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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PLANTATION MANAGEMENT,
(An Autonomous Organization Promoted by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry Govt. of India)
Jnana Bharathi Campus Malathalli Post
Bangalore 560056
Course - Plantation & Agri-Commodity: Production
A Synthesis paperOn
Centre for Jatropha Promotion and Biofuel
Submitted To:
MR. K. NARENDRAN
Lecturer, IIPM, Bangalore.
Submitted By:
ASHOK RAUT(12PGDM40)
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Sr. No. Contents Page No
1 ABSTRACT 1
2 INTRODUCTION 2
3 A SAFE & CLEAN FUEL 3
4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIO-DIESAL 4
5 PROPOSED AREA OF PLNTATION IN INDIA 5
6 ABOUT THE JATROPHA PLANT 6-7
7 JATROPHA INTER - CROPPING TECHNOLOGY 8
8 JATROPHA BIODIESEL OVERVIEW 9-10
9 RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 11-13
10 THE ADVANTAGE OF BIODIESAL FUEL 14-15
11 CONCLUSION 16
12 REFERENCCES 17
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Jatropha curcas L. or physic nut belonging to familyEuphorbiaceae is an all purpose, zero
waste perennial plant. It is considered as a potential source of non-edible fuel producing
plant along with its different medicinal properties and grows well in the tropical and
subtropical climate in India. The seed contains 40-50 % viscous oil known as curcas oil.
Petroleum based fuel are limited reserves concentrated in the certain regions of the world
and these are the major cause of air and sound pollution. Depleting reserves of fossil fuel and
increasing effects of environment pollution from these fuels demands eco-friendly
alternatives. Methyl esters of fatty acids or biodiesel have several outstanding advantages
among other non-renewable and clean engine fuel alternatives and can be used in any diesel
engine without any modification. It can be made from any biological sources such as
vegetable oils and animal fats.
The paper covers the following topics:
The process, technology & cost in Jatropha.
Business opportunities & market of Jatropha in India.
Ongoing research, national mission & latest updates of Jatropha.
The sharp increase in the price of the petroleum pro-ducts, the finite nature of fossil
fuels, and growing environmental concerns especially related to greenhouse gas emissions
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and health and safety considerations are forcing the search for new energy sources and
alternative ways to power the world's motor vehicles. Biofuels are defined here as
organic fuels derived from biomass that can be processed into liquid fuels for
either transport or heating purposes, which may offer a promising alternative .
They can be made from purpose-grown energy crops, as well as multipurpose
plantations and by- products such as residues and wastes.
To generate biodiesel, the raw oil is subjected to a process
called transesterification. This refining method uses of an industrial alcohol (ethanol or
methanol) and a catalyst (substance that speeds up the chemical reaction) resulting to a
conversion of the oil into a fatty-acid methyl-ester fuel (biodiesel).
It can be utilized in single pure form however it may
require engine alterations to avoid maintenance and performance troubles. It is most
commonly mixed with conventional petroleum diesel fuel at any level to reduce detrimental
automobile emissions. When biodiesel is combined with petroleum diesel, it brings in a fuel
that is compatible with diesel engines, reduce imported petroleum needs and decrease toxic
emissions. A combination of 20% bio- and 80%- conventional diesel will greatly lessen
carcinogenic emissions and gases which can worsen global warming. Lower-level biodiesel
blends, such as 2% bio- and 98% diesel or 5% bio- and 95% diesel, are turning out to be
increasingly common and widely used by the public as they become more aware of the many
benefits.
Definition
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from farm products such as vegetable or animal oils, fats,
or recycled cooking greases. Almost all biodiesels are derived from soybean oil; however
sunflower oil, canola oil, recycled vegetable oils, and animal fats can also be used in the
same place
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Nonflammable In contrast to gasoline which ignites immediately at any lower
temperature, biodiesel will only ignite at a very high temperature.
Renewable Biodiesel is derived from 85% vegetable or animal oils/fats which are
renewable sources.
Available Currently in the United States, there are roughly 600 fleets that use
biodiesel blends in their diesel engines. Moreover, various blends of biodiesel at
approximately 800 areas are available nationwide.
Simple The automobile need not any complex modification or conversion. The
biodiesel can be readily blended with conventional petroleum diesel in your fuel tank
at any point in time.
Non-hazardous In terms of toxicity, biodiesel is the best alternative that has proven
to be safe and not harmful to the environment. Various tests verified that biodiesel is
biodegradable and nontoxic that poses no threat to human health
Sustainable Aside from it biodegradability, biodiesel is also renewable in contrast to
scarce fossil fuel use which is formed from the remnants of animals and plants that
have lain in the earth for millions of years.
Affordable The geographic area, base organic material (soybean, corn, etc) and
supplier will greatly determine the price of biodiesel. It varies depending on the said
determinants. It does not also require purchasing new vehicles to shift from
conventional diesel to biodiesel. On the side of the fleets, acquisitions of new spare
parts supply or rebuilding stations need not to be done by the manager.
Appropriate for Your Engine A number of tests reveal that biodiesel is more
lubricating than any conventional diesel to both the fuel injection pump and engine.
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.
There are many different bio-fuels but one of the most common worldwide is E10 fuel,
which is actually a mixture of 10% ethanol and 90% petroleum.
This formula has been improved in recent years with the introduction of E15 fuel (15%
ethanol, 85% petroleum);
E20 fuel (20% ethanol, 80% petroleum);
E85 fuel (85% ethanol, 15% petroleum);
E95 fuel (95% ethanol, 15% petroleum) and
E100 fuel which is ethanol with up to 4% water.
In Europe, biodiesel is the most popular form of bio-fuel - it can be used in any diesel engine
when mixed with mineral diesel. This is produced from oils and fats and is now readily
available at many petrol stations.
There are many other types of bio-fuel available including vegetable oil, which is used in
many older diesel engines; butanol, which is seen as a replacement for petroleum; and biogas
which is produced from biodegradable waste materials.
This technology has been expanded with the introduction of 'second generation' bio-fuels -
which use biomass to liquid technology. Examples include bio-hydrogen, bio-methanol and
mixed alcohols.
Third generation bio-fuels are also known as algae fuels. They have many advantages
including have a low input and a high yield level they produce 30 times more energy per
acre than land and are also biodegradable. As a result, they are relatively harmless to the
environment if spilled.
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Non-Forest Areas proposed for Jatropha Plantation in India
Over 200 districts in 19 potential states have been identified on the basis of availability of
wasteland, rural poverty ratio, below poverty line (BPL) census and agro-climatic conditions
suitable for jatropha cultivation. Each district will be treated as a block and under each block
15000 ha jatropha plantation will be undertaken through farmers (BPL). Proposed to provide
green coverage to about 3 Million ha of wasteland through plantation of jatropha in 200
identified districts over a period of 3 years.
Andhra Pradesh
Adilabad, Anantapur, Chittoor, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Karim Nagar, Mehboob Nagar, Nellore,Nalgonda, Prakasam, Visakhapatnam, Warangal.
Bihar
Araria, Aurangabad, Banka, Betiah (West Champaran), Bhagalpur, Gaya, Jahanabad, Jamui,
Kaimur, Latehar, Muzzaffarpur, Munger, Nawada.
Chhattisgarh
Bastar, Bilaspur, Dantewada, Dhamtri, Durg, Jagdalpur, Janjgir-champa, Kanker, Kawardha,korba, Mahasaund, Rajnandgaon, Raipur, Raigarh, Surguj.
Jharkhand
Bokaro, Chatra, Daltenganj, Devgarh, Dhanbad, Dumka, Garhwa, Godda, Giridih, Gumla,Hazaribag, Jamshedpur, Koderma, Pakur, Palamu, Ranchi, Sahibganj, Singbhum(East),
Singbhum(West).
Gujarat
Ahmedabad, Amerli, Banaskantha, Bhavnagar, Junagarh, Jamnagar, Kutch, Rajkot,Surendranagar, Surat.
The growing seasons for JATROPHA is supposed to be as under:
For the countries
falling in NorthernHemisphere
For the countries
falling in SouthernHemisphere
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Nursery raising: March Nursery rising : September
Plantation: May Plantation : November
Morphology
Jatropha curcas is a monoecious, perennial, deciduous shrub with flowers in racemes in a
diachasial cyme pattern.
In the inflorescence a female flower is normally surrounded by a group of male flowers.
Male to female flowers ratio .ranged from 18:2:1-30:8:1 in the first year and 9:8:1-16:2:1 in
the second year.
The provenances giving favorable male-female ratio should be identified for future breeding.
The flowers open for a period of 8-10 days in the inflorescence. The female flowers open for
2-4 days only.
Rooting systems
The Jatropha curcas root system formation is directly influenced b propagation method in
such a way that any damage or deformation occurred in the root early growth cannot be
repaired and will last for all the plant cycle reducing the plant growth and yield.The plant
originated from seeds sowed directly in soil develop normal root system.
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The plant originated from seedlings raised in appropriate size of bags or containers also
develop same type of root system provided that lifting and transplantation is executed in
right manner at right time.
The plants originated from cuttings develop only thin roots which are unable to explore deep
layers of soil and the plant expected to be less resistant to drought and easily fallen by wind.
Growth in Nursery
The container volume influences the growth of Jatropha curcas seedlings. The growth of
Jatropha curcas seedlings in small containers would be limited being a fast growing plant.
Hence container size of 9x6 shall be appropriate
Pruning
The pruning intervenes 120 days after the transplantation in the field. It consists in cutting
the final bud of the plants to support the formation of side branches and to maintain the tree
on an appropriate height facilitates the gathering. This practice represents a technique of
control of the culture to optimize the output
Productivity & Soils
In abundant precipitations, fertile soil may lead to early fruiting. With contribution of
organic matter sandy soil give best result. The clay soil is not proper as it restrict plant
growth. In the flooded ground Jatropha dies of asphyxiation.
Productivity with Sustainability
The production of Jatropha is a function of the ecological condition of the area, nutrients and
management practices applied.
In order to optimize environmental qualities of this plant , it was essential to pay attention to
the condition of production of oil, i.e. of reducing to all stages, the energy expenditure, the
ecological impacts and risks due to use of fertilizers. Application of organic manures gives
more output than chemical fertilizers
The capsules of Jatropha do not mature at the same time. The ripe fruits are recognized by
their r yellow colour. Each flower contains 3 seeds. The plants of Jatropha can still flower
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after having produced fruits, this second turn of flowering can carry out to another output if
the conditions remain favourable.
When two or more crops are grown simultaneously in the same field, this is calledintercropping.
According to the topography, soil profile and prevailing agro
climatic conditions in an area, Jatropha can be combined with other suitable species
comprising the agricultural, horticultural, herbs, pastoral and/or silvicultural components to
result in an ecologically viable, economically profitable and socially acceptable agro forestry
system. By evolving, promoting and adopting Jatropha based intercropping systems it is
possible to improve the socioeconomic conditions in rural areas and to transform the
National energy scenario and the ecological landscape.
Social & economic advantages of multiple cropping systems:
Dependence on only crop is avoided.
Less needs to import energy.
Reduction in the outlay for fertilizers.
There is much greater flexibility of the distribution of labour.
Possible to recover investments in much less time.
Availability of harvest over a much longer period of time.
The farmer of little economic resources can produce a large variety of useful
products.
Promote a return to the land.
Components can constitute a type of "savings" for the future.
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The Biodiesel industry is still young and relatively small, so as it grows to a larger scale and
when an infrastructure is developed, the costs of producing and marketing biodiesel may
decline. New cost-saving technologies will likely be developed to help producers use energy
more efficiently, increase conversion yields and convert cheaper feedstock into high-quality
biodiesel. However, in the longer term, the biggest challenge may be the ability of the
feedstock supply to keep up with growing demand. The supply of soybeans, rapeseeds and
other feedstock available for biodiesel production will be limited by competition from other
uses and land constraints.
As such the key to the future of Biodiesel is finding
inexpensive feed stocks that can be grown by farmers on marginal agricultural land, and
Jatropha is one of many plants that hold a great deal of promise. Jatropha proves to be a
promising Bio Fuel plantation and could emerge as a major alternative to Diesel thusreducing our dependence on Oil imports and saving the precious Foreign Exchange besides
providing the much needed Energy Security. Jatropha oil displacing conventional fossil fuel
makes the project fully eligible as a CDM project, i.e. recipient of CO2 credits.
Jatropha stacks up nicely compared with other feedstocks, as
soybeans and rapeseed have a relatively low oil yield compared with Jatropha 375
kilograms per hectare for soybeans in the United States (280 gallons per acre) and 1,000
kilograms per hectare of rapeseed in Europe (740 gallons per acre) to 3,000 kilograms per
hectare of Jatropha (2,226 gallons per acre) in India. Good planning, quality planting
material, standardized agronomy practices and good crop management could increase yields
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COST BENEFITS SCENARIO
Cost benefits scenario will depend on various factors such as seed yield, area of Production,
its gestation period, and raw oil yield during various stages of bio-diesel production-
plantation, extraction, and trans-esterification.
FEED STOCK PRODUCTION PER HECTARE & COST THEREOF
FEEDSTOCK Country Yield/hectare
(kg)
Rate per
barrel(US$)
SOYA OIL USA 375 73
RAPESEED OIL Europe 1000 78
JATROPHA OIL INDIA 3000 43
PALM OIL Malaysia 5000 46
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Some of the institutions presently involved in R&D activities are the following:
Punjab Agricultural University (PAU)
Coimbatore Horticultural University with 250 I/day bio-diesel production facility
institute of Petroleum (lIP)
Indian institute of Chemical Technology (IJCT)
Indian Institute of Technology (Delhi, Madras)
Indian Oil Corporation (bC) with 60 kg/day bio-diesel production facility at
Faridabad
Mahindra&Mhindra (works on tractors from Karanji bio-diesel; pilot plant in
Mumbai)
A number of research and development needs have been defined by the program:
Genetically improved tree species, to produce better quality and quantity of oil This
includes tree improvement programs, identification of candidate plus trees,
standardization of nursery raising techniques, (vegetative/seed/tissue
culture)Scientific data for planting density, fertilization practices, planting
procedures
Technology practices for adoption at grass root level.
Research on inter-cropping for agriculture, agro-forestry and forestry application
Processing techniques including bio-diesel and uses of by-products
Utilisation of different oils and oil blends including potential additives needed
Blending, storage and transport of bio-diesel
Engine development and modification
Marketing and trade
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The National Mission on Jatropha Bio-Diesel
In April 2003, the committee on development of BIO-FUEL, under the auspices of
the Planning Commission of India, presented its report that recommends a major
multi-dimensional programme to replace 20% of Indias diesel consumption. The
National Planning Commission has integrated the Ministries of Petroleum, Rural
Development, Poverty Alleviation and the Environmental Ministry and others.
To plant 11 Mio ha Jatropha, the program is to become a "National Mission" and
mass movement and wants to mobilize a large number of stakeholders including
individuals, communities, entrepreneurs, oil companies, business, industry, the
financial sector as well as Government and most of its institutions.
Land available for Jatropha plantations (Million hectares)
Forest
areas
Agriculture
(boundary
Planation)
Agriculture
(agriforestry)
Cultirable
fallow
lands
Wastelands
under
intergrated
watershed
development
Strip lands
such as
roads,
railways,
canalbanks
TotalAdditional
wastelands
3.0 3.0 2.0 2.4 2.0 1.0 13.4 4.0
The National Mission on Biodiesel, is therefore proposed in two phases as below:
1. Phase I consisting of a Demonstration Project to be implemented by the year 2006-07
with an investment of Rs. 1500 Crore ($300 million) on 400,000 ha.
2. As a follow up of the Demonstration Project, Phase II will consist of a self sustaining
expansion of the programme beginning in the year 2007 leading to production of
Biodiesel required in the year 2011-12.
Research Programmes on Jatropha
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Sl.NoTitle of the project Investigators Funding agency Duration
1. ICAR- Improvement
and Popularisation of
Bio-fuels
Dr.M.Paramathma
Professor and Nodal Officer,
Centre of Excellence in
Biofuels
Dr. P. Venkatachalam
Professor and Head,
Department of Bio energy
ICAR 6years
2. TN Government
Promotion of
Cultivation of Jatropha in
Tamil Nadu
Dr.M.Paramathma
Professor and Nodal Officer,
Centre of Excellence in Bio-
fuels
Tamil Nadu
Government
5 years
3. Production and sale of
seeds, seedlings of major
TBOs.
Dr.M.Paramathma
Professor and Nodal Officer,
Centre of Excellence in
Biofuels
Tamil Nadu
Agricultural
University
5 Years
4. Development of Elite
planting material and
Model plantation in major
TBOs
Dr.M.Paramathma
Professor and Nodal Officer,
Centre of Excellence in
Biofuels
NOVOD Board 2 Years
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BIO FUEL ADVANTAGES
Biodiesel can be considered a new technology, taking into account all the years consumershave had to settle for traditional diesel. Using biodiesel for your car has many advantages:
1 Biodiesel is produced locally.
A locally produced fuel will be more cost efficient. There is no need to pay tariffs or similar taxes to
the countries from which oil and petroleum diesel are sourced. Every country has the ability to
produce biodiesel.
2. Biodiesel reduces the environmental effect of a waste product.
Because biodiesel is made out of waste products itself, it does not contribute to natures
garbage at all. Biodiesel can be made out of used cooking oils and lards. So instead ofthrowing these substances away, the ability to turn them into biodiesel becomes more thanwelcome.
3. Biodiesel is cheap.
You can even make biodiesel in your backyard. If your engine can work with biodiesel fuelalone, then you really need not go to the gas station to buy fuel. You can just manufacturesome for your own personal use.
4. Biodiesel can make your car last longer.
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Because of the clarity and the purity of biodiesel, you can be sure it will not have too manyimpurities to harm your car. It is actually more lubrication. A cars power output is unaffectedby this type of diesel.
5 .Biodiesel may not require an engine modification.
Some cars can take advantage of biodiesel without the need to undergo engine alterations.
Some mix 20% biodiesel with regular diesel. Doing so enables the car to benefit from thegood points of biodiesel without the hassle.
6. Biodiesel is energy efficient.
If the production of biodiesel is compared with the production of the regular type, producingthe latter consumes more energy.
Biodiesel does not need to be drilled, transported, or refined like petroleum diesel. Producingbiodiesel is easier and is less time consuming.
7 .Biodiesel is not harmful to the environment.
Unlike its counterpart, a car using biodiesel produces fewer emissions. If a vehicle usestraditional diesel, the vehicle emits black, stinky smoke. With biodiesel, the smoke becomesvery clean indeed.
Jatropha Updates
India is not alone. China claims to have 2 million ha of jatropha under cultivation,
and announced plans to plant an additional 11 million across its southern states by
2010.
Jatropha has been held up as a reliable source of income for Indias poor rural
farmers, providing energy self-sufficiency, while reducing fossil fuel consumption
and greenhouse gas emissions
Many Indian states have already jumped onto the jatropha train, including Andhra
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and Ahmed
nagar.
So far there are 200000 ha of jatropha in Malawi and 15 000 ha in Zambia, almost all
under a formal lease or agreements with the UK-based company D1-Oils.
Several states have distributed plants free of charge to small farmers, encouraging
private investment in jatropha plantations and setting up biodiesel processing plants.
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The Ministry of Rural Development, which is to coordinate the national mission on
bio-fuel when it is approved, estimates that there are already between 500 000 to 600
000 ha of jatropha growing across India.
Burma has plans to plant several million ha, and the Philippines, and several African
countries have initiated large-scale plantations of their own.
The Indian Railways have started to use jatropha oil blended with diesel to power its
diesel engines with great success
As a substitute for fast depleting fossil fuel, Bio diesel had come to stay. In future, it should
also serve to reduce and maintain the price of automobile fuel. The under exploited and unexploited vegetable oils are good sources of bio-fuel. Our country is endowed with many
such plants. Research is being carried out now to convert vegetable oils into biodiesel
through biotechnological processes using biodiesel, with a concentrated and coordinated
effort. Wide use of bio diesel in our country is going to be a reality in the days to come.
The economy vibrancy of a country is indicated by its energy
consumption. Oil is the major source of energy for the entire world as it is convenient to
store and handle. During the 21st century, an alarming scarcity is supposed to come in the
production of crude petroleum oil and they will be costly to produce and at the same time
there will likely to be an increase in the number of automobiles and other internal
combustion engines. It has been made mandatory to used biodiesel with the diesel and
alcohol in petrol to initially minimize the cost of import
A variety of plants have been identified as energy sources.
Jatropha Curcas L. (Ratanjot) considered as a wild oilseed plant of the tropics and
subtropics is now being credited as a most promising biofuel crop, ideally suited for growing
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in the waste lands of the country. This potential biodiesel crop can be about major economic
activity providing income and employment opportunities to the rural communities.
Weblinks:--
"Centre For Jatropha Promotion - Promoting farming for future fuel - Growing
Diesel Fuel Plant". http://www.jatrophaworld.org/.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatropha
"Rlys to plant jatropha for captive use "". The Hindu Business Line.
www.jatrophabiodiesel.org/
Journal:--
"Jatropha Plant Gains Steam In Global Race for Biofuels". Wall Street Journal.
August 24, 2007. "
Encyclopaedia :--
Encarta Encyclopaedia 2007.
http://www.jatrophaworld.org/http://www.jatrophaworld.org/http://www.jatrophaworld.org/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/20/stories/2005102002021100.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hinduhttp://online.wsj.com/article/SB118788662080906716.htmlhttp://www.jatrophaworld.org/http://www.jatrophaworld.org/http://www.jatrophaworld.org/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/20/stories/2005102002021100.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hinduhttp://online.wsj.com/article/SB118788662080906716.html7/27/2019 Ashok Jatropha
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