Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
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TitleãœãããŠã§ã¢éçºãããžã§ã¯ãã®å€åãããžã¡ã³ãæ
æ³ â 圢åŒç¥åãšç¥èç¶æ¿ â
Author(s) 倧島, äžå²
Citation
Issue Date 2019-09
Type Thesis or Dissertation
Text version ETD
URL http://hdl.handle.net/10119/16180
Rights
Description Supervisor:å å¹³ãçŽå¿, å 端ç§åŠæè¡ç 究ç§, å士
å士è«æ
ãœãããŠã§ã¢éçºãããžã§ã¯ãã®å€åãããžã¡ã³ãææ³
ââ圢åŒç¥åãšç¥èç¶æ¿ââ
倧島 äžå²
äž»æå°æå¡ å å¹³ çŽå¿
åéžå 端ç§åŠæè¡å€§åŠé¢å€§åŠ
å 端ç§åŠæè¡ç 究ç§ïŒ»ç¥èç§åŠïŒœ
什åå 幎 9 æ
i
Abstract
As the importance of IT system has been increased, how to share the knowledge of project management is
important. In a software development project, software size, progress and productivity tend to differ from the project
plan for various reasons. However, it is difficult to know the precise varying status of the project quantitatively, because
the real situation of the software development project cannot be grasped easily. If the granularity of the grasped progress
and cost are rough and not accurate, project manager cannot find the delay of progress until the delay expand, and the
control of the project might fail.
To solve these problems, this study focuses on the knowledge transfer for the management of project variance.
First, it proposes the method for the variance of software development project, which paternize the past project
knowledge and systemization of variance visualization. Next, it proposes the knowledge stuructured model to
generalize the knowledge structure based on the project variance management method. This method enables the smooth
project management by utilizing the past project knowledge. And the knowledge structure model will contribute the
organizational knowledge externalization and knowledge transfer of project management.
The key success facor for the software project management is to garasp the variance of the project early and take
the appropriate action to prevent the increase of the variance according to the cause of the variance by utilizaing past
knowledge. EVM (Earned Value Management) method is one of the quantitatie management method which can manage
the schedule and cost systematically. However, main usage of EMV has been to grasp the status of the project monthly
or weekly. It is difficult to grasp the precise and detailed WBS related progress and effort because it takes much effort to
collect the data and to analize detailed information. This study proposes the method to make the variance of the project
visible quantitatively and daily to solve these problems. This method makes the variance visible every day by the unit of
function and person by systemizing data collection and automating progress calculation using man-hour and software
size by the unit of detailed WBS. It has been shown through a case study that this method helps project manager to
control the project smoothly by finding problems early, analyzing the causes of the problem, and forecasting the cost.
Next, this study proposes the knowledge structure model as the framework for the externalization of the
knowledge, by generalizing and systemizing the knowledge element regarding the project variance management. In
ISO21500 and PMBOK, knowledge is classified by the project phase and category of the management process. They
can be used for grouping the knowledge for project management, but they donât provide the concrete knowledge
structure and the relations between the knowledge from the viewpoint of monitoring or control of the project. The
knowledge model is structured with knowledge layer by modeling the project management from the viewpoint of
controlling the project variance, and by defining the dynamic relation between each knowledge layer. As for the project
management knowledge, there are the easy one to make explicit and the difficult one. The knowledge classification
model is proposed for software development. It is shown that the knowledge structure model contributes to the
knowledge externalization and knowledge transfer in the organizations.
KeywordsïŒ Quantitative Project Management, Variance of Progress and Cost, EVM, Knowledge Externalization,
Knowledge Transfer
ii
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ç®æ¬¡
1. ç 究ã®ç®çãšè«æã®æ§æ ........................................................................................................... 1
1.1. ç 究ã®èæ¯ .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1. ãœãããŠã§ã¢éçºã®ãããžã§ã¯ããããžã¡ã³ãã®ç¥èç¶æ¿äžã®èª²é¡ ............... 1
1.1.2. ãœãããŠã§ã¢éçºã®å€åã®å®éçãããžã¡ã³ãã®èª²é¡ ....................................... 1
1.2. æ¬ç 究ã®ç®ç....................................................................................................................... 2
1.3. ç 究ã®æ矩 .......................................................................................................................... 3
1.4. æ¬è«æã§æ±ãåºæ¬çšèªã®å®çŸ© ........................................................................................... 4
1.4.1 ãããžã§ã¯ããããžã¡ã³ãã®çšèª ........................................................................... 4
1.4.2 ç¥èç¶æ¿ã«é¢ããçšèª ............................................................................................... 4
1.5. æ¬ç 究ã®æ¹æ³ãšæ§æ ........................................................................................................... 5
2. ãœãããŠã§ã¢éçºã®ãããžã§ã¯ããããžã¡ã³ãã®ç¹æ§ãšèª²é¡ ........................................... 7
2.1. ãœãããŠã§ã¢éçºã®ãããžã§ã¯ããããžã¡ã³ãã®çŸç¶ ............................................... 7
2.2. ãœãããŠã§ã¢éçºãããžã§ã¯ãã®ç¹æ§ãšç¥è掻çšã®èª²é¡ ........................................... 7
2.3. ãããžã§ã¯ãã®å®éçãããžã¡ã³ãã«é¢ãã課é¡ã«ã€ã㊠....................................... 8
2.3.1. ãœãããŠã§ã¢ã®èŠæš¡ãšå·¥æ°èŠç©ãã«ã€ã㊠........................................................... 9
2.3.2. çç£æ§ãå質åã³èŠç©ãã«ã€ã㊠........................................................................... 9
2.3.3. 枬å®åã³å®éåã®çŸç¶ ............................................................................................. 10
2.3.4. èŠæš¡ã®å€åãšèŠæ±ãã¹ã±ãžã¥ãŒã«ã«ã€ã㊠......................................................... 11
2.3.5. å·¥æ°ãæéã®èšé²ã«ã€ã㊠..................................................................................... 12
3. å è¡ç 究ã®æ€èš ........................................................................................................................ 13
3.1. ãããžã§ã¯ããããžã¡ã³ãã®ææ³åã³ããã»ã¹ ......................................................... 13
3.1.1. ç¥èãšãªã¢................................................................................................................. 14
3.1.2. ããã»ã¹ã°ã«ãŒã ..................................................................................................... 14
3.2. ãœãããŠã§ã¢éçºã®å®éçãããžã¡ã³ããšã¡ããªã¯ã¹ã«ã€ã㊠............................. 15
3.2.1. ãœãããŠã§ã¢éçºã®ã¡ããªã¯ã¹ã®çš®é¡ ................................................................. 15
3.2.2. ãããã¯ãã«é¢ããã¡ããªã¯ã¹ ............................................................................. 16
3.2.3. ããã»ã¹ã«é¢ããã¡ããªã¯ã¹ ................................................................................. 21
3.2.4. ãªãœãŒã¹ã«é¢ããã¡ããªã¯ã¹ ................................................................................. 23
3.2.5. ãã¡ã³ã¯ã·ã§ã³ãã€ã³ãïŒFunction PointïŒæ³ ..................................................... 23
3.2.6. FS (Function Scale) æ³ ............................................................................................... 28
3.2.7. ãœãããŠã§ã¢ã®æ©èœèŠæš¡ãšã³ã¹ãèŠç©ãã«é¢ãã課é¡ãšæ¬ç 究ã§ã®æ±ã ..... 31
3.3. å·¥æ°èŠç©ãã«é¢ããå è¡ç 究 ......................................................................................... 32
v
3.3.1. å·¥æ°èŠç©ãææ³ ......................................................................................................... 32
3.3.2. åèŠç©ãã®ææ³ ......................................................................................................... 35
3.3.3. å·¥æ°èŠç©ããå€åãããžã¡ã³ãã®ããã®ãœãããŠã§ã¢èŠæš¡èšæž¬ææ³ ............. 35
3.4. èšç»çå®ææ³..................................................................................................................... 41
3.5. é²æ管çææ³..................................................................................................................... 42
3.5.1. EVM ............................................................................................................................ 42
3.5.2 EVM ã«ããé²æãã³ã¹ãã®ææ¡ ........................................................................... 42
3.6. ãããžã§ã¯ãã®å€åãããžã¡ã³ãã«é¢ããå è¡ç 究ãšèª²é¡ ..................................... 46
3.7. ãããžã§ã¯ããããžã¡ã³ãã®ç¥èç¶æ¿ã®èª²é¡ãšç 究 ................................................. 48
3.7.1. ãããžã§ã¯ããããžã¡ã³ãã®ç¥èç¶æ¿ã®èª²é¡ ........................................................ 48
3.7.2. ãããžã§ã¯ããããžã¡ã³ãã®ç¥èäœç³» .................................................................... 49
3.8. ã·ã¹ãã éçºãããžã§ã¯ãã®ç¥èç¶æ¿ã®ç 究 ............................................................. 50
3.9. ç 究éçºãããžã§ã¯ãã«ãããç¥èç¶æ¿ã®ç 究 ......................................................... 51
3.10. å è¡ç 究ã®ãŸãšããšæ¬ç 究ã®ã¢ãããŒã ................................................................. 51
3.10.1. ãããžã§ã¯ãã®å€åãããžã¡ã³ãææ³ã®å¿ èŠæ§ã«ã€ã㊠.................................... 51
3.10.2. ãããžã§ã¯ããããžã¡ã³ãã®ç¥èã®ã¢ãã«åã®æ矩ã«ã€ã㊠............................ 52
4. ãœãããŠã§ã¢éçºãããžã§ã¯ãã®å€åãããžã¡ã³ãææ³ ................................................. 54
4.1. ãããžã§ã¯ããããžã¡ã³ãã®ç¥èã®æŽ»çšãç¶æ¿ã«ã€ã㊠......................................... 54
4.2. ãããžã§ã¯ãã®å€åãããžã¡ã³ãã«é¢ããç¥èé¢é£å³ ............................................. 56
4.3. é²æã»ã³ã¹ãã®å€åå¯èŠåææ³ïŒãã€ãªãŒEVM ææ³ïŒ ........................................... 58
4.3.1. ãœãããŠã§ã¢éçºã®é²æã»ã³ã¹ã管çã®èª²é¡ ........................................................ 58
4.3.2. é²æã»ã³ã¹ãã®æ¥æ¬¡ã§ã®å€åå¯èŠåææ³ã®æŠèŠ .................................................... 60
4.3.3. å€åå¯èŠåææ³ã®å šäœå ............................................................................................ 60
4.3.4. æ¢åã® EVM é©çšææ³ãšã®ç¹åŸŽã®æ¯èŒ ..................................................................... 61
4.3.5. å€åå¯èŠåææ³ããã€ãªãŒEVM ææ³ãã®å®çŸæ¹æ³ .............................................. 64
4.3.6 é²æã»ã³ã¹ãã®å€åå¯èŠåææ³ã®ãŸãšã ................................................................. 74
4.4. ãœãããŠã§ã¢èŠæš¡ã®å€åå¯èŠåææ³ ............................................................................. 75
4.4.1. ãœãããŠã§ã¢èŠæš¡ã®éèŠæ§ãšèª²é¡ ............................................................................ 75
4.4.2. ãœãããŠã§ã¢èŠæš¡ã®å€åéææ¡ã®å¿ èŠæ§ãšèª²é¡ .................................................... 76
4.4.3. èŠæš¡å€åã®å¯èŠåææ³ ................................................................................................ 77
4.4.4. ãã€ãªãŒEVM ææ³ã«ãããèŠæš¡å€åå¯èŠåææ³ã®äœçœ®ä»ã .............................. 81
4.5. ãããžã§ã¯ãã®å€åã«å¯Ÿããã³ã³ãããŒã«ææ³ ......................................................... 83
4.5.1. å€åã«å¯Ÿããã³ã³ãããŒã«ã®ç¥èã®åœ¢åŒç¥å ........................................................ 83
4.5.2. èšç»ãšå®çžŸã®å·®ç°çºçã®èŠå ãšèª²é¡ ........................................................................ 84
4.5.3. å€åèŠå ãèæ ®ããåèŠç©ãææ³ ............................................................................ 85
4.6. å€åã«å¯Ÿãããããžã¡ã³ãææ³ã®ãŸãšã ..................................................................... 94
vi
5. ãããžã§ã¯ããžã®é©çšã«ããè©äŸ¡ ......................................................................................... 97
5.1. è©äŸ¡æ¹æ³ ............................................................................................................................ 97
5.2. ãããžã§ã¯ãæŠèŠ ............................................................................................................. 98
5.3. å€åãããžã¡ã³ãææ³ã®æŽ»çšçµæ ................................................................................. 99
5.3.1. èšç»çå®ãžã®æŽ»çš ..................................................................................................... 99
5.3.2. å€åå¯èŠåæ å ±ã®æŽ»çšãšåæ ............................................................................... 102
5.3.3. èŠæš¡å€åã®å¯èŠå ................................................................................................... 104
5.3.4. èŠæš¡å€åãžã®å¯ŸåŠ ................................................................................................... 106
5.3.5. é²æãã¹ã±ãžã¥ãŒã«åã³ã³ã¹ãã®å€å管ç ....................................................... 106
5.3.6. èŠæš¡å¢å ã«ãã圱é¿ã®åæ ................................................................................... 108
5.3.7. äœæ¥åå²ã«ã€ã㊠................................................................................................... 109
5.3.8. ãã¡ã¹ããã©ããã³ã°ã«ããå¢å ã³ã¹ãã®èŠç©ã ........................................... 110
5.3.9. èŠå¡é 眮ããããžã§ã¯ãèšç»ã®èŠçŽã ............................................................... 110
5.3.10. ãããžã§ã¯ãèšç»ã®ä¿®æ£åã³ã³ã³ãããŒã« ....................................................... 112
5.4. è©äŸ¡ .................................................................................................................................. 112
5.4.1. å€åãããžã¡ã³ãææ³ã«ããå¹æ ....................................................................... 112
5.4.2. å€åææ¡ã®ç²åºŠã®è©³çŽ°åã粟床åã³éçšè² è·è»œæžã®è©äŸ¡ ............................... 115
5.4.3. å€åãããžã¡ã³ãææ³ã®ãããã®ç¢ºèªçµæ ....................................................... 116
5.4.4. å®éçãããžã¡ã³ãã®ããã®ããŒã¿èç©ã®å¿ èŠæ§ ........................................... 118
6. ãããžã§ã¯ããããžã¡ã³ãã®ç¥èæ§é ã¢ãã« ................................................................... 119
6.1. ãããžã§ã¯ããããžã¡ã³ãã®ç¥èã®äœç³»åã®æ¹æ³ã«ã€ã㊠................................... 119
6.2. ãããžã§ã¯ããããžã¡ã³ãã«é¢ããç¥èã®äœç³»å ................................................... 120
6.2.1. ãããžã§ã¯ããããžã¡ã³ãã®ç¥èäœç³»ãšç¥èç¶æ¿ã«ã€ã㊠........................... 120
6.2.2. ç¥èæ§é ã¢ãã« ....................................................................................................... 121
6.2.3. ç¥èã¬ã€ã€ãŒéã®åçé¢ä¿ã¢ãã« ....................................................................... 124
6.3. ç¥èæ§é ã¢ãã«ã®å€åãããžã¡ã³ããšç¥èå ±æãžã®æŽ»çš ....................................... 125
6.3.1. å€åãããžã¡ã³ãã®ææ³ãžã®é©çš ....................................................................... 125
6.3.2. å€åãããžã¡ã³ãã®ç¥è掻çšã«ãããç¥èæ§é ã¢ãã«ã®é©çš ....................... 126
6.4. ç¥èæ§é ã¢ãã«ã®ç¹åŸŽ ................................................................................................... 127
6.4.1. æšæºç¥èäœç³»ãšã®é¢ä¿ ........................................................................................... 128
6.4.2. ç¥èæ§é ã¢ãã«ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããã¢ã¯ãã£ããã£ã®äŸ ............................................... 130
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vii
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8.4.3. ç¥èæ§é ã¢ãã«ã®é©çšåéã«ã€ã㊠...................................................................... 166
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ix
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ïŒTrendowicz and Jeffery (2014) ã«ããAppendix Table Aãå ã«çè ã解説ãè¿œå ïŒ
No. ææ³ èª¬æ
1 Function Point (FP) Albrecht (1979) ã«ãã£ãŠæå±ãããããœãããŠã§ã¢æ©èœã®çž
察çãªå€§ããã枬å®ããææ³ããœãããŠã§ã¢ã«ãã£ãŠçæã
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ã£ãŠããææ³ãšããŠãäžèšã®æšæºèŠæ Œãããã
[1] IFPUGæ³: ISO-20926 (ISO 2009)
[2] NESMAæ³: ISO-2450 (ISO 2005)
[3] FSMA: ISOæ³-2981 (ISO 2008)
[4] COSMICæ³: ISO-19761 (ISO 2003)
[5] Mk II: ISOæ³-20968 (ISO 2002)
2 ãã£ãŒãã£ãŒãã€ã³ã Jones (1996) ã«ãã£ãŠæå±ããããFunction Pointãæ¡åŒµãã
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18
3 ãŠãŒã¹ã±ãŒã¹ãã€ã³ã Karner (1993) ã«ãã£ãŠæå±ãããããªããžã§ã¯ãæååæ
éçºææ³ã§çšããããè¡šèšæ³ãšããŠã®UMLã«å«ãŸããããŠ
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é床ã«å¿ããéã¿ãå²ãåœãŠãéã¿ä»ãç·åãæ±ããããã
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4 ã¹ããŒãªãã€ã³ã ã¢ãžã£ã€ã«ãœãããŠã§ã¢éçºãããžã§ã¯ãã®ãœãããŠã§ã¢
èŠæš¡ã®èšæž¬ãç®çãšããŠãCohn (2004, 2005) ã«ãã£ãŠæå±
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[1] Predictive Object Points (POP):
Minkiewicz (1997) ã«ãã£ãŠæï¿œ