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5 AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc)
DeFeNCe trANSFOrmAtiON:AN APPrAiSAL
P. K. maLLiCK
As we prepare for the future, we must think differently and develop the kinds
of forces and capabilities that can adapt quickly to new challenges and to
unexpected circumstances. We must transform not only the capabilities at our
disposal but also the way we think, the way we train, the way we exercise
and the way we ght. We must transform not only our armed forces, but
also the Department that serves them by encouraging a culture of creativity
and prudent risk-taking. We must promote an entrepreneurial approach to
developing military capabilities, one that encourages people to be proactive, not
reactive and anticipates threats before they emerge.
Dold h. Rusfld,
ex US Scrry of Dfc
tansfoaon, fo, odnsaonhav on calls chan
s no a n phnonon n h ad focs. tansfoaon, nas
ncasd coa po y nokn snsos, dcson-aks and
shoos o achv shad aanss, ncasd spd of coand, hh
po of opaons, a lhaly, ncasd suvvaly and a d of
slf-synchonsaon.
* bad P. K. mllck, indan Ay, s cunly h HQ inad Dfnc Saff of hChfs of Saff Co.
Cn fo A Po Suds, N Dlh
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AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc) 52
Chan s ssnal, u ffcn chan s no asy.
ths has n consd y sno lads of adfocs houhou hsoy. Dfnc ansfoaon has
poccupd h US Dfnc Dpan (DoD) fo
ov a dcad and holds h pos of a paad
shf n h chaac and conduc of afa. A h sa , s o
han sply ovlayn n chnolos and n hada on xsn foc
sucus; qus fundanal chans n lay docn, opaons
and oansaon.
whl sval couns ncludn inda a closly sudyn and assssnh plcaons of h n voluon n lay affas (rmA),
hy hav, fo a vay of asons, ad ll poss so fa n acually
ansfon h ad focs alon s lns. in fac, os couns a
unlkly, dsp h s ffos, o ov yond odnsaon-plus, a
las no n h na fuu.
th concp, docn, oansaon, ha pcpon, ladshp,
ud, culu and lvl of chnoloy usd y us n inda a a d
vaanc h h USA. Hov, us kp ouslvs aas h all
ansfoaonal acvs happnn acoss h lo, da h coc
lssons, and chan h indan ad focs as p ou condons ha
pval n h suconnn, hl kpn a clos ach on h gloal wa
On tos (gwOt).
in hs ssay, a dald analyss of dfnc ansfoaon psnly n poss
in the USA will be carried out. The signicance of technology, jointmanship,
ladshp, loscs, ann, culu, ud and laons of ansfoaon
and s plcaons fo h indan ad focs ll cad ou
inFORmatiOn aGe
What we are seeing, in moving from the Industrial Age to the Information
Age, is what amounts to a new theory of war: power comes from a different
place, it is used in different ways, it achieves different effects than it did before.
During the Industrial Age, power came from mass. Now power tends to come
DeFeNCe trANSFOrmAtiON: AN APPrAiSAL
Cg s
ssl, buffcg cg
s o sy.
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53 AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc)
from information, access and speed. We have come to call that new theory of
war network-centric warfare. It is not only about networks, but also about howwars are foughthow power is developed.
vie Aial (ret) Athu K. cebwski,
diet, ofe f Fe Tansfatin,
ieee Spcru
Primary Characteristics of the Emerging Way of War
Alhouh h concp of ha h fuu foc ll look lk and ho ll
conduc lay opaons s sll volvn, o saln chaacscs so sand ou. i ll a jon, nok-cnc foc and ll capal
of xcun ffcs-asd opaons (ebO), nald y nok-cnc
afa (NCw). Alady, h conaon of odn chnoloy and n
opaonal concps has nald nokd uns and ndvdual plafos o
opa oh n ays no consdd possl jus a f yas ao. NCw s
chaacsd y h aly of oaphcally dspsd focs o aan a hh
lvl of shad alspac aanss ha s xplod o achv sac,
opaonal and accal ojcvs n accodanc h h coands
nn. ths lnkn of popl, plafos, apons, snsos and dcson ads
no a snl nok cas a hol ha s claly a han h su of
s pas. th sul s nokd focs ha opa h ncasd spd
and synchonsaon and a capal of achvn assd ffcs, n any
suaons hou h physcal assn of focs qud n h pas.
What iS tRanSFORmatiOn
It is not the strongest of the species that survives nor the most intelligent that
survives. It is the one that is the most adaptable to change.
Crls Drw
The US DoD has dened transformation in one document as a process that
shaps h chann nau of lay copon and coopaon houh
n conaons of concps, capals, popl and oansaons ha
P. K. mALLiCK
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AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc) 54
xplo h naons advanas and poc aans asyc vulnals
o susan h sac poson, hch hlps undpn pac and saly n hold. tansfoaon ancpas and cas h fuu and dals h h co-
voluon of concps, pocsss, oansaons and chnoloy. Pofound chan
in any one of these areas necessitates change in all. Transformation also identies
and lvas n soucs of po. mlay
ansfoaon s aou chann h culu of
h ad focs. thfo, ansfoaonal
acvy us facla a culu of chan and
nnovaon n od o anan copvadvana n h nfoaon a. tha
culu us fos ladshp, ducaon,
pocsss, oansaons, valus and auds
ha ncoua and ad annful
nnovaon.
Ofce of Force Transformation
To help implement transformation, the US DoD created the Ofce of Force
Transformation (OFT), which resides within the Ofce of the Secretary of
Defence (OSD). OFT is a small ofce with a staff of fewer than 30 people and
an annual ud of ouhly $30 llon. i pos dcly o h scay
of dfnc. Aon oh hns, OFt ssus udanc o h s of DoD on
ansfoaon; vs and appovs ansfoaon plans sud y
h lay svcs and DoD ancs; acs as a nao, poo and
clan hous of das fo ansfoaon; and nally vanlss n
suppo of ansfoaon.
As llusad n F. ,lay ansfoaon ns a h sac lvl.
gudd y dfnc say, h lay ansfoaon say and h
joint vision, joint war-ghting concepts are developed. The joint war-ghting
concepts will focus on the development and acquisition of joint war-ghting
capals acoss docn, oansaon, ann, aal, ladshp and
ducaon, psonnl and facls.
DeFeNCe trANSFOrmAtiON: AN APPrAiSAL
trsforo s
procss sps
cgg ur of
lry copo dcoopro roug w
cobos of cocps,
cpbls, popl d
orgsos xplo
os dvgs.
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55 AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc)
Scope of Defence Transformation
Ovall, h scop of dfnc ansfoaon ncopasss h ajo
aas: ho usnss s don nsd h dpan, ho ok s don h
interagency and multinational partners, and how we ght.
Military Transformation Process
th lay ansfoaon pocss dpcd n F. 2ns h an analyss
of h say, ha and chnoloy dvs fo ansfon h foc and
h sx ccal opaonal oals, hch povd h focus fo h dpans
ansfoaon ffos. tansfoaonal capals ll aand hn
h suls of concp dvlopn and xpnaon a plnd n
slcd lns of h US ad focs.
P. K. mALLiCK
NaonalScuySay
USDfncSay
mlaytansfoaon
SayJon Vson
Nok-Cnc wafa
effcs-basd Concps
effcs-basd Capals
Coand and conoliSrmanouvFsLoscsFoc Pocon
DOtmLPe
Assu Alls and FndsDssuad Fuu mlayCopon. D thasand Cocon vs. US inssf Dnc Fals Dfas
Any Advsay
JonOpaonsConcps
JonOpan
Concps
JonCapals
expnaon
}
Fg. 1. mlry trsforo Srgy o Cocps o Cpbls
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AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc) 56
Military Transformation Strategy
th dpans ovall say fo ansfon consss of h pas:ansfon culu; ansfon pocsss; and ansfon
capals houh foc o lay ansfoaon. th fou pllas ha
consu ssnal lns of h dpans foc ansfoaon
say a:
Snhnn jon opaons.
explon nllnc advanas.
Concp dvlopn and xpnaon.
Dvlopn ansfoaonal capals.
Succssful plnaon of h dpans foc ansfoaon say
ll accla h onon shf fo an ndusal a o an nfoaon a
lay. ths s a a of dvlopn copncy fo h n a. Fuu
lay opaons ll conducd usn o nok-cnc focs. th
accal and opaonal ffcvnss of dly dspsd focs ll nhancd
DeFeNCe trANSFOrmAtiON: AN APPrAiSAL
Fg. 2. mlry trsforo Procss
Strategy Threat Technology
Operational Goals
Protecting Critical Bases
Projecting and
Sustaining Forces
Leveraging Information
Technology
Assuring Information
Systems
Enhancing Space
Capabilities
Compelling Need
Transformation Strategy
Joint Concepts
Capabilities
Processes PeopleTechnology Organisation
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57 AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc)
y ncasn nfoaon shan va a scu nok ha povds aconal
nfoaon a all lvls of coand. ths n un ll ca condons foncasd spd of coand and oppouns fo slf-synchonsaon acoss
the battlespace. The rst step towards the development of a network-centric
jon foc s o nvs o no n h fou lay ansfoaon pllas.
jOint tRanSFORmatiOn
Separate ground, sea and air warfare is gone forever. If ever again we should be
involved in war, we will ght in all elements, with all Services, as one single
concentrated effort. Peacetime preparatory and organisational activities mustconform to this fact.
Prsd Dwg D. esowr
A s x, jonnssans h full naon of h dffn Svc
dvsons,.., h capals a on jon. Jonnss ould fa o
pvaln and ould pna fuh no ach Svc han has n h pas.
ths concp of jonnss ss conssn h h Svcs ach ann h
responsibility and authority to create and sustain specic defence capabilities
u nan jonly n plannn h capals ndd, allocan h
capals acoss h Svcs, dcdn on al plans and alon h
oduls o dployd.
manhl, ach of h lay Svcs has n dvlopn n opaonal
concps o pln Jon Vson2020. th navy has focussd on NCw, usn
n nfoaon chnolos o lnk h focs oh dally. th a foc
has concnad on ebOs, hch assss ho s o dsoy h ny, h
nal collaal daa. th ay has focussd on apd dcsv opaons
(RDOs), that is, reaching the conict quickly and acting before the enemy can
ac. elns of hs h sas a n oh.
teChnOLOGY
It is not that Generals and Admirals are incompetent, but the task has
passed beyond their competence. Their limitations are due not to a congenital
P. K. mALLiCK
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AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc) 58
stupidityas a disillusioned public is so apt to assumebut the growth of
science, which has upset the foundations of their technique. The only way ofsalvation would be to survey the problems in complete detachment and from
the widest point of view.
B. h. Lddl hr
From Thoughts of War
What Weapons and Systems are Transformational?
Alhouh ansfoaon nvolvs chans n oansaon and concps ofopaons, uch of h da ov ansfoaon has cnd on hch
lay apons and syss should dd ansfoaonal o no.
exps dsa on hs quson, vn hn okn fo a coon
denition of transformation. As a result, lists of weapons and systems that
qualfy as ansfoaonal dff fo on souc o h nx. wapons and
systems that have frequently been identied as closely associated with the
Adnsaons ansfoaon vson nclud u a no ncssaly ld
o h follon:
Coand, conol, councaon, copus, nllnc, suvllanc,
connassanc (C4iSr) syss ha lnk lay uns no hhly
nad noks fo conducn NCw.
Focs fo counn oss and apons of ass dsucon.
Spac syss.
mssl dfnc.
Unannd vhcls.
Spcal opaons focs.
Pcson-udd a-dlvd apons.
Lh and o ol ay ound focs.
Sall and fas navy sufac shps.
A f chnolos sand ou as spcally ndd fo odays n
ssons:
DeFeNCe trANSFOrmAtiON: AN APPrAiSAL
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159 AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc)
Unannd aal vhcls (UAVs) and spac-asd ada fo pssn
suvllanc.infoaon opaons, oh offnc and dfnc.
Soa and val of nfoaondaa nn.
Tagging for tracking, identication and forensics.
Spac conol.
bochcal dfnc.
Ccs say ha ansn accua nfoaon n al- o syss
and units that can act on it immediately is the challenge. Because battleeldinformation and intelligence ows through and across multiple organisational
oundas and nfacs, ll nvaly dlayd, ald, o ohs
dsod. Saffs ll ak o analys and np n nfoaon
and propose courses of action rather than immediately pass it unltered to
suodna and adjacn foaons
Spaan h poan fo h unpoan has alays daund
coands and saffs. t ushs on as coands and saffs sl
h h hony pols of al coand. wha s h s sys o
na an n a? Ho can su ho s ally h? is hs
poan nouh o pospon oh nans? wha aou collaal
daa and nnocn cvlans? Ho uch nfoaon should pushd
don o sall uns and ho uch can hy ds? who ls nds o kno?
who us appov h sk?
ths and oh facos affc h chncal
pol of daa anssson. thy a no val
concns, no a hy paculaly suscpl
o chncal soluons. in fac, h xploson of
auoaon and copu syss n hadquas
has brought an increase, not a decrease, in the size
of hadquas saffs. So lon as popl ak
battleeld decisions, they will stop and think. So
lon as las a hachcal, coands
P. K. mALLiCK
t xploso of
uoo d
copur syss
dqurrs s
broug crs,
o dcrs,
sz of dqurrs
sffs.
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AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc) 60
ll us h dscon. whnv nfoaon cosss an oansaonal
ounday, ll ald, hov suly.Advancd coand and conol (C2) s a o-dd sod: can lad o
lss cnalsd opaons o o coanan fo fa. th aly
is that satellite communication has allowed decisions on the battleeld in
iaq o Afhansan o ad a Hadquas (HQ) Cnal Coand
n tapa, Floda. Sos nvolvn a h hhs HQ s ncssay
as we have seen in the case of the siege of the Hazratbal shrine by terrorists
hn, n h la of h da, opaons a cad ou lv and h s no
o o houh all h nda foaons. Of cous, ndafoaon HQs ll fl lf ou.
expnc n h ss of moadshu, n h a ov Kosovo and n
Afhansan and iaq suss ha sv ah, a dfnc, coplx
terrain and urban environments still make combat a very close ght. Critics
say ha h os ccal ansfoaonal apon oday s h povsd
xplosv dvc (ieD) usd y nsuns and oss. tchnoloy has s
laons n clos coa.
CULtURe anD innOVatiOn
Transformed Culture and Processes
th say fo achvn ansfoaon n h Dpan of Dfnc us
n h an ffo o ansfo h ovall culu no on h nnovaon
and nfod sk akn a ncouad and add a culu ha s
chaacsd y h nfoaon a. ths us don houh ladshp
dvlopn and ducaon, an ncasd phass on concp dvlopn
and xpnaon and chans n h psonnl sys and ncnv
sucu. Sno ladshp us s h xapl y fosn nnovaon and
adopn nfoaon a chnolos and concps.
Innovation = Creativity x Implementation
innovaon, so val o h ansfoaon pocss, s dpndn upon
cavy, h dvlopn of n oansaonal and opaonal
DeFeNCe trANSFOrmAtiON: AN APPrAiSAL
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6 AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc)
concps, pocsss and chnolos. Fo annful nnovaon o
occu, hov, cavy alon ll no suffcn; plnaon squally poan. whou nsd cusos o conduc xpns,
donsaons, ss and valuaons and ulaly, adop n concps,
pocsss and chnolos fo h conduc of al-old opaons,
nnovaon ll no occu.
toh, cavy and plnaon ll hav a ulplyn ffc n
povdn on focs h nnovav n capals. w us ncoua
nnovaon and h shan of knold and opaonal xpnaon
aon h Svcs. ths ll nal o dscoua and ulaly dfa ofh dvlopn of n capals and ffcv asycal sas
y advsas.
LeaDeRShiP
If the mind is to emerge unscathed from this relentless struggle with the
unforeseen [in war], two qualities are indispensable: rst, an intellect that,
even in the darkest hour, retains some glimmerings of the inner light which
leads to truth; and second, the courage to follow this faint light wherever it
may lead.
Crl vo Cluswz
th ladshp dvlopn pocss us
sul n lads ho a copn, hav
h h ducaon and xpnc houh
schooln and assnn pocsss, a
of sound chaac and ny, chsh
dny, hav h slf-dscpln o alays
do has h and undsand huan
nature and how they can inuence human
nau a any vn pon o accoplsh h
mission. The leader must also be condent in
hs on als o opa ndpndnly f
P. K. mALLiCK
t ldr us
als be nent in
s ow bls o
opr dpdly
f cssry d o
opros w drc
vsbly o gs
lvls of govr
d ry ldrsp.
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AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc) 62
ncssay and on opaons h dc vsly o h hhs lvls of
government and army leadership. The leader must have the condence inh capals of suodnas h us aon all s scond nau and
nv qusond.
i don nd soon hos only ood a h klln and akn, i nd
soody ho has h adh of ducaon xpnc and nllc o ak
on all h s of hs ssons ha h o sh s on o saddld h
hn h shoon sops o hn susds o so lvl. thy h ons
ha a on o coun on h ound ou h, o han anyhn ls. And
i hnk has h ssu n any dscusson as o ha happns o ou layfo h on ou.(Souc: gn Anhony Znn, Addss a h man Cops
Assocaon and Naval insu: Fou 2003: Ho Do w Ovhaul h
Naons Dfns o wn h Nx wa?, Cysal gaay mao, Alnon,
VA, Sp 4, 2003).
rd US Ay Chf of Saff godon Sullvan ans aou hs vy
sa pon hn h cauons, th old aps, h old ays of don usnss
ll no ok n odays n os. Sply povn an xsn
pocss ll no solv a pol Don h sa hn you hav alays
donno a ho uch you pov ll you only ha you had
fo(Sullvan & Hap, Hope is not a Method, N Yok : ts busnss
1997, p.152). Military thinker Trevor Dupuy in his book Understanding War
(1987) advanced an important idea about the actual importance of technology
n afa. in h chap tchnoloy and Huan bhavo n Coa, h
assd ha hsocal daa aou a ndcas, No chnoloy, no apon,
hov a s acual o ponal lhaly, has n o poan fo
h nnn of als o as as h n ho conolld h apons
h ssnal nau of a has no chand. was a fouh y n and
h has n no dscnl dffnc n h fundanal nau of an
over the past ve thousand years of recorded history. Because the nature of
an has no chand, nh has hs asc ojcv hn h uns o a:
h ployn of lhal nsuns o foc hs ll upon oh n h
opposn pons of v.
DeFeNCe trANSFOrmAtiON: AN APPrAiSAL
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63 AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc)
Innovative Change Agents Discouraged
On dly consd ndn fo succssful ansfoaon has n a
vsonay oup of vsonas h lavly pssn nus, hada o
concv of old n ays of conducn afa.Adal wlla Ons
askd fo h d. wh s h voluonay ho ll lad h rmA?
th as no on h could pon o. No blly mchlls, no Alfd mahans,
no go Paons, no go mashalls. wha s dffn aou h ay
no vsus s n h pas s ha h a cunly no ads fo sk
taking and even the smallest mistakes are punished. As an ofcer in the US
Ay Coand and gnal Saff Coll Suvy sad, rsk avson has
co a lay culual hn; coands a no lln o ak sks
(and suodnas kno ).
P. K. mALLiCK
how Wll W Kow W Ldrs hv Sklls
For Succss i t Uppr-Rg hd Qudr?
infoaon A
whn h beHAViOUr donsas:
Aly o LiSteN
Collaoaon acoss oansaons
muual undsandn and spc h pans
Culu of nnovaon
Undsandn of h conx
Connuous lann
enps sklls
Dvlopn lann oansaons
Undsandn h culu of h opaon
Us of ffcv cs fo succss
gloalsaon ii Ldrs dvlopg ldrs
indusal A gloalsaon iii
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AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc) 64
F ncnvs xs fo coands o poc
h avcks n odays ay. Snc on ad omerely neutral ofcer evaluation report (OER),
can un a ca, a hhly sk avs sno a
can dal an nnovav chan an asly.
Suppon vdnc cos fo h suvy: op-
don loyaly dos no xs. Sno lads ll
ho suodnas und h us n a haa o
poc o advanc h cas. ths nd s no
only found in the US Army. In 1996, terrorists blew up a US apartment buildingn Saud Aaa af h coand had aud fo ncasd scuy
conssnly fo onhs. H as lad fo h aack dsp hs ffos o
avod hs ouco. th chf of saff of h US A Foc apd o sav
this ofcers career by preemptively resigning as the responsible commander,
u h local coand as focd o anyay. ths pan sonly
suss ha hh lvls of sk avson a n nsuonally nfocd
n US lay oansaons.
th US Ay has 3,700 colonls u only 33 anouv ads: h navy
has 3,500 captains but only 359 ships. Most wind up on staff duty, whether
hy a ndd o no. mos ffcv as houhou hsoy hav had
only 3 to 8 percent of their numerical strength in the ofcer corps; the US has
4.3 pcn. th load hadquas only ca unpoducv pap ok
for already hard pressed units who are short of ofcers. This dichotomy has
o solvd.
LimitatiOnS
When I was a young ofcer, I was taught that if you have air superiority,
land superiority and sea superiority, you win. Well, in Vietnam, we had air
superiority, land superiority and sea superiority, but we lost. So I realised
there is something more to it.
Colol jo Boyd
DeFeNCe trANSFOrmAtiON: AN APPrAiSAL
mos ffcv
rs rougousory v d
oly 3 o 8 prc
of r urcl
srg
fe ps; the US
s 14.3 prc.
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65 AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc)
As h US Ays foc dployn challns n Afhansan and iaq
hav donsad, h Und Sas lay s no oansd, and, oquppd o conduc poacd coun-nsuncy and coun-o
opaons on a la scal. in pacula, h anpo quns o
susan hs coun-nsuncy capans a consdaly a han
hos ha can suppod y h cun foc sucu. indd, cn US
history nds US forces conducting a remarkably high number of regime
chan opaons (.., Panaa, Ha, h balkans, Afhansan and iaq).
ths aly ncass h dand fo focs capal of conducn saly
opaons unl a n ovnn can fod and ndnous focsand o assu sponsly fo h counys nnal scuy. As h
balkans, Afhansan and iaq hav shon, hs opaons can poacd
n nau, spcally n cass h a ous nsun ovn dvlops.
th faus of nsuncylndn no cvl populaon, supo huan
nllnc, nlan s oansaon n , unconsand n choosn
h , locaon and yp of aacks, n f fo lal consans, us
of da o s advanaak a foc h s on nokn and
suaonal aanss.
ths nd ay ll connu, hh o no h US lay conducs
chan opaons. ths s caus advsas confonn sas
h ovhln advanas n convnonal capals (.., h
Und Sas) hav ofn adopd unconvnonal hods of an
a o offs hs advanas. Alhouh h US lays cod n such
opaons s xd, nsuonally h ad focs hav shd aay
from elding forces structured for irregular warfare, for several reasons.
Fs, ula afa opaons a ypcally
anpo nnsv, hl h US lay has
co ncasnly capal nnsv.
tchnolocal soucs of nllnc of ll
valu n Soala. Coands ld on huan
nllnc as h pay souc of nfoaon.
As gn Anhony Znn, hn dco of opaons
P. K. mALLiCK
t furs of
surgcy k
forc w s
ow workg
d suol
wrss.
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AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc) 66
a h Und Naons task Foc Soala calld,
h had accss o vy ood chncal nllnc, u snsos could no pna h facon
lads and uly undsand ha hy up
o. O ay undsand h culu, h clan
association afliation, the power of the faction
lads and ay undsandn so of h
nfasucu oo. bcaus of aus n
target selection and identication, many targets
h unnnonally. msaks occud nobecause of a lack of information; the sheer volume of data and the difculty
in separating good from bad information presented difculties. As Secretary
of Dfnc wlla Cohn asd af h a, Ou vas nllnc
system can create such a haystack of data that nding the one needle that will
pinpoint a target in the right time-frame is difcult, indeed.
th s-knon
nllnc falu as h on of h Chns eassy n blad.
Strategic and operational uncertainties were amplied at the tactical level.
Solds and ans opad n a populous, consd uan aa n hch
almost everyone was armed; it was difcult to distinguish between friendly
focs, nuals and hos opposd o h huanaan ffo. Fo ans and
solds, h coplx socal, polcal and oaphcal nvonn lud
dsncons n pac-kpn opaons and coa opaons. maj
gn to monoy akd, if hs sn coa, hn i su havn
a hlluva nha.
maj gn (rd) ro H. Scals hl spakn on Chan Dun wa:
Conplan h Fuu whl Fhn n h Psn a a sna on An
Army at War: Change in the Midst of Conicthld a h Coa Suds
insu Fon Confnc Cn, Fo Lavnoh, Kansas, on Auus
2-4, 2005, ad so vy nsn osvaons:
Technologies dictating conceptsnd an enemy and a method worthy of our
apons. ths s a vy sous pol h us. w hav h chnoloy
DeFeNCe trANSFOrmAtiON: AN APPrAiSAL
Our vs
llgc sysc cr suc
ysck of d
that ning the ne
dl wll
ppo rg
rg -fr
is ifult, inee.
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67 AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc)
ncnc afa so ls co up h a lay hoy ha suppos .
whas ood fo ibm has o o ood fo h ayuld a nok andh ny ll collaps. buld a n and h ny ll co. wll,
lann aou ha, an ? th ny adaps. H says, You an a n? ill
build a net and Ill build it with tribal afliations and execute with notes passed
n h ddl of h nh and houh ackyad dals. And you can uld all h
ns you an, u ill a you a you on a. i hnk h ll on ncnc
warfare is something around a trillion dollars. Ive been to the Ofce of Force
tansfoaon. is ncdl ha popl a sll lvn n a al of fanasy.
ty o alk o hs uys aou h ny and aou a n a o-sdd affa
and hy look a you as f you hav a oo on ou of you had. b
caful of h onk and h up sck caful of n hs and n ha.
i o a pc a f onhs ao calld, Culu-Cnc wafa. i old y
do, Look, f i don pu centric on sohn, you uys on pulsh .
gv an ny ohy of y apons...plas. Do you v noc ha
only decide to ght China during the Quadrennial Defense Review? Do you ever
noc ha? gv a p! who can ak a ca? Chna. Okay, hy h
ny. is hs hol da of chnoloy dvn docn nsad of docn
dvn chnoloy
This problem is made particularly difcult today because of our obsession with
jonnss. Jonnss s, y s vy nau, a souc of fcon n foad hnkn,
caus vyody has o hav a pc of h acon. why do pu a J n fon
of all of ou hadquas? wll, caus hav o jon. Acually, don.
Theres very little joint about IRAQI FREEDOM, its 95 percent Army and
man Cops. is o vyhn o do h nnn h a on h ound. th
ny has cdd us h loal coons. w on spac, h a and h sa.
You nd a caalys fo fo. Noally, s a pson. You nd a Donn Say.
You nd soon ho has h unqu sklls, no so uch as a vsonay, Donn
Say ll ll you ha h as no a vsonay; ha h as, as an ndvdual
P. K. mALLiCK
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AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc) 68
ho kn ho o ov an nsuon foad. H kn ho o anpula h
lns of chan n od o h os fo h pocss.
Youv o o xpn. expn n nu ncns. expn ov
and ov and ov aan. You h hav a and vn, u nds o chap,
nds o pv, nds o dsud and nds o un y
capans and ajos and ay lunan colonlsno y nals and hads-
of-sa. thas ho chan occus.
w us kll h dacy and dscon. idacy sll oo slo n
ho kll and sll lavly ndscna. w nd o al o kll
soon on h oh sd of h all, ah han doppn a uldn n Fallujah
and nd o do hn sconds and no nus. th A Foc s vy poud
of h fac ha h acon fo clos a suppo has on fo an hou and
5 nus n Koa, don o aou 20 o 25 nus nohas sll oo lon. i
should o nus, no 20 o 25 nus, n hs yp of a.
What happened after 9/11, I would argue, is that it shifted to the other way
no lvn n a old has dvn y rd. Osaa n Ladn dosn ca
aou jon docn. H conols h clock, hs dvn chan, hs adapd vy
quckly and h ally dosn ca aou any of ou sucus, aou ckn
anyhn ha do hasov. So ha dos ha anfo you? wha
ans s h onus fo adapaonfo ncasn h pac of adapaons on
you, no on h. Unl al o do ha, unl al o cas foad and
aay fo h paccal psn and hnk of h hocal fuu, ll
nv al o clos ha ap.
imPeDimentS tO DeFenCe tRanSFORmatiOn in thiRD WORLD
COUntRieS
Several factors currently inhibit defence transformation. The rst comprises
coss and souc consans. tansfoaon dosn co chap, dsp
assons ad aly on y so poponns ha h xploaon of
DeFeNCe trANSFOrmAtiON: AN APPrAiSAL
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169 AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc)
cocal off-h-shlf (COtS) chnolos ould aly duc coss.
rah, vn o ak a sa qus h acquson of any n andxpnsv yps of lay-unqu syss. evn any dual-us COtS
nfoaon and councaons chnolos a no asly adapd
to military use, as they often require substantial modication, such as
udsaon o addonal capals
A h sa , fundn fo ansfoaonal syss us nally
compete with large and expensive legacy programmessuch as ghter
acaf, anks and la ashps, as ll as hu anpo coss usually
associated with sizeable ground forces.Also, h US conoy can only suppos lay fo xpnsv ansfoaon ffos.
th oansaonal and nsuonal culus found n os las
pd ansfoaon. mlas n h thd wold a ofn xly
consvav, sk-avs and hhly uaucac oansaons. Of cous,
la oansaons anyh, canly las and Dfnc mnss, a
ypcally ssan o chan, spcally dsupv chan, snc can han
h saly of noal day-o-day opaons, sandad opan pocdus,
a plans and vn ca pahs. Ad focs a spcally hachcal,
h havly op-don coand-and-conol sucus.
Anoh plcaon of h dcddly consvav nau of onal
dfnc salshns s a chaacsc pfnc fo adonal syss.
Militaries often prize large and conspicuous weapon platformssuch as main
battle tanks, modern ghter aircraft and aircraft
caso han lss vsually skn u
ansfoaonal syss, such as unannd
aal vhcls (UAVs), coand, conol,
councaon, copus, nllnc (C4i)
noks and pcson-udd unons.
In addition, high-ranking military ofcials
have tended to prefer immediate, high-prole
hada acqusons ov lon-
software xes.
P. K. mALLiCK
trsforo dos
co cp, dsp
ssros d rly
o by so propos
xploo
of corcl off-
-slf (COtS)
cologs would
grly rduc coss.
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AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc) 70
many las also lack any adon of jon
opaons and nsad possss son snlSvc culus and sv n-Svc vals.
In such a state of affairs, it is doubly difcult to
noduc das of jonnss, nopaly and
combined-arms operations as basic war-ghting
concps, o o ca coon C4iSr and loscal
suppo syss.
mos dfnc chnoloy and ndusal ass a ll quppd o
conu uch o dfnc ansfoaon. mos onal dfnc sach,dvlopn and ndusal ass lack h dsn sklls, chnolocal
xps, o lnks o advancd cocal chnoloy scos ndd
o dvlop and anufacu ansfoaonal syss. in pacula, h
defence industries do not possess sufciently advanced systems-integration
capals o lnk oh hhly coplx syss of syss such as
C4iSr noks. in addon, havy phass n os of hs couns on
slf-lanc n as poducon ans ha soucs a ofn asd on
duplcan h dvlopn and anufacu of apon syss alady
dly avalal on h loal as ak.
mlas and dfnc nduss hav f son lnkas o nnovav local
nduss, such as h nfoaon chnoloy sco, ln h ponal fo
spn-onha s, fo cocal o lay. mos onal as nduss
a sa ond and nsulad fo oh ak focs and h pva sco.
This demarcation, however, makes it more difcult for the defence sector to
benet from cross-fertilisation with commercial technologies, as well as making
had and lss aacv fo cvlan nduss o pacpa n lay
sach, dvlopn and anufacun.A h sa , local las n
nal an dsusful of cocal off-h-shlf chnolos and pf
l-spcd qupn. Hov, f h taas can anufacu Huv
vhcls fo h US Ay, hy can suly ou quns. th pon s:
ha ll happn o h lphans lk Odnanc Facoy boad (OFb) uns
lk h Vhcl Facoy? th ad focs suff slnly.
DeFeNCe trANSFOrmAtiON: AN APPrAiSAL
my lrs lso
lck y rdoof o opros
d sd possss
srog sgl Srvc
culurs d svr
r-Srvc rvlrs.
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7 AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc)
Fo h las 50 yas, inda has n yn
o s up a dfnc ndusal as, y are not far down the road. In the early 1980s,
a push as vn o h pocss h h
xpcaons ha h 2000+ cycl ll s h
indan ad focs quppd h inda-
made tanks, light ghter aircraft and surface-to-air missiles (SAMs). In 1997,
h ovnn announcd ha a 0-ya plan had n ad o ncas h
ao of xpndu on pocun fo dosc soucs fo 30 pcn
o 70 pcn y 2005. w a noh na achvn .Consqunly, xploaon of dual-us chnolos fo dfnc
ansfoaon s unlkly o occu o any la d. whl naly all
couns s h a pos of advancd cocal chnolos fo
lay uss, paculaly nfoaon chnolos, o spac, f hav
ad acual, dla and concd ffos o na n such spn-on. mos
xploaon of dual-us chnolos n h on has so fa n odula,
ha s, sply pyackn on xsn o n cocal syss
(such as nationwide bre-optic telecommunications networks) rather than
adapn cocal chnolos o lay puposs. ga ok has
n don o pu nfoaon chnoloy (it) and councaon noks
n plac a las up o bad Hadquas lvl. bu ha s h us of
hs nfasucus f don us h o ou advana. wh a h
applcaon sofas fo us? maxu us of hs fanasc councaon
nok n ou ay s o s mS banch posns and pooons. Ou
young ofcers and men are good, smart and technology savvy. It is not
possl o sop h usn nn, cllphons, SmS, al, lon. Y
h dan s ha h o on uss nokd chnoloy, h o s
the security vulnerability. Our ofcers and men will talk to their parents
or wives from battleeld, they will use blogs to exchange their views on
onon opaons h popl all ov h old. wha s ou spons as
an nsuon? As a ypcal hachcal and d oansaon, alays
fall hnd n h ac and a acv n foulan polcs.
P. K. mALLiCK
exploo of dul-
us cologs fordfc rsforo
s ulkly o occur o
y lrg dgr.
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AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc) 72
mos couns n h indan suconnn on,
dsp h s ffos, a unlkly o ansfoh las o h xn ad possl y h
nfoaon voluon and h n voluon
n lay affas, a las no n h na fuu.
th a sply oo any facos o ov yond
odnsaon plus. ths facos paculaly nclud
uday consans; culual, oansaonal and uaucac ssanc;
aknsss n naonal dfnc chnoloy and ndusal ass; and und-
appcaon of h coplxy of adapn cocal dual-us chnoloso lay puposs. Ovall, dfnc ansfoaon ay sply oo
dsupv and oo hann o lay and cvlan ls, oo xpnsv
and chnolocally oo dandn.
inDian SCenaRiOThe Indian Ministry of Defence is one of the largest spenders, employers,
industrial complexes and scientic experts in the world. .Somehow
paradoxically, although the number and rank of the people involved have
also expanded, there has not been really innovative or even signicant
change in the way, that problems are analysed or handled and the concept
of tradition has been used to circumvent the obvious need for change.
Aun Singh, Fe ministe f
S for Dfc
in inda, ansfoaon can ncssy dvn, psonaly dvn,
backed by the government or media driven. After the 1962 debacle, massive
xpanson ook plac, mounan Dvsons salshd. th suls
started showing immediately in the 1965 War, and even more in the 1971
opaons. ths can an xapl of ncssy dvn ansfoaon.
Thereafter, in the 1980s, a major modernisation and reorganisation took
plac und h udanc of gn K. Sundj. th chans ncopoad
n h follon sas:
DeFeNCe trANSFOrmAtiON: AN APPrAiSAL
t dgr s
or ouss workd
cology,
or s scury
vulrbly.
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73 AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc)
(a) Spculo. ths as don h h pulcaon of concp paps, jounal
acls, suds, foaon of oups o sudy lssons of cn as, c.gn K. Sundaj, as coandan, Coll of Coa, nad hs and
himself wrote an inuential series of papers laying out theoretical doctrine
and deployment plans for Indian nuclear weapons in 198081. He had a
and vson of chan.
() expro. esalshn of xpnal oansaons and
testing grounds, eld training exercises to explore new warfare concepts
and war-gaming at eld formations and Category A establishments were
cad ou.(c) iplo. esalshn of n uns, vson of concps,
salshn of n anchs and chans n cuculu of pofssonal
lay ducaonal nsuons cad ou. As a sul of hch
hav h mchansd nfany. La scal odnsaon ook plac n
h Aoud Cops, Ally, enn, Snals and AD Ally. Ay
Aviation came into being. Gen Sundarji had the vision and inuence both
hn h ay and h nsy, and uaucacy and ladshp o
cay ou h chans. H had a copaavly lon nu, and h could
culva h suodna ladshp and follod up h chans.
Hov, h chan pocss as
ochsad uch al. gn K.V. Kshna
rao n hs o (In the Service of the Nation,
Reminiscences, Vkn, 200) has aculad
ho as chaan of h exp Co
h s lk nn solds such as
L gn m L Ch and gn K. Sundj, h
had sad h pocss al and cafully
nuud h poa as dpuy chf
of Ay Saff, vc chf of Ay Saff and
ulaly as chf of Ay Saff. Connuy
as anand. A unch of shap, nlln,
progressive ofcers, not afraid to think out of
P. K. mALLiCK
mos cours
id subco
rgo dsp r bs
ffors, r ulkly
o rsfor r
lrs o x
d possbl by
foro rvoluo
d rgg
rvoluo lry
ffrs, ls o
r fuur.
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AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc) 74
the box, were identied and carefully nurtured under the mentorship of Gen
Sundj o cay foad h chan pocss. Aov all, P mns rajvGandhi rmly backed the effort of major changes in the armed forces. This
as a cas of ansfoaon of h indan Ay, on can au. ths can
an xapl of psonaly dvn ansfoaon. Hov, h os fo
of transformation may be media driven. If in the next ve or six years, we
do no chan, h ll ndous pssu fo h da o chan.
Ou da s y o acqu h knold and vson on dfnc lad
as o dv such a chan. th ouco ay dsasous. Claly,
s unnn ou. bu h a h nllcual lads h vson o dv hnx ansfoaon ffos of h indan ad focs?
Bureaucracy
indas laynhn uaucacy offs addonal as o nnovaon
and chan. th cvlan sd has alays donad cvl-lay laons
n inda. th mnsy of Dfnc and mnsy of Fnanc, coposd laly
of ca uaucas, hav donad pocun and ud dcsons.
th ol of h lay n dnn polcy and pocun has n
dlaly nsd. whou fundanal chans n h indan
defence bureaucracy, any rapid change in the armed forces is difcult to
co houh.
The example of non-nalisation of the Tenth Defence Plan yet can be an
xapl of ho h uaucacy oks. th plan as fo h pod 2002-07.
w a no n 2008! th thd rpo of h Sandn Co on Dfnc
(2004-05) (Founh Lok Saha) psnd o h Lok Saha on Apl 25,
2005, has n scahn n s ccs. i sas:
th Co xpss h sous concn ha dsp h son
recommendation for an immediate nalisation of the Tenth Defence Plan with
committed allocation, there has been little progress, with no rm indication
of annual oulays fo h ann 2 yas of h tnh Dfnc Plan y h
mnsy of Fnanc. th Co no h sous concn ha h mnsy
DeFeNCe trANSFOrmAtiON: AN APPrAiSAL
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75 AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc)
has slf add ha so coposs a nval n h asnc of a
foally appovd plan. ..th Co a no convncd h h skchyasons advancd y h mnsy fo dlays and fl ha h mnsy had
nh shon any uncy no follod up h h mnsy of Fnanc o
the rm commitment of funds to nalise the Plan. th Co a unhappy
o no ha nsad of appoachn h mnsy of Fnanc fo supplnay
allocaon, h mnsy of Dfnc has fl conn o ank on dlays on h
pa of suppls o so slppa akn plac n alady concludd conacs
so ha h mnsy could poss n pojcs ou of avalal allocaon.
ths shos a casual appoach on h pa of h mnsy o pusu fo hh
allocaon h h mnsy of Fnanc and os conay o govnn
solv o lna all dlays n Dfnc modnsaon. th Co fl
ha anaouns o coposn h scuy concns of h naon. th
Committee, therefore, desire that the Government should immediately nalise
the Tenth Plan with rm indications of funds for the remaining years of the
tnh Plan hou any dlay so ha h odnsaon pocss can pocd
soohly.
Budgetary Support
Fo knold s po, ony s al po.th os poan
pa s h avalaly of funds o cay ou ajo ansfoaonal ffos.
Even a country like the USA is nding it tough to carry out modernisation
plans. thy a unal o acqu cosly n apons and qupn as ll
as ncas h snh of h ay o an cops hn any sold ho
has fouh coun-nsuncy opaon ll vouch
fo h qun of o oos on h ound.
th sa pol ould co up f and hn h
Indian Army tries to transform. During the 1980s,
h roansd Ay Plans Dvson (rAPiD)
as cad y ducn a ad fo h dvson
sucu on h assupon ha anpo hus
ducd ould placd y foc ulpls and
P. K. mALLiCK
t os
por pr s
vlbly
of fuds o
crry ou or
rsforol
ffors.
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AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc) 76
surveillance efforts. However, the nancial resources were never allotted for
h chnolocal hhal.th has n a donad nd n h pcna sha of oss dosc
poduc (gDP) spn on dfnc. th thd rpo of h Sandn Co
on Dfnc (2004-05) (Founh Lok Saha) as fohh n san:
th Co a dply concnd o no ha h mnsy of Dfnc as
compelled to surrender funds to the tune of Rs. 5,000 crore, Rs. 9,000 crore and
rs. 5,000 co a h rvsd esas sa of 200-02, 2002-03 and 2003-
04 respectively, to meet the decits. The budgetary ceilings imposed by the
Ministry of Finance in the year 2005-06 have led to the downsizing of the
oal pojcd capal quns of h Dfnc Svcs fo adqualy
rs. 44,23.86 co o rs. 34,375.4 co hch fals o addss h scuy
concns of h naon. th aay caps on ud ulsaon ov a pod
of hav akn a oll of alos all scos of dfnc lk anpo n h
Navy, h onon odnsaon, nfasucu dvlopn, pocun of
qupn/ acqusons, ndnsaon and r&D navs. th acoss h
oad cu appld y h mnsy of Fnanc on dfnc xpndu hou
undertaking any exercise to check the ramications of their decision on defence
ppadnss, calls fo an da v. th Co fl ha h
should no any cu o ducon n h dfnc ud y h mnsy of
Fnanc a any sa. Hov, consdn h psn dfnc xpndu of
so of ou nhous and h psn scuy scnao, h Co fl
that there is a need to x a minimum percentage of our GDP which should be
ad avalal o h dfnc focs a all coss vy ya.
Joint, Combined or Integrated Warfare
evn af fou as and nnual css, hav fald o volv
jon docn and concps. w a n h pocss of san h jouny.
tansfoaon of h lay us asd on a n jon docn
hch follos a op-don and no a oo-up appoach. gn Shanka
roychodhuy (rd) sas, th indan Ay ndvdually as ll as
DeFeNCe trANSFOrmAtiON: AN APPrAiSAL
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77 AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc)
h dfnc focs, us no lon allod o funcon as ndpndn
dsconncd ns, hou h qud n-Svc syny fofulls xploaon of h spcv capals. in so snss,
povson of an naln nvonn of jonanshp and sapn h
on h ndvdual hos and culu of ach Svc ay ll h os
challnn ask, hch should accodd an ovall poy, hh
han any oh ssus.
Future
Poaly s ood ha no ajo ansfoaon ffo s on h anvl n inda.No s h fo a voous, halhy da o ncoua ccaly and
pacpaon a all lvls, odfy h concps and docn kpn n v
h fuu as ll as lssons lan n cn opaons and su-convnonal
afa, po popl, counca o all aou ou vson and
ansfoaon plans, dnfy nllcual lads n h ad focs, cay ou
xpnaons n hoy as ll as n ann xcss, and nsuonals
h chan pocss. tann Coands lk ArtrAC and all h Caoy
A salshns hav a ajo ol o play n vn h nllcual sulus.
w should hav ssv plannn hch ans dcons a vn fo
hhs sac ody o h lo chlons of coand. Ou polcal
ladshp shs aay fo vn n dcons o h Svc chfs.
w us hav a Naonal Scuy Say follod y a Naonal mlay
Strategy, followed by ve-year Defence Plans like the 11th or 12th Plan and
a Lon-t Pspcv Plan. basd on h Jon Vson san ssud
y h CiSC, h spcv Svcs should ssu
h ndvdual Svc Vson sans. w
us hnk aou capaly-asd plannn
n plac of h xsn ha-asd plannn.
No ansfoaon can ak plac hou
acv suppo and ud allon y h
ovnn. th ad focs should o ack o
h ovnn h ou psn capaly and
P. K. mALLiCK
trsforo of
lry us
b bsd o w
o docr wc
follows op-dow
d o boo-up
pproc.
8/9/2019 Def Tfn an Apprisal
28/29
AIR POWER Jounal Vol. 3 No. 4 wiNter 2008 (Oco-Dc) 78
ask h ha hy an us o do. A cla-cu ssa
should vn, f a pacula capaly nds o acqud, aou ha should h uday ffc.
Hopfully, y h all hs ssus a solvd,
vsonay lads, oh n unfo and ousd ll
o cay h ansfoaon foad. Phaps
Capan Alfd thay mahans a nalsaon
ha no lay Svc should o can undak o
fo slf s vald. Chan us dcd fo ousd, h lay n
od o ansfo and achv u jonnss. Phaps, soody hknold, vson and coandn spc hn h sac couny
lk Aun Snh ould h qun.
w hav o kp h Svc culu alays n nd. All h das,
sysac sudy and analyss hav o cad ou no. As Col Doulas
maco, sfyn fo h Hous Ad Svcs Co on July
5, 2004, on Ay tansfoaon: iplcaons fo h Fuu, sas,
whnv an Ay Chf of Saff aks a ponouncn, adlss of
hh h ponouncn s asd on sound analyss and accua daa,
every ofcer knows that in order to be promoted, he or she must sign on
uncondonally fo h pay ln. in hs culual sn, h s no
aun, no da and no xpnaon.
COnCLUSiOn
Let noble thoughts come to us from every side.
rig vea
th US lay ansfoaon s a pojc andad y say, ha,
chnoloy, sk pavs udd and shapd y opaonal oals and
h lay ojcvs of h US dfnc auhos. i s unqu o h USA.
Applcaon of hs odl s no fasl fo any lay, l alon indas.
Hov, US lay ansfoaon povds poan lssons hch
can lan.
DeFeNCe trANSFOrmAtiON: AN APPrAiSAL
Cg us b
drcd froousd
lry ordr
o rsfor
d cv ru
oss.
8/9/2019 Def Tfn an Apprisal
29/29
Achvn ansfoaon s y no ans can. Fs, h pocss s
coplx caus affcs any dffn and fundanal aspcs of hjoint war-ghting system. Second, change is always resisted in favour of the
saus quo. thd, ansfoaon cops fo oh anon and soucs
h oh poan, da dands on h nsy, noaly coun-
os, coun-nsuncy opaons and nnal scuy. Fouh,
h s an ncasn dand on soucs fo cun opaons vs-a-
vs nvsns n h fuu. Fnally, ansfoaon s a jouny, no a
dsnaon. Dcson-akn ll nd o alod o hs aly, .., o
phass on h anan of chan vsus adonal anan ofajo n poas.
Of cous, s asy o ccs. Chan,
spcally adcal chan, nhn n h rmA, s
alays had and s huan nau o suspcous
of, and hosl oad, h unknon. i should
no supsn o s so uch oansaonal,
nsuonal and culual ssanc o h da of
ansfoaon. moov, ansfoaon as a
concp suffs fo h fac ha s ascally an
opn-ndd, connuous pocss snc h ll
alays as n chnolocal nnovaons ha
can affc h chaac and conduc of afa
and, hfo, lay docn and oansaon. whn dos a lay dcd
that it has nally and successfully transformed itself?
A h sa , hov, ansfoaon alon h lns of h US odl
ay no ncssay o h jo don. A odnsaon plus say ha
is evolutionary and sustaining innovation alone may be sufcient to meet our
dfnc quns, paculaly h spc o h sac conx (ha s,
h da ha pcpons and dfnc quns) and h avalal
soucs. w do no nd o ula h Acan ansfoaon paad n
order to derive valuable new capabilities and other benets from their current
odnsaon ffos. A paal soluon could o han adqua.
P. K. mALLiCK
t US lry
rsforo s
proc dd
by srgy, r,
cology, rsk
prvs gudd d
spd by oprolgols d lry
obcvs of US
dfs uors.