNrd kd;ddpd;
kUkfdhf ,Ue;jJld; ,td; murDld; ntWg;Gzu;itf; nfhz;ltdhff;
fhzg;gl;lhd;. fhrpag;gd; Ml;rpg;gyj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lNghJ Ml;rpf;F
rl;l G+u;tkhf cupj;Jila gl;lj;J ,uhzpapd; kfd; Kfyd; ,uhr;rpaj;ijg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;Fld; gil jpul;Ltjw;F ,e;jpahtpw;Fr; nrd;whd;.
rNfhjudplk; ,Ue;J jd;idg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;Lj; jdJ Ml;rpapd;
kj;jpa epiyakhf mDuhjGuj;jpy; ,Ue;J rw;Wj; J}uj;jp;y; fhzgl;l rPfpupaf;
Fd;iwj; njupT nra;jhd;.
fhrpag;g kd;dd; mq;F Nfhl;ilia mikj;J Fd;wpd; cr;rpapy;
murkhspif> kw;Wk; fl;llq;fs; vd;gtw;iw epu;khzpj;jhd;. ,tw;wpd;
rpijTfis ,d;Wk; fhzf; $bajhf cs;sJ.
mur rig kz;lgk;> ePu;g; G+q;fh> Rtu; Xtpak;> fz;zhbr; Rtu;
Mfpait ,tw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdit. rPfpupa ,uhrjhdp Nfhl;il Nghd;wtw;Wld;
fiyak;rq;fspYk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ.
fp.gp 477 njhlf;fk; 495 tiuapyhd 18 tUlq;fs; fhrpag;gdpd; Ml;rpf;
fhykhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
fp.gp 495,y; ,sturd; Kfyd; NridAld; te;J fhrpag;gidj;
Njhw;fbj;J Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhd;.
mDuhjGuf; fhy muru;fSs; Kjyhk; mf;Ngh murDk; Kf;fpakhdtd;
47 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
MFk;. ,td; ePu;g;ghrdj; Jiwia tpUj;jp nra;J tptrhaj;jpw;F ghupa
Nritahw;wpAs;shd;. ,tdJ Ml;rpf; fhyk; fp.gp 575 - 608 tiuAkhFk;.,J
mikjpAk; nropg;Gk; epiwe;j fhykhFk;. Kjyhk; mf;Nghitj; njhlu;e;J
,uz;lhk; mf;Ngh murdhdhd;. (fp.gp 608 njhlf;fk; fp.gp 618 tiu) ,t;turd;
Fsq;fis mikj;J tptrhaj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpdhd;. fe;jsha;> fpupj;jis thtp
vd;gd ,tDila Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; epiwT ngw;w ePu;g;ghrd mikg;Gfshff;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. tyhf];] thtp ,tDila fhyj;jpy; Gduikg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,tDila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; fypq;f Njrj;J murd; jdJ
kidtpAlDk;>mikr;rDlDk; ghJfhg;Gj; Njb ,yq;iff;F te;jpUe;jhd;.
,jpypUe;J ,t;turd; fypq;f Njrj;Jld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G itj;jpUe;jik
njupa tUfpd;wJ.
mDuhjGuf; fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp miug;gFjpapy; Ml;rpf;F te;j muru;fSs;
ehd;fhk; kfpe;jid rpNu\;l Ml;rpahsd; vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. fp.gp 956 - 972
tiuahd fhyk; ,k;kd;dDila fhykhFk;. ,tDila gl;lj;J ,uhzpahf
fypq;f Njr mur Fkhup tpsq;fpdhs;;. ehd;fhk; jg;Gs> %d;whk; cjad;>
%d;whk; Nrdd;> ehd;fhk; cjad; Mfpa muru;fspd; fPo; Kg;gJ tUlq;fs;
cUFizg; gpuNjrj;ij Ml;rp nra;jhd;. ehd;fhk; Nrd kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpy; ,td; At uh[hthfTk; tpsq;fpdhd;. ,k;kd;dd; Ml;rpf;F te;jJk;
fpsu;r;rp xd;W Vw;gl;lNghjpYk; kd;ddhy; mJ mlf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tdpd;
Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; guhe;jfd; vd;w Nrho kd;ddpd; Mf;fpukpg;gpw;F Kfk;
nfhLf;f Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ. %d;whk; fpU\;zd; vd;w ,uh\;bu$l murd; tl
gpuNjrj;ij Mf;fpukpg;gpw;F cl;gLj;jpdhd;. ,t;thwhd gilnaLg;Gf;fis
Kwpabj;;J mjpfhuj;ij epiyehl;Ltjpy; kd;dd; ntw;wp fz;lhd;.
mDuhjGuj;jpd; ,Wjp murdhf Ie;jhk; kfpe;jd; fp.gp 982 njhlf;fk;
1017 tiu Ml;rp nra;jhd;. ,td; jpwikahd kd;dd; my;y. kf;fsplk;
tup mwtplf;$l Kbahjtdhf ,Ue;jhd;. $ypg;gilapdUf;F rk;gsk;
toq;f Kbahikahy; mtu;fs; mur khspifiar; Rw;wp tisj;J rk;gsk;
toq;FkhW tw;GWj;jpdu;. ,jdhy; ,td; fp.gp 992 ,y; cUFizf;Fj; jg;gp
Xbdhd;. ,jdhy; ,uhrul;ilg; gpuNjrj;jpy; Fog;g epiy cUthdJ.
fp.gp 993 ,y; Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[ Nrho kd;dd; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;jhd;;.
Nrhou;fs; ehl;bd; ,uhrul;il gpuNjrj;ijj; jkJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;L
te;J Kk;Kbr; Nrho kz;lyk; vd;W ngau; #l;bdu;. nghyd;dWitia Ml;rp
ikakhfj; njupT nra;J [dehj kq;fsk;> [dehjGuk; vd;w ngau;fshy;
mjid mioj;jdu;;.
48,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
nghyd;dWitf; fhy Kf;fpa Ml;rpahsu;fs;
fp.gp 1017,y; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;J murd; kfpe;jidr; rpiwg;gpbj;J Nrho ehl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;whd;. fp.gp 1029,y; murd; kfpe;jd; mq;F ,we;jhd;. fp.gp 1018 - 1070 tiu ,uhrul;ilg; gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp Nrhou; Ml;rp nra;jdu;. mtu;fis tpul;b tpl;L ,yq;ifia kPz;Lk; Nrhou;fsplk; ,Ue;J kPl;L vLj;jtd; Kjyhk; tp[aghF Mthd;;. ,td; ,sikf; fhyj;jpy; fpj;jpf; Fkud; my;yJ fPu;j;jp vdg;gl;l ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lhd;. ,tdJ je;ijahu; ngau; kfhrhkp nkhfy;yhd jha; Nyhfpjh NjtpahFk;. fPu;j;jp FkhuDf;Fg; Gj;juh[d; vd;Dk; Gjy;dh vdg;gl;l Nrdhjpgjp ghJfhg;G toq;fpdhd;.fPu;j;jp> Gj;juh[dpd; cjtpAld; NfrjhJ fhrpag;gidj; Njhw;fbj;J fp.gp 1055,y; fjpu;fhkj;ij epu;thf ikakhff; nfhz;L Kjyhk; tp[aghF vd;w ngaUld; cUFizapd; Ml;rpahsdhdhd;.
Nrhou;fs; tp[aghFit mlf;Fk; nghUl;L cUFizia Mf;fpukpj;jdu;. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; murd; vjpupfSf;F Kfk; nfhLf;fhJ> jkJ gilfspd; gyk; moptijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf epu;thf ikaj;ij NtW ,lj;jpw;F khw;wpdhd;;. Nrhou;fs; kPz;Lk; tp[aghFtpw;F vjpuhf Mf;fpukpg;ig Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ,t;Ntisapy; tp[aghFtpd; tPuu;fshd utp Njt;> ry Mfpa ,UtUk; Nrhou;fs; gf;fk; Nru;e;jdu;. murd; gYl;l fpup vd;w ,lj;jpw;Fg; gpd;thq;fpdhd;. gpd; kPz;Lk; Nrhou;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J nghyd;dWitiaj; jw;fhypfkhf ifg;gw;wpdhd;. ,Ug;gpDk; Nrhou;fSf;F kPz;Lk; cjtpr; Nrid fpilj;jikahy; Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;dd; thfpupfiyia Nehf;fpg; gpd;thq;fNtz;bNaw;gl;lJ.
tp[aghF kPz;Lk; Nridia xOq;fikj;J cUFizapy; kfhehf$y vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J %d;W topfspy; Nridfis mDg;gp fp.gp 1070,y; kPz;Lk; nghyd;dWitiaf; ifg;gw;wp ehl;il xd;wpizj;jhd;. fp.gp 1017 njhlf;fk; - 1070 tiu epytpa Nrhou; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J nghyd;dWitiaf; ifg;gw;wpaik murd; Kjyhk; tpIaghFtpdhy;
Njrg;glk; 3.5 tp[aghFtpd; Nridfs; gazk; nra;j ghijiaf; fhl;Lk; glk;
49 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpujhd murpay; NritahFk;. kfhtk;rj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; gFjp> gdhf;fLt nrg;NgL> mk;gfKt fy;ntl;L vd;gd ,t;turd; gw;wpa jfty;fis ntspapLk; gpujhd %yq;fshFk;. ePu;g;ghrdj;ijg; GdUj;jhuzk; nra;J ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ij kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;gpaJld; Gj;jrhrd tsu;r;rpf;fhf ,t;turdhy; ghupa Nritahw;wg;gl;lJ. ,t;turd; Nrhou;fspd; mr;RWj;jYf;F cl;gl;likahy; fypq;f Njrj;JlDk;> ghz;ba Njrj;JlDk; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhd;. jpupNyhf Re;jup vd;w ngaUila fypq;f ,sturpiaj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhd;. jdJ rNfhjupahd kpj;jh ,sturpia ghz;ba ,sturDf;Fj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhLj;jhd;. gu;khTld; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;likahy; murDf;F cjTk; nghUl;L gu;khtpy; ,Ue;J tpahghug; nghUl;fis Vw;wpf; nfhz;L fg;gy;fs;; ,q;F te;jd. Kjyhk; tp[aghFtpw;F gpd; mtdhy; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l ehL kPz;Lk; gpuptpidf;F cs;shfpaJ. ,t;thW gpuptpidf;F cs;shfpa ehl;il kPz;Lk; xd;W gLj;jpa murd; kfhguhf;fpukghFthd;. fp.gp 1153 - fp.gp 1186 tiu) kfhtk;rj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; gFjp njtdfy fy;ntl;L> fy;tpfhiu Rtu;f;fy;ntl;L> rq;fKtpfhiuf; fy;ntl;L vd;gd ,e;j murd; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis ntspapLk; gpujhd %yq;fshFk;. fPu;j;jp = Nkfd; vd;w ngaUila rpwpa je;ijapd; cjtpAld; ,sturd; kfhguhf;fpukghF jf;fz Njrj;jpd; Ml;rpahsdhdhd;. ,jd; jiyefukhf guhf;fpukGuk; tpsq;fpaJ. ,J ,d;iwa gz;Lt];Etu gpuNjrkhFk;. ,jd; gpd; ,td; kiyaul;il vd;W miof;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;ijAk; jdJ Ml;rpapd; fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jhd;. ,jw;fpilapy; nghyd;dWitiaAk; jhf;fpdhd;. nghyd;dWitiaf; ifg;gw;w vz;zpapUe;j ,uz;lhk; f[ghF kd;DlDk;> cUFZ kd;dDlDk; Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF Nkhj Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ,t;thW guhf;fpukghFtpw;Fk; f[ghFtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l gpur;rpidf;F kj;jpapy; ,UtUf;Fk; ,ilapy; cld;ghL Vw;gl;lnjd $wg;gLtJld; rq;fK tpfhiu fy;ntl;L ,jid NkYk; ep&gpg;gjhf cs;sJ. ,t;nthg;ge;jg;gb ,uz;lhk; f[ghF kd;ddpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd; nghyd;dWitapd; rpk;khrdk; murd; guhf;fpukghFtpw;F chpajhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; khdhguzd; ,ilapy; FWf;fpl;likahy; mtidj; Njhw;fbj;J nghyd;dWit ,uhr;rpaj;ijg;; ngw Ntz;ba epiy guhf;fpukghFtpw;F Vw;gl;lJ. khdhguzDf;Fg; gpd; cUFiz RfyhNjtpapd; fPo; Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ. je;jjhJ> ghj;jpujhJ vd;git RfyhNjtpapd; fPo; ,Ue;jikahy; jdJ Ml;rpia cWjp nra;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; guhf;fpukghFtpw;Fj; jilahf mike;jJ. ,jdhy; cUFizia Mf;fpukpj;J RfyhNjtpiaj; Njhw;fbj;J je;jjhJitAk;> ghj;jpujhJitAk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJld;> murhl;rpiaAk; guhf;fpukghF cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhd;. guhf;fpukghF gu;khit Mf;fpukpj;Jf; ifg;gw;wp ntw;wpngw;wJld; ghz;ba ehl;by; rpk;khrdk; njhlu;ghf Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lj;jpy; guhf;fpuk
50,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
ghz;badpd; Ntz;LNfhspd;gb guhf;fpukghF gilfis mDg;gp itj;jjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. tptrhaj;jpd; nghUl;L ,t;turdhy; ghupa Nritahw;wg;gl;ljhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. %d;W rkag; gpuptpdiuAk;; xw;Wikg;gLj;jp tpfhiu mikj;J Gj;j rhrdj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;fhd eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhz;lhd;.
Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghFtpw;Fg; gpd; Ml;rp cupikiag; ngw kfd; my;yJ rNfhjud; ,d;ikahy; mtdJ jq;ifapd; kfd; ,uz;lhk; tp[aghF murdhdhd;. mtDila Ml;rpf;fhyk; xU tUlk; khj;jpuNk epiyj;jJ. mjd; gpd; Mwhk; kfpe;jd; murdhdhd;. ,tDila Ml;rpf;fhyk; Ie;J ehl;fs; kl;Lk; epiyj;jJ.
fp;.gp 1187,y; murd; ep];]q;fky;yd; murdhdJld;. fp.gp 1196 tiuapy; mtd; Ml;rp Gupe;jhd;. mtd; fypq;f tk;rj;ijr; Nru;e;jtd;.
Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghFtpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; If;fpaj;ij NkYk; ,tdhy; epiyepWj;jpf; nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ. fypq;f tk;rj;jpdUf;F murhl;rpapy; cs;s cupikiaf; fy;nghj fy;ntl;L cl;gl fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shd;. mjpf mstpyhd fy;ntl;Lf;fis mikj;jJ ,t;turNdahthd;. mtDila ePz;l fy;ntl;L ~~fy;nghj|| fy;ntl;lhFk;.
njhiyJ}u ,lq;fspypUe;J tUfpd;w kf;fSld; njhlu;ig itj;Jf;nfhs;s ,t;turd; Kaw;rp vLj;Js;shd;. cUFiz> khah> kp`pl;b gpuNjrq;fSf;F Rw;Wg; gazk; nra;jjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ ,jidj; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; fsdp kfpaq;fid Mfpa ngsj;j topghl;Lj; jyq;fSf;Fk; topghl;bw;fhfr; nrd;wjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
murd; ep];]q;fky;yd; kf;fSf;F tupr;rYiffis toq;fpAk;; ngw;Wj; je;Jk; nrhj;Jf;fis md;gspg;ghf toq;fpAk; cjtpdhd;. ,k;kd;dd; ~~Jyhghuf;||nfhilfis toq;fpdhd;. Jyhghuk; vd;gJ xUtuJ epiwf;F rkkhf toq;fg;gLk; nfhLg;gdT MFk;. murDila kidtpapdJk; gps;isfspdJk; epiwf;F rkkhf Jyhghuk; toq;fg;gl;ljhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;turd; ghz;ba ehl;il Mf;fpkpj;jjhfTk; $wg;gl;lJ.
njd; ,e;jpa Mf;fpukpg;G
mDuhjGuf;fhyj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ,ilapilNa njd;dpe;jpahtpd;
Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F Kfk; nfhLf;fNtz;ba epiy ,Ue;jJ. ,yq;ifapd; Ml;rp
Jiwapy; Fog;gk; fhzg;gl;l NtisapYk; gytPdkhd Ml;rpahsu; Ml;rpf;F
te;j NghJk; njd;dpe;jpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd.
51 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
kfhtk;rj;jpw;F Vw;g Kjd;Kjyhf njd;dpe;jpa Mf;fpukpg;G epfo;e;jJ
#ujp];] kd;dDila fhyj;jpyhFk;. ,t;thf;fpukpg;G Nrdd;> Fj;jpfd; Mfpa
,U Fjpiu tpahghupfshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,tu;fs; mDuhjGuj;ijf;
ifg;gw;wp 22 tUlq;fs; Ml;rp nra;jdu;.
,e;j Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fsplkpUe;J ehL mNry kd;ddhy; kPl;fg;gl;lJ.
mtDila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ehL Nrhoupd; Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F cs;shfpaJ. ,J
vy;yhsdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mf;fpukpg;ghFk;.vy;yhsd; 44 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp
nra;jhd;. ,td; ePjp tOthj kd;dd; vd kfhtk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
fp.K 161,y;; Jl;lifKD murd; vy;yhsidj; Njhw;fbj;J mDuhjGu
,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp KO ,yq;ifiaAk; xd;WgLj;jp tyfk;gh
kd;dd; Ml;rpf;F te;j gpd; Gyfj;jd; cl;gl VO njd;dpe;jpaj; jiytu;fs;
NridAld; te;J Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpdu;. mtu;fSs; Itu; 14
tUlq;fs; mDuhGuj;ij Ml;rp nra;jdu;. 14 tUlq;fSf;Fg; gpd; tyfk;gh
kd;dd; fp.K 89,y; kPz;Lk; Ml;rpiag;; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;. mtu;fSs;
,Utu; ghj;jpujhJitAk;> NrhkhNjtpiaAk; ifg;gw;wpr; nrd;wdu;.
~~kpj;jNrdd;|| murDila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; gz;L> ghupe;j> Fl;lghupe;j>
jpupjud;> jhbad;> gPbad; Mfpa njd;dpe;jpau; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;jdu;.
,tu;fs; 27 tUlq;fs; Ml;rp nra;j gpd; kd;dd; jhJNrddhy; ehL kPl;fg;gl;L
If;fpag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Kjyhk; Nrddpd; fhyj;jpy; ghz;ba ehl;by; ,Ue;J te;j = khw =
ty;ygd; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;j nghOjpYk; mtd; nry;tj;ij #iwahbj;
jpUk;gpr; nrd;wjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ehd;fhk; kfpe;jDila fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpd; ,uh\;bu $l kd;ddhd
%d;whk; fpU];zd; mDuhjGu ,uhr;rpaj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jhd;. fp.gp 993,y;
Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; vd;w Nrho murd; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;jhd;. mg;NghJ
,q;F fhzg;gl Fog;gkhdmurpay; epiyikahy; ,yFthf mtdhy;
Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;w Kbe;jJ.
fp.gp 1017,y; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; cUFiziaf; ifg;gw;wp
Ie;jhk; kfpe;jidf; ifjpahf ,e;jpahtpw;F mioj;Jr; nrd;whd;. ,tu;fs;
nghyd;dWitia Ml;rp ikakhf (jiyefuhf) njupT nra;jdu;. md;W
Kjy; nghyd;dWit ,yq;ifapd; jiyefuhf khwpaJ. fp.gp 1070,y;
Kjyhk; tpIaghF kd;ddhy; Nrhou;fsplk; ,Ue;J nghyd;dWit
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ep];]q;fky;ydpd; gpd; nghyd;dWit ,uhr;rpaj;jpd;
gpujhdkhd Ml;rpahsu; vtUk; cUthftpy;iy. murpaypy; cWjpaw;wjd;ik
Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; gil tPuu;fs; gyk; ngw;wdu;. ,tu;fs; murdpd; gyj;ijf;
52,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
Fiwj;jdu;. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L fp.gp 1215,y; fypq;f
khfd; nghyd;dWitapd; ,Wjp kd;dd; guhf;fpuk ghz;baidj; Njhw;fbj;J
Ml;rpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;.
fypq;f khfdhy; muRupik cila ,sturu;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;lJld;>
gpf;FfSf;Fk;> gpuGfSf;Fk; ,tdhy; mjpf Jd;gk; Vw;gl;ljhfTk;
E}y;fs;> tpfhiufs; vd;gtw;iw mopj;jjhfTk; G+[htyp> kfhtk;rj;jps;
%d;whk; gFjpapYk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rhuhk;rk;
« tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; kdpjd; njhlu;ghd njhy;nghUspay; rhd;Wfs; ehl;bd; gy gFjpfspYk; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.
« fp.K 6Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; njhlu;r;rpahf Mupaf; Fbg;ngau;Tfs; ,lk; ngw;wd.
« ejpf;fiufspd; rkntspg; gFjpfspy; ,f;FbapUg;Gfs; guk;gyile;jJ. « MupaUila murpay;> nghUshjhuk;> r%fk;> fyhrhuj;jpd; tpNrlg;
gz;Gfs;. « mDuhjGu ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Muk;gk; njhlf;fk; nghyd;dWit
,uhrjhdpapd; tPo;r;rp tiu cs;s muru;fSk; Kf;fpa murpay; epfo;TfSk;
« mDuhjGuf; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J nghyd;dWit fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp tiu vw;gl;l njd;dpe;jpa gilnaLg;Gfs;.
nraw;ghL :
,yq;if tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa muru;fs; rpyupd; ngau; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.1. gz;Lfhgad;2. Jl;lifKD3. Njtek;gpajPrd;4. Kjyhk; tp[aghF5. tyfk;gh
Nkw; $wpa muru;fs; njhlu;ghf fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gfspy; jfty;fisj; jpul;Lf. 1. mur gyj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l tpjk;2. Kfk; nfhLj;j rthy;fs;3. rkag; gzpfs;
53 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
gapw;rp :
fPNof; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f.
fhyk; ,yq;ifia Ml;rp nra;j muru;fSk; Ml;rpf; fhyKk;
Mf;fpukpg;ghsupd; ngau;/ Mf;fpukpg;Gf; FOtpd; ngau;
nghyd;dWitf; fhyk; 1 ........................................................2 .......................................................
1 ........................................................2 .......................................................
mDuhjGuf; fhyk; 1 ........................................................2 .......................................................
1 ........................................................2 .......................................................
%yhjhuq;fs; epWtg;gl;l muRfSk; fhyKk;
fy;nghj;jf; fy;ntl;L
gdhf;fLt nrg;NgL
fy;tpfhiu fy;ntl;L
mk;gfK fy;ntl;L
njtdfy fy;ntl;L