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zefOBhwMbyAefrM;rldOf;eMj/ / ikdef;vldef wDjukrfbxlefjyAif;ayM;
w.efjwMbemif;,dif; [Fif;umef,mefrldif; efg;qkdifjxB;/1
=Of[kyfj
rkufhqkrf;rlvedxdrFyfb (MAP Foundation) tvj emif;,dif;[Fif;umef,mefrldif; efg;qkdifjxB;urfjz.ifjvBj=rfj uefclefhcgMU[MacMjrkef; (Researchhh)
nefuAOfbvlpfjv.ifj “ikdef;vldef[Fif;umef,mrf;vAOfq.ifbukrfbxlefj yAif;ayM;” eB,Ofh/ emif;,dif;[Fif;umefurfjerfvmwfjOMj ikdef;vldef(uMj[Fif;)nefvBj,lbeBh
nrfbukrfb xlefjaonrfbuM; v.ifjvFufjvBmjuAOfbuyf;Owf;OfgqldOf;eBhauMj [Awf;{j,myfbzkdwfbwMbawMbOwf;Ofg ugMbxFifjrldOf;eMj/ ,.efhyldOfjurf;urf;vBjvBmjOfgtvj
uMjqfgUqBmbauMjerf? vBm;vBjorfhanb? ikdef;nrfbqmifjuAyf; qldOf;eBh [Awf;{juMjqfgUqBmb efg;eMj=def;nrfbukrfbxlefj/ rldOfjvldefusKefb yD 2017 eDj acMjqDhoifb
ckefa[Mcrf;rldif;xB; uAOfbuyf; “v.ifjqwf;umef[Fif;umef,mefrldif; B.E. 2560” nefOMj[Fif;umef,mefrldif; uljauMUawvBj ofgbqvmif;rfgb tvj vBmjOfgxFifjeB
v.ifjeBhauMj aw[Awf;{joAifjikdef;oAifjw.if;xFifj aonrfbuM; rmifauMU awqmifjwdwf;eDjxFifjwif;erf,lbnrfb[mifh/
ykdef;vif[Fif;umef,mefrldif;
efg;rldif;xB;eBh rD;[Fif;umef,mefrldif; 3-4 vmefhauMU nefyAefulef;rldif;vmOf;? rldif;urfbayM;wD;,M;? tvj ulef;rldif;rmefj/ r.ufj=Ofymufb 70% eBhyAefulef;rldif;rmefj/
efg;eefh =Ofymufb 43% eBhyAefemif;,dif;/ emif;,dif;rldif;rmefj vBjrM;[Awf;umefrldif;xB;eBh ,.efhyldOfj ymifwkduf;efg;rldif;? nrfbrD;umefwDjvBjikdef;? wkufhc tvj
,mufjzmefqldOf;eBhtvj vBjrM;yAef[Fif;umefefg;qkdifjxB;eBh,Ofh/ emif;,dif;rldif;rmefjeBh ,.efhyldOfj rD;v.ifj qFufj,Fufj,dif;qBm; tvj umefimef;wMbqmifjemif;,dif;
eBhnrfbayM;rD;? ulefjqBm;vBj [myfbxmrf;umef okduf;tvj urfjerfwdwf;,MjrOf;urf (,Mjzdefb)/ ,.efheef ykefjz.ef;eMj=def;eBhwlufheldOfrMb emif;,dif; eefh,Ofh/
umefimef;efg;rldif;xB; nefemif;,dif;[Awf;urfjerfeBhyAef umefefg;=if;imef;? =if;imef;ylyM ymifbvBmb? ,AyfhclOf;? auMbomifj? zkufbo.rfjefg;[BjeM;olef? trjOmefj?
q.rf;vmefhq.rf;oFifb tvj cBmwlOf qldOf;eBh/
ayMjvAifhqOfjeBm;efg;rldif;xB;eBh =Uv.ifj[Fif;umefnrfbayM;tvj wdkef;awvBjnOf[Fif;umefwmifbrldif;rM;q.Bj [Awf;omifjyefqkdifjxB;eBaowMU ulef;rD;nMbeMbyMjeldOf
qldOf;yAefulef;Omif;ayMbvoDbcOf wkdufh[ef ulef;[Fif;umefyAefaz;awMb v.ifjrefjukdrf;qkdifjrldif;eB,lb/ ,.efhyldOfjeeftvj cOfqifbyefcgmifh[Fif;umef {j,lbvBj
qlOfjcmOf;ulpf;eefh,Ofh/ q.rf;eifb “rBmrD;uFwfbtct[Uuifjyef ulefj[Fif;umef nefn.ufbrM;rldOfj yD 1998 eDj” eefh vmwfjOBhOMj yefokefbvBjzAifbyAif; tvj
yefwmif;uFwfbtca[Uuifjyef [Fif;umefuljauMU eBaowMU rldOfjyD 2008 eDj n.ufbrM;rBmrDj[Fif;umef wMbulef;e.ufjrldif;eefh vmwfjOBhOMj nrfbyefokefbvBj tvj
uFwfbtcyef ulef;[Fif;umef,lOf;,lOf;eB rBmrDj 2 nefeBhrldefomefcwf;uefOBh,lb/ nefyFufbyldifj qFifjvFif;eefhawyAef v.ifjvBmjeBm;qmifjeefh,Ofh/ efg;rBmrDjeefh
vmwfjOMj oifqOfjeBm;wBm? yBm;rmufjrD; qOfjeBm;vlU? nrfbeef qOfjeBm;ayhudefyFwfhvFeftvj cfgjvBmjeBm;qmifjeBqkdif awvBjrD;omufjaobu.efb qifbvBmjvBj/
,OfhauMjawvBj[MeBm;qmifjrfgb efg;cmOf;wmif; 2 OlifjeB,Ofh/
wmif;,myfbzkdwfbemif;,dif;vBj=yfheBhyAef uMjqmifj([Fif;)anb? cmOf;,mrf;[Awf;umeferf? v.ifjugMbwMjyBwmif; nrfbv.wfjvFOf;? tvj nrfbrD;cgmifh uldwfbvkufjvlpf
jvBj[yfhikdef;vldefqldOf;eBh,Ofh/ yBmovldOf yAef[Fif;umef ,mefrldif;tvj orfhyAefemif;,dif;xFifj ,.efheef okefbvBjtvjuMj[Fif;qldOf;eBh awvBjanbvldOfaoyldefj
eefh,Ofh/ urfjyMjerf emif;,dif;nef[Awf;umeftrjOmefj? emif;,dif;nef[Awf;umef q.rf;vmefhq.rf;oFifb tvjcBmwlOf qldOf;eefh nrfbrD;cmOf;,mrf;[Awf;umef
nefrufhrefjyefwBmwlOf/ ,ldif;nmef;cfgjq.BjxFrfeMj=def; tvj n.ufbrM;[Awf;umefe.ufjrldif; ulpf;uMj emif;,dif;cOfeBh vBjrM;=yf;wmif;,myfbzkdwfberfawhwh/
w.efjwMbawwFyf;wwf; n.ufbrM;[Awf;umefeBhauMj nrfbqfgjv.ifjiBmjw.efjwMbemif;,dif;cOfeB,Ofh/
1 ikdef;vldefwDjukrfbxlefjyAif;ayM;nefOMjeefh ikdef;cOfj[Of;eBhawvBjukrfbxlefjw.efjwMb eMj=def;[Of;wif;rlwf; nrfbOMj uMj=def;? uMjerfhuMjZB;? yBm;,lbvD? uMjvAifhvlvkdrf;vm;vkufjn.efb/
v.ifjclefhcgMU[MacMjrkef; uMj[Fif;ukrfjxlefj
emif;,dif;qldOf;,lbefg; ukefcAOfan;osK;eBhurfjyMjerf vBj[Awf;umefqefhwFrfb?
uMj[Fif;anb? zkufbo.rfj? trjOmefj? =if;imef;qldOf;eBh,Ofh/ umefimef;qldOf;eBh yAefumefnefnrfbrD;okefbvBj[Fif;umef aonrfbuM; uMjqmifjanb? xkufbeBm;qmifjv.
ufbvFefiBmj/ w.efjwMbzO emif;,dif;awvDvldOfuOfbeefh vrfbv.ifj awhawh/ w.efhwMbzOcOfawvDvldOfrM;eefh awvBjq.Bjqldifh[kdOfnefOMjeefh
[Of;cMjcfgjidef;emif;,dif; cOfvmwfjn.ufbrM;urf;okdOfj ,.efheeftvj qifbvBjclefhcgMU[MacMjrkef;v.ifjeBh,Ofh/
rkufhqkrf;rFyfbvBjn.ef=Of[Awf; v.ifjclefhcgMU[MacMjrkef;eBhao rkufhqkrf; Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development cOfjurfhq.BjzBmbikdef;w.
if;/ ,ldif;nmef;wDjvBjclefhcgMUacMjrkef;nefeBhyAef eifb[kdOf [Fif;umefemif;,dif;cOf awy.ifbqfgeldOf v.ifjuMj[Fif;nefukrfbxlefjeefhyAefoif? eifb[kdOfawvBj
uMj[Fif;ukrfbxlefjrM;eefh emif;,dif;cOf awvBjwkduf;olef;ugMbqldifh[kdOf qugMbqldOf;eBh,Ofh/ rldOfjyD 2015 xkdif 2016 eefh uAOfbuyf;wmif;=U “v.ifjuMj[Fif;ukrfbxlefjeBh” rkufhqkrf;rFyfb vBjqwf;[Awf;ymifnkyfbnlOf; vFufjvBmjemif;,dif; ugMbvBmvBmwDj/ rD;emif;,dif; 180 auMU cOfj=rfjnkyfbnlOf; vFufjvBmjwlOfxlyf; tvj [Aef;=U
“v.ifjuMj[Fif;ukrfbxlefjeBh” ugMb,lb/
uMj[Fif;ukrfbxlefj nefOMjeefh uMj[Fif;wDjvBjrM;eBh awvBjukrfbxlefjao ,lbugMbvlpfjrD;oavbeMjwM/ ikdef;vldefnefukrfbxlefjw.efjwMb cOfjerfhwmif;udef?
uMjoldOfjclOf;? uMj=def;? uMjyBm;,lbvD tvj rD;ikdef;uAyf; aonrfbuM; rD;ikdef;yAif;ayM;wMbrldOfjcfgjvkdOfj=dOfhao vkrf;vM;eMj=def;qldOf;eBh/ wmif;udef,Frfhnef
OMjeefh awvBjyAefwmif;udefnefrD;[Fif; rD;nMb[Mb\? rD;ikdef;wMbokdOfhclOf;=def;wArfxlefj? rD;uMj=if;[Aef;vkufjn.efb ayM;ukrfbwMbqldOf;eBhqifbrufhrefjvBjOMjyAef
uMj[Fif;wDjukrfbxlefjeefh,Ofh/
uMj[Fif;wDjukrfbxlefj w.efjwMbemif;,dif;[Fif;umef,mefrldif;cOftwh rdlefeifbugmrf;zefeefh,Ofh/ ,mrf;vAOf cwf;qfg[Awf;qldifh[kdOfauMj nrfbqmifjyAefrM;vBjeB
emif;,dif;cOfwif;erfauMj vmwfjn.ufbqldifheef/ q.rf;eifbrBmrDj [Fif;umef,mrf;vAOfeBh teOMj{jrD;ikdef;ukrfxlefjv.ifjOwf;OfgeBh vrfbv.ifjugMbvldOfao
uMj[Fif;ukrfbxlefjeB,Ofh/
“ikdef;cOfjikdef;n.ufbeBhnrfbirfbuefcMj/ urfjerfnrfbrD;ikdef;?
oifikdef;nrfbayM;auMj vBjuljikdef; yldefjrM;qfgU? nrfbqmifjol
ifbikdef;rldOf;=def;? Ofgcgmifh[Awf;umefeBh yefcgmifh[Awf;q.rf;qOfjeBm;
auMUvAOfulpf;tvj nrfbqmifj ugMb[M[Awf;umefxFifjwmifbwDj” emif;,dif;nef[Awf;umefefg;olef,mif\MbyMbvmwfj/
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uMjqfgUqBmbefg;qkdifjxB;wMbeMj=def;ekdifjvifnefrD;ulef; 4 auMU
uMjqfgUqBmbwMb=def;ekdifjvif (anbokwf;) uMjqfgUqBmbwMb=def;ekdifjvif (erfokwf;)
wmif;,myfbzkdwfbv.ifjOwf;Ofg
eifb[kdOfawrD;[Fif;umefukrfbxlefjeefh eBm;qmifjurfjerf cfgjvBj[Fif;umefrM;[Awf;umefaowMU ulef;rD;nMbeMb yMjeldOf qldOf;yAefulef;Omif;ayMbvoDbcOf
wkdufh[efulef;[Fif;umefyAefaz;w.efjwMb v.ifjrefjukdrf;qkdifjrldif; eB,lbtvj eifb[kdOfawukrf;xdif;ulef;qldOf;eBh n.ufbrBmrDjrM;nefekdifj,Ofhnefekdifj/ ,.efheef
cOfawulwfb qFwfjeifb[kdOf ulef;rfgbawnrfbcOfjrM;xFifj ulpf;uMj v.ifj[Awf;omifjrmifnefeBh cOfnrfbvBjOlefhxkdif [Fif;umefemif;,dif;/ cufhw.efjwMb[Awf;OfgauMj
uyfhudef; okufhomufhrM;vldOfuOfb? uMjcefwMbaw[Awf;OfgauMj nrfbukdifbirfb wif;ikdef;cOfj[Fif;umef/ urf;urf;orfhvFufjvBmjrBmrDjrfgbwduf;wduf;/ [Fif;umefemif;,dif;cOfeBh
cmrfboAifjcmOf;,mrf;? oAifjikdef;ao [Awf;Ofg,Ofh [Awf;rfgbxFifj,lb/ q.rf;eifbrBmrDjrfgborfhvmwfjOBhOMj yefcgmifh[Awf;umefq.rf; qOfjeBm;auMUvAOfulpf;tvj [Fif;umefn
rfbrD;ikdef;cOfjukrfbxlefjaonrfbuM; yAefrBmrDj wDjcifcOfOBhwDjvAOfeefh,Ofh/
eifb[kdOfawnrfbxkufbp.yf;eBh [Fif;umefuljauMUawvBjrD;Owf;OfgaorAOf;rAOf;? eifb[kdOfawvBjOfgcgmifh[Awf;umef eefhauMj qOfjeBm;awvBjn.efugMbofgbqvmif;yef/
v.ifj[Awf;omifjqldifheB [Awf;{jvkufjqmifjvBjndifjykdifj qOfjeBm;,lbwMbaob/ urfjerfugMbofgbqvmif;q.rf;qOfjeBm;aowMU? wlOf,mifbqldOf;pM;qOfjeBm;nrfbvD?
qfgulwfhauMj vBj[efwif;erf/
• qOfjeBm;urfjz.ifj nrfbyefcmOf;,mrf; ugMbwmifbqvmif;tvj {jwmifbauMUugMb[Awf;yefwFef;/ ayM;qfgUyldefj[Awf;orfh vBjyefuMjcefref;/
uMjqmifjqldOf;eefh qOfjeBm;orfhwwf;efg; ikdef;vldef aoyef/
• qOfjeBm;urfjz.ifjorfh {jvkufjqmifj ([Fif;umef) nOfykefjz.ef;[Awf;[if;ulpf;rlwf;rlwf;/ [Fif;umeforfhnrfb=Uugmrf;xB;? nrfb=UawvBjugMbwDjvfg?
wmifbvdufjwDjvfgqldOf;eBh/ ,.efhyldOfj ,myfbzkdwfbeMbtvj orfhvBjqmifjyldefjq.Bj[Awf;yef (3000-10000 Omwfb)/ rmify.ufjorfhpM; y.B;qM; [Awf;yef
Ofgy.rf (OfgwlU)? rmify.ufjqOfjeMjwDjcOf orfhofgbacMjrkef;zdwf;zdwf;/ oifOMj qkdOfjqOfjeBm;? qkdOfjvkufjqmifj? wDj[Awf;umef? tvj umefimef;
nrfbrFefjuefeBqkdif awqmifj xkufbpM;wmrfbikdef;tvj xkufbp.yf;vBj/
• qOfjeBm;urfjz.ifjorfh wkdef;nrfbugMbwmifbqvmif; yefulef;[Awf;umefaondwf;/ ayM;yAefqldifheef ulef;[Awf;umefeBh wkdef;OMjyAefulef;zdwf;?
eBm;qmifjauMjzdwf;? awxkufbp.yf;? xkufbwmrfbikdef; nrfbeef xkufbolifbrldOf;ckdef;eefh,Ofh/
“cMj[Awf;umefvBjikdef;vldef 3b000 awMb 8b000 Omwfb/ [Awf;OfgorfhvBjyef ekdifjy.ufj r.ufj 3b000 awMb
6b000 Omwfb/ ayM;nrfbrD;OfgauMj ,lbrldif;eBhnrfbvBj ayM;qOfjeMjwDjcOfrM;ulwfbqFwfjqkdif awxkufbp.
yf;? qOfjeBm;auMjnrfbnOfykefjz.ef;? UUUUU ulef;qldOf;xkufbp.yf; awxkufbolifbrldOf;wmif;vFefvdef/
oifOMjrD;ikdef;yefqkdif rmifauMUauMjy.Bbyef” emif;,dif;nef[Awf;umefefg;olef,mif\MbyMbvmwfj/
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eyfho ikdef;vldefefg;qkdifjxB;ao wFufjeldif;te uMjqfgUqBmbwMbeMj=def;ekdifjvif
anbokwf; erfokwf;
umefzkufbo.rfj
auMbomifj (uljykdefjwDj) =if;imef; (trjo.wfb)
=if;imef; (rldif;xB;y.wf;+ifb)
10,000 / month
4,500 / month
6,000 /month
,.efhyldOfjrD;v.ifjvFufjvBmj,lbwMbaobtvj [Fif;umefcOfauMjvBj [Awf;Ofgq.rf;,lbwMbaobeefh,Ofh/ ylefhrM; efg;cmOf;wmif; 20 yDeBh [Fif;umefcOfvBj[Awf;Ofg,lb r.ufj
30 y.ufj/ ayM;[Awf;rfgbekdifjy.ufjauMj uMjqfgUqBmb oAifjxFifjekdifjurf;/ vldOfaoeefhnrfbuM; cmOf;,mrf;[Awf;OfgauMj awzkpfbyefcmOf;,mrf;y.wf;y.wf;ulpf; cufhw.
efjref;auMjokufhomufh w.efjwMb[Fif;umefaw[Awf;wef;cmOf;,mrf;eBh ,myfbzdkwfbawhawh/ ,.efheef eifb[kdOfawvBjOfgq.rf;cmOf;,mrf;eefh vBjqmifjyB.;qM;[Awf;yef?
vBjyefikdef; erfao[Awf;[if;ulpf;? nrfbrD;idkef;auMj,drfyldefjrM;[Awf;? yAefulef;wdwf;eDjerfrM;vldOfuOfb/
acMj,kyfj,.rf; “rBmrDjukrf;xdif;tvj wlpf;xkdif[Fif;umef” w.efjwMbemif;,dif;
v.ifjqfgUwkdOf; “rBmrDjukrf;xdif;tvj wlpf;xkdif[Fif;umef” ,if;wkdufhrD;v.ifj,kyfj,.rf;erfOBhtvj w.efjwMb [Fif;umefaw vBjuMj[Fif;ukrfbxlefjnefOMjeefh
,if;wkdufhuBawhawh/ ,mrf;vAOf uMj[Fif;emif;,dif;eBh anbvldOfuMj[Fif;ulef;qBm;? umefimef;rldefuef? [Awf;cmOf;,mrf;rldefuef ulpf;uMj awvBjuMjqmifj
anbugMbulef;qBm;/ uMj[Fif;nefvBjauMjanbvldOf “uMj[Fif;cufhwFrfb (300 Omwfb)” xFifj/ uMj[Fif;cufhwFrfbeBh vBjykdefzmOfbn.ufbrBmrDjrM;rldOfjyD 1998 eefh,Ofh/
rBmrDjeefh nrfbvBjqFufjtzaowMU ulef;nOfrM;qfgUeBh nrfbvBjqfgUxkdifwDj/ ,.efheeftvj eBm;qmifj qldOf;eBhauMj yfgUnOferfhw.ef; eldOfeBhao nrfbyef uMjqmif
jcufhwFrfbawMb[Fif;umefemif;,dif;/ vBjrufhrefjOMj ekdifjOef;cmOf;,mrf;[Awf;umef 8 qlOfjrlif; eBhaowMU qfgU[Awf;umefvldOfcmOf;,mrf;? ayM;[Awf;q.rf;qifbyefikdef;
qugMbqldOf;eBh/ [Fif;umef emif;,dif; nrfbvBjuMjqmifjauMjrD;wif;erf/ v.ifj[Awf;omifjqldOf;eBh y.ifbOMj eBm;qmifjzdwf;rBmrDj[Fif;umef/ ,.efheef [Fif;umefemif;,dif
;auMjcfgjvBmjeBm;qmifjrfgb/ ulpf;uMjwMbaw teomufjaobOMj qOfjeBm;nrfbyef ikdef;vldefwArfeBauMj nrfbqmifjte/ ,.efhyldOfjqOfjeBm;rmifauMUeBh qfgUvlif;vBm;rkd
Of;OBhOMjqOfjeBm; yefuMj[Fif;wArf,lbeBeefh,Ofh/ rldOfjcOfqBmbikdef;eefhauMj awwFrfjofgbwlOfikdef;wArfwArfOBh (ulpf;uMj [Fif;umefnrfbvBjwArf)
emif;,dif;[Fif;umef,mefrldif;uljauMU rD;okefbvBj[yfhwmif;wlpf;xkdifvlv.rfq.rf;eifbrBmrDj ulpf;uMj emif;,dif;urfjerf [Awf;umef zkufbo.rfj? vMjyM (p.yf;yM)?
trjOmefj? cBmwlOf umefimef;qldOf;eBh nrfbrD;yM; efg;eMjumefzBmbwfgj rBmrDjukrf;xdif;wlpf;xkdif[Fif;umef/ ,.efhyAefumefnrfbqfgjzBmbwfgjrBmrDjtvj vBjuMj[Fif; anb?
nrfbrD;cmOf;,mrf;[Awf;umefqFifjvFif;? nrfbrD;Oef;vkdOfj? nrfbrD;v.ifjwlpf;xkdifvlv.rf v.ifj,lbudef qugMbqldOf;eBh,Ofh/
w.efjwMbemif;,dif;qldOf; rD;OwfhOfg tvj vBjumefimef;nef,lbzBmbwfgjrBmrDjqldOf;eefh rD;okefbvBjwmifb ,.ef; v.ifjq.BjxFrfyBm;,lbvD? v.ifjwlpf;xkdifvlv.
rfyefokefvBj[Fif;umefqldOf;eBh/ ulpf;uMj ,if;rD; emif;,dif;wif;erf nrfbyBbvBj v.ifjwlpf;xkdifyBm;,lbvD (ประกันสังคม) / rdlefeifb – [Fif;umefemif;,dif;
rD;okefbwmifb,.ef; v.ifjwlpf;xkdifyBm;,lbvD (ประกันสังคม) eBaowMU qOfjeBm;urfjz.ifjorfh nrfbcfgjofgb ikdef;yef/ emif;,dif;qldOf;qmifjyldefj[Awf;qOf
jeBm;eefhauMj cOfyefikdef;wMbofgbyBm;,lbvDuljvldef ulpf;uMjxkufb y.B;qM; vFefaonrfbugMbofgbyef (ประกันสังคม) qldOf;eBhauMjrD;/ ,.efhyldOfjqldifheeftvj
xkdifcmOf;,mrf;emif;,dif; vlOfbqfgUwMbyBm;,lbvDrM;eB nrfbqmifjqfgUvBj/
oif[Fif;umef ofgbuMjyBm;,lbvD (ประกันสังคม) ylefhugMb 6 vldefqkdif rD;okefbvBj
vkdOfjuldwfbvkufjvlpfjvBjidkef; tvj vBjwmif;q.BjxFrfwMbvkufjn.efbyM;/ ulpf;uMj
[Fif;umefemif;,dif;urfjerf nrfbvBj[yfhokefbnefeBh ,.efhyldOfj rldOfjemif;,dif;rmef;eBh
qOfjemB;nrfbayM;cfgj[yfh[Awf;umef aw[Mv.uf;vBm;uljrAOf;rAOf; eifb[kdOfemif;,dif;
awn.ufbumefugMb/ ayM;n.ufbumefqkdif okefbvBjyBm;,lbvD (ประกันสังคม)
auMjxkufbwwf;/ emif;,dif;cOf vBjtwb[MumefrfgbxFifjOBm;vifuldwfbvkufjeefh,Ofh/
rmifqldOf;nrfbcfgjwluf; umeftvj vufhugMb,MUvkufjyFwfjauMjrD;wif;erf/
emif;,dif;urfjz.ifj cmrfjylefhvBjwmif;,myfbzkdwfbuljv.ifjv.ifjeBaowMU
emif;,dif;urfjerf ,if;wkufhc? rD;ikdef;cOfjanbao eMj=def;nrfbukrfbxlefjauMjrD;
wif;erf/ ikdef;uAyf;nefOMjeefh wdkef;nrfbrD;vM;vM;/ ikdef;cOfjemif;,dif;anbugMb
vldOfaoulef;qBm; ulpf;uM;v.ifjvBjnOfykefjz.ef;eMj=def;eBhtwh yAefykefjz.
ef; emif;,dif;urfjerf/ ,.efheef awvBj[efemif;,dif;cOf yFif;udefyFif;qBmb
eifb[kdOfvkufjvmif; awvBjudefvD? eifb[kdOfuljauMUawvBj,lbiBmjvlrfqfgeefh,
Ofh/ oifOMj efg;eMj=def;ekdifjvifeBh rD;wif;,dif;wif;qBm;q.Bjuef [Mikdef;eBqkdif
eMj=def;eefh awvBj,lbiBmjvlrfqfgndwf;ekdifjeB emif;,dif;cOfvmwfjrM;OMjeB/
oifOMjauMUvAOf[Mikdef;eBtwh w.efjwMbvkufjvmif;? w.efjwMbeMj=def; wkdef;nrfbayM;
vM;vM;eB,Ofh/
“ikdef;vldefcMjeBh oifyAefvBj cfgj{jvB.; (nlef;)
yefefg;ymefb (a,;ikdef;)/ ekdifjvldefvBjuMj[kdOf cMjauMjcfgj
=UqFifjqifjvFif;vFif;” emif;,dif;auMUekdifjvmwfj/
“cmOf;,mrf;[Awf;umefcMjyAef 8 rlif;awMbxkdif 5 rlif;? e.ufjcmOf;,mrf; twb 6 rlif; - 9 rlif;umifcrfj/UUUU ikdef;vldefwDjvBjeBhyAef
2b000 Omwfb/ ,.efhyldOfjcMjrmef;OBhtvj nrfbqmifj[Awf;awMbe.ufjcmOf;,mrf;umifcrfj/ oifOMjqOfjeBm;aw[uf;uMjOfgefg;ikdef;vldef
cMjeB cMjawvldOf 1b000 OmwfbawMbvldefulpf;cMj/ =def;auMj vBjcmwfj 1b300 OmwfbawMbvldef/ uMjqfgUqBmbwmifbrAOf;auMjrD;xFifj” emif;,dif;[Awf;umef efg;=if;imef; vmwfj/
v.ifjvFufjvBmjrBmrDj[Fif;umef
rldOfjvldefusKefb yD 2017 eefh rldif;narb\DuM; ykdefn.ufbvBm;imef; “v.ifjuMUcBmulef;” ao efg;eefh rldif;xB;eBh ,lbefg;qvmif;rBmxDho.if wDjawvBjygfUwlpf;ukrf;xdif;
v.ifjuMUcBmulef;eBh/ rldif;xB;,lbrBmxDho.ifrM; o.ifyDo.efh,Ofh nefeBhqmifjyAefrM;xkdif wwf;yFwfjumefuMUcBm yBm;rmufjrD; awMbqkdifxB;vl;u.efb/ ,.efheef vlify.
ifqkdifjrldif;xB; qifbvBjykdefzmOfbn.ufbrM; rBmrDjukrf;xdif;ulef;[Fif;umef,mefrldif;rfgb rldOfjyD 2017 eefh,Ofh/ rBmrDjrfgbeBh awyefwmrfb eBm;qmifj qldOf;qmifj[Fif;umef
nefnrfbrD;Owf; tvj qDhoifb{j [Fif;umefqldOf;wmifbqvmif; nrfbxkufbwDj nrfbxkufbqOfjeBm;qldOf;eefh {jugMbwmifbqvmif;rfgb/ oifeBm;qmifjauMUvfg
qmifjulef;nrfbrD;Ofgqkdif awyefwmrfbidkef; 4 oFef xkdif 8 oFefOmwfb awMbauMU? w.efjwMb[Fif;umeforfh awyefwmrfbikdef; 1 oFef tvj wmrfbc.ufj 5 yDeB,Ofh/
v.ifjwkrfh,.efjrBmrDjrfgbeBhtwhyAef ayM;[Fif;umefnrfbrD;Ofgqkdif eBm;qmifj{jn.ufbumefurf;vAOf/ rmifauMUauMj nrfbvBjuMjqmifj aonrfbuM; xkufbolifbrldOf;vFefvdef/
rldefvldefusKefbeefh [Fif;umef r.ufj 6 rkdefbauMU rldOf;ckdef;rldif;rmefj/ [Fif;umefrldOf;ugMb wif;erfwif;vBmeBh q.rfqkdifjrldif;xB; nrfbolefqfg/ “nrfb[kdifoif
[Fif;umefawy.ufjrM;[Awf;umefckdef;ulpf;”OMjeB/ ,.efhyldOfj eBm;qmifjcOf ugMbwkuf;,.ef;tvj vlify.ifqkdifj qifb,.rf;yefao ykdefzmOfbn.ufbrM;OMj awcgmufjcmOf;,
mrf;qfgUwkdOf;rBmrDjrfgbeBhugMbxFifj 180 Oef; (6 vldef)/ efg;cmOf;wmif;eefh awyefcmOf;,mrf;wMb 2 Olifj {jqOfjeBm;n.ef[Fif;umefugMb ofgbqvmif;rfgbtvj ,kdefj,.
ef;Ofg[Fif;umefrfgbeefh,Ofh/ efg;tujofgbqvmif;rfgb,lbeefh vlify.ifqkdifjcOf {j[Fif;umef [Awf;Ofg CI xFifj/ w.efjwMb[Fif;umef rM;[Awf;umefrldif;xB;eBh xFifjvBm;ekdifjyAef
{j[Fif;umefcOfrldOf;ugMb[Awf; ymwfhoy.wfb aocOfjrM;ckdef;vlpfj MOU eefh,Ofh/ ayM;xkdifvldefwDboFrfbyldOfbrM; vlify.ifqkdifjawy.ifbcmOfbyefxFifjOMj awvBj[A
wf;qldifh[kdOfawMbugMbrldOf;eMjtvj uMjqfgUqBmb awrD;qldifh[kdOf qFifjvFif;xFifjurf;ekdifj/ rBmrDj “v.ifjqwf;umef[Fif;umef,mefrldif; B.E. 2560” eBh rD;acMjvDvD
wMbawrlefhtr; wFrfjofgbxFifj,lb rldefeifb yefwmrfbeBm;qmifjnef odrf;OBhOfg[Fif;umefc.ifvkufjqmifj tvj aw[Awf;{jcufhw.efj v.ifjvFufjvBmjeBm;qmifj
{jref;iBmjvlrfjwldOf;rM; qugMbqldOf;eBh yAefacMjvDaowMU wMbvlif;rkdOf;[Awf;omifjawhawheBh nrfb[efrD;OBh qFifjvFif;/
“ikdef;vldefcMjvBj 5b800 Omwfb awvBjqBmb uMj+ifj? uMjqfgUqBmbefg;=def;? uMjwmif;udefwmif;,Frfh?
tvj ikdef;wMb udefvlbvlUwBm qldOf;eBh/ yAefemif;,dif;auMUvAOftvj vBjyFif;udefyFif;qBmbawhawh/
rmify.ufjauMj udefcOfjuyf;yM? rmify.ufjauMjudefcOfjuyf;zuf; qldOf;eBhulpf;/ oifrD;cmOf;,mrf;auMj
cwf;qfg[Awf;umef wmifbwDjxFifjtvj ikdef;nefvBjrM;eefh ayM;,lbayM;udefao
vBjvlbvBjwmef;ugMb,lb” emif;,dif; [Awf;umefvldufjyM efg;=if;imef;vmwfj/
“rldOfju.efbeefh cMjtvj wif;zlOfcMj [Awf;eM; ekdifjOef;vBj 150
OmwfbawMbauMU/ ikdef;eBhauMj ayM;qfgUqBmbugMbOef;vfgOef;eefhul
pf;/ uMjqfgUqBmbvkufjn.efb? uMjuM;[yfholifb=if;[Aef;? uMjwmif;udef?
uMjyBm;,lbvD oif=rfjyM;qldOf;eBhqkdifj ikdef;nrfbayM;cMj” emif;,dif;[Awf;umefolefvmwfj/
“,mrf;vAOf cMjrD;ywfhoy.wfb (qlOfjcmOf;) ao ,if;wkdufhqfgUvBj,lb/ ulpf;uMj awvBjvBmjyAef OfgoDc.ifxFifj OMjeB/ uMj[Awf;OfgoDc.
ifeBhawoAifj 7b800 Omwfb? qOfjeBm;vmwfjOMj v.ifj[Awf;OfgoDc.iftvj uMjqfgUqBmbqldOf;eBh nrfbq.Bj[Awf;? nrfbnOfykefjz.ef; aonrfbuM;
{jqfgU y.B;qM; [Awf;/ wkdufh[Awf;OfgoDc.ifb ,Ofhnrfb[kdifnrfbemef; {j[Awf;Ofg CL xFifj/ oif[Awf;Ofg CL ,Ofh efg;cmOf;wmif; 15 Oef;
awvBjwmifb,.ef; Ofgcgmifh[Awf;umef? oifOMjnrfbwmifb,.ef;vBj efg;cmOf;wmif;eefheB Ofg CL auMjawnrfbqfgUvBj/ w.efjwMbaw,.ef;
Ofgcgmifh[Awf;umefeBh awvBj,.ef;acMjrkef; Owf;Ofgc.ifqOfjeBm;/ ulpf;uMj qOfjeBm;cMjeBh nrfbcfgjyef Ofgawhref; yefzkdefrldef (...) ref;ulpf;/
awMjvAOfcMj=dOfheMb ayM;Oef;qefrM; ,lOftc; awvBjwdwf;awMbwif; y.B;qM; ulpf;[MUnrfb=U? Ofgcgmifh[Awf;umefeBh oif[Awf;[if;ulpf;
awoAifj 100 Omwfb ayM;qfgUyB.;qM; awoAifj,lb 2500 Omwfb” emif;,dif;[Awf;umefefg;olef,mif\MbyMbvmwfj/
oifrBmrDjrfgbeBhyAefawhrM;,lbaowMU w.efjwMb zOemif;,dif;awckdefj,fgbrfgbokifeBh ,if;wkdufh,myfbzkdwfb OBh,lb/ v.ifj[Awf;Owf;OfgeBh,if;wkdufhawrD;ugMb
xFifj,lbtvj oifOMjzdwf;yldifeB ,if;wkdufh awqmifj xkufbpM;wmrfb? xkufbp.yf;,lb/ wmif;vlOfbemif;,dif;cOfawhawheBhyAef “rBmrDjukrf;xdif;wlpf;xkdif
[Fif;umef” eefh,Ofh/ v.ifjwmifb,.ef;OfgauMj awvBjyAefwDjiBmjvlrf tvj qwf;umefvBjzAifbyAif; wif;eBm;qmifj? wif;vkufjqmifjeefh,Ofh/
yef[MxFifjnefekdifjorfhyAef ulef;qldOf;nrfbrD;Ofgukduf;wlOfrldif;rmefj rldefeifb ulef;rldif;qldOf;nrfbw.efhrD; Ofgukduf;wlOfrldif;rmefjrM;aoy.
ufj? urfjz.ifjauMj wluf;[BmrldOfjyBmjokduf;? ulef;qldOf;rM;uldwfbrldif;xB; qldOf;eBh ,mrf;vAOfnrfbyBbrD;v.uf;vBm; wMbawrD; OfgaonefnefyefcOf/
acMjwkuf;,.ef;
z.if;rldOfjrkufhqkrf;rFyfb (MAP Foundation) yefwmif;=Uemif;,dif;cOf uAOfbuyf; “uMj[Fif;ukrfbxlefj” eefh emif;,dif;urfjerf nrfbyBbvBjuMj[Fif;cufhwFrfb (300
Omwfb)/ cOfrBjqfgwMbeMj=def;? Owf;OfgauMjvFufjvBmj,lb wMbaobtvj rBjqfgv.ifj=rfbvlrfjcOfqldOf;eBh/ w.efjwMbzOqOfjuOfb awvDvldOf tvj [Awf;{jxkdif wmif;,dl
if;nmef;qOfjuOfbqldOf;eBh nrfbw.efhvBjvmwfjxkdif Olefhxkdifaoy.ufj ukrfbvBjrBjqfgw.efjwMbOwf;Ofg awvBmjxFifjrldOfjvfg? oAifjikdef;xFifjuMj[kdOf qldOf;eBh,lbwMbaob/
cfgj{jckefrldif;cOfy.ifbqfgOMj “umefyluf;y.ifeBhnrfbrD; [Fif;umefemif;,dif;eBhnrfbyAef? [Awf;oifnrfbruf;refj uMjcefnAef[Fif;emif;,dif;nefq.Bj,lb/
[Awf;{julef;qldOf;[Awf; udefOef;vfgOef;eefh wkufhcMU,Ofh wkufhcMUxFifj/ qfgU[Fif;emif;,dif;omifjOmefjrldif;ckdefj,fgbrM; ulpf;uMj orfhnOfrBmrDj rM;wAuf;wAifayhudef
,lbxFifj/ v.ifjwkufhc tvj ykefjz.ef; nefemif;,dif;vBj[myfb,lbeBh [Of;cMjnrfb[mefhqfgvM;vM; ,.efheef wkuf;,.ef;{j vlify.ifqkdifjxB; tvj vlify.
ifqkdfifjrldif;rmefj [Awf;yef[Of;cMj q.rf;eifb acMjwkuf;,.ef;yMj wfgjeBh –
(1) wkuf;,.ef;{jOBhuMjcefemif;,dif;uljauMUtvj ruf;refjyef erfhuwfhemif;,dif; nefq.Bjyluf;y.ifyef {jyBm;rmufjrD;wif;o.ifrldif; rldif;rmefj tvj
rldif;xB;ckdefj,fgb/ eyfh,rf okefbvBjokefbyAefemif;,dif; qldOf;eBh/
o qldOf;[Awf;umefrldefuef? qfgUcmOf;,mrf;rldefuef wkuf;,.ef;{jyefuMj[Fif;rldefuef tvj awvBjr.wfbyFwfjrBmrDj nefqFufbtzuMj[Fif; ,dif;qBm;n
rfbzAifbyAif;uefeefh/
o {jruf;refjyef emif;,dif;[Fif;umef,mefrldif;tvj yefokefbvBjwlpf;v.rf[Fif;umef rdlefeifb yuefoifclrf; wArfwArfxlefjxlefj/
o wkuf;,.ef;{jyefcgmifhuldwfbvkufjvlpfj vBj[yfhikdef;vldef/
o wkuf;,.ef;{j yefcgmifh{julef;efg;=def; [Awf;OfgvBjuljauMU (ayMjxOfjtrjxOfj? ayMjtrj? vkufjvmif;)
“ikdef;vldef[Of;awvBjuMj[kdOfawhawh< uMj[Fif;vBm;Oef;uMj[kdOf< ayM;[Awf;e.ufjcmOf;,mrf; awvBjuMj[kdOf< qugMbqldOf;eBh cfgj=UqFifjvFif;/
,OfhauMj cfgj{jqOfjeBm;[Of;cMj=UacMjrkef;qldOf;eBhyM; ,.efheef q.Bj[Awf; zkdefvdufj uAOfbuyf;uMj[Fif;eBhyef vBmvBmzMboMb {juljauMUvBjcOfjqfg” [Fif;umefemif;,dif; cOfwkuf;,.ef; eifbeB/
(2) v.ifjqOfjeBm; udefqduf;w.ufbq.uf; yFwfhvFef[Fif;umef qldOf;eefh ,.ef;{jvlify.ifqkdifjwif;o.ifrldif; (rmefj-xB;) q.Bj[Awf;omifjyef q.rf;eifbyMjwfgjeBh
o {jzkduf;z.efhyefemif;,dif; rM;nOfykefjz.ef; zBmbq.BjvldOf[Fif;umef? {jcOf=U tvj rD;acMjrkef; uljv.ifjv.ifj uAOfbuyf;[Fif;umeftvj v.
ifjuyf;okdyfbuyf;omefuljwDjwDj/ {jemif;,dif;qldOf;rD;erfh uwfheBh [Awf;umefwDjvkrf; z.if;wFef; (wmefb,lif;)? [Awf;umefwDjvkrf;
qwf;[Mimef;qldOf;eefh/
o omifjyefwDjwdwf;awMb eifb[kdOf[Fif;umef,mefrldif; awqmifjwdwf;awMbiBmjvlrfqfg z.if;rldOfjwluf;udef;tvj rD;wmif;,myfbzkdwfb
“oif[Of;nrfbvBjidkef;vldef? xkufbv.ufbqldOf;eBh [Of;cMjcfgjwldifbxkdifvkrf;q.BjxFrf/ ,.efheef oifrD;vkrf;OBh wMbzBmbeBhurf;okdOfj
{jqmifjwdwf;awMbvBj wmif;Zlif;? wmif;nD;ar;? wmif; Facebook qldOf;eBh” [Fif;umefemif;,dif;cOfwkuf;,.ef;eifbeB/
(3) v.ifjudefol;udefvmyfj efg;tuj[Awf;Owf;OfgeBhauMj wkuf;,.ef;{j ckefrldif; wif;o.ifrldif; q.Bjtuj vdwfjyef
o efg;cufhw.efj[Awf;Owf;OfgeBh rmify.ufjauMj vlOfulef;q.Bj tvj yB.;qM;,lb ,.efhyldOfjrmifauMU nrfbvBjzMboMb/ ulpf;uMj wkuf;,.ef;,Mb{jcOfv.
ufbudef[Fif;umef/
o ayM;rD;ulef;ugMbwldifb v.ifjOMjrD;v.ifjudefol;udefvmyfjeBhauMj wkuf;,.ef;{jq.Bjt[Uuifjyef auMUnefugMbwldifbvmwfjeefh
(eifb[kdOfcOfawnrfbxlyf;az;)
o ayM;rD;qOfjeMjwDjcOf udefol;udefvmyfjauMj awvBjnOfvldifjyefawhawh/
“OBm;ao ykdefzmOfbn.ufbrM;OMj awvBj[Awf;Ofgymwfboy.wfbrfgbeefh qOfjeBm;cMjauMj n.ufbOBhyef uMjOfg 6500 Omwfb/ qOfjeBm;qifb[uf;nOf
efg;idkef;vldef ekdifjvldef 200 Omwfb/ Ofgcgmifh[Awf;umeftwh qmifjy.B;qM; (eBm;eMj) ao[Awf;nOf” emif;,dif;[Awf;umef wDj=if;imef;ukifjvmwfj/
(4) cufhw.efj[Awf;OfgauMj wkuf;,.ef;{jrlefhtr;{jref;cOfjqfgiBmjtvj [Awf;vBjiBmjndwf;ekdifj/
o {jvlify.ifqkdifjo.ifrldif; awvBj=rfjrkdOf;uefao [Awf;{jumef[Awf;OfgeBh qFifjvFifjiBmjvlrfjckdefj? wMbawvBj Ofgvyfhv.if;ulef;rldif;eefhauMj
{jyefcmOf;,mrf;[Awf; tvj ykdwfb{j[Awf;vBj wMbaob/ {jref;rD;ayMbvoDbcmOf;,mOf;yM;q.rf;/
o w.efjwMb[Awf;Ofgvyfhv.if;qldOf;eBh cufhw.efjrD;qldifh[kdOf? cmOf;,mrf;? [Awf;wDjvfg? uMjqfgUqBmbrD; qldifh[kdOf qugMbqldOf;eBh {jykdefn.ufb zMboMb qmOf;cldOf;
nefuljauMUnmefbn.ufbtvj cOfjqfg eefh/
“[Of;cMjcfgjvBj Owf;nefqfgUvBjcmOf;,mOf; tvjnrfboAifjikdef;erf/ ayM;yAefqldifheef awqmifjq.BjyefuMj qfgUqBmb emif;qmifjyM;q.
rf;eefh,Ofh” emif;,dif;[Fif;umefauMUekdifjvmwfj/
(5) q.rf;eifbwmif;vlOfb ulef;[Awf;umefaotvj wkuf;,.ef;vlify.ifqkdifjwif;o.ifrldif; q.Bjtujyef ayMbvoDb nefvmwfjOBhOMj awolifbulef;[Awf;umefyAefrlb?
yAefqkrf;/
o q.rf;eifbwmif;vlOfbulef;[Awf;umeftvj q.rf;eifberfhuwfhwmif;arM [Fif;umefrD;eefhao ,.ef;{jyefcgmifh {jcOfvldufj[Awf;tvj yefcgmifh{jcOf
cOfjrM;wmif;vFefvdefvBj/
o ,.ef;{j[Awf;Ofgyefq.rf;eifbwmif;vlOfb[Fif;umef tvj {j[Fif;umefugMb[Awf;[if;ulpf;vBj/ ,.ef;{jvBjcgmifh[Awf;umefvBj vBmvBmwDj/
o ,.efj{jrlefhtr; MOUU tvj v.ifjuFwfbtcwlpf;xkdif[Fif;umefqldOf;eBh/ {jrD;zdkefvdufj [yfh[Awf; umefyefulef;[Awf;umeftrjOmefj qldOf;eBh/
“oifeBm;qmifjnrfb[Awf;q.rf;eifb rBmrDjqkdifj qOfjeMjwDjzBmbvfgeefh awvBjnOfvldifjyefurf;vAOf? eBm;qmifjnef okdyfbzdwf;rBmrDj,lbwduf;
wduf;qldOf;eefh xkufbvDwwf;yFwfj ,Mbyefcgmifh{jcOfqmifjulef; vBjxFifj” [Fif;umefemif;,dif;auMUekdifjvmwfj/
Published by the Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development. 2017. For more information about our Feminist Participatory Action Research, please visit www.apwld.org
MAP Foundation
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