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li}fqp cfq tfqmfk bg @cbfg'

dlv _fqmf dfuù`c}f}+ Mbf Alv'

fqk aqlv`c}fk mbf Qþppfq ùq mbf

p`ctfqf L`hfqlqafb} vkm ùq mfk

Cjiu}qlkpjq}+ Tbf tb`c}bd _fq'

mf ùq mbf dlkuf Qfdbjk tlqfk)ml~jk ufvdfk cfv}f kj`c mbf }ql'

mb}bjkfiifk Dfjqdb' vkm Ifjk'

clqmb'_fqmfvgqb}}f+ Ml bp} fp

pfiap}~fqp}íkmib`c) mlpp pb`c mbf

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lv`c bk mfk Nfqbfklkdfaj}fk ùq

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diù`h lv mfg Qù`hfk mfq _fq'mf hlkk glk bg @cbfgdlv fqif'

afk ‐ fdli) ja Pbf fbkfk Qfb}fqcj

afpv`cfk) Pbf pb`c lv fbkfg fbk'

gbf}fk jmfq Bcqfg Kl`ctv`cp

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afb ~fqaqbkdfk mbf Hbkmfq bcqf

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kb`c}, Plkkfkmf _qjdqlggf

pjqdfk ùq qfb`cib`c Latf`cpivkd)

Pjq}) Pbfi vkm mbf fqpjqdvkd

mfp _fqmfp qídfk mbf ]ldf+



=1

Mbf Qfb}fqcþf p}fiifk bcqfk hifb'

kfk Díp}fk ‐ vkm pfiap}~fqp}íkm'

ib`c kb`c} kvq mbfpfk ‐ pb`cfqf)cfq~jqqldfkm lvpdfabimf}f ]bfqf

uvq ^fqùdvkd+ Bg clqgjkbp`cfk

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dfkmib`cfk gb} Difb`cdfpbkk}fk

uvplggfk) kfvf Nqfvkmp`cl'

}fk fk}p}fcfk+ Mlp Qffq}jbqf mfq

Cþf qfb`c} ~jg Fbkufivk}fqqb`c}

lk mfq Ijkdf ùq Lkíkdfq ùafq

Mqfppvq) Pqbkdfk vkm Lvpqb}'

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Qfb}laufb`cfkp+ jqclkmfkf Qfb}'

hfkk}kbppf tfqmfk bg }cfjqf}b'

p`cfk vkm qlh}bp`cfk Qfb}vk}fq'qb`c} fqdíku} vkm ~fqfbkfq}+

Qfb}fqnfqbfk bg @cbfgdlv abf}fk

vk}fq lkmfqfg mlp Dv} Bpbkd afb

@cbfgbkd) mlp Clvp Aqfkmiafqd

bk Qvcjimbkd vkm mfq Dþaficj

bk Pbfdpmjq lk+ Lv mfk Dþaficj

vkm bkp Dv} Bpbkd hlkk glk ùa'

qbdfkp pfbk fbdfkfp _fqm gb}aqbk'

dfk+ Vkm ùq Nfqbfk gb} mfg fbdf'kfk _fqm bp} lv`c mbf Qfb}p}l}bjk

‛Tlkmfqdlvi’ afb ]qv`c}il`cbkd

fbk bmflifp Ubfi+

Tfq‒p fbkf Kvggfq hifbkfq tbii)

ùq mfk dba}‒p bg @cbfgdlv ulci'

qfb`cfk Dfifdfkcfb}fk uvg _jkr'

qfb}fk ‐ vk}fq lkmfqfg lv mfg

Afq}icj afb Pffaqv`h vkm mfg

_fqmfcj P}b`c} bk @cbfgbkd)

mfg Gjbfqcj afb Dqlafkp}í}})

mfg Qfb}fqcj Qlla bk Dqlpplv)

mfg Gjlqcj bk Bkufii) mfq _fk'

pbjk _jkrcj bk Qfb} bg Tbkhi)‛Afbg Lbdkfq’ bk P`cif`cbkd) lv

mfg Qbfmfqcj bk Qvcjimbkd)

mfg Aqv`h}lifqcj bk Pbfdpmjq)

mfg Qfb}fqcj P}fbkfq bk ]l`cbkd

pjtbf mfg Ivdfqcj vkm mfg

Cbqicj bk Tldbkd+

^bfi uv fqifafk dba}½p lv`c lvn mfg Nbig}bfqcjn Dv} Clqkd

afb P`cklb}pff+ Kfafk ‛Utfqdfqiqfb}fk’) Qfb}p}vkmfk vkm Lvp'

qb}}fk) hþkkfk afhlkk}f ]bfqf lvp ]^'_qjmvh}bjkfk dfnù}}fq})

dfhkvmmfi} vkm lkdfnlpp} tfqmfk+ Mbf Nbig}bfqf tfqmfk bk

ivp}bdfk ^jqnùcqvkdfk dfufbd}) tjafb mbf Afpv`cfq gb} fbk'

afujdfk tfqmfk+ Pbf afhjggfk fbkfk Fbkaib`h bk mbf Lqafb}

gb} mfk ]bfqfk nùq mbf Mqfclqafb}fk nùq Nbig) Nfqkpfcfk vkm

Pcjtlvn}qb}}f+ Bknjp vk}fq ttt+ig}bfqf'pbgaf`h+mf

b



=0

Qfb}fqnfqbfk afb vkp bg @cbfgdlv

Ml hjggfk Dfgfbkp`cln}pdfnùcif lvn+



==

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Evdfkmufi}pií}uf

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mlp gl`c} Hbkmfq p}jiu+ Vkm

tfkk mlkk mj`c gli mlp Cfbg'

tfc vkm mbf Pfckpv`c} kl`c mfk

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mfk pbf bk mfk @cbfgdlvfq Hbk'

mfq`lgp vkm lv mfk Evdfkm'

ufi}ií}ufk ~jk mfk Af}qfvfqk

pfkpbafi vkm ~fqp}íkmkbp~jii lv'

dflkdfk+

Evdfkmufi}pil}u @cbfgbkd

Mlp ‛]bbmjq ^fkvpafqd’ bp} bmf'

lif Alpbp ùq ulciijpf Vk}fqkfc'

gvkdfk+ Ml dba}‒p NijÚlcq}fk

lv mfq Liu) Aliijklcq}fk) Afqd'

tlkmfqvkdfk) Afpv`cf mfp Pbfdp'mjqfq Glggv}gvpfvgp) Qlm'

tlkmfqvkdfk) P`cbplvpùdf lv

mbf @cbfgpffbkpfik) Pfdfi' vkm

Pvqvqpf) ]þfqhvqpf… Bk mfq

P}fqktlq}f tbqm mfq kí`c}ib`cf

Lafkmcbggfi afjal`c}f}) bg

Lgcb}cfl}fq tbqm fl}fq df'pbfi}) Gvpbh dfgl`c} vkm dffb'

fq}+ Ùafqkl`c}f} tbqm bg ]bb) bk

mfq Evq}f jmfq bg fbdfkfk Ufi}+

Mlp vqf Lafk}fvfq+ Tfb}fqf Bk'

jp vk}fq ttt+evdfkmufi}il}u'

`cbfgbkd+mf

Ilkmclv Elck`hf

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dfq Ilkmclvpfp Elck`hf jqbfk'

}bfqfk pb`c lk mfk ^jqdlafk mfq

Vkfp`j uvq VK'Mfhlmf ‛Abimvkd

ùq kl`ccli}bdf Fk}tb`hivkd’ vkm

lg Gjmfiiqjefh} ‛Ifqkjq} Alv'

fqkcj’+ Mfk Elck`hfp bp} fp fbk

Lkibfdfk) Dqvkmildfktbppfk uv

~fqgb}}fik vkm Hjgf}fkufk bk

pjublifk) hvi}vqfiifk) þhjijdb'

p`cfk vkm þhjkjgbp`cfk Afqfb'

`cfk uv þqmfqk+ Pbfifqbp`c tfq'mfk Kfvdbfq vkm Njqp`cfqmqlkd

mfq Hbkmfq vkm Evdfkmib`cfk df'

tf`h}+ Mluv dba}‒p bg Ilkmclvp

qfb`cib`c Dfifdfkcfb} ‐ tbf uvg

Afbpbfi afb mfk Hvqpfk ‛^jg

Hjqk uvg Aqj}’) ‛^jk mfq Gbi`cuvg Hípf’ vkm ‛Dftíppfq vk}fq

mfq Ivf’ afbg Afpv`c fbkfq Bg'

hfqfb jmfq afb qlh}bp`cfk Lkdf'

aj}fk tbf mfg _buulal`hfk jmfq

mfg Cfqp}fiifk ~jk Kvmfik+ Bkjp

vk}fq ttt+ilkmclvp'elck`hf+mf

‛Ppbfifk jckf ]ùqfk vkm Tíkmf’ bk Qfb} bg Tbkhi



=6

Ejfnclv Qvcpjimbkd

Bkgb}}fk mfq lpubkbfqfkmfk Afqd'

ilkmp`cln ~jk Qvcjimbkd hþk'

kfk Evdfkmdqvfk vkm P`cvi'

hilppfk lv >4? Gf}fqk Cþcf

dlkueícqbd Ifqkfk) PlÚ clafk

vkm f}tlp fqifafk+ Bg Ejpfp'

clvp dba} fp 4? Af}}fk bk Fbk' abp

Pf`cpaf}}'Ubggfqk) Pfbpf' vkm

Lvfk}cli}pqívgf) fbkfk tfb}iív'

dfk Dlq}fk gb} Hbkmfqpbfiil}u)

fbk Cliifkalm pjtbf Abiilqm) Hb'

`hfq vkm Bk}fqkf}+ Afb Bk}fqfppfhþkkfk Fqifakbptlkmfqvkdfk bg

Afqdtlim) hqfl}b~fp Dfp}li}fk gb}

Kl}vqgl}fqblibfk vkm Tlimgfmb'

}l}bjkfk jqdlkbpbfq} tfqmfk+

ttt+qvcjimbkd+mf*ejpfnpclvp

Hbkmfq`lgp Pjkkfkcjn bk

Glq|vlq}}fbk

‛HbkmfqL`}bjk’ ~fqpqb`c} mlp

Hbkmfq`lg Pjkkfkcj bk Glq'

|vlq}p}fbk5 Lafk}fvfq . Kl}vq)

Pbfi . PlÚ) Lvpùdf . Hvi}vq

pbkm mbf _qjdqlggvkh}f) mbfBcq Hbkm cbfq fqtlq}fk+ Ml dba} fp

P`cilv`cajj}lcq}fk lv mfq Liu)

Almfk vkm P`ctbggfk bk Nivpp

vkm Pff) Hqlsfifbfk bg Hif}}fq'

tlim) Kl`c}' vkm Afqdtlkmfqvk'

dfk+ Mbf Af}qfvfq clafk bggfq

tbfmfq kfvf Bmffk) mfk Hbkmfqk

plkkfkmf) fqfbdkbpqfb`cf Nfqbfk'

}ldf uv afqfb}fk+ Mlp @lg cl} fb'

kfk fbdfkfk Ptbggbkdjji) fp

tbqm dfdqbii}) _buul vkm Aqj} dfal'

`hfk) dfalp}fi}) df}þfq}) dfpbfi})

dfpjq}fi}+ Mbf Af}qfvfq jqdlkb'

pbfqfk Lvpùdf uv mfk Gíq`cfk'

lqhp bk Glq|vlq}p}fbk vkm Qvc'

jimbkd) bkp Bkmblkfqmjq vkm bkp

Glggv}gvpfvg bk Pbfdpmjq)

bkp Afq`c}fpdlmfkfq Pliuafqd'

tfqh vkm lv mbf Cfqqfkbkpfi uvgP`cijpp Cfqqfk`cbfgpff+ Df'

p`cilfk tbqm bk dfgù}ib`cfk ^bfq'

abp L`c}'Af}}'Ubggfqk+ Bkjp vk'

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vkm Evdfkmclv Tlighjdi

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mfq`lg p`cjk uv fqtl`cpfk ùc'

ifk) dba}‒p bk Qfb} bg Tbkhi mbf Ev'

dfkmcfqafqdf Tbfmcþiuihlpfq

vkm mlp Evdfkmafqdclvp Tlig'

hjdi+ Ml p}fcfk Almflvpùdf)Qlm}jvqfk) Tlkmfqvkdfk) ]fk'

kbp) ]bp`c}fkkbp vkm Hvi}vqlvpù'

df lv mfg _qjdqlgg+

ttt+fme'}p+mf



=>

Ppjq}`lgp Bkufii

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dfaj} cl} mlp Pjq}`lg Bk'

ufii ùq pfbkf evkdfk Díp}f lql}5

Mlp ‛P`cgv`hhíp}`cfk mfp alr'

fqbp`cfk Pjq}p’) tbf mlp AIP '

@lg lv`c dfklkk} tbqm) abf}f}vk}fq lkmfqfg NvÚalii) ]fkkbp

vkm ]bp`c}fkkbp) Afl`c~jiifralii)

Gjvk}lbkabhf}jvqfk) Ajdfkp`cbf'

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lv`c Tlimkí`c}f vkm Nl`hfitlk'

mfqvkdfk pjtbf Kl}vqùcqvkdfkvkm fbkf Nfqbfkmjq'Qliirf+

ttt+aip~+mf*pjq}'`lg'bkufii

@lgpbkdpií}uf

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dlv lv`c dfgfbkplg gb} Bcqfg

Kl`ctv`cp @lg' vkm Ufi}fq'lcqvkd plggfik jmfq ~fq}bffk+

Vkpfqf ~bfifk @lgbkdií}uf pbkm

hbkmfqqfvkmib`c+

Afqdfk

Cbfq kmfk Pbf afbpbfiptfbpf fb'

kfk @lgbkdil}u gb} Lafk}fv'

fqpbfiil}u+

ttt+`lgbkd'afqdfk+mf

Bkufii1?<< tvqmf cbfq fbk kfvfq @lg'

bkdil}u vktfb} mfp Kl}vqalmf'

pffp gb} fbkfg p`cþkfk Pbfiil}u

fqqþkf}+ ttt+`lgbkd'bkufii+mf

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il}u abf}f} lg Pùmtfp}vfq mfp

Tldbkdfq Pffp mfq Nfqbfklqh

‛Clbku lg Pff’ utbp`cfk Tldbkd

vkm _f}}bkd fbk _lqlmbfp ùq Fq'

cjivkdppv`cfkmf vkm bcqf Hbkmfq+

ttt+clbkulgpff+mf

Bk Tldbkd pfiap} bp} mlp P}qlkm'

`lg gb} Lafk}fvfqpbfiil}u+

Mlp Lkbgl}bjkp}flg mfp @lg'

bkdil}ufp vk}fqcíi} mbf Hbk'

mfq vk}fq mfg Gj}}j ‛Nb} . vk

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=4

vkm ùafqp`clvalq ‐ bmfli ùq dqj'

Úf vkm hifbkf Tlppfqpjq}ifq vkm

Tlkmfqfq+

ttt+p}qlkm`lgbkd'}l`cbkd+mf

Kl}ùqib`c pbkm Pbf gb} Bcqfk Hbk'

mfqk bk lii mfk lkmfqfk Vk}fq'

hùknfk) mbf mfq @cbfgdlv abf'

}f}) dfklvpj cfquib`c tbiihjggfk+Nlgbibfkqfvkmib`chfb} vkm fbk

cfquib`cfq Vgdlkd gb} vkpfqfk

Díp}fk bp} mlp) tlp mbf @cbfgdlv'

fq Dlp}dfafq bk afpjkmfqfq Lq}

lvpgl`c}+ Alrfqkp Ií`cfik fafk+

jq f~fqrjkf’+ Bg Evib vkm Lv'

dvp} tbqm afbpbfiptfbpf gjk'

}ldp fbk hjp}fkijpfp NvÚalii`lg

gb} mfg qùcfqfk Kl}bjklipbfifq

Mbf}fq F`hp}fbk lkdfaj}fk+

ttt+p}qlkm`lg+mf

Jafqtþfk

Fbk Hbkmfqfqbfkqjdqlgg abf'

}f} mfq Hbkmfqilkm @lgbkdil}u

Ib}ufilv bk Jafqtþppfk lk5 Utfb

Gli tþ`cfk}ib`c dba}‒p fbk Hbk'

mfqìva'Lafkmqjdqlgg gb}Mbp`j vkm Ildfqfvfq) mlp Pbfi'

gjabi hjgg}) mlp Cliifkalm

tbqm afpv`c}) fbkf Il}fqkfktlk'

mfqvkd lv fbkf Lig tbqm jqdl'

kbpbfq}+ Mfq lgbibfkqfvkmib`cf

@lgbkdil}u vk}fqcíi} lvÚfq'

mfg fbkfk P}qfb`cfiujj+ttt+`lgbkd'ib}ufilv+mf

]l`cbkd lg Pff

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ifg hbkmfqqfvkmib`cf @lgbkd'

il}u bk ]l`cbkd lg Pff bp} hifbk

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tbqm pb`c bk mbfpfq ‛Qjjgj}’'Nf'

qbfklqhlkildf) bk 4?? g Cþcf bk

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vkm 3fq Cívp`cfk gb} fbkfq fbdf'kfk ]fqqlppf lvpdfp}l}}f}+

Qfp}lvqlk}) Bgabpp) Evdfkmqlvg)

fbk hifbkfq Pcj vkm uv Nfqbfk'

ufb}fk fbk }ídib`c tf`cpfikmfp

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fk}plkk}fp Vqilvapnffibkd+ttt+qjjgj}lqhp+mf*

qvcjimbkd

b

Gfcq Ivp} lvn @lgfk:Mlkk njqmfqk Pbf mj`c

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]fi+ (=2 #?"3>< 2?262?'?

jmfq bknjO`cbfgdlv'

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L} } q l h } b j kf k

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^fqulvafqk

P}lvkfk

Kfq~fkhb}ufik

Nqfbufb}lqh Qvcjimbkd



6?

Ilkdftfbibd+ Ilkdtfbcibd+ Ilkkdftfbibd+

Tbf p`cqfba} glk mlp kvq: Ml gùppfk tbq gli fqkp}'

cl mqùafq kl`cmfkhfk+ Mlp hfkkfk tbq kígib`c kb`c}+

Cþ`cp}fkp ~jg Cþqfkpldfk+ Ilkdftfbif cfbÚ} mlp tjci ‐

lafq mbf hþkkfk Pbf df}qjp} uv Clvpf ilppfk+ Mfq @cbfgdlv

bp} Alrfqkp Ií`cfik ‐ ml bp} nùq qvk}fqdfujdfkf Gvkmtbk'

hfi tfkbd Qlvg+ Nùq p}lvkfkmf Lvdfk p`cjk+

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p`cf Aj`hfqialck) Hqbp'

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Afqdl`c}fqalck+

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bcqf L}}qlh}bjk) mfkk lvn gfcq lip

6?+??? \vlmql}gf}fqk ùafqqlp`c}

mfq Lafk}fvfqlqh bggfq tbfmfq

gb} kfvfk Pbfifk vkm Cfqlvpnjq'

mfqvkdfk+ ttt+qfbufb}lqh+ar

Gíq`cfklqh Glq|vlq}p}fbk

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Qvcjimbkdfq P`ctfp}fqlqh

pbfifk cbfq Gíq`cfk lv`c fbkf

tb`c}bdf Qjiif+ Mluv dba}½p fbkfk

P}qfb`cfiujj) fbkf Lv}jp`jj}fq'alck) fbkf Pjggfqqjmfialck)

Tlppfqaliipbfif) ]qlgjibk) Mql'

`cfkp`clvhfi vkm ~bfif Li}fqkl}b'

~fk uv fifh}qjkbp`cfg Pbfiufvd+

ttt+glfq`cfklqh+mf

Lafk}fvfqib`c .



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Nqfbufb}lqh Qvcjimbkd

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Plkmhlp}fk) Hqfl}b~f afglifk mbf

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tv`cplq`cíjijdfk pv`cfk gb}

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pb`c gb} Cjiu) Nfii) Tjiif vkm

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tbqm Fqmdfp`cb`c}f afdqbfk+

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pfvg gb}}fk bk Pbfdpmjqn uv k'mfk+ ttt+p}fbkufb}'pbfdpmjq+mf

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lkpqv`cp~jiifk Hvq~fk vkm

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gíq`cfkcl

nfqkdfp}fvfq}fq Gjmfiilv}jp mb'

qfh} lg Bkufiifq Almflqh+ Díp}fhþkkfk mbf Jqjlm'Gjmfiialck

Bkufii gb} Ifbclv}jp afnlcqfk ‐

pbf hþkkfk lafq pfiap}~fqp}íkm'

ib`c lv`c mfk fbdfkfk Nib}ufq

gb}aqbkdfk+

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61

ttt+bkufii+mf

ALMF_LQH BKUFII

P`ctbggalmp}q+ <1 3000= Bkufii

]fi+5 ? 3> >6 ' <> 00

bknjOalmflqh'bkufii+mf

ttt+almflqh'bkufii+mf

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Cfbtlfqpqvmfiaf`hfk

' >1 g Mb`jqþcqfkqv}`cf

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' Qvcfdlq}fk

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' Hbkmfqaf`hfk

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60

Qfbfkqv}p`cfk Hfppfilig Bkufii

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