Community-based Entrepreneurship for Rural Development- Introduction to Training Program-
Koichi MIYOSHI: Professor (Dr.), Graduate School of Asia Pacific Studies,Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University [email protected] OKABE: Bureau Chief,Institute for Community Design
Facilitators Koichi MIYOSHI (APU-GSA) Yumiko OKABE (Institute for Community
Design)
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APU Officers (Research Office) Seigo TAKEBAYASHI: Deputy Director Ryoko MASUNAGA: Program Officer
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Self Introduction Koichi MIYOSHI Dr.
Current Position Professor, Graduate School of Asia pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan
Asia Pacific University
Past Position Managing Director, Office Of Evaluation Visiting Professors: Graduate School of Tokyo University, Graduate
School of Chuo University etc. Deputy Managing Director, Planning Department Chief Representative of JICA USA Office
Specialties Community Capacity and Rural Development Evaluation and Planning International Cooperation Policy
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Self Introduction Yumiko OKABE
Current Position Bureau chief, Institute for Community Design JICA Project Researcher, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University Local Economic Development Advisor, Japan International Cooperation Agency,
Nicaragua (INIFOM) JICA Follow-up Project Investigation Team (Bhutan, MoEA)
Past Position Participatory Evaluation Expert (Thailand) Rural development & Environment Expert (Paraguay) Research Assistant, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University JICA Follow-up Project Investigation Team (Colombia, Guatemala, El Salvador,
Nicaragua) Development Instructor, Development Aid for People to People (Malawi)
Specialties Community Capacity and Rural Development Evaluation and Planning Participatory Evaluation International Cooperation Policy
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List of Training Program Course (Country/Region), (As of FY 2014)
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Course Name FY Year Country/Region Number of Participants
1 Training Course in Seminar for Municipal Mayors of Clustered LGUS: One Village One Product Movement 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Country: Philippines 38
2 The Country focused Training Program on the "One Village One Product" Movement in Tunisia 2006, 2007 Country: Tunisia 18
3 Training Course in Region Development Promotion for ASEAN Countries - One Village One Product 2007, 2008, 2009 Region: ASEAN 31
4 Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for AFRICAN Countries + Malawi 2008, 2009, 2010 Region: Africa 47
5 Training Course in Enforcement of Region Administrative Function for Local Industrial Promotion 2008, 2009, 2010 Country: Chile 28
6 Training Course in Seminar on One Village, One Product Movement in Savannakhet and Saravanh 2008, 2009 Country: Laos 8
7 Training Course in ANDEAN Region One Village One Product Promotion 2009, 2010, 2011 Region: Andean 45
8 Training Course in Development and Promotion of Region Industries Utilizing Local Resources for INDOCHINA and PACIFIC Regions 2009 Region:
Indochina & Pacific 13
9 Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for AFRICAN Countries (A) & (B) 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 Region: Africa 125
10 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for ASIAN Countries – One Village One Product 2010, 2011, 2012 Region: Asian 49
11 Training Course in Promotion of Local Industries for GUATEMALA 2010, 2011, 2012 Country: Guatemala 46
12 Training Course of Promotion of One Village One Product Movement in COLOMBIA 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014 Country: Colombia 65
13 Training Course in NEPAL One Village One Product Promotion 2011 Country: Nepal 15
14 Enhancement of Capacity for Promotion of One Village One Product Program in Uganda 2012 Country: Uganda 14
15 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for Central & South America – One Village One Product (A)&(E) 2012, 2013, 2014 Country: Central and South
America 84
16 Training Course of Promotion of One Village One Product Movement in Kenya 2012 Country: Kenya 15
17 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for East Europe and Central Asia– One Village One Product 2013, 2014 Country: Eastern Europa and
Central Asia 18
18 Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for Asia and Pacific Regions ( C ) 2013, 2014 Country: Asia and Pacific
Regions 25
19 Thailand Training Course: Marketing Techniques and OTOP Enhancement for Producers, Farming Households and Agricultural Products 2013 Country: Thailand 17
20 Paraguay Training Course: Community Capacity and Rural Development: Decentralized Hands-on Program Exhibition for Environmental Issues 2014 Paraguay 4
21 Bhutan Training, Capacity Building for Development of Entrepreneurs in Rural Communities 2014 Bhutan 15
57 courses 72 countries 720
Concept of Training Program
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Inception Report(Project, Program or Policy)
Revision and Modification
Interim Report(Project, Program or Policy)
1. Community Capacity Development and Policy Structure Model- Concept of Community Capacity Development- Concept of Planning and Evaluation- Concept of Systematic Value Addition for Rural Entrepreneurs/Development Promoter
• Decentralized Hands-On Program Exhibition (D-HOPE) Policy Approach Model
• Community-based Collective Activities2. Study Tours3. Case Studies: Group Discussions4. Action Plan: Group Discussions
Final Report(Project, Program and Policy)
ImplementationProject, Program and Policy
Concept + Practice
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Viewpoints of Rural development Regional disparity=Big Issue
Goal setting by rural people ⇒ Viewpoints of urban area/criteria from urban viewpoints
Rural development based on urban criteria for development Differences between rural development and rural people’s desire and
sentiment Competition with urban area Imbalances situation of resources between urban and rural Decrease of rural area initiative for development
Rural lives and rural development ⇒ Necessity of reconstruction of development by rural people
Development of community capacity Development of collective activities
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Criteria for Rural Development
Criteria for Rural development = Way of Lives required by rural people Value, Vison and Norm of rural community
Expansion of possibility for affluent rural development Construction of concrete rural development for rural people
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Reconstruction and Implementation for Rural Development
Reconstruction and implementation of development from the rural people’s viewpoints
Evaluation and planning from the rural people’s viewpoints Participation of rural people in evaluation and planning
Recognition of framework of evaluation and planning Subject of evaluation and planning: community policy structure Question for evaluation and planning: change of society and
possibility of collective activities Evaluation and planning methodology: participation and emphasis
on the rural people’s viewpoints
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Our Intentions To discuss an alternative development approach focusing
on community capacity and collective activities that benefits rural communities.
To conceptualize the rural development approach for practical usages; not to theorize the rural development phenomena
To clarify the practical, operational concepts to examine, discuss, and analyse the real life operation. The real life is not simple to interpret by simple theories
for causalities. We can choose various options for development.
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Community Capacity Developmentand Policy Structure Model
Outcomes of Community(Change of
Society)
Functions
Strategic Components
Decentralization
Historical Condition and Context
Intermediate Outcomes
(Change of Target Group)
Outputs Activities Inputs
Community
ImplementationOutcomes
Characteristics of Community Capacity
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Community Policy Structure
Community Capacity
Community Capacity Developmentand Policy Structure Model
Decentralization
Historical Condition and Context
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Outcomes of Community(Change of
Society)
FunctionsEvaluationPlanning Implementation
Strategic ComponentsHuman Resources: ChampionsLeadership: Community LeadersOrganizations for Collective activitiesNetwork: Relational Capital
Intermediate Outcomes(Change of
Target Groups)
Outputs Inputs
CommunityImplementation
Outcomes
Characteristics of Community CapacitySense of CommunityCommitmentsAbility to Set and Achieve ObjectivesAbility to Recognize and Access to Resources
Community Capacity
EconomicFormal/InformalCollective/Individual
SocialFormal/InformalCollective/Individual
EnvironmentalFormal/InformalCollective/Individual
Political
Formal/InformalCollective/Individual
Activities
Community Policy Structure
Systematic Value Addition
Higher Value Added and Better Well-being Policy Structure
(Collective Activities) +
Community Capacity
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Level of Community
International Community
Regional Community
Country Community
Provincial Community
District/Municipality Community
Village Community
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Defining CommunityThe community is a social aggregation constructed
by people in the specific territorial area, usually confirmed
by administrative boundaries, in which the members (organizations, groups,
and individuals) recognize themselves and each other as belonging to the same community. including private, non-governmental and
governmental organizations Specific Area + Common Life
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Community Capacity
The ability of a community to produce outcomes in society which organizations and individuals produce as the result of their collective activities by utilizing available resources to them (human resources, physical, social and organizational resources)
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Strategic Components of Community Capacity
Human resources Who is the best in -----? Leadership Individual Leadership → Community Leadership Organizations Support Collective Activities Networks in or related to the community Know Who > Know How
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Evaluation, Planning and Policy Structure
Evaluation
Planning
Existing Policy Structure
Revised Future Policy Structure
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Framework of Evaluation and Planning Subject of Evaluation and Planning
Policy Structure/Objective Tree Policy/Program/Project PDM (Project Design Matrix)/PTM (Program Theory Matrix)/Logical
Framework Evaluation and Planning Questions
Measuring Performance: Normative Questions Examining Implementing Process : Process Questions Clarifying Cause-Effect Relationship: Impact Questions (5 Criteria of DAC/OECD)
Methodology/Method/Approach Economics, Sociology, Business Management etc. Quantitative, Qualitative analysis (Self, Internal, External Evaluation) Traditional, Participatory
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Policy Structure/Logic Model/Program Theory
End OutcomeIntermediate Outcome Outputs Activities Input
Outcomes Implementation(Administrative Activities)
Results
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Outcome and Output
Result : Ends
Indirect ControlOutcome
Output Implementation : Means
Direct Control
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Objective Tree: Policy Structure
Breakdown of Policy Higher Result
PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
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Program Theory Matrix (PTM)Policy(End
Outcome)
Program(Intermediate
Outcome)
Project
(Output) (Activity) (Input)
PolicyChange of Society-Indictors
Program A Change of Target group (A)-Indicators
Project A-1 Products and Services of ProjectIndicators
A-1 A-1
A-2 A-2 A-1
Program BChange of Target Group (B)-Indicators
B-1 B-1 B-1
B-2 B-2 B-2
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Recognition of Policy, Program and Project in Policy Structure
PolicyEnd
Outcome
ProgramIntermediate
Outcome
ProjectOutput Activity Input
EOC IOC1 OP1/1 A1/1 IP1/1
OP1/2 A1/2 IP1/2
IOC2 OP2/1 A2/1 A2/1
OP2/2 A2/2 IP2/1
Policy Program
Project
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Feature of evaluation and planning
E & P
PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
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Feature of evaluation and planning
E & P
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PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
Program
Intermediate Outcome
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
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PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
IntermediateOutcome
ProjectOutput
lActivities
lInput
PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
IntermediateOutcome
ProjectOutput
lActivities
lInput
PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
IntermediateOutcome
ProjectOutput
lActivities
lInput
Evaluation
Continuous Modification of Policy Structure
Planning
PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
IntermediateOutcome
ProjectOutput
lActivities
lInput
PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
IntermediateOutcome
ProjectOutput
lActivities
lInput
Evaluation PlanningImplementation
Localization of Policy Structure
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National Province A District A
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20 Million 500,000 30,000Localization Localization
Policy Structure in Decentralization
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Central Regional District
20 Million 500,000 30,000
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Decentralization Decentralization
Integration of Policy StructureEnd Outcome
Intermediate Outcome
Output Activities Input
Change of Society
Whose Society
Target GroupBeneficiaries A
National Network:e.g. National Road
Construction e.g.Central:Local:
Maintenance e.g.Central:Local:
Target GroupBeneficiaries B
Regional Network(Prefecture):e.g. Prefectural Road
Construction e.g.Central:Local :
Maintenance e.g.Central:Local
Target GroupBeneficiaries C
Rural Facilities (Municipality):e.g. Rural Road
ConstructionMaintenance
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Integration of Policy StructureEnd Outcome
Intermediate Outcome
Output Activities Input
Change of Society
Whose Society
Target GroupBeneficiaries C
Rural Facilities (Municipality):e.g. Rural Road
Construction
Maintenance
Target GroupBeneficiaries B
Regional Network(Prefecture):e.g. Prefectural Road
Construction e.g.Central:Local :
Maintenance e.g.Central:Local
Target GroupBeneficiaries A
National Network:e.g. National Road
Construction e.g.Central:Local:
Maintenance e.g.Central:Local:2016/01 34
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Three Type of Questions in Evaluation and Planning
Descriptive Questions:Current situationExamining implementation process
Normative Questions:Comparison with target
valuesPerformance measurement
Cause-Effect Questions:Measurement of effect by implementation
Impact evaluation
Implementation Failure Degree of Achievement
Design Failure
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Program Theory Matrix and DAC 5 Criteria
Policy(End Outcome)
Program(Intermediate Outcome)
Project
(Output) (Activity) (Input)
EOC IOC1 A-1 A-1 A-1
A-2 A-2 A-1
ICO2 B-1 B-1 B-1
B-2 B-2 B-2
Relevance
Impact
Sustainability
Effectiveness
Efficiency
Measuring Performance
Examining implementing process
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Recognition of Program Theory Matrix and DAC 5 Criteria
Policy(End Outcome)
Program(Intermediate Outcome)
Project
(Output) (Activity) (Input)
EOC IOC1 OP1/1 A1/1 IP1/1
OP1/2 A1/2 IP1/2
IOC2 OP2/1 A2/1 A2/1
OP2/2 A2/2 IP2/1
Relevance
Impact
Sustainability
Effectiveness
Efficiency
Measuring Performance
Examining implementing process
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PolicyProgram
Project
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Project approach vs. Program-based approach
Policy(End Outcome)
Program(Intermediate Outcome)
Project (Output) (Activity) (Input)
PolicyChange of Society-Indictors
Program A Change of Target group (A)-Indicators
Project A-1 Products and Services of ProjectIndicators
A-1 A-1
A-2 A-2 A-1
Program BChange of Target Group (B)-Indicators
B-1 B-1 B-1
B-2 B-2 B-2
Shift of Responsibility OutputOutcome
Planning Approach
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The Focal Problem Method The Objectives Oriented Method
Problem Solving Appreciative Inquiry Introduction of Best Practice Introduction of Social Theory
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Intervention to Policy Structure by Model ProjectEnd Outcome Intermediate
OutcomeOutput Activity Input
EOC- 1 IOC-1 OP-1 A-1 I-1
EOC- 2 IOC- 2 OP-2 A-2 I-2
EOC- 3 IOC- 3 OP- 3 A- 3 I- 3
EOC- 4 IOC- 4 OP- 4 A- 4 I- 4
EOC- 1234 IOC-1234 OP-1234 OP-1234 OP-1234
Expansion
Intervention/Support
Model Project
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D-HOPE Project for Rural Development
Diversify Products and Services to More Market Oriented
From Big to Small Big facilities Small facilities Big events Small events Big activities Small activities
One big Making many smalls as a big aggregation
Open, Inclusive, Participatory and Diversified
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D-HOPE Approach for Rural Development
Direct Sale
Market
Financial Support
Etc.Centralized Exhibition
D-HOPE
Community- improved
livelihood for producers and service providers
- proud of their community.
Direct Sales Facilities Road Side Station (Michi-no Eki)-Hibiki-no Sato-Konohana Garten
Centralized Exhibition- EXPO- OVOP Exhibition- Fair etc..
Micro Finance- Technical Training
etc.
D-HOPE: Decentralized Hands-on Program Exhibition- Expo Yguazu Pora- Khong Dee Muang
Surin Festival- Tierra Magica
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More Consumer-oriented Approach
-Financial Support(M
icro Finance)-
Technical Training etc.
Com
munity:
-Producers
-Service Providers
Centralized Exhibition
Direct Sales Market
D-HOPE
The Public:C
onsumers
1 2
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Diversification of Project:General Field to Specific Fields
Direct Sales Market
D-HOPE
Centralized Exhibition
Direct Sales Market
D-HOPE
Centralized Exhibition
Direct Sales Market
D-HOPE
Centralized Exhibition
Specialization
Specialization
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Integration of D-HOPE (Decentralized Hands-on Exhibition and CE (Centralized Exhibition)
Identification of Champions
(Strategic Workshop I)
Designing Programs
(Strategic Workshop II)
Preparation of Catalogue and
Promotion (Strategic Workshop III)
Implementation of D-HOPE Event
Participatory Evaluation(Strategic Workshop IV)
Preparation of CE Catalogue, Event Facilities and Promotion
(Strategic Workshop V)
Implementation of CE Event
D-HOPE (Decentralized Hands-on Program Exhibition)
CE (Centralized Exhibition)
Direct Sales Shop+
Antenna Shop Technical Support
Financial Support(Micro Finance) Other Related Projects
for Rural Development
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Strategic Workshop
Strategic Workshop
Organizational Framework for Rural Development
Policy-Making Organization Implementation Organization
Individual
Individual
Implementation Organization Individual
Individual
Implementation Organization Individual
Individual
Producer & Service Provider Level
Production & Service Group
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CommunityNetwork
Policy Structure for Rural Development
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Policy: End Outcome
To improve the lives of producers and service
providers (groups) and build their confidence
- Participation in Centralized/Decentralized
Hands-on Program Exhibition
- Efforts for qualitative and quantitative improvement of
products and services
- Effective utilization of market place for products
and services
- Knowledge Sharing on Development Experiences
Program: Intermediate Outcome
Program: Intermediate Outcome
Project: Output/Activity/Input
Project: Output/Activity/Input
Project: Output/Activity/Input
Project: Output/Activity/InputSupport for Centralized/Decentralized Hands-on
Program Exhibition
Project: Output/Activity/InputSupport for Technical support for potential
products and services
Project: Output/Activity/InputSupport for Effective Utilization of Market Place
for products and services
Project: Output/Activity/InputSupport for knowledge sharing system on
development experiences
Program: Intermediate Outcome
Program: Intermediate Outcome- Implementation of
Centralized/Decentralized Hands-on Program Exhibition
- Technical support for potential products and services
- Market place creation and management for products and
services- Creation of knowledge sharing
system on development experiences
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D-HOPE Approach (D-HOPE Program Implementation)
+Community-based Collective Activities
+Community Capacity
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Characteristics of ExhibitionsCentralized Decentralized
Display
Centralized and Display Oriented Decentralized and Display Oriented
Hands-on
Centralized and Hands-on Oriented Decentralized and Hands-on Oriented
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Decentralized and Hands-on Oriented
D-HOPE Approach Model
End Outcomes(Change of
Society)
Community Capacity of D-HOPE Community
Strategic Component
Intermediate Outcomes(Change of
Target Group)
D-HOPE related Individual Activities
D-HOPE related Collective Activities
Community
Implementation
Outcomes
D-HOPE
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Community-based Activities & Resources
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Functions
Characteristics of Community Capacity
D-HOPE : Utilizations of Potential Local Resources and Activities
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Community Activities
Local Resources
Local Resources
D-HOPECollective Activities
(Fund Raising, Promotion etc.,)
Community Activities
Implementation Organization(Intermediately Supporting
Organization)
D-HOPEIndividual Activities
(Hands-On Programs)
Introduction ofCollective Activities and Implementation Organization(Intermediately Supporting Organization)
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Catalogue
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Thailand: Khong Dee Muang Surin Festival97 programs (First year)
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Japan: Nagasaki Saruku42 course maps
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Paraguay: Expo Yguazu Porã110 Programs
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Nicaragua: Tierra Mágica153 Programs
Hands-on Program in Catalogue
information on program date, price, Schedule and etc.
Program title and description of the program
Program provider’s comment
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Website/SNS
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Source: Ishimaru 2010
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Centralized and Display Oriented
Small Famers, Industries and EntrepreneursHigh Value Added Activities
Collective Production/Processing Activities+
Collective Marketing ActivitiesDirect Sales Facilities
Antenna Shops
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Community-based Collective Activities
End Outcomes(Change of
Society)
Community Capacity of Community
Intermediate Outcomes(Change of
Target Group)
Small Farmers and IndustriesHigh Value Added
Production, Processing, Marketing Activities
Community
Implementation
Outcomes
Community-based Collective Activities
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(Collective Processing Activities)
(Collective Marketing Activities)
(Collective Production Activities)
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Characteristics of Sales Place for Shipment
Wholesale Direct Sales
DependentTraditional Wholesale Market
Auction PriceLarge Lot
Standardized
Independent
Direct Sales FacilitiesFree Pricing
Small LotUnstandardized
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Public Wholesale Market K. Miyoshi & Y. Okabe
Oyama Konohana Garten: Direct Sales Shop
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Agricultural CooperativeDirect Sales Facilities
Only a few famers with a large production capacity can sell their product through the Public Wholesale Market
WholesalerPublic Wholesale Market
RetailerRetail ShopSuper Market
Oyama ProductSafe, Fresh, Delicious
Any farmers can produce and sell their products through the direct sales shop: Konohana Garten
Self Consumption
Production Cost
Developing Own Market Place
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Direct Sales Shop
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Antenna Shop
Direct Sales Facilities/Antenna Shops
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Small Farmers/ Small Industries
Agricultural /ProcessedProducts
SafeReliable
Fresh
Traceable
Own DecisionPrice
VolumeStandard
And etcetera
Revenue 75%-90%
Direct Sales Facilities/Antenna Shops
Operation Policy(Collective Activities)
Provision of Market Place
Operation Cost25%-10%
Consumers
SafeReliable
Fresh
Sales100%
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Oyama Konohana Garten: Direct Sales FacilityProcessing Products
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Agricultural CooperativeDirect Sales Facilities
Only a few famers with large production capacity can sell their product to Processing Industries
Wholesaler Public Wholesale MarketProcessing Industries
RetailerRetail ShopSuper Market
Processing Cost
Production Cost
Any farmer can produce, process and sell their products through the Direct Sales Facility
Oyama ProductSafe, Fresh, Delicious
Self Consumption
Developing Own Market Places
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Enoki Mushroom Production: Oyama Method
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Agricultural CooperativeMushroom bed production
Only a few farmers with production skills can produce enoki mushroom
No Brand Name Oyama Brand
Any farmer can produce enoki mushroom by utilizing mushroom bed production
Farmers production cost Developing Local Brand
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From Big to Small
Big facilities Small facilities
Big events Small events
Big Activities Small Activities
One big
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Introduction to JICA Training Program in APU (Photos)
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Group Discussion
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Enjoy your stay in Japan!!
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