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(+1). ( ) VII, VIII, IX .
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. : . . - (behaviourism) (Connectionism Associationism) ... 1920
The Psychology of Arithmetic (1922 New York: Macmillan) Edward
Thorndike. "" (associations) "" . . H horndike : 1. (law of
effect). -, , . 2. (law of readiness). . 3. (law of exercise). , .
- - . John Watson Ivan Pavlov Thorndike. , B.F. Skinner. Skinner
Thorndike "trial and error", . Skinner . Skinner "" "" , (skinner
box) . Pavlov . Pavlov , .
. Pavlov -- , . , , , , . . - . , . , . , () 2+1, (). 3, (). ,
2+1=3. , . ' , , , . . , . , , . , . . 1960. , , , . . , , , .
(repetitio est mater studiorum) ( ) . . . . , , . , . ,
, ( " "), , . . , , . (S-R theories) : - ; - ; - ( ) - ; - ; - ;
- . (Gestalt) - G. Polya W. Kohler. . Wertheimer, (rote learning)
(learning with meaning). Gestalt (), : , . Kohler "" . "insight" (
) , . Gestalt ( '50) ( ). ,
. . , , , . Gestalt . : " " . " " . - . . . . Gestalt (pattern)
(structure - orientated teaching) . "" (heurestics) . ,
(problematic situations). George Polya How to Solve it, Stanford
1944 . ( ) : 1. 2. 3. 4. (). ( ) : i) : - - - ii) -
iii) : - " " - " " "". - .. (. " ") iv) - , , . - . , . . o
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self-regulation): ; 3. "" : ; () , Gestalt . , . '50 . . . ... - "
" (. Skinner). ...
, . (artificial intelligence). . , , , , , , . , , , , . . (
1970 1980), . . , . . , , , . , , . . , . , . , , . . . , . . +5=6
5 ( ).
5=6 5 . J. Piaget (Genetic Epistemology) Gestalt " " (meaning
theory), " " (schema theory) J. Piaget. . Piaget , . . Piaget . B .
. . "" (schema) Piaget . . "" (organisation) , . . "" (adaptation),
: - "" (assimilation), - "" (accommodation) . Piaget . ( ), Piaget
. (equilibre - desequilibre). . Piaget, . ( ),
. . ( ). 1. " " (sensorimotor stage): 0-2 , ( , ). , , . , , . ,
. . 2. " " (preoperational) " ": 2-7 , . , . , , , , , , , , , . ,
, . . , , , , . 3. " " (concrete operational stage) " " : ( 6-7
12-13). , . , , , . , , , , . , , , , , , , .. , , , .
4. " " (stage of formal operations) " ": 12 . , , , . , , , , .
. . 15-16 , . , , , . , . . , , . , , , , E=ab, . , 16-17 , , , , ,
, , , ... . Piaget, . , , , . , , , , , .. . . (J. Biggs, K.
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Piaget (M. Donaldson). Piaget . (context) . M. Donaldson ( ). , , .
Donaldson Piaget . . . . Piaget . : " ; " . Piaget . Piaget . .
. McGarrigle " ;" 48% . Donaldson, Hughes Booth. Piaget ...
Hughes 3 . 2+3 . Piaget , , Piaget. Piaget . Donaldson Piaget, .
(7-11 ) , (. ) (.. ). - Piaget. , . " . " (P. Cobb). , , . . , , ,
. " " ' , . . .
- ( ?). L. Vygotsky K. Marx , , . Vygotsky . . Leont'ev " "
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(discovery learning) O J. Bruner . , , , , . . , , . . ,
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, Piaget. , . Bruner, , , " ". " " (spiral curriculum) . , , , ,
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' , . . , , . J. Confrey " . . "". () ". . " " , . " " : 1. 2. , .
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. Brower
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. : . . .
"" "" . (. ) . (. [1], . . [7]) ( ). , 21 (. [2]): 1. () - - ()
. , . , (T.N.Carraher, D.W.Carraher, A.D.Schliemann [3], L. Resnick
[7]) 2. , , , . , . 3. . 4. , -, . 5. . , , 6. - - , , - , , , . 7.
, ( ) ( ). 8. ( ), (), . . 9. .
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13. ' (, , , ). : - . - . - . - . . , , , .
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