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15Unit 15 SCIENCE

NEURČITOK BEZ ‘TO’ (The Infi nitive without TO) VYJADROVANIE PREFERENCIÍ (Expressing Preferences:had better, would rather, would sooner)PODMIENKOVÁ VETA II – NEREÁLNA (Conditional Sentence II – Unreal)

Read and listen to the text below and compare yourself to Jake, Alex, Karen, Valerie and Paul.

TEENAGERS AND TECHNOLOGY

� They’d rather give up TV than their phones

What are the teenagers thinking about? ...text (SMS),

Twitter, text, Facebook, text, skype, text, chat....

Jake: ‘I like recording stuff with my mobile phone and

then sharing it with my friends. Like when I went on

a rollercoaster... I was quite scared, but I was holding

the phone and I didn’t want them to see... :-)’

Alex: ‘I have hundreds of friends on Facebook. It’s really cool. Even if

you forget what that day’s homework was, you just post a message

on your Wall and wait for someone to answer.’

Karen: ‘I text my friends like 30 times a day. It’s really important to keep in

touch.’Valerie: ‘We have our private chat room. Only my best friends know the

password to get in. We share all the latest gossip there, and other

important things, like the date and time of the BIG SALE at our

favourite store, etc.’

Paul: ‘My dad went to Australia on a business trip. We used skype to

communicate. It was pretty cool as I could see him live when he

was actually across the ocean. I hope he’ll take me with him next

time he goes.’

G

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15Read the text below and discuss it in groups.

� How do teenagers communicate nowadays?

First, 75% of all teenagers (and 58% of 12-year-olds) now have a mobile

phone. Almost 90% of phone-owning teens send and receive texts, most of

them daily. Half send 50 or more texts a day; one in three send 100. In fact, in

barely four years, texting has established itself as comfortably “the preferred

channel of basic communication between teens and their friends”.

But phones do more than simply text, of course. More than 80% of phone-

owning teens also use them to take pictures (and 64% to share those pictures

with others). Sixty % listen to music on them, 46% play games, 32% swap

videos and 23% access social networking sites. The mobile phone, in short, is

now “the favoured communication hub for the majority of teens”.

The new technologies change lives. But it’s a generational thing.

� Answer the following questions:1. Do you have a mobile phone?

2. What do you use it for? (games, phone calls,

listening to music, taking pictures, video recording,

sending & receiving e-mails, watching fi lms,

reading books, etc.)

3. How do you communicate with your friends?

� Work in pairs. Look at the message that Chris sent to Matt and then check Matt’s reply. Do

you understand the text messages? Can you write down a grammatically

correct version of their conversation?

Chris: ‘Hi Matt. Wat r u up 2?’ ..................................................................

Matt: ‘LOL on my way 2 u :-) C u soon.’ ................................................

.....................................................................................................................

� HOMEWORK. Ask your parents how they communicated with their friends when they were your age.

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VOCABULARY

all over [ɔ:l ˈəʊvə] úplne všade

assume [əˈsju:m] predpokladať

bell [bel] zvon

bench [bentʃ] lavička

business trip [ˈbɪznəs trɪp] služobná cesta

call sb. back [kɔ:l bæk] zavolať niekoho späť

contradict [ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt] protirečiť

cool [ku:l] niečo, čo letí; je v móde;

correct [kəˈrekt] správny

danger [ˈdeɪndʒə] nebezpečenstvo

dime [daim] desaťcentovka

donate [doneit] darovať, venovať

earn [ɜ:n] zarobiť

favourite [ˈfeɪvərɪt] obľúbený

freedom [ˈfri:dəm] sloboda

gossip [ˈɡɒsɪp] klebeta

go out [ɡəʊ aʊt] ísť von/chodiť do

spoločnosti

healthy [ˈhelθi] zdravý

hug [hʌɡ] objatie; objať

justice [ˈdʒʌstɪs] spravodlivosť

kidney [kidni] oblička

kiss [kɪs] bozk

majority [məˈdʒɒrɪti] väčšina

own [əʊn] vlastný; vlastniť

password [ˈpɑ:swɜ:d] heslo

pretty [ˈprɪti] dosť, celkom, pekne

reminisce [reˈminis] spomínať, oddávať sa

spomienkam

recommendation [rekoməndeiʃn] odporúčanie

ring [rɪŋ] zvoniť

rollercoaster [ˈrolərˌkoustə] horská dráha

sale [seɪl] výpredaj

share [ʃeə] deliť sa, podeliť sa

slap [slaep] tu: dať facku

spare time [speə taɪm] voľný čas

starve [stɑ:v] hladovať

stuff [stɑf] rôzne veci

swap [swɒp] vymeniť

surrender [səˈrendə] vzdať sa

tape [teɪp] páska; nahrať

tasty [ˈteɪsti] chutný

theatre [ˈθɪətə] divadlo

the latest [ðə ˈleɪtɪst] najnovší

the last time [ðə lɑ:st taɪm] posledný krát

tightly [ˈtaɪtli] tesne, pevne

upcoming [ˈʌpkʌmɪŋ] nový, pripravovaný,

blížiaci sa

voice [voɪs] hlas

warning [wo:niŋ] varovanie

Useful phrases:

Forget it! – Zabudni na to!

grow vegetables – pestovať zeleninu

to keep in touch – byť v spojení, kontaktovať sa

to be scared – byť vystrašený, vyľakaný

to water fl owers – polievať kvety

way of life – spôsob života, životný štýl

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15GRAMMAR

A. Neurčitok bez TO (The Infi nitive without TO)

Vieme, že charakteristickým znakom neurčitku je častica to, ktorá sa

kladie pred plnovýznamové sloveso: to answer, to ask, to go, to run, to be, to swim, to learn, to love atď.

Neurčitok v angličtine má však aj zložitejšie formy: to be asking (prie-

behový neurčitok), to be asked (trpný neurčitok), to have asked (minulý

neurčitok):

It’s nice to be sitting here. She likes to be liked. I’m glad to have seen her.

V angličtine sú však prípady, keď sa častica to pred sloveso nedáva.

Ide spravidla o tieto prípady:

1. Po modálnych slovesách can, may, must, shall, will atď.:

I can do it. He must go. Shall I help you?

2. Po slovesách zmyslového vnímania: see, hear, watch, feel, observe, notice:I saw him come. I didn’t hear you greet aunt Margaret. He watched him catch the fi sh.

3. Po slovesách let (nechať), make (prinútiť) a čoraz častejšie aj po

slovese help (pomôcť):

Let’s go. (= Let us go.) – Poďme.

She made me do it. – Prinútila ma to urobiť.

Help me clear the breakfast table. – Pomôž mi upratať po raňajkách.

4. V konštrukciách Why (not)…?

Why worry? – Prečo si robiť starosti?

Why not give him a laptop – A čo tak dať mu laptop

for Christmas? na Vianoce?

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B. Vyjadrovanie preferencií (Expressing Preferences) had better, had rather, would rather Tieto výrazy používame vtedy, keď dávame radu, odporúčame niečo,

vyjadrujeme želanie (I would rather – radšej by som mal, bolo by

lepšie, keby som...).

You had better explain. – Bolo by lepšie, keby si to vysvetlil.

She’d rather stay at home. – Bolo by lepšie, keby zostala doma.

I’d rather be with you. – Radšej by som bol s tebou.

He would rather starve – Radšej by hladoval, ako by

than steal. kradol.

C. Podmienková veta II. – nereálna (Conditional Sentence II – Unreal)Vyjadrujeme ňou podmienku neskutočnú, vymyslenú alebo predpokla-

danú pre prítomnosť a budúcnosť.

V podmienkovej vete II. je po if minulý čas a v hlavnej vete would + neurčitok slovesa. V slovenčine sa v hlavnej vete používa tiež

podmieňovací spôsob.

If + minulý čas + would + neurčitok slovesa

If I were you, I would do it. – Keby som bol tebou, urobil by som to.

If he were taller, he would play – Keby bol vyšší, hral by basketbal.

basketball. If I were rich, I’d travel round – Keby som bol bohatý, cestoval by som

the world. po svete.

If I knew her name, I would – Keby som vedel jej meno

tell you. povedal by som ti, .

A naopak:

She’d be happy if she had a car. – Bola by šťastná, keby mala auto.

What would you do if you lost – Čo by si robil, keby si stratil

your mobile phone? mobil?

Would you mind if I came – Nevadilo by ti, keby som prišiel

about seven tomorrow? zajtra o siedmej?

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1. Decide what the following phrases mean. Remember that had better (= ’d better) is mostly used for expresing preference, recommendation or warning:

1. The movie had better end soon.

a) I want the movie to fi nish. b) I want to watch the movie again.

2. You had better unplug the toaster before you try to clean it.

a) Throw the toaster away. b) Beware of electricity!

3. I think I’d better go to bed.

a) I am tired. b) I want to have some fun.

4. They’d better not be late.

a) I think they are not coming. b) I hope they come on time.

5. You’d better be right.

a) I hope you are right. b) You should turn right.

6. You’d better not forget Frank’s birthday present.

a) Make sure you bring b) Forget about Frank’s

Frank’s present. present.

2. Complete the sentences using infi nitive with or without TO of the verbs in brackets.

a) Clara was holding a heavy bag. She wanted Chris .................... (help)

her.

b) My teacher made me ................................ (fi nish) my homework.

c) John tried ..................................... (reach) a book which was at the top

shelf.

d) Kristy ordered her dog ......................... (sit).

e) Let’s ..................... (watch) TV.

EXERCICES

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3. Work in pairs: Try to translate the following lyrics into Slovak. Which of the lyrics do you agree with?

‘I’d rather be with you’ Yeah, I’d rather be with you

Say you want the same thing too.

Joshua Radin

‘I’d rather’ I’d rather have bad times with you, than good times with someone else.

I’d rather be beside you in a storm, than safe and warm by myself.

Luther Vandross

‘Leave right now’I think I’d better leave right now

before I fall any deeper

I think I’d better leave right now

feeling weaker and weaker.

Will Young

‘I’d Rather Be Hated For Who I Am Than Loved For Who I’m Not...’

Kurt Cobain

‘If I ever feel better’I’d better learn to accept that

There are things in my life that I can’t control.

Phoenix

‘I’d rather go blind’I would rather be blind, boy

Than see you walk away.

Beyonce

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15UNIT 15

4. Discuss these proverbs. Can you think of similar Slovak proverbs? Do you agree with them?

Blood is thicker than water.Birds of a feather fl ock together.

He that nothing questions, nothing learns.Never too late to learn.

5. Listen to the following conversation. (Then read it in pairs .)

IF I ...

Tim is sitting on a bench. He is

dreaming of living in a city. His wife, Pam, contradicts him – as usual.

Tim: If I lived in a city, I would earn more money.

Pam: Yeah – but you would spend more money if you lived there.

Tim: If I lived in a city, I would travel to work by car.

Pam: And you would get fat.

Tim: If I lived in a city, I would not have to work in the garden.

Pam: If you did not work in the garden, you would not grow your own

vegetables and they are so tasty and healthy.

Tim: If I lived in a city, I would go out every evening – to the theatres,

cinemas and nightclubs!

Pam: Forget it! With that way of life, you would soon need a different

wife! Stop dreaming! It is time we started watering the fl owers!...

Oh, Sweetie!I nearly forgot!...Here is your coffee and some

biscuits!

� Now go through the text again and underline all the hypothetical conditionals you can fi nd.

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15SCIENCE

6. Work in pairs: fi nd the conditionals in the following lyrics. Try to translate them into Slovak.

a) FeatI’ll never be the same – if we ever meet again.

Timbaland

b) ‘What if’What if I had never let you go

Would you be the man I used to know

If I’d stayed

If you’d tried

If we could only turn back time

But I guess we’ll never know.

If only we could turn the hands of time

If I could take you back would you still be mine.

Kate Winslet

c) ‘If I were a boy’If I were a boy

I would turn off my phone

Tell everyone it’s broken

So they’d think that I was sleeping alone.

Beyonce

d) ‘If I had You’If I had you, then money fame and fortune never could compete

If I had you, life would be a party it’d be ecstasy.

Adam Lambert

e) ‘Wavin’ Flag’When I get older I will be stronger

They’ll call me freedom just like a wavin’ fl ag.

K’naan

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15UNIT 15

f) ‘If today was your last day’If today was your last day and tomorrow was too late

Could you say goodbye to yesterday?

Would you live each moment like your last?

Leave old pictures in the past?

Donate every dime you had?

And would you call those friends you never see?

Reminisce old memories?

Would you forgive your enemies?

Nickelback

g) IF I WERE A RICH MAN(musical Fiddler on the Roof)

If I were a rich man,

Ya ha deedle deedle, bubba bubba

deedle deedle dum.

All day long I’d biddy biddy bum.

If I were a wealthy man.

I wouldn’t have to work hard.

Ya ha deedle deedle, bubba bubba

deedle deedle dum.

If I were a biddy biddy rich,

Yidle-diddle-didle-didle man.

7. Put all underlined conditionals from the songs into these categories:

REAL POSSIBILITY:

Example: If/when I ............., I’ll ............. . Or I’ll ............. if ............. .

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

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IMAGINING A SITUATION:

Example: If + -ed ..........., I would ........... . Or I would ........... if + -ed.

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

8. WRITING. What would you do, if today was your last day? Every student will answer the question. The teacher writes the answers on the blackboard. Discuss the answers together.

Example: If today was my last day, I would spend the day with

my family and friends.

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

9. CONVERSATION. Ask and answer the following questions. Discuss your answers with other students in your class.

� Would you ever donate a kidney or another vital organ?

� Would you ever give blood?

� Would you ever drive a car if you had forgotten your license at home?

� Would you ever drive at night with only one headlight?

� Would you ever lie to help a friend?

� Would you ever eat raw meat?

� Would you ever eat rice with sugar?

� Would you ever feed the animals at the zoo?

� Would you ever give money to a charity?

� Would you ever give money to a beggar?

� Would you ever drive your car with a fl at tire?

� Would you ever paint your room black?

� Would you ever hitchhike?

� Would you ever slap someone for something they said?

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1510. Answer the following questions. Use conditional sentences.

1. What would you do if you won a million pounds?

..........................................................................................................

2. Would you mind if I used your phone?

..........................................................................................................

3. What would you do if you were stung by a bee?

..........................................................................................................

4. What would you do if you found a wallet in the street?

..........................................................................................................

5. What would you do if you got lost in a foreign city?

..........................................................................................................

6. What would you do if you saw somebody with a gun?

..........................................................................................................

7. What would you do if you were in a lift and it stopped between two

fl oors?

............................................................................................................

11. Practise your listening and pronunciation.

1. Listen to the recording. Which word do you hear?

a) photo b) phone c) fame

2. Listen to the recording. How many words are in the question that

you hear?

a) 3 b) 4 c) 5

3. Listen to the recording. Which word do you hear?

a) frost b) dust c) crust

4. Listen to the recording. How many words are in the sentence that

you hear?

a) 5 b) 6 c) 7

UNIT 15