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١٣٦ א א אFE
،،אא،אW
אא א א א א א אאאא،אאאאאאא
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אאK אאאאאאא
א ،א אא א א אא א א ، א
א،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אא،אאאא،אK
א א ?א ??א ?אאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאא،א،אאאא
אאאאאK א א אא WאK
אאאא
١٣٦ א א אFE
אאאאאKאאאא،אא
א،אאאKא١٨٢١K
אאאאאK אאא
אא،א،א،אאKאאא
אא،١٥אאא،אאאWאאא
אאאK אאWאאK
אאאאא،אאאאאא،אאא
אאאאאאאאאK
אא(Digital Economy)אאKאאאאFאE
אאאא١٢٠٠٢٠٠٠א١٢٣٤٪אא٢٠٠٠אאK
אאאאאאאאאאא?אא???אאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאK
١٣٦ א א אFE
אאאאאאאאאאאאWאאא؟א
אא،אאאאאGPSאאא
אאאאאאKאאאאא
אאאאK אאא(Sensors)
אא،אאK אא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
?אאאא?אאאא?אאK? אאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאא
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אאאאאא،אאאאאאKאאא
אאאKאאאאאאK אאאא،
אאאאKאאאאK
אא
אא
א
١
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ١ -
אאWא Introduction to Communications
א
אאW Kאא -أ
Kאא -ب
Kאא -ج
Kאא -د
Kאאא -ه
Kאא -و
Kאאאא -ز
Kא -ح
Kאאא -ط
Kאא -ي אאW
١-١ K ٢-١ אאK
٣-١ אאK
٤-١ אאאK
٥-١ אK
٦-١ אאK
٧-١ אK
٨-١ אK
٩-١ אא
אאא: ١٨
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٢ -
١-١Introduction אא،אא
אאאKאאFEFKE
אHistorical Review ١٨٣٧אאK
١٨٧٦אאאאאK
١٨٩٤אאאאK
١٩٢٠אאאאAMK
١٩٣٣אFMK
١٩٣٦אאאאFMK אאאא
אאאאאאאאאאא،א،אאאא
אאK אאW
אאAnalog Communications System אK
אאWא+5VאK
אאאWא،אFאE،אאFאE،
אFאKEאF١ J١EאאאאK
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٣ -
١א J١אאא
١-٢אא אאאאאאאא
אאFאאאEאאאאאאאאFאEאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאKאאאא
אאאK ١ J٢ J١אא
אאאאאאאKאאאW
١ - א(AM)Wאאאאאאאאאא
(Amplitude Modulation)K ٢- א(FM)אאאאא
אאאאאא(Frequency Modulation)K
٣- א(PM)אאאאאאאאאאא
(Phase Modulation)K אאאא
אFאאאאEאאK
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٤ -
אאאאאאאאא(modulated wave)אאאא
AMFMPMאאאאF١ J٢EKאאאא
א(Demodulated Signal)אאאאK ١ J٢ J٢א
אאאא؟אאא؟א؟א
אאאW Jא
אאאא10٪אאKאאאאFאאEאאאאאאאאKאאא1003000،אא 1003000אאא אF10300KEאאאאא
אאאKאאאאKאא100אא300،
אא30אKאאאאאFאKEאא
אWאא،אא،K
Jאאאא אאאאKא
אאאאאKאאאאאK
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٥ -
١א J٢אאאK
אאאאאאאאאאKא
אאאאאאאא،אאאא
אאKאFrequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)אאאאאK
٣-١אאElectromagnetic Spectrum אאאאאא
KאאאKאF١ J١Eאאא،א
אאאאאאW
f
c [ m ] (1-1)
W א
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١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٦ -
١-١אWאאאאא
א אא אא١אאאא(VLF) 3kHz-30kHz 100km-10km
٢אאא(LF) 30kHz-300kHz 10km-1km
٣אאא(MF) 300kHz-3MHz 1km -100m
٤אאא(HF) 3MHz-30MHz 100m-10m
٥אאאא(VHF) 30MHz-300MHz 10m-1m
٦אאא(UHF) 300MHz-3GHz 1m-10cm
٧אאא(SHF) 3GHz-30GHz 10cm-1cm
٨א(EHF) 30GHz-300GHz 1cm-1mm
V: very ،L: Low ،H: High ،F: Frequency ،M: medium،
E: Extremely, S: Super, U: Ultra.
١-١ KאאאFEאאא 1(1 KHz)
100(100 KHz) 1(1 MHz)
K؟א אW
Kא(1-1)
1- = 1000Hz: Kmf
c300
1000
103 8
Kmf
c3
10
1035
8
2- = 105 Hz
3- =106 Hz m
f
c300
10
1036
8
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٧ -
Jאאאאא،אאאFאאEאאאא
אאאF١ J١Eאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאK אאאאאאא
אאאK Jאאאא(VLF)،אאא(LF)
אK Jאאא(MF)WאאאאK Jאאא(HF)Wאא،אאאא
K Jאאאא(VHF)Wאאאא،
אא،אא،K Jאאא(UHF)Wא،
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א،אאK Jאאא(EHF)Wאא،אאאK
אאאא،אאא،אאאF١ J٢EK
אאאאאאאאאVoice Frequency VF،א300-3400K
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٨ -
١א J٢אK אא אא אא
500 MHG - 1GHz VHF C 1GHz - 2GHz L D 2GHz - 3GHz S E 3GHz - 4GHz S F 4GHz - 6GHz C G 6GHz - 8GHz C H 8GHz - 10GHz X I
10GHz - 12.4GHz X J 12.4GHz - 18GHz Ku J
18GHz - 20GHz K J 20GHz - 26.5GHz K K 26.5GHz - 40GHz Ka K
אאאEHF, SHF , UHFא
אא(300MHz – 300GHz)K אאאאאאEHFW
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אultravioletK
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אא؛אאGama raysא -ج א1020HzאK
אא)( cosmic photonsאאא -د א1032HzK
אאאאFiber OpticsאאLaserאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאF1014HzC4.285Eאא F1014HzC7.5KE
אאF١ J٣EK
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٩ -
١א J٣אאא
١-٤אFאEBandwidth אאאאאאK
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אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאK
אאאאאK
(1-2)
BWinfoWא BWch WאK ١ J٢
500אאאאאא5000K
Kאא(BWch)K K؟אאאא KאאאאאאHF؟אא
אW K א
BWch = 5000 - 500 = 4500 KHz Kאא(Bwvoice)
BWvoice = 3400 - 300 = 3100 Hz
chBWBW info
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ١٠ -
אאאאאאאאK
KאאאאאHF BWHF = 30 MHz - 3 MHz = 27 MHz
אאאאאאאאK
٥-١ א Transmission Modes אאאאאW
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אאאאאאא،אאאאאאKאא
אאאאאאאKאאאאאאא
א،אאא،אאאאKא،א
אאאאK
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ١١ -
١-٦-١Fourier Expansion אאאאV(t)א
אאKאאאא،א،אאאאK
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(1-9) )sin(...)2sin()( 210 nwtAwtAwtSinBB n
א(1- 9)אאW
harmonic n . harmonic 3
harmonic 2 lfundamenta A V(t)thrd
nd0
(1-10)
W A0Wאאאא(DC value)K
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אאW
T
dttvT
A0
0 )(1
(1-11)
T
n dtnwttvT
A0
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(1-12)
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ١٢ -
v(t)
+2V
0 T/4 3T/4 T 2V
0.5 m s
t
T
n dtnwttvT
B0
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(1-7)אאV(t)א(1-9)אW
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١ J٣
אאאאFאאאKE
١. אאK
٢. אאFאאאKE
٣. אאאK
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8
)cos(2)cos(2)cos(22
4
3
4
3
4
4
0
1
T
T
T
T
T
dtwtdtwtdtwtT
A
T
T
T
T
TT
o dtT
dtT
dtT
dttvT
A
4
3
4
3
4
4
00
021
21
21
)(1
T
dtttvT
A0
1 )cos()(2
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ١٣ -
אאאא
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A3
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8)( tttv
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HzT
f 2000105.0
113
f=2KHz
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V(f)
8
3
8
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אאאאאאאא١ J٤Kאא
אאאאאאאאאאאא
אK
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ١٤ -
١א J٤אאK אאא١ J٤fsאאאfo،
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אאאאאאאKאאא
אאאאK אW
١-٨-١אאUncorrelated Noise אאאא
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אאאאאאWאא،
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אאאאאאאא،א،אאאאאאKאא
Johnson NoiseאאאאאאK
א אא
אא
א
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ١٥ -
אאאאאאאאKKאא
אWhite Noise،אאאKאאאאאאאKאאאאא
אאאאאאאאKאאאKShot noiseאPartition noiseKא
אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאK
אאאאtransit noiseאאאאאאאאא،
אאאאאאK ٢-٨-١אא Correlated Noise
אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאא
،Kאאאאאאאאאאאא
אK אאאאאאאאא
thunderstormsאאאאאאAmplitude Modulation: AMKאאאאאאאאא
א100MHzKאאאKאאאאאאFrequency ModulationWFMא
[88MHz – 108 MHz]K אאאאאאא
אאאאאThermal noiseKאאJohnsonאאאאאאKאאאW
(1-16) N = KTB
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ١٦ -
: NWא(Watts) BWא(Hz) TWאא(Kelvin)
אKelvinאאW T = C˚ + 273
KWK=
Kelvin
Joules231038.1
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١ J٤
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JאאK JאK
אW Kאא
N = KTB =1.38 X 10-23 X (17+273) X 10 X 103 =4 X10 -17Watts
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١ J٩אאSignal – to – Noise ration אאאאאK
אאאאאKא אאKאW
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ١٧ -
n
s
P
P
N
S (1-18)
אאאא
n
s
dB P
PLog
N
S10 (1-19)
W
dBN
S
WאאK
PsWא(Watts)K PNWא(Watts)K
אאאאאאW
n
s
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VLog
N
S20 (1-20)
n
s
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ILog
N
S20 (1-21)
١ J٥
א10Wאא0.01W،W
Kאא
N
SK
KאאdB
N
S
K
אW
K100001.0
10
n
s
P
P
N
S
KdBLogP
PLog
N
S
n
s
dB
30)1000(1010
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ١٨ -
אא
Kאא .أ ؟אאאא .ب
Kאאאאא .ج
Kאאאאא .د
אא Kאא،אא،אא،אW .أ Kאא .ب
Kאאאא .ج
אא אאאאאאאאאא .أ
؟K Kא .ب
Kאאא .ج
Kאא .د
אאאW
Kאא .أ Kא .ب
Kא .ج
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ١٩ -
אא Kא .أ
Kאאא .ب
Kא .ج
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ModulationאאאאאFrequency ModulationK
אא אאאא27˚5K
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אאW א(1-18)(1-19)K
אא
אא20אאא0.02אK Kאאא .أ Kאא .ب
אא
Kאאא .أ KאאאV(t) .ب
Kאאא .ج
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٢٠ -
אאW אאאא
Tא .أ Kאא .ب
אאא .ج
Kאא .د
KאאK
Kאא .ه
Kאאא .و
אא
אא
א
٢
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٢١ -
אאWא Amplitude Modulation (AM)
א
אאW Kא .أ Kאאאא .ب
EKאFאאא .ج
AMK .د
Kאאא .ه
Kאאא .و
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אאאW١٥K
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٢٢ -
١-٢ אאאאאאאא
אאא،אאאאאאאVm(t)
אאאאאVc(t) Kאאא(Carrier)אא،א،אא
אאVm(t)א(AM)(FM)א(PM)K
אא،אא(AM, FM, PM)،א،אאאKאא
אא(demodulation)אאאK
א،אאאאא(AM)K ٢-٢אAmplitude Modulation
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אאFModulatorE،אVm(t)،אאVc(t)،אאאK
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٢ J٢ J١א אAM Modulator אאא
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- ٢٣ -
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אאאK
٢א J٢אא،אאא،אאAMK
٢ J٢ J٣אאModulated Wave Characteristics אאאFאאEW
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- ٢٤ -
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٣ JאאFאEאVAM(t)אא Vm(t)K ٤ JאאFאEאVAM(t)אVm(t)K
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١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٢٥ -
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١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٢٦ -
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KHzKHzfBW mAM 10522
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٢٧ -
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٢ J٤ J١אCoefficient of Modulation אאAM
אKאW
Ec
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א2-82-9
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א٢ J٥K
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٢א J٥AMא100%K
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VVV 421841
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١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٣٠ -
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Vc(t)Wאאא(Volts)
EcWאאאא(Volts) fcWאא(Hz)K
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١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٣١ -
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אא(2-21)(2-20)אאאW tff
mEtff
mEtfEtV mc
cmc
cccam )(2cos
2)(2cos
22sin)( (2-22)
Ec Sin(2πfct)Wאא(Volts)
tffmE
mcc )(2cos
2 Wאא(Volts)
tffmE
mcc )(2cos
2Wאא(Volts)
אא(2-22)W Kאאאאאא .أ
(2-23) )mod()(mod ulatedunulated EcEc Kאאאאאא .ب
אאא100%F(m=1 ,Em=Ecא .ج אאאF
2cEKE
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٣٢ -
٢א J٥AMא100%K
W
Lsfusfm EEE
ccc
m EEE
E 22
W
cccmc EEEEEV 2max
0min ccmc EEEEV
،אאא אאFm=1EאאאVmax= 2 EcאאVmin=0،אא٢ J٥K
Kא٢ J٦אאאאאאא (AM DSBFC)(2-22)א
٢א J٦אאAM DSBFC
Kא(2-22)Wא(cycle)אאא180˚אא90א˚אאא
אF-Eאאאא(2-22)אK
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٣٣ -
٢ J٣ אAMאא500אKHzאא20VpK
אאאא10kHzאאא±7.5אVpKW
flsfKאfusfאא -أ MKאאmא -ب
modulatedK(Ec)אאאא -ج
ElsfKאEusfאא -د
JאאVmaxאVminK
Vam(t)Kאא -و
Kאאא -ز
Kאאא -ح א
Jא(2-4) , (2-2) KHzKKfff mcusf 51010500 KHzKKfff mcLsf 49010500
JאאWא(2-7), (2-6)W
375.020
5.7
c
m
E
Em
%5.37%10020
5.7%100
c
m
E
EM
Jא(2-23) VEcEc ulatedunulated 20)mod()(mod
Jא(2-22)W
VmEc 75.3
2
20375.0
2EE LSFUSF
Jא(2-9) , (2-8)W VEEV mc 5.275.720max
VEEV mc 5.125.720min Jאא(2-22)W
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٣٤ -
tffmE
tffmE
tfEtV mcc
mcc
ccam )(2cos2
)(2cos2
2sin)( אאW
)4902cos(75.3)5102cos(75.3)5002sin(20)( KtKtKttV am אאK
JאאאW
Jאאא
٦-٢אאAM Power Distribution אאאאW
R
VP
2
(2-24) אאW
R
VP rms
av
2
(2-25)
2
VV rms (2-26)
א(2-26)א(2-25)
R
VPav 2
2
(2-27)
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٣٥ -
(2-27)אאאאאאRK
R
EP C
C 2
2
(2-28E W
PcWאא(Watts) EcWאאא(Volts) RWא(Ohm)
אאאאK
(2-29) א(2-28)א(2-29)W
CLsfUsf PmPP 2
4
1 (2-30)
אאAM
LsfUsfCT PPPP
(2-31)CCCT PmPmPP 22
4
1
4
1
CT Pm
P
21
2
(2-32)
א(2-31)אאאא،(2-32)אW
אאאאK (2-31)אאאא٢ J٧W
R
Em
R
mE
PP C
C
Lsfusf 82
2 22
2
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٣٦ -
٢א J٧אאאAM DSBFCאאאK
א100%W
4C
LsfUsf
PPP (2-33)
m=1א(2-30) אאאא
(2-34)
א(2-33)(2-34)Wא100%אא
אאאאאאאK
אאאAM BSBFCאאאאאאא،אא
אאאאאאאאAM DSBFCK
٢ J٤
אאAM DSBFCW א10אVp،א10Ωא100%W
W PcKאא .أ PlsfאPusfאא .ب
2C
tsf
PP
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٣٧ -
PtsfKאא .ج
PT Kאאא .د
Kאאא K א
Kאא(2-28)
Kאא(2-30)
WPmPP CLsfUsf 25.15)1(4
1
4
1 22 m=1א 100%K
K
Kאא(2-30)
WPm
P CT 5.75)2
11(
21
22
Kאא
WP
P Ctsf 5.2
2
5
2
WR
EP C
C = 5 102
10
2
22
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٣٨ -
٧-٢אAM Current Calculations אאאאאא
אאאKאאאאאK
אאאאאW
2
2
2
2
C
t
C
t
C
t
I
I
RI
RI
P
P (2-35)
21
21
2
2
m
P
Pm
P
P
C
C
C
t
(2-36)
אאW
(2-37) א(2-35)
(2-38) 21
2mII CT
W ITWאא(A) IcWאא(A)
٢ J٥
אא10אwא10Ωא100%אאא(AM DSBFC)
א2-5
אא(2-38) 2
12m
II CT IcIT
21
2mI2
I2
C
t
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٣٩ -
AI T 225.1)2
11()1(
2
٨-٢אאאא AM Modulation by a Complex information אאאא،אאא،א،
א،אאאאאאאאK אא،אא
אאאאאK א(fm1, fm2)אאא
אאאאאאK٢א J٨אא
אאfm1, fm2K
٢א J٨אאאאאאאK
אF2-22Eאאא٢ J٨אאAMא fm1, fm2K
(2-39)
tffEm
tffEm
tffEm
tffEm
tfEtV
mcc
mcc
mcc
mcc
ccam
)(2cos2
)(2cos2
)(2cos2
)(2cos2
2sin)(
22
22
11
11
אאאK
ARP
IRI2P CCCC 1
1010
fc fm2 fc fm1 fc fc+fm1 fc+fm2
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٤٠ -
אאאאאאאאאאאאW
22
221 ... nt mmmm (2-40)
mtWאא
m1, m2, …. mnWאאאK אאאאאא
אאא،אאW
Ct
T Pm
P
21
2
(2-41)
CtLsfUsf PmPP 2
4
1 (2-42)
(2-43)
٢ J٦ AM DSBFCאאא200א Wאאא
אאאאאW m3 = 0.5, m2 = 0.4 , m1 = 0.2K
W
mtKאא .أ PtsfKאא .ب
PTKאאא .ج
Cttsf PmP 2
21
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٤١ -
א
Kא(2-40)
67.0)5.0()4.0()2.0( 22223
22
21 mmmmt
Kא(2-43)
Kא(2.41)
٢-٩אאAM Circuits
JאאAM Modulator Circuit
אאאא،AMKאאאKאאKאאאאא
א،אאאאKAMאKאAMK
אאאאAMא٢ J٩W
WPmP Cttsf 45)200()67.0(21
21 22
WPm
P Ct
T 245)200(2
)67.0(1
21
22
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٤٢ -
٢א J٩W
אאVout(t)א(2-22)אAMאאאאא٢ J٩
AMKא،אאאאאאW
...)()()()( 33
22
11 tVCtVCtVCtV inininout (2-44)
אאא2-9 tfEtfEtV CCmmin )2sin()2sin()( (2-45)
א(2-44)א(2-45)אאאW 22
21 )2sin()2sin()2sin()2sin()( tfEtfECtfEtfECtV CCmmCCmmout (2-46)
אאאאאאא2-22W
)2(sin
)2(sin)2sin()(2cos
)(2cos)2sin()(
222
22212
21
tfEC
tfECtfECtffEEC
tffEECtfECtV
CC
mmmmmCCm
mCCmCCout
(2-47)
א2-47א(Fc-Fm), (Fc+Fm)אאאאAM،אאאא(2-47)אא
א(2.22)אאא(2-47)אאאא(2-47)א(2-22)
٢א J٩אAMא٢ J١٠
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٤٣ -
٢א J١٠WAMאאאאK
אאאAMאאאAMאאאא(npn)א٢א J١١
אאאאאאאאאK
٢א J١١WAMאאאא(npn)K
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٤٤ -
KאאAM Demodolator Circuit אאAMאאאא،
אאWאא(Rectifier Circuit)אא(Envelope Detector)אא(Square –law detector) אאW א–Envelope Detector
אאאאAMאאאאא אא٢ J١٢K
١٢- ٢אFKEאא––AM-אאאFאאKE
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٤٥ -
אא אאאאאאאAM
אא(Am as input wave)Kאאאאא٢ J١٢אKאאאאאאC
אאאאאאאאאאא،אאFאא
אאEאאאאאKאאRKאאאאאאא
אאKאאאKאאא
Kאאאאא،אאאאאאא
אאאFAMEאאFE٢ J١٢K
١٠-٢א AM Transmitters אW
Kא (Low Level transmitter) אאאאאא(100kHz – 300kHz) ،
אאWא(Microphone)،(CD Rom)(Phonograph record)K١٣-٢אא
אאאK
١٣-٢אאא
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٤٦ -
Kא (High Level transmitter) אאאא
אאKאאאאא١٤-٢אK
٢א J١٤אאK
٢-١١אאא AM Receiver Block Diagram
אאאאאאאK
אAMאאאאAMאא،א،AMK
אאאאFאEאאאא(RF)אאK
אאאא(Demodulation)،אאאאאא
(Receiver). ١٥-٢אאאAMK
٢א J١٥אAM
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٤٧ -
אאאAMאאאW
JאאThe RF Section אאW
١. א(RF)K ٢. אK ٣. אאK
JאאThe Mixer and Converter Section אאאאא
(Intermediate Frequencies (IF) JאאאIF
אאא،אK JאAMK
אאאאא،AMאאK
Jאא אאאאK
٢ J١٢אReceiver Parameters
אאאאאאאאא(RF)K
JאFSelectivityE אא
אאאK JאBandwidth Improvement
אאאאאK
אאאW
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٤٨ -
(2-48) IF
RFI B
BB
W BIWאzx
BRFWאzHzx BIFWאא[Hz]
אאאאאW
Ii BLogNF 10 (2-49)
NFiWא[decibel]
٢ J٧ אF(NFiאAM
א200kHzאאא10kHzK ٢ J٧
א(2-49) , (2-48)
dBLogB
BLogBLogNF
IF
RFIi 13
10
200100110
Jא Sensitivity אאאאאא
אאאאאאאK
Jאא Dynamic Power range
אאא،אאאאK
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٤٩ -
Jא Fidelity Factor אא
אאK א
١. אאWאאאאאאאK ٢. אאWאאאאאאK
٣. אאWאאאאאאאK JאאInsertion Loss (IL)
אאאאאאאאאK
אW
in
out
P
PLogIL 10 (2-50)
Jאאאא (Noise Temperature and Equivalent Noise Temperature)
אאWאW
KB
NT (2-51)
W
TWאא[Kelvin] NWא[Watts] KW K=
Kelvin
Joules231038.1
BW(Hertz) Jאאא(Te)
אאא(Signal to noise ratio)אאKאאאאKאאTeא20ºאאא1000º
אאKTeאאW
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٥٠ -
(3-5) )1( FTTe TeWאאא(Kelvin) TWאא(Kelvin) FWאFKE
٢ J١٣אAM Receivers אאW
JאאאCoherent receivers אאאאאאאא
אFאאאEאאאאא(Oscillator)אK
JאאאNon coherent receivers אאאאאאא
אאאאK אאאאאWאא
אא(The Super heterodyne AM receiver)אא3-2KW
١٦-٢אאאא
אאאאאא אFאEאאאא٢ J١٦،א
אWאא،א،אאא،א،
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٥١ -
אאאKאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאfcא455KאאFLO،א
אאאאא(Fc)א455FLO=Fc+FIF (FIF = 455kHz)KאאאFE
אKאא،אאאאא455،א
א455،אאKאאאא455א
אאKאאאאא،אאאאאKא،
אאאאאKאאאא،אאאא
אאKאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאK
א،אאאאאאKאאאאאK
אאאאfcאאFFIC=FLO
FCKEאאfc1000kHzW1000+455=1455kHzZFLO=FC+FIF
Fc= 1455+455=1910kHz،אאFc Fco455 kHzKאא1910kHz
FEאא1000kHz2FIF=910kHz،אאאאאא
אKאאאאא70kHzאאא910kHzK
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٥٢ -
א٢ J١٦אא(IF)אאא(FLO)אאKאאא
אאאאאאא،א،אKאאאאא
אאאאאאKאאאאא5501600Kא
אאאאאאא10052055אאא95א1145א
אאאאאאK אאאאאאKאאא
אאF١٩١٩EאאאאאKאא،אא
אFאאEאאאKאאKאאאא
אאאKאאאאאאאאK
אאאאKאאאא،אאאאK
אאאאאFאEאאK
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٥٣ -
אא
אAM DSBFCאא100kHzאא5kHzK
W Kאאאאאאא .أ Kא .ب
3kHzKאאאאא .ج
Kאאא .د אא
אאאאAM DSBFC20kHzK
אא אאאא20Vpא±5vK
W Kאאאא -أ Kא -ب
Ec=20Vp ، Em = ±5V KEאFאא -ج
אאא אאאאאאאK
אא אm=0.2אאאPc=1000w
W Kאאאא .أ KEאאאF .ب
Kאאא .ج
Kאאא .د
١٣٦ א אא א א אFE
- ٥٤ -
אא אאAMK
אא אאאאAMK
אא אאא(BIF)אא(BI)א
16אאאא(BRF)320kHzK אא
א(NFi)אאא(RF)40kHzאאא(IF)10kHzK
אא אאא(Te) א16dBא
T=27˚CK אא אאK
אא אאאאא500kHzKאא
אאK
אאאא
אא
א
א
٣
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٥٥ -
אאWאא Angle Modulation
א
אאW Kאאא .أ
(PM)Kא .ب
K(FM)א .ج
(FM)Kא(PM)א .د
KאאאK
אאW ١-٣ K
٢-٣ אאK
٣-٣ אאK
٤-٣ אאK
אאאW١٥
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٥٦ -
٣-١Introduction אWא،אאKא
א(FM)א(PM)KאאאאאKאאאא(AM)א
א،אאאKאאאאאאK
1931אאאאK1936אאFM،1939אאאFMאאאK
א،אאאאאאא،אא،אא،אאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאא(AM)
אאאאאאאאאאK
٣-٢אא Angle Modulation
אאאאאאאK אאאאאאW
(3-1)
א)(tאאKא(3-1)אאW )(cos)( tEtV C (3-2)
(3-3)
)2cos)( (tf EtV CC
t +
) (2)( tftC
t +
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٥٧ -
)(tאאאKאאאW
dt
tdti
)()(
(3-4) א(3-3)א(3-4)W
dt
tdt Ci
)()(
(3-5) CC f 2
)(tWאאאK
dt
td )(WאאאK
٣ J٢ J١אא
Phase and Frequency Modulation (PM and FM) אאאאאא(PM)א(FM)K
א(PM)،אאאאאא،אאW
)()( tVt m (3-6) W
WאאאVolts
radianK )(tVmWאאאK
א(FM)אאאאאאאאW
)()(
tVdt
tdmf
(3-7) אאאאW
W
fWאאאא )( otWאאא0
t
to
omf tdVt ) (3-8) ()()(
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٥٨ -
אאא،א(3-8) , (3-6)אא(3-1)אא
אאאW )(2cos)( tVtfEtV mCCPM (3-9)
t
mfCCFM dVtfEtV )(2cos)( (3-10)
א(3-10) , (3-9)אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאK
،א(3-6)א(3-5)W
dt
tdVt m
CPMi
)()()( (3-11)
א(3-7)א(3-5)W )()()( tVt mfCFMi (3-12)
א(3-12) , (3-11)אא אאאאאאא
אאאאK
٣ J٢ J٢אא Theoretical Generation of PM and FM waves
אאאאאאא(FM) א٣ J١K
٣ J١א٣ J١٠אאVmאKאVm،אא
Vm،אKאאאאK
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٥٩ -
٣א J١ (FM)K
٣ J١ אאאאאK
)3
200cos(10)( ttV
אW
3200)(
tt
200)(
)( dt
tdti
Hzff iii 1002002
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٦٠ -
٣ J٢ J٣א Modulation Index
Kאא אאאW
mVm (3-13) W
mWאא(rad)
KpWאאאאLא VmWאאאK
אאא?אאאאK? ٣ J٢
אאאאFKp= 2.5 rad / VE،אmFאאאאEאW
)20002cos(2)( ttV אW
KאאW אאאW
m
mf
f
Vm
(3-14)
mf
fm
(3-15)
W mf Vf WאאאאאאאK
fmWא kfWאאאאK
radVm m 525.2
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٦١ -
٣ J٣ אאאאאאא
V
KHzf 5
א
)20002cos(2)( ttV א:
אאאאFM
KHzVV
KHzVf mf 1025
אFM
52
10
KHz
KHz
f
fm
m
٣ J٢ J٤אאאאא Frequency Analysis of Angle Modulated Waves
אאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאFאאאKE
mcmcmc nffffff ,...,2, אK
אאאאאא،אא(3-1)אאW
(3-16)
א(3-6)א(3-16)
(3-17) אאW
tVtVm mcos)( (3-18)
(t) ΦfEtV CC 2cos)( t
(t) VfEtV mCC 2cos)( t
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٦٢ -
א(3-18)א(3-17)W
(3-19) אKpVm Fא3-13אEאW
)2
coscos()()coscos( n
nmJm n
(3-20)
Jn(m)אאאאnmK א(3-20)א(3-19)
)2
cos()()( n
tntmJEtV mCnC
(3-21)
(5-21)אאאא
...2
)cos()(2
2)cos()(2
2)cos()(
2)cos()(cos)(
)( 1
1
tmJ
tmJtmJ
tmJtmJ
EtV
mC
mCmC
mCCo
C (3-22)
א(3-22)אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא(fc)
אאWmcmcmc nffffff ,...,2,
אאאאאא،אאאא،אאאאJ2(m), J1(m)K
א٣ J١אאאאKאאאאאאאאFJ1, J2,, J3, J4,,….. KEאאאאאא
אאאאאFJn(m) (Ec)unmodulatedE
t VfEtV mCC cos2cos)( t
+ mfEtV mCC 2cos)( t
t cos
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٦٣ -
٣ J١אאאJn[m]
m Jo J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9 J10 J11 J12 J13 J14
0.00 1.00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0.25 0.98 0.12 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0.5 0.94 0.24 0.03 - - - - - - - - - - - -
1.0 0.77 0.44 0.11 0.02 - - - - - - - - - - -
1.5 0.51 0.56 0.23 0.06 0.01 - - - - - - - - - -
2.0 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03 - - - - - - - - - -
2.4 0.00 0.52 0.43 0.20 0.06 0.02 - - - - - - - - -
2.5 0.05 - 0.5 0.45 0.22 0.07 0.02 0.01 - - - - - - - -
3.0 0.26 - 0.34 0.49 0.31 0.13 0.04 0.01 - - - - - - - -
4.0 0.04 - 0.07 - 0.36 0.43 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.02 - - - - - - -
5.0 0.18 - 0.33 - 0.05 0.36 0.39 0.26 0.13 0.05 0.02 - - - - - -
6.0 0.15 0.28 - 0.24 - 0.11 0.36 0.36 0.25 0.13 0.06 0.02 - - - - -
7.0 0.30 0.00 0.30 - 0.17 - 0.16 0.35 0.34 0.23 0.13 0.06 0.02 - - - -
8.0 0.17 0.23 0.11 - 0.29 - 0.10 - 0.19 0.34 0.32 0.22 0.13 0.06 0.03 - - -
9.0 0.09 - 0.25 0.14 0.18 - 0.27 - 0.06 - 0.20 0.33 0.31 0.21 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.01 -
10.0 0.25 - 0.05 0.25 0.06 0.22 - 0.23 - 0.01 - 0.22 0.32 0.29 0.21 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.01
א٣ J١אא (m)אא
Jn[m]Kא٣ J٢אאאאאאm10K
٣א J٢Jn[m]mK
٣ J٤
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٦٤ -
FM،אm=1،א Vm(t)=Vm sin (2π 1000t)
אאא Vc(t)=10 sin (2π 5x104t)
W Kאאאא .أ Kאאאא .ب
אאאאא .ج אW
٣א .أ J١m=1אא3K Wאאאא .ب
J0 = 0.77 (10) = 7.7 V J1 = 0.44 (10) = 4.4 V J2 = 0.11 (10) = 1.1 V J3 = 0.02 (10) = 0.2 V
Wאאאא .ج
٣ J٢ J٥אא
Bandwidth requirement for Angle Modulated אאאא٣א J٤אאאאאKW
אאWא،אאאאאאאא(AM)،אאאאW
mfB .2 (3-24)
7.7
4.4
1.1
0.2
4.4
1.1
0.2
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 F KHz
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٦٥ -
אאWאא،אאאW fB 2 (3-25)
אאWאאאאאאאאW
)(2 mfnB (3-26) W
nWאא fmWאFאKE
אאאW281939،א(Carson)אאאאאאא
W F3-27E HzffB m (max)2
W ∆FWאאאא
fm(max)WאאאFאE ؟אאאא
fm(max)א∆F(3-24)אאאא،א∆FאFm(max)،
(3-25)אאאאKאKאא98%א
אאאאKאאאאFאEאאK
٥ J٥ FMאאאא∆F =10kHz،א
fm=10kHz،אאEc=10v،fc= 500kHzK W
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٦٦ -
Kאא .أ Kאא .ب
א Jאא
B = 2 ( n x fm) nאאא،אmאא
mf
fm
10k / 10k =1 , m = 1 m=
א٣ J١m=1אאW n=3 אאאW
B = 2 ( 3 x 10 K ) = 60 KHz.
JאאW
B = 2 (∆F + fm(max))
B = 2 (10 K + 10 K ) = 40 kHz
אאאאאאאאKאא
אאאאK
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٦٧ -
٣ J٢ J٦אאאא
Average Power of an Angle – Modulated Wave אאאאאאאאא
אAM،אאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאFאאאE
(3-28)R
EP C
C 2
2
אאא nt PPPPPP ....3210 (3-29)
R
V
R
V
R
V
R
V
R
EP n
t 2....
2222
2
223
22
21
20 (3-30)
W PtWאאאא P0Wאאא P1Wאאאא P2Wאאאא P3Wאאאא PnWאnאא
E0 = J0 EcWאאא V1= J1 EcWאאא Vn = Jn EcWאאnK
J0, J1 , ……… Jnאאאאא٣ J١אKא2אא(5-30)א
אאfcאfcK
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٦٨ -
٣ J٦ JאאאFMאאא٣ J٥Fאא
אRL = 50 OhmsKE
JאאאאאאאאK
אW
אא Ec =10V , m=1, n=3
Jאאאא(3-28)
WPC 1)50(2
102
–אא(3-30)אאאאW ١ J E0 = J0 Ec= 7.7VJo٣ J١K
٢ JV1= J1 Ec=0.2 V
V2= J2 Ec = 1.1 V V3= J3 Ec=4.4V
FJ1=0.44 , J2=0.11, J3=0.02E٣ J١
٣ Jא(3-30)אאאW
Pt = 1.0051 W
אאאאאKאאאאK
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٦٩ -
٣ J٣אא Angle Modulated Transmitters
KאFM א٣ J٣אאאאאאFMK
אאאאאאאאאאא
Lc
fc 2
1 (3-31)
א،אאW
)(2
1
ccLf
(3-32)
fאא∆CאאאאKא L אFHE
٣א J٣אFMK
KאPMK
א٣ J٤אאאאאאPMK אא،אא
Kאאא
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٧٠ -
٣א J٤אPM
Angle Modulated Receivers ٣ J٤אא
אאאא،אאאאאאאאאאK
אא
אאאאאאאאאK
אאאW
Jאאאאא Slop detection circuit
א٣ J٥אאאא،אאא
אא٣א J٥،אא
אKאאאאאאfo
אאאאאאאK
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٧١ -
٣א J٥אאאאא אאאאאf±אאאאאאא
V±א٣ J٥K
אאא،אאאא
אאאאאאK
אאאאאאא
אאאאאK
Jאאאאאא
Peak-Differential detection circuit
א٣ J٦אאאאאאאאK
אא٣ J٦אאF١Eא
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٧٢ -
٣א J٦אאאאאאאא
אאQ2אא C1, C2, L1אf1،
אאאאQ1f2٣ J٦K
אאאאאfcאאאא
אאאאאQ2, Q1
אאFאEאאK
אאQ4, Q3אאאאא
אאQ3 Q4אC3C4אKאאא
אאאאא،אאאQ6, Q5 א
אF١EF٣EאאאאQ6
F٤Eאאאא،אK
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٧٣ -
אאאאא،
אאאאאאאK
JאאאRatio detection circuit
א٣ J٧אאא،א
L1 אאא(C) K
אאאאא٣ J٧Kאא
אאאK
אאא٣ J٧אC3אאא
אאאאK
٣א J٧אאאא
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٧٤ -
אא
אFM5kHzאא10vאK W
אאא . أ 2Vאאאאא . ب
אא
אPM2 radאאא5VאK W
אאא . أ Kא2vאאאאא . ب
אא
אאאאFMKKKKKKKKKא Vm(t) =10 sin 2 2000t
Kאאאא .أ א .ب
Kאאאאאא .ج אאא
אאאאPM Kp= 1.5 א Vm(t) = 2 sin (2 2000t)
W Kאאאא . أ Kאאאאא . ب
אאW
١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE
- ٧٥ -
אאm=2FM،אVm(t) = Vm sin 22000t،אא) Vc(t) = 8 sin (2 800Kt
Kאאא -أ K -ب
Kאאאאא -ج
Kאא -د
Jאאאאא2.5אK
-٧٦-
אא
אא
א
א
٤
١٣٦ א אאא אא א אFE
-٧٦-
אאאWאא Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
א
אאW ١KאK ٢KאK
٣KאאK ٤KאאK ٥KאאאK
אאאW
١- ٤K
٤ J٢אאFDMK ٤ J٣אאאK ٤٣אאאK
אאאW٤
١٣٦ א אאא אא א אFE
-٧٧-
١-٤Introduction
אאאאאאאאFאאא
KEאW ١ JאאFDMאאאאאK ٢ Jאא TDMאאאא
אK א אאאאא
א א Kא א א א Kאאאאא
٤ J٢אאFDM
אאאאאאאאאKאאא אא
אאאאאFאאfgEאאא אא א א א K
אF٤ J١ Eאאא אאאא א א אKא٤א J٢אאK
٤א J١אאאא
١٣٦ א אאא אא א אFE
-٧٨-
٤א J٢אא
אאאאFאאEאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאK٤א J٣אאאאK
٤א J٣אא
١٣٦ א אאא אא א אFE
-٧٩-
٤ J١ א٤ J٤אאאאא
אW
٤א J٤אאא
١ J אא fm1=1 KHz fc1= 100KHzK
٢ J אא fm2=2 KHz fc2= 200KHzK
٣ J אא fm3=3 KHz fc3= 300KHzK
٤ J אW
J אאאאאאK
J אאאK
J אאאאא(fg1)אאאאא(fg2)
J אאBWTK
١٣٦ א אאא אא א אFE
-٨٠-
א J אאאFאא
J אאW
BW1=(101-99) K= 2 KHz אאW
BW2=(202-198) K= 4 KHz אאW
BW1=(303-297) K= 6 KHz J אאאאא(fg1)W
97 KHzfg1=(198-101) K= אאאאא(fg2)W
95 KHzfg2=(297-202) K= J אאWאא
BWT=(303-99) K = 204 KHz אאWאא
BWT =BW1+BW2+BW3+ fg1+ fg2 = (2+4+6+97+95) K = 204 KHz
٤ J٣אאאTelephone-Channel Multiplexing א א א אא א א
א،אאאאאאKא٤ J٥אא
אאאאאאWאא،אא،אאK
١٣٦ א אאא אא א אFE
-٨١-
٤א J٥אאאאאאK
אאBasic Group
אאאאאאאא،٤א
٤ J٦K
٤א J٦אא
אאאאא٦٠١٠٨א١٢אאא١٤٨١٩٦א٤ J٧K
٤א J٧אא١٢אK
אאSuper Group
אאא٦٠،א٣١٢٥٥٢Kאאאאא
אא٤ J٨K
١٣٦ א אאא אא א אFE
-٨٢-
٤א J٨אאא٦٠K
אאMaster Group
א٦٠٠אF١٠EKU600 L600 א٤ J٩K
٤א Jא٩אא٦٠٠K
א א אא א א א א א F ٦٠٠א KE א L3 TH
١٨٦٠אKאL4٣٦٠٠K
١٣٦ א אאא אא א אFE
-٨٣-
אא אאאאא؟
אא
אא؟
אא אאאא؟
אאא
FאאfgE؟אא
אא אאאא؟אא؟
אא ٤ J١אאאאאW
١ J אא fm1=5 KHz fc1= 150KHzK
٢ J אא fm2=20 KHz fc2= 400KHzK
٣ J אא fm3=30 KHz fc3= 500KHzK
١٣٦ א אא א אFE
-٧٦-
אא
Wayane Tomasi `` Electronic communication systems fundamental through advanced `` . Schaum’s outlines `` Analog and digital communications`` McGraw Hill (1993). Horld B. Killen `` Communication techniques`` Macmilan publishing company New York (1985). Louis E. Frenzel `` Communication electronics principles and applications`` McGraw Hill 3 rd edition (2000). Gary M. Miller`` Modern electronic communications`` Prentice Hall International Inc (1996). Dornhofer G. and Nies A. ``STE 6.1.6 High frequency circuits using plug in system electrical engineering and electronics`` Lybold Didactic GMBH (1990). Lathi B.P. `` Modern digital communication systems`` second edition, Rinehart and Winston Inc., Orlando 32887 (1989). The translated copy by. Dr. Ibrahim El khadi, Dr. Abdelaziz El rouisi amd Dr. Adel Ali `` King Saoud University``. Saad Ali El Haj Bakri and Mohamad abderhman El harbi`` Intoduction to communication`` King Saoud university (1988).
١٣٦ א א א אFE
א
אאWאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ ١-١ ...................................................................................................... ٢
١-٢אא ................................................................................. ٣
٣-١א٥ ................................................................................ א
١ J٤אאא( CB )KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٩ ١-٥אא ........................................................................ ١٠
٦-١ א ......................................................................................... ١٠
١-٧אא ........................................................................................ ١٠
٨-١ אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٥ ١ J٩אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٦ ١ J١٠אאא ... ..............................................................١٩
...................................................................................................... ١٨
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢١אWאא ١-٢ .................................................................................................. ٢٢
٢-٢א ..................................................................................... ٢٢
٢-٣אאאא ............................................................ ٢٤
٢-٤אאא٢٧ ............................................................ א
٢-٥AM .................................................................................. ٣٠
٦-٢אא ......................................................................... ٣٤
٧-٢א ......................................................................... ٣٨
١٣٦ א א א אFE
٨-٢אאא٣٩ ..................................................................... א
٢-٩אא .................................................................................... ٤١
١٠-٢א .................................................................................... ٤٥
١١-٢אאא ............................................................. ٥٠
١٢-٢א ....................................................................................... ٤٥
١٣-٢א ............................................................................... ٥٤
١٤-٢ אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٧
...................................................................................................... ٥٣
אאWאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٧١ ٣ J١ ................................................................................................ ٧٢
٣-٢אא .......................................................................................... ٧٢
٣-٣ אאאא( Narrow Band FM )KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٨٥ ٣-4אא .................................................................................. ٨٦
٥-٣אא ................................................................................ ٨٧
٦-٣ א AM א FM ............................... .......... .92
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٩٤
אאאWKאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٩٦ ٤ J١ ............................................................................................... ٩٧
٤-٢א٩٧ ................................................................................... א
٤-٣אאא ................................................................................ ١٠٠
.................................................................................................... ١٠٣
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK א אא
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