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V
AAA= American Arbitration Association.
ADR= Alternative Dispute Resolution.
AFNIC= L'association franaise pour le Nommage Internet en
cooperation.
AFA =The Arbitration Fairness Act
All ER= All English Law report.
At= Austria.
B2B= Business to Business.
B2C= Business to Consumer.
BILETA= British and Irish Law Education and Technology
Association.
Cass. civ= Cassation civile.
CCQ= Civil Code of Quebec.
C2C= Consumer to Consumer.
CI= Consumer International.
CJJA= Civil jurisdiction and judgments Act
CNRS= Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
Duke L.& Tech= Duke Law and Technology.
EAA= English Arbitration Act
EC= European Convention.
ECJ= European Court Justice.
ECR= England Courts report.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria
VI
ed= edition.
EEC= European economic community.
Eg= Egypt
EJCL= Electronic Journal of Comparative Law.
EU= European United.
FAA= Federal Arbitration Act
Fr= France
ibid= In the same place. Used in footnotes and bibliographies to
refer to the book, chapter, article, or page cited just before.
ICANN= The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers.
ICC= International Chamber of Commerce.
ICLQ= International Comparative Law Quarterly.
IOCU= International Organization Consumer United.
J. D. I : Journal du Droit International (Clunet)
J.L&TECH= Journal of Law and Technology.
JILT= Journal Information, Law and Technology.
LLM= The Master of Laws.
McGILT L.J= Mcgill Law Journal.
N= Number, Numro.
N.C.J.L.& TECH= North Carolina Journal of Law and
technology.
NSW= New South and Wales.
Nz= New Zealand .
VII
O.J.= Official Journal.
OAS= Organization of American States.
ODR= Online Dispute Resolution.
OECD= organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development.
P= page.
PDF= Portable Document Format .
PHD= Doctor of Philosophy.
PIAC= Public Interest Advocacy Centre.
R.C.A.D.I= Recueil des Cours de lAcadmie de droit
International de la Haye
Rev. Crit. D.I.P. : Revue Critique de Droit International Priv
R.J.T= Revue Juridique themis.
REV= Review
SPIDR= Society of Professionals in Dispute Resolution.
UCC= The Uniform Commercial Code .
UCITA = Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act.
UK= United Kingdom.
UN= United Nation.
UNESCAP= United Nation Economic and Social Commission
for Asia and the Pacific.
UNIDROIT= International Institute for the Unification of Private
Law.
US= united state
VIII
VA. J.L. & TECH.= Virginia Journal of Law and Technology
Association.
Vol= VOLUME
WIPO= World Intellectual Property Organization .
WTO=The World Trade Organization
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: (3)
Christine Riefa: Article 5 of the Rome Convention on the Law
Applicable to Contractual Obligations of 19 June 1980 and Consumer
E-Contracts: The Need for Reform, This article is published in Information
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.1191 122 , 9 ,1192 5 (4)
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http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/13/34023235.pdf : : WTO
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ecom_e/wkprog_e.htm : WIPO
http://ecommerce.wipo.int/primer/index.html
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4
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: (1)
Erin Ann Ohara: Choice of Law For Internet Transactions: The Uneasy
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5
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,
: (1)
Julia Hrnle: online dispute resolution- the emperor's new clothes?
Benefits and Pitfalls of Online Dispute Resolution and its Application to
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: (2)
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Laws, HART Publishing Oxford and Portland, Oregon 2009, This book is
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2007, p.14.
6
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https://projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html
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31 :
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:" , , , ...
Ewoud Hondius: The Notion of Consumer: European Union versus Member
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See: Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs Supplement No. 7, p.19,
available online:http://untreaty.un.org/cod/repertory/art55/english/rep_supp7_
vol4art55 _e_advance.pdf
Directive Council European 7/97 (3) ,
, ,
(OECD) ,
, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Electronic consumer :
.1 .
31 :
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. Consumer International -
,
,
.2 , .
.3 .
. .4 . .5 . .9 . .2 . .2
See: Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context in, OECD
Publications,2003,p.15.
See also, Martijn W. Hess link: European Contract Law: a Matter of
Consumer Protection, Citizenship, or Justice? Centre for the Study of
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(IOCU), 1290 (1) ,
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. :(OECD(3 -
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9 ,
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,
: (1)http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/oecd.consumer.protection.in.electronic.commmerce.guideline.recommendation.1999/.
: (2)Stanislav Lovetski: International Sources of Consumer Protection, theses of the master, University Quebec Montreal 2008, p.51.
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Parliament and Council Regulation 593/2008, Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (Rome I), 2008 O.J., L177/6.
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,
.
: (5) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:41968A09
27(01): EN:HTML
http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/oecd.consumer.protection.in.electronic.commmerce.guideline.recommendation.1999/http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/oecd.consumer.protection.in.electronic.commmerce.guideline.recommendation.1999/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:41968A09%2027(01)http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:41968A09%2027(01)http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:41968A09%2027(01)
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: (1)Official Journal of the European Communities, L. 12/1, 16.1.2001.
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:2010/ 2/ 1 2010-232 (1)http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000022517087
&idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006146551&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069565
&dateTexte=20101214.
. Transactions ActUniform Computer Information: (2)
:1222 23 (3)http://www.law.upenn.edu/bll/archives/ulc/fnact99/1990s/ueta99.pdf
see more: Jillian G. Brady and Spencer Weber Waller: Consumer Protection in
the United States: An Overview, available online:http://www.luc.edu/law/
academics/special/center/antitrust/pdfs/us_consumer_protection.pdf.
: (4)Principles of Consumer Protection for Electronic Commerce: A Canadian
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Of Electronic Commerce, A Report to the Office of Consumer Affairs Industry
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:2002 1222 12 (1)http://www.umbricht.com/eng/frameset4.asp?status=1&id=358&user=guest
http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000022517087&idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006146551&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069565&dateTexte=20101214http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000022517087&idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006146551&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069565&dateTexte=20101214http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000022517087&idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006146551&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069565&dateTexte=20101214http://www.law.upenn.edu/bll/archives/ulc/fnact99/1990s/ueta99.pdfhttp://www.luc.edu/law/%20academics/special/center/http://www.luc.edu/law/%20academics/special/center/http://www.bmo.com/pdf/9243741Princip%20ConsProt_en.pdfhttp://www.bmo.com/pdf/9243741Princip%20ConsProt_en.pdfhttp://www.umbricht.com/eng/frameset4.asp?status=1&id=358&user=guest
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,
.
,
(1)
,
.
,
(2)
.
(1)
:
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Karen Alboukrek: Note: Adaptiong To A New World Of E-Commerce: The
need for uniform consumer protection in the international electronic marketplace,
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See also : ECOM WORLD , searching for the wisdom of Solomon in EC
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See also: Report To Congress: The Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act of
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, , (2)
.12 , ,: , .
http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/dcom/olia/tmcybpiracy/repcongress%20.pdf
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: (2)Christine Riefa:The reform of electronic consumer contracts in Europe: towards an effective legal framework?, Lex Electronica, vol. 14 n2 ( Fall 2009),p.17.
, : . (3) .2 1229 , ,
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.12 1222 ,
01 :
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:
(1) 5 1220
, 15 1292, 9
95 1220 25
: http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=publications.details&pid=926
, : notion of consumer in the EU Directives: Directive 85/577, Art. 2 , Directive
90/314, Art. 2/4, Directive 93/13, Art. 2/b , Directive 94/47, Art. 2, Directive 97/7,
Art. 2/2 , Directive 98/6, Art. 2/e, Directive 99/44, Art. 1/2/a-c, Directive 87/102,
Art. 1/2/a, Directive 2000/31, Art. 2/e , Directive 2002/65, Art. 2/d, Directive
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:. : (3). ,22 2002 , ,
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2005( 30 22 , ) : . 91
Ewoud Hondius: The Notion of Consumer: op. cit. p.93
(4), 1222 30 , 1222 22, 1223 24
2000 14 1225 24
Gruber v Bay Wa AG Case C-464/01 [2005] ECR1-439
:
http://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=fr&jur=C,T,F&num=C-464/01%20 [2005]%20ECR1-439&td=ALL .
http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=publications.details&pid=926http://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=fr&jur=C,T,F&num=C-464/01%20%20%5b2005%5d%20ECR1-439&td=ALLhttp://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=fr&jur=C,T,F&num=C-464/01%20%20%5b2005%5d%20ECR1-439&td=ALLhttp://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=fr&jur=C,T,F&num=C-464/01%20%20%5b2005%5d%20ECR1-439&td=ALL
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: Ewoud Hondius: The Notion of Consumer: op. cit. p.94.
. 93 ,, : . (2)
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, :. (1) .22 2000,
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: ,
Mehta, Swati Mehta: Consumer Protection in India: The Path Covered and the
Journey Forward (March 5, 2010).p.1, Available at SSRN:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1565522. .
.22 , , :. (3)
: (4)REGULATION (EC) No 593/2008 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND
OF THE COUNCIL of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual
obligations (Rome I) Art. 6: " Without prejudice to Articles 5 and 7, a contract
concluded by a natural person for a purpose which can be regarded as being
outside his trade or profession (the consumer) with another person acting in the
exercise of his trade or profession (the professional) shall be governed by the law
of the country where the consumer has his habitual residence, provided that the
professional:"
10 :
1225 1 25-129
(1)
.
" 22/11/2001
, 13/23
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.
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,
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1222 22
: (1)Art. (L 132-1) dans les contrats conclus entre professionnels et non-
professionnels ou consommateurs, sont abusives les clauses qui ont pour objet ou
pour effet de crer, au dtriment du non professionnel ou du consommateur, un
dsquilibre significatif entre les droits et obligations des parties au contrat.
: (2)ECJ judgment of 22 November 2001, joined cases C-541/99 and C-542/99 - Cape
Snc v Ideal service Srl and Ideal service MN RE Sas v OMAI Srl [2001], ECR I-
9049," The term 'consumer', as defined in Article 2(b) of Council Directive
93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts, must be
interpreted as referring solely to natural persons." Available
online:http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en.
, (3) ,
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( 2 9 ) , : . , 3 1222
. 91, ,
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(1) Cass 1re civ, 28 avr .1987., : . : 1222 31 . 95 ,,
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) , , :. (3) .22 1 ,2002(, ,
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Ewoud hondius: The Notion Of Consumer, op. cit, p.94.
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: (1)
Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 1997
on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts, distance ART,2,1
"contract` means any contract concerning goods or services concluded between a supplier and a consumer under an organized distance sales or service-provision
scheme run by the supplier, who, for the purpose of the contract, makes exclusive
use of one or more means of distance communication up to and including the
moment at which the contract is concluded".
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Art L.121-16: Les dispositions de la prsente section s'appliquent toute vente
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difficult de le dfiner est-elle mme tributaire en premir lieu de la difficult de
distinguer la relation purement interne, qui releve du droit interne, de la relation
international qui relve du droit international priv, Antoine Kassis: la nouveau
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solution may, thus, depend primarily on the weight to be given to legal factors
considered in their proper( i.e transnational as opposed to domestic)
environment".
: (4)Alqudah Maen; Lexcution de Contrat de Vente Internationale de
Marchandises (tude Comparative Du Droit Francais Et Droit Jordanien), Thse
pour le doctorat en droit Universite De Reims Champagne Ardenne Faculte De
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elements relevant to the situation at the time of the choice are connected with one
country only, prejudice the application of rules of the law of that country which
cannot be derogated from by contract, hereinafter called mandatory rules".
: (1)Alqudah Maen; Lexcution de Contrat de Vente Internationale de Marchandises, op. cit, p.21.
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: (5)Cass.civ., 14 fvrier 1934, Sirey, I, p.297
: (9) le caractre international dune opration ne dpend pas ncessairement du domicile des parties et du lieu stipul pour imprimer aux mouvements de fonds quelle comporte un caractre dpassant le cadre de lconomie interne .
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promotion could 'target' everywhere accessible by consumers. The cyber-market is
also an anonymous market, where, without the intervention of legal regulation, the
contracting parties can hardly know the real identity of each other, including some
information which is crucial to private international law, such as the domicile or
habitual residence of the other party. Furthermore, e-commerce involves a new
intermediary the Internet Service Provider (ISP), on which the online activities are
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Elgar Cheltenham, UK, 2006, p.59.
, (3) , :2224
Mark v. Mark [2004] EWCA Civ. 168; [2004] 3 WLR 641, residence in the
relevant country and live there for a period to demonstrate that the residence has
become habitual.
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: (4)Peter Stone: EU Private International Law Harmonization of Laws, op. cit.,
p.61 residence requires a settled or usual place of abode with a substantial
degree of permanence or continuity, and that the presumption of substantial
connection from three months residence provides no guidance as to whether the
person has become resident..
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Personal Jurisdiction
,
: , Sharon K. Black: Telecommunications Law in the Internet Age, The Morgan
Kaufmann Series in Networking, USA, 2002, p.398, "In the United States, a
state cannot just claim jurisdiction over any party it chooses. It must first
consider whether the state has certain "minimum contact" with the party. In
such cases, the claimant is known as the forum state and in deciding what
contacts are sufficient, elements such as (1) residence, (2) incorporation, or
(3) property ownership in the state are considered. While physical presence
of the defendant in the state is not required, lesser contact, such as business
transactions by mail or wire communications can establish jurisdiction. As
the U.S. Supreme Court noted, it is an inescapable fact of modern
commercial life that a substantial amount of business is transacted solely by
mail and wire communications across state lines, thus obviating the need for
physical presence within a State in which business is conducted".
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statutory seat, or (b) central administration, or (c) principal place of business." .1212 41/ 24
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p.62, Poyton (D.A.) : Electronic Contracts: op. cit., p.40.
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available online; http://www.u-paris2.fr/dessdmi/articles/memoires/PDF/camillefr
oment.pdf. p12. L'association franaise pour le Nommage Internet en copration: (4)
: (6)Sharon K. Black: Telecommunications Law in the Internet Age, op. cit. p.397.
http://www.uncitral.org/en-index.htmhttp://www.u-paris2.fr/dessdmi/articles/memoires/PDF/camillefr%20oment.pdfhttp://www.u-paris2.fr/dessdmi/articles/memoires/PDF/camillefr%20oment.pdf
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op. cit, p.54.
: (2)Dan L. Burk; Jurisdiction in a World Without Borders, Virginia Journal of Law
and Technology Association 1997, 1 VA. J.L. & TECH. 3, p.4.
: (3)Froment, Camille; La loi applicable aux contrats du commerce lectronique;
op. cit,p.13.
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http://www.emarketservices.com/clubs/ems/prod/Jurisdiction.pdf.
.46 , , . : (3)
: (4)Faye Fangfei Wang: Internet Jurisdiction and choice of law , op. cit., p.19, "The
conflicting interest between sellers and buyers generates the problem: sellers do
not want to be sued abroad and buyers prefer to seek solutions near home. If there
is no agreement on jurisdiction, then the lack of this uniformity means that e-
business companies face the possibility of being subject to any foreign legal
jurisdictions in which their web sites can be accessed".
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general, there are four basic rules under the Choice of Court Convention. First, the
chosen court must hear the case when proceedings are brought before it, that is, a
court designated in an exclusive choice of court agreement shall not decline to
exercise jurisdiction on the ground that the dispute should be decided in a court of
another state. Second, any court not designated in the exclusive forum selection
agreement must refuse jurisdiction. Third, state parties must recognise and enforce
judgments resulting from an exclusive choice of court agreement. Fourth, an
optional provision allows states to declare that they will recognise and enforce
judgments rendered by courts of other Contracting States designated in non-
exclusive choice of court agreements".
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determines jurisdiction under Article 5(1) as long as the agreement is valid
according to the applicable law does not apply if the agreed place of
performance has no actual connection with the real subject matter of the
contract.
. , . : (4) : , 445, ,
Faye Fangfei Wang: Internet Jurisdiction and choice of law , op. cit., p.22,
exclusive choice of court agreements has contains five requirements:... finally, the
designated courts must be connected to a particular legal relationship.
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: (2)Faye Fangfei Wang: Internet Jurisdiction and choice of law , op. cit., p.24.
: (3)Peter Arnt Nielsen: Jurisdiction Over Consumer Contracts, paper published in a
european commentaries on private International law Brussels ,1, regulation, Sellier
european law publishers, 2007, p.319.
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op. cit, p.131.
: (3)Murill Isabell Cahen:la formation des contrats de commerce electronique, op.
cit, p.10.
: (4)Article 17:"The provisions of this Section may be departed from only by an
agreement:
1. which is entered into after the dispute has arisen; or 2. which allows the consumer to bring proceedings in courts other than those
indicated in this Section; or
3. which is entered into by the consumer and the other party to the contract, both of whom are at the time of conclusion of the contract domiciled or
habitually resident in the same Member State, and which confers
jurisdiction on the courts of that Member State, provided that such an
agreement is not contrary to the law of that Member State".
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p.84.
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obligation means that which is relied upon as the basis for the claim.
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I. L. Pr. 35, in such a case, the point of closest linking factor will, as a general
rule, be at the place of the principal delivery, which must be determined on the
basis of economic criteria.
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several well-established principles in relation to the time and place at which a
contract is `made'. Primarily the point at which an acceptance is effective dictates
the time and place at which the contract is formed. If this occurs within the
jurisdiction the court may exercise its discretion to hear the case and permit
service out of the jurisdiction.
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