JAEA-Data/Code
2015-028
DOI:10.11484/jaea-data-code-2015-028
日本原子力研究開発機構
March 2016
Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Yukio TACHI and Tadahiro SUYAMA
Development of JAEA Sorption Database ( JAEA-SDB) :
Update of Sorption/QA Data in FY2015
Radioactive Waste Processing and Disposal Research DepartmentNuclear Backend Technology Center
Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering LaboratoriesSector of Decommissioning and Radioactive Waste Management
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This report is issued irregularly by Japan Atomic Energy Agency.Inquiries about availability and/or copyright of this report should be addressed toInstitutional Repository Section,Intellectual Resources Management and R&D Collaboration Department,Japan Atomic Energy Agency.2-4 Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken 319-1195 JapanTel +81-29-282-6387, Fax +81-29-282-5920, E-mail:[email protected]
© Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2016
国立研究開発法人日本原子力研究開発機構 研究連携成果展開部 研究成果管理課
〒319-1195 茨城県那珂郡東海村大字白方 2 番地4電話 029-282-6387, Fax 029-282-5920, E-mail:[email protected]
JAEA-Data/Code 2015-028
Development of JAEA Sorption Database (JAEA-SDB) :
Update of Sorption/QA Data in FY2015
Yukio TACHI and Tadahiro SUYAMA※
Radioactive Waste Processing and Disposal Research Department, Nuclear Backend Technology Center, Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Laboratories,
Sector of Decommissioning and Radioactive Waste Management Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken
(Received December 18, 2015)
Sorption and diffusion of radionuclides in buffer materials (bentonite) and rocks are the key processes
in the safe geological disposal of radioactive waste, because migration of radionuclides in these barrier materials is expected to be diffusion-controlled and retarded by sorption processes. It is therefore necessary to understand the sorption and diffusion processes and develop databases compiling reliable data and mechanistic/predictive models, so that reliable parameters can be set under a variety of geochemical conditions relevant to performance assessment (PA).
For this purpose, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) has developed databases of sorption and diffusion parameters in bentonites and rocks. These sorption and diffusion databases (SDB/DDB) were firstly developed as an important basis for the H12 PA of high-level radioactive waste disposal, and have been provided through the Web. JAEA has been continuing to improve and update the SDB/DDB in view of potential future data needs, focusing on assuring the desired quality level and testing the usefulness of the databases for possible applications to PA-related parameter setting.
The present report focuses on improving and updating of the sorption database (JAEA-SDB) as basis of integrated approach for PA-related Kd setting and mechanistic sorption model development. This includes an overview of database structure, contents and functions including additional data evaluation function focusing on statistical data evaluation and grouping of data related to potential perturbations. Kd data and their QA results are updated by focusing our recent activities on the Kd setting and mechanistic model development. As a result, 11,206 Kd data from 83 references were added, total number of Kd values in the JAEA-SDB reached about 58,000. The QA/classified Kd data reached about 60% for all Kd data in JAEA-SDB. The updated JAEA-SDB is expected to make it possible to obtain quick overview of the available data, and to have suitable access to the respective data for PA-related Kd setting in effective, traceable and transparent manner.
Keywords: Database, Sorption, Kd, Bentonite, Rock, Parameter Setting, Geological Disposal ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― ※ Collaborating Engineer
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JAEA-Data/Code 2015-028
JAEA 収着データベース(JAEA-SDB)の開発:
2015 年度における収着データ/信頼度情報の拡充
日本原子力研究開発機構
バックエンド研究開発部門 核燃料サイクル工学研究所 環境技術開発センター
基盤技術研究開発部
舘 幸男,陶山 忠宏※
(2015 年 12 月 18 日受理)
放射性廃棄物地層処分の性能評価において,放射性核種の緩衝材(ベントナイト)及び岩石
中での収着・拡散現象は,その移行遅延を支配する重要な現象である。これら収着・拡散現象
の理解,信頼性の高い収着・拡散データを集約したデータベース,並びに現象論的モデル/評価手法の開発が,性能評価において,様々な地球化学条件を考慮して信頼性の高い核種移行パラ
メータ設定を行う上で重要となる。 この目的のために,日本原子力研究開発機構では,ベントナイト及び岩石を対象として,収
着・拡散パラメータに関するデータベース開発を進めている。これら収着・拡散データベース
(SDB/DDB)は,第 2 次取りまとめを契機として最初のデータベースを整備し,ホームページでの公開を進めてきた。さらに,今後の性能評価におけるニーズへの対応を念頭に,データベ
ースに含まれるデータの信頼度評価,実際の地質環境に対するパラメータ設定におけるデータ
ベース適用等に着目して,データベースの改良・更新を継続的に実施してきた。 本報告は,性能評価における Kd 設定のための統合的手法の構築の基礎として,収着データベ
ース(JAEA-SDB)の改良と更新の現状について報告する。はじめに JAEA-SDB の開発の現状として,データベースの構造と内容,今回拡充した統計評価や擾乱影響に関するデータの分類
を含む機能等の概要をまとめる。Kd データと信頼度情報の更新については,Kd 設定や現象論モデル開発との関連に着目して実施した。今回の更新において,83 の文献から 11,206 件の Kdデータとその信頼度情報が追加され,JAEA-SDB に含まれる Kd データは約 58,000 件となり,全データのうちの約 60%のデータに対して信頼度情報が付与されたこととなる。今回更新されたJAEA-SDB によって,収着データベースから利用可能な関連データ群の速やかな抽出,Kd 設定の際に参照すべきデータの適切な選定が,一層の効率性,追跡性,透明性をもって可能となる
と考えられる。
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― 核燃料サイクル工学研究所 : 〒319-1194 茨城県那珂郡東海村村松 4-33 ※ 技術開発協力員
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Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Overview of JAEA-SDB and additional data evaluation functions ........................................................ 3
2.1 System, functions and contents of JAEA-SDB .......................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Overview and status of JAEA-SDB ............................................................................ 3 2.1.2 Main data table and contents of JAEA-SDB ................................................................. 4 2.1.3 Scheme and Criteria for QA/classification of Kd in JAEA-SDB ................................... 5
2.2 Additional functions for data evaluation .................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Function of statistical data evaluation ........................................................................ 7 2.2.2 Function of grouping for Kd data related to the potential perturbations ........................ 9
3. Updating of sorption data and its QA classification .............................................................................. 10 3.1 Selection of sorption data to be included in JAEA-SDB ............................................................. 10 3.2 QA evaluation on Criteria-I and -II.............................................................................................. 22 3.3 QA evaluation on Criteria III ....................................................................................................... 41
3.3.1 Evaluation of data for trivalent of actinide and lanthanide .......................................... 41 3.3.2 Evaluation of data for radium and strontium ............................................................... 42 3.3.3 Evaluation of data for selenium ................................................................................... 42 3.3.4 Evaluation of data for technetium................................................................................ 43 3.3.5 Evaluation of data for tetravalent of actinide............................................................... 44
4. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................... 45 Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................... 45 References ................................................................................................................................................. 46 Appendix : QA/classification guideline for JAEA-SDB ........................................................................... 49
JAEA-Data/Code 2015-028
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目 次
1. はじめに ................................................................................................................................................. 1
2. 拡充された機能を含む JAEA-SDB の概要と性能評価への適用 .................................................... 3 2.1 JAEA-SDB のシステム,機能,内容 ........................................................................................ 3 2.1.1 JAEA-SDB の概要と現状 ............................................................................................ 3 2.1.2 JAEA-SDB のメインデータテーブルと内容 ............................................................ 4 2.1.3 JAEA-SDB の Kd の信頼度評価と分類の方法と基準 .............................................. 5 2.2 データ評価のための追加機能 ................................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 統計的データ評価の機能 ............................................................................................ 7 2.2.2 潜在的擾乱影響に関する Kd データの分類の機能 .................................................. 9
3. 収着データとその信頼度情報の更新 ............................................................................................... 10 3.1 JAEA-SDB に追加する収着データの選定 .............................................................................. 10 3.2 基準 I と II に関する信頼度評価 ............................................................................................. 22 3.3 基準 III に関する信頼度評価 ................................................................................................... 41 3.3.1 3 価のアクチニドおよびランタニドの評価 ........................................................... 41 3.3.2 ラジウムおよびストロンチウムの評価 .................................................................. 42 3.3.3 セレンの評価 .............................................................................................................. 42 3.3.4 テクネチウムの評価 .................................................................................................. 43 3.3.5 4 価のアクチニドの評価 ........................................................................................... 44
4. 結論 ....................................................................................................................................................... 45
謝辞 ........................................................................................................................................................... 45
参考文献 ................................................................................................................................................... 46
付録 : JAEA-SDB の信頼度評価ガイドライン .................................................................................... 49
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Figure Contents Figure 1.1 Integrated approach for sorption/diffusion parameter setting for PA ........................................ 2 Figure 2.1 Additional functions of statistical data evaluation ................................................................... 8 Figure 2.2 Additional functions of grouping for Kd data related to the potential perturbations ................. 9 Figure 3.3-1 Overview of sorption data for trivalent of actinide and lanthanide on granitic rocks .......... 41 Figure 3.3-2 Overview of sorption data for radium and strontium on granitic rocks................................ 42 Figure 3.3-3 Overview of sorption data for selenium on granitic rocks ................................................... 43 Figure 3.3-4 Overview of sorption data for technetium on granitic rocks ................................................ 43 Figure 3.3-5 Overview of sorption data for tetravalent of actinide on granitic rocks ............................... 44
Table Contents Table 2.1 Summary of contents, functions, and systems of JAEA-SDB system and content ..................... 3 Table 2.2 Main data table of JAEA-SDB .................................................................................................... 4 Table 2.3 Reliability information table of Sorption Database (JAEA-SDB) .............................................. 6 Table 3.1 Overview of 83 references selected for updating the JAEA-SDB ............................................ 11 Table 3.2 Overview of references additionally evaluated the QA............................................................. 29
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1. Introduction
Sorption and diffusion of radionuclides in buffer materials (bentonite) and host rocks (rock matrix) are the key processes in the safe geological disposal of radioactive waste, because migration of radionuclides in these barrier materials is expected to be diffusion-controlled and retarded by sorption processes. Sorption and diffusion of radionuclides on these barrier materials depends critically on relevant geochemical conditions, especially Kd values are highly conditional parameters1),2). It is therefore necessary to understand the detailed/coupled processes of diffusion and sorption in compacted bentonite/intact rock, and to develop the database containing extensive compilation of sorption Kd data and the mechanistic/predictive model/database, so that reliable parameters can be set under a variety of geochemical conditions relevant to performance assessment (PA).
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) has developed the sorption database (SDB), which were firstly developed as an important basis for the H12 performance assessment3),4). JAEA has been and is continuing to improve and update the SDB in view of potential future data needs, focusing on;
1) updating of sorption data5)-8)
2) assuring the desired quality level for SDB7),9)-12)
3) testing and applying of the SDB to parameter-setting13)-17).
The web-based sorption database system (JAEA-SDB) has been developed to utilize quality assuring procedure and to allow effective application for parameter setting18)( www//migrationdb.jaea.go.jp).
JAEA has developed the integrated approaches for site-specific Kd setting for PA calculations, as shown in Figure 1.1, can be made available by three different approaches;
1) experimental data acquisition for specific/reference conditions
2) extraction and conversion from existing sorption and diffusion data through SDB/DDB
3) prediction by mechanistic sorption and diffusion model
Because of the conditional nature of sorption data, Kd values to be used in PA calculations need to correspond to the specific conditions that characterize the respective PA-setting. In addition, geochemical variability or uncertainty, and their effect on Kd, usually have to be considered for reference and alternative scenarios in PA, as discussed in NEA1). Since it is not feasible to measure Kd values for all PA conditions, the use of existing sorption data obtained under generic experimental conditions and transferring such data to a range of PA-specific conditions is therefore a key challenge. The sorption database (SDB), containing large amount of sorption data for approximated, simplified, or generic systems, are used to Kd setting for PA conditions by taking into account any differences in substrate and geochemical conditions. This transfer can be done through expert judgment and semi-quantitative way, by considering difference in e.g. surface sites, speciations, competitive reactions, etc.1),13),14),17),19),20). The thermodynamic sorption model (TSM) makes it possible to estimate Kd variations directly, based on mechanistic understanding, as shown in NEA1). JAEA has developed the integrated sorption/diffusion (ISD) database in combination with thermodynamic sorption and diffusion model, and tested to explain the sorption and diffusion behavior of various radionuclides with a complex chemistry in compacted bentonites21)-23). JAEA has also tested these Kd setting approach for the derivation of Kd values and their uncertainties for rock matrix such as Horonobe
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JAEA-Data/Code 2015-028
mudstones and generic granites13)-17).
Figure 1.1 Integrated approach for sorption/diffusion parameter setting for PA
The present report focuses on updating of the sorption database (JAEA-SDB) as basis of integrated Kd setting approach shown in Figure 1.1. This includes an overview of basic functions and structures of the web-based JAEA-SDB, including updated functions to effective data evaluation (Chapter 2), updating of Kd data and QA classification, related to Kd-setting and TSM development (Chapter 3).
Geochemical conditions Repository concepts/designs
Uncertainty factors
Kd/De dataset for PA(including estimation of the associated uncertainties)
Mechanistic ModelExperimental DataAcquisition
Implementorand regulator
needs
Stepwise disposal program
- Compilation of Measured Kd/De
- QA/classification- Conversion method
by scaling factor
- Standard experimental method
- In-situ and intact system
Sorption/DiffusionDatabase
- Thermodynamic sorption model and database
- Spectroscopic evidences (EXAFS etc.)
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JAEA-Data/Code 2015-028
2. Overview of JAEA-SDB and additional data evaluation functions
2.1 System, functions and contents of JAEA-SDB
2.1.1 Overview and status of JAEA-SDB
The JAEA-SDB is a compilation of original Kd data for key radionuclides sorption on bentonite buffer, various rocks, cementitious materials and soils related to the radioactive waste disposal, determined by batch sorption experiments, including Kd values and associated experimental information. It is implemented in database software that allows quick searching/plotting of data as a function of selected key parameters. The contents, functions and systems are briefly summarized in Table 2.1. As pointed out in NEA sorption database project1), the sorption database cannot be used blindly in PA-related Kd setting, without understanding and checking carefully the experimental details, because SDB includes a great variety of Kd obtained under various conditions and with different reliability levels. The JAEA-SDB has been therefore developed by focusing the following points, so that reliable and respective data relevant to PA conditions can be extracted from SDB in effective way;
1) detailed experimental conditions to understand and check the method and conditions (see 2.1.2) 2) QA/classification scheme to check the reliability (see 2.1.3) 3) database functions to focusing on multi-parametric and statistical evaluation of Kd (see 2.2.1)
Table 2.1 Summary of contents, functions, and systems of JAEA-SDB system and content
Contents/functions Brief description for status Number of Kd values / references
Kd ; 57,875 (11,206 was added in this update*) Reference ; 699 (83 references were added in this update*)
Elements 78 elements; 1st group (related to HLW disposal); Ac, Am, Bi, Cm, Cs, Nb, Ni, Np, Pa, Pb,
Pd, Po, Pu, Ra, Sb, Se, Sm, Sn, Tc, Th, U, Zr 2nd group; Ag, Ba, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Eu, Fe, I, Mn, Mo, Na, Nd, Ru, Sr, Zn Minor group; 40 elements
Solid phase Bentonite (clay minerals); Rocks – 5 group; Basaltic rock, Granitic rock, Mudstone, Sandstone, Tuff; Other minerals (Fe, Al-oxides/hydroxide, calcite, etc.); Cementitious materials (cement / concrete); Soils; Having special influence (grout, organic substance etc.)*
Search parameters Element, Solid phase group Detailed – solid phase, water type, pH, Eh, ionic strength, Temperature,
solid/liquid ratio, contact time, initial concentration, separation method, atmosphere/redox condition
Graphing/data evaluation
Kd plot as a function of ; pH, Eh, ionic strength, temperature, solid/liquid ratio, contact time, initial concentration;
Grouping function to evaluate multi-parameter dependence; Statistical data evaluation*; Grouping of Kd data related to perturbations*
QA/classification QA information evaluated by QA guideline, and related evidences 34,421 Kd (about 60% of total Kd) for key RNs on Bentonite*, Mudstone, Granitic rock*, Tuff have been evaluated
Database systems - Web application based database (since 2009) - Microsoft AccessⓇ database (since 2003 / stand-alone / limited functions)
*; Contents and functions updated in this report.
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2.1.2 Main data table and contents of JAEA-SDB
Main data table of JAEA-SDB contains Kd values and a large number of additional key information describing the experimental conditions and procedures pertinent to each Kd value associated, such as solid phase properties, solution composition and pH, radionuclide redox state and initial concentration, solid/liquid ratio, and reference information, etc., as shown in Table 2.2. The hierarchical structure comprising of primary and detailed information is used to allow effective database operations.
Table 2.2 Main data table of JAEA-SDB (1/2)
Category Parameters and notes recorded Unit Remarks No. Save No. - Number for managing data record
elements Element - chemical symbol (basic search condition) Redox - valence of
Solid phase
Solid Phase Group - Solid phase group (basic search condition)
Solid Phase - Name of solid phase as rocks, clay minerals, minerals, etc.
Detailed Info.
Specific Surface Area m2/g CEC meq/100g Cation Exchange Capacity Chemical/mineral composition mm as PDF file
Note - Particle size, Source, Name, conditions and methods for sample preparation, etc.
Liquid / Solid ratio
Liquid/Solid mL/g Liquid to Solid ratio Detailed Info.
Liquid mL Amount of liquid phase Solid g Amount of solid phase
Liquid phase
water type - Type and name of solution/groundwater
Detailed Info.
Ca ppm Final or initial composition (concentration) Na ppm K ppm Mg ppm Cl ppm HCO3 ppm HCO3- + CO32- SO4 ppm F ppm SiO2 ppm Fe ppm NO3 ppm ClO4 ppm Ionic strength mol/L Calculated from each ion concentration Doc ppm Concentration of dissolved organic carbon
note - Details of type, name and preparation methods for test solution pH init - Initial pH pH end - Final pH Eh init mV Initial Eh Eh end mV Final Eh
Experimental condition
atm./redox condition - Atmosphere, Reducing agent, etc. C init mol/L Initial concentration of nuclide temp degC
Contact time day Separation - Solid-liquid separation method
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Table 2.2 Main data table of JAEA-SDB (2/2)
Category Parameters and notes recorded Unit Remarks
Distribution coefficient
Kd m3/kg Distribution coefficient
Detailed Info.
error m3/kg Error
type of information - type of Kd value reported, such as table, graph plot, etc. replicates, n - Replicate numbers of experiments
Literature
Reference - Reference as source of data
Detailed Info.
Author - Year - Title - Journal - Publisher - Vol - No - Page -
Note - Additional information on related reference such as detailed report
Others additional Information - Additional explanation related to measurement of distribution coefficient
2.1.3 Scheme and Criteria for QA/classification of Kd in JAEA-SDB
As described in 2.1.1, it is important to assess the reliability of a wide variety of Kd data in SDB for PA-related Kd setting. The reliability of Kd values in the JAEA-SDB has been assessed using the following three main criteria;
Criteria I) Completeness of documentation and type of Kd information: - the documentation of each entry is detailed enough to allow further examination in the Criteria II. - the reliability of Kd data input ; available in table format in comparison to graph format.
Criteria II) Quality of reported data: - the appropriateness of the experimental conditions and procedures to produce reliable Kd data from a
technical and scientific point of view. Criteria III) Consistency of data:
- the examination of the level of internal consistency in SDB by comparing other Kd values in similar systems.
The QA/classification guideline describing details of each Criteria and overall classification scheme is shown in Appendix9), and is briefly summarized in Table 2.3.
According to the guideline, Criteria I and key checkpoints II-b, II-c, II-d, II-h in Criteria II were evaluated first. Classification and final numerical rating were only completed when an entry was evaluated as reliable based on these checkpoints. Otherwise, entries were labeled "unreliable" and were excluded from further evaluation. The three Criteria I-III are evaluated separately, the all results can be referred in JAEA-SDB7). The JAEA-SDB uses the QA level (class I-VI), classified according to the total sum of points obtained for Criteria II, and the result of “unreliable” evaluation in Criteria I and II, as main reliability information. All results and evidences of Criteria I and II are also recorded in tabular form, can be referred as PDF format in JAEA-SDB to keep the traceability. The results pertaining to Criteria III are discussed subsequently and are illustrated in the form of plots of Kd vs. a relevant master variable (typically pH), can be referred as PDF format in JAEA-SDB.
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Table 2.3 Reliability information table of Sorption Database (JAEA-SDB)
QA-Criteria / checkpoints Brief description
SDB parameters related Rating
Criteria I) Completeness of documentation and type of Kd information:
I-a.1 Completeness of information Completeness of key parameter fields as screening for further classification
Key parameters as marked * below Yes/No
I-a.2 Information of units Completeness of units for Kd data etc. Kd, same as above Yes/No
I-b Type of Kd information Classification of level depending on Table/Figure, Kd/%-sorbed, linear/log
type of information class 1-6
Criteria II) Quality of reported data: Rating Weighting factor
II-a Solid phase Sufficient characterization of solid phase ; major minerals, impurities, surface characteristic
solid phase, specific surface area, CEC
A, B, C/D ×2
II-b* Adjustment and control of pH* Appropriate control of pH by acid-base and pH buffers pH init, pH end A, B, C, D ×8
II-c* Redox conditions* Appropriate control of redox condition, reducing agent
atm./redox condition, redox A/B, C/D ×8
II-d* Final solution composition* composition from direct measurements of thermodynamic calculations
solution composition A/B, C/D ×8
II-e Temperature Control to keep constant temperature Temperature A/B, C/D ×1
II-f Liquid/Solid ratio and particle size
Surface area of solid phase, weight of solid phase to avoid influence by vessel walls
solution/solid, specific surface area
A/B, C/D ×2
II-g Sorption value Appropriate experimental design to avoid sorption values near 0 % and 100 %
Kd, solution/solid A, B, C/D ×2
II-h* Initial RN concentration*
Confirmation of initial concentration setting less than solubility limit. (Calculation and experimental result under similar condition is applied)
C init, Solution Composition, pH A, B, C/D ×8
II-i* Phase separation* Appropriate phase separation method Separation A, B, C/D ×8
II-j* Reaction time* Confirmation for equilibrium by kinetic experiments, reasonably long reaction time
contact time A/B, C/D ×2
II-k Agitation method Appropriate agitation method - A/B, C/D ×1
II-l RN loading Appropriate RN loading to keep linear sorption, isotherm measurement
solution/solid, C init, A, B, C/D ×2
II-m Reaction vessels Appropriate material for vessels, correction by blank tests, etc. - A, B, C/D ×1
II-n Uncertainty estimates Uncertainties based repeated experiments, error propagation error, replicates (n) A, B, C, D ×2
II-o Parameter variation Systematic variations of key parameters
C init, pH init, pH end, solution/solid A, B, C, D ×8
Criteria III) Consistency of data:
III
Evaluation of Kd reliability from the perspective of consistency among data* When there is clear mismatching with Kd of another similar experimental condition and the reason is not explained, the case is classified as unreliable.
Kd reliable, unreliable
*; indicates critical checkpoints with minimum requirements related with the judgment to be ‘unreliable’.
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2.2 Additional functions for data evaluation
The main objective of JAEA-SDB is to search of Kd data for related systems and to investigate Kd trends by plotting as a function of selected key parameters. These functions can be implemented in database software that allows quick searching/plotting of data as a wide variety of function of key parameters. Main functions and operating steps are i) searching, ii) viewing datasheet, iii) graph plotting, and iv) data download as shown in details in the previous report7). In addition to data evaluating functions developed until the previous update7), two functions were added;
i) Function of statistical data evaluation to support PA-related Kd and uncertainty setting
ii) Function of grouping for Kd data related to the potential perturbations.
2.2.1 Function of statistical data evaluation
A typical challenge is the relatively limited amount of site-specific data can be made available, due to experimental constraint and complexity of conditions. The sorption database (SDB), containing large amount of sorption data for approximated, simplified, or generic systems, are therefore expected to play a central role in PA-related Kd setting.
The JAEA-SDB has been applied and tested for PA-related Kd setting by using the data evaluation functions including QA/classification and multi-parameter dependence, etc (as shown in the previous report7)). Kd data are conditional parameter, depending on various conditions such as pH, ionic strength, initial concentration of radionuclides, etc. Kd data in JAEA-SDB can be searched by ‘elements’, ‘solid phase group’ and key parameters such as pH/Eh, ionic strength and initial concentration of radionuclides, solid/liquid ratio, and then can be extracted based on QA/classification results according to Criteria I-III. Kd plotting as a function of geochemical condition such as pH usually shows a wide variation in Kd values as a result of various parameter dependence. PA-related Kd setting needs to access to the respective Kd data correspond to the specific PA conditions from a wide variety of Kd in the SDB. The data evaluation function focusing on multi-parameter dependence makes it possible to extract such dataset by investigating multi-parameter dependence between various key parameters7). The Kd distribution can be finally confirmed as histogram graph, and the Kd values and their uncertainty range need to be set for the performance assessment.
In the derivation of the Kd values and their uncertainty range, it is important to select appropriate statistical treatments by considering Kd distributions. For this purpose, functions of statistical data evaluation were additionally introduced to JAEA-SDB. Two types of representative treatments for Kd setting were selected and introduced based on previous PA-related parameter setting and related discussions for uncertainty treatment24)-26): i) median values and 95/5 percentiles, ii) log mean values and standard deviations. As shown in Figure 2.1, these statistical treatments can support the setting of the Kd values and their uncertainty range.
- 7 -
JAEA-Data/Code 2015-028
Figure 2.1 Additional functions of statistical data evaluation
Kd(m3/kg)
- 8 -
JAEA-Data/Code 2015-028
2.2.2 Function of grouping for Kd data related to the potential perturbations
Kd data are conditional parameter, depending on various conditions such as pH, ionic strength, initial concentration of radionuclides, etc. Kd plotting as a function of pH usually shows a wide variation in Kd values as a result of various parameter dependence. PA-related Kd setting needs to access to the respective Kd data correspond to the specific PA conditions from a wide variety of Kd in the SDB. For this purpose, data evaluation function focusing on multi-parameter dependence has been introduced in the JAEA-SDB7). This function makes it possible to investigate multi-parameter dependence between various key parameters.
In addition to the analysis of Kd variations corresponding to geochemical conditions, the effect of coexisting competitive ligands must be considered in developing and using the sorption database. Natural and synthetic organics can cause significant effects on sorption of radionuclides. Natural groundwaters typically contain dissolved organic substances such as humic and fulvic acids. As synthetic organic and inorganic ligands27), low-molecular-weight organics (e.g., EDTA) resulted in degradation of organic materials, and isosaccharinic acid resulted in degradation of cellulose, as well as concrete admixtures (e.g., water reducers and superplasticizers)28) are taken into account as potential perturbations. Possible impacts of these perturbations on radionuclides sorption have been considered and quantified as reduction factors29). For this purpose, the function for grouping the Kd data related to the potential perturbations as shown in Figure 2.2.
Figure 2.2 Additional functions of grouping for Kd data related to the potential perturbations
Added FA or HA
- 9 -
JAEA-Data/Code 2015-028
3. Updating of sorption data and its QA classification
3.1 Selection of sorption data to be included in JAEA-SDB
As above mentioned, the sorption database plays important roles in PA-related Kd setting and mechanistic sorption model development. In this update, the references are therefore selected in relation to our recent activities on the mechanistic model/database development22),23) and PA-related Kd setting14)-17). Primary systems focused in this updating are key radionuclides in i) montmorillonite/bentonite, ii) other clay minerals in relation to modeling and Kd setting for argillaceous and granitic rocks, and iii) new data for various barrier materials such as cement from the published literature. Selected 83 references are listed as following, and their systems are summarized in Table 3.1.
- 10 -
JAEA-Data/Code 2015-028
Tabl
e 3.
1 O
verv
iew
of 8
3 re
fere
nces
sel
ecte
d fo
r upd
atin
g th
e JA
EA-S
DB
(1/1
1)
No.
R
efer
ence
D
etai
ls o
f ref
eren
ce
Elem
ent
Solid
Pha
se
Solu
tion
Type
1)
A
dele
ye e
t al.(
1994
) A
dele
ye, S
. A. ,
Cla
y, P
. G. a
nd O
ladi
po, M
. O. A
. : S
orpt
ion
of
cesi
um, s
tront
ium
and
eur
opiu
m io
ns o
n cl
ay m
iner
als,
Jour
nal o
f M
ater
ials
Sci
ence
, vol
.29,
pp.
954-
958
(199
4).
Cs,
Eu, S
r N
a-m
ontm
orill
onite
, kao
linite
, N
a-ka
olin
ite,
Ca-
mon
tmor
illon
ite,
Ca-
kaol
inite
dist
illed
wat
er
2)
Aky
il et
al.(
1998
) A
kyil,
S. ,
Asl
ani,
M. A
. A. a
nd A
ytas
, S. :
Dis
tribu
tion
of u
rani
um
on z
eolit
e X
and
inve
stig
atio
n of
ther
mod
ynam
ic p
aram
eter
s for
th
is s
yste
m, J
ourn
al o
f Allo
ys a
nd C
ompo
unds
, vol
.271
/273
, pp
.769
-776
(199
8).
U
zeol
ite
U so
lutio
n
3)
And
erss
on e
t al
.(200
8)
And
erss
on, M
. , E
rvan
ne, H
. , G
laus
, M. A
. , H
olge
rsso
n, S
. ,
Kar
ttune
n, P
. , L
aine
, H. ,
Lot
henb
ach,
B. ,
Pui
gdom
enec
h, I.
, Sc
hwyn
, B. ,
Sne
llman
, M. ,
Ued
a, H
. , V
uorio
, M. ,
Wie
land
, E.
and
Yam
amot
o, T
. : D
evel
opm
ent o
f Met
hodo
logy
for E
valu
atio
n of
Lo
ng-te
rm S
afel
y A
spec
ts o
f Org
anic
Cem
ent P
aste
Com
pone
nts,
POSI
VA W
orki
ng R
epor
t, 20
08-2
8 (2
008)
.
Eu, N
i, Th
gr
anite
, gra
nite
_inc
l.SP,
cem
ent
past
e_in
cl.S
P ar
tific
ial c
emen
t pas
te
pore
w
ater
, gro
ut
leac
hing
Olk
iluot
o Sa
line
Wat
er, O
lkilu
oto
Salin
e W
ater
, gro
ut
leac
hing
wat
er
4)
Atu
n an
d B
odur
(200
2)
Atu
n, G
. and
Bod
ur, N
. : R
eten
tion
of C
s on
zeol
ite, b
ento
nite
and
th
eir m
ixtu
res,
Jour
nal o
f Rad
ioan
alyt
ical
and
Nuc
lear
Che
mis
try,
vol.2
53, N
o.2,
pp.
275-
279
(200
2).
Cs
bent
onite
, zeo
lite
0.00
05M
, 0.0
05M
, 0.
05M
, 0.5
M, 1
M N
aCl
5)
Bor
tun
et a
l.(19
98)
Bor
tun,
A. I
. , B
ortu
n, L
. N. ,
Kha
inak
ov, S
. A. a
nd C
lear
field
, A. :
Io
n ex
chan
ge p
rope
rties
of t
he so
dium
phl
ogop
ite a
nd b
iotit
e,
Solv
ent E
xtra
ctio
n an
d Io
n Ex
chan
ge, v
ol.1
6, N
o.4,
pp.
1067
-109
0 (1
998)
.
Ba,
Ca,
C
d, C
o,
Cs,
Cu,
H
g, K
, Li,
Mg,
Pb,
R
b, S
r, Zn
Na-
biot
ite, N
a-ph
logo
pite
0.
0005
M-1
M N
aNO
3, 0.
01M
-1M
CaC
l 2,
0.01
M-0
.5M
HN
O3,
1-3M
NaO
H, B
aCl 2,
C
aCl 2,
CdC
l 2, C
oCl 2,
C
sCl,
CuC
l 2, H
gCl 2,
K
Cl,
LiC
l, M
gCl 2,
Pb
Cl 2,
RbC
l, Sr
Cl 2,
Zn
Cl 2,
gro
undw
ater
, 1M
NaN
O3+
(0
.001
M-1
M)N
aOH
6)
B
radb
ury
and
Bae
yens
(200
6)
Bra
dbur
y, M
. H. a
nd B
aeye
ns, B
. : M
odel
ling
sorp
tion
data
for t
he
actin
ides
Am
(III
), N
p(V
) and
Pa(
V) o
n m
ontm
orill
onite
, R
adio
chim
ica A
cta,
vol
.94,
pp.
619-
625
(200
6).
Am
, Eu,
N
p, P
a C
a-m
ontm
orill
onite
, N
a-m
ontm
orill
onite
0.
01M
, 0.1
M N
aClO
4, 0.
066M
CaC
l 2
- 11 -
JAEA-Data/Code 2015-028
Tabl
e 3.
1 O
verv
iew
of 8
3 re
fere
nces
sel
ecte
d fo
r upd
atin
g th
e JA
EA-S
DB
(2/1
1)
No.
R
efer
ence
D
etai
ls o
f ref
eren
ce
Elem
ent
Solid
Pha
se
Solu
tion
Type
7)
B
radb
ury
and
Bae
yens
(201
1)
Bra
dbur
y, M
. H. a
nd B
aeye
ns, B
. : P
hysi
co-C
hem
ical
C
hara
cter
isat
ion
Dat
a an
d So
rptio
n M
easu
rem
ents
of C
s, N
i, Eu
, Th
, U, C
l, I a
nd S
e on
MX
-80
Ben
toni
te, P
SI R
epor
t, PS
I Ber
icht
N
r. 11
-05
(201
1).
Cs,
Eu, I
, N
i, Se
, Th,
U
MX
-80
Pore
wat
er
8)
Che
n an
d D
ong(
2013
) C
hen,
L. a
nd D
ong,
Y. :
Sor
ptio
n of
63N
i(II)
to m
ontm
orill
onite
as a
fu
nctio
n of
pH
, ion
ic st
reng
th, f
orei
gn io
ns a
nd h
umic
subs
tanc
es,
Jour
nal o
f Rad
ioan
alyt
ical
and
Nuc
lear
Che
mis
try, v
ol.2
95,
pp.2
117-
2123
(201
3).
Ni
mon
tmor
illon
ite,
mon
tmor
illon
ite+H
A
0.00
1M-0
.1M
N
aClO
4, 0.
01M
K
ClO
4, 0.
01M
Li
ClO
4, 0.
01M
NaC
l, 0.
01M
NaN
O3
9)
Del
Ner
o et
al.(
1997
) D
el N
ero,
M. ,
Mad
e, B
. , B
onte
ms,
G. a
nd C
lem
ent,
A. :
A
dsor
ptio
n of
nep
tuni
um(V
) on
hydr
argi
llite
, Rad
ioch
imic
a A
cta,
vo
l.76,
pp.
219-
228
(199
7).
Np
hydr
argi
llite
0.
001M
-0.1
M
NaC
lO4
10)
Del
Ner
o et
al.(
1998
) D
el N
ero,
M. ,
Ben
Sai
d, K
. , M
ade,
B. ,
Cle
men
t, A
. and
Bon
tem
s, G
. : E
ffect
of p
H a
nd c
arbo
nate
con
cent
ratio
n in
solu
tion
on th
e so
rptio
n of
nep
tuni
um(V
) by
hydr
argi
llite
: App
licat
ion
of th
e no
n-el
ectro
stat
ic m
odel
, Rad
ioch
imic
a A
cta,
vol
.81,
pp.
133-
141
(199
8).
Np
hydr
argi
llite
0.
1M N
aClO
4, 0.
1M
NaC
lO4+
NaH
CO
3
11)
Don
g et
al.(
2011
) D
ong,
Y. ,
Liu
, Z. a
nd L
i, Y.
: Ef
fect
of p
H, i
onic
stre
ngth
, for
eign
io
ns a
nd h
umic
subs
tanc
e on
Th(
IV) s
orpt
ion
to
GM
Z be
nton
ite
stud
ied
by b
atch
exp
erim
ents
, Jou
rnal
of R
adio
anal
ytic
al a
nd
Nuc
lear
Che
mis
try, v
ol.2
89, p
p.25
7-26
5 (2
011)
.
Th
GM
Z be
nton
ite, N
a-be
nton
ite
0.00
1M-0
.1M
N
aNO
3, 0.
01M
NaC
l, 0.
01M
KN
O3,
0.01
M
LiN
O3
12)
El-R
ahm
an e
t al
.(200
6)
El-R
ahm
an, K
. M. A
. , E
l-Kam
ash,
A. M
. , E
l-Sou
roug
y, M
. R. a
nd
Abd
el-M
onie
m, N
. M. :
The
rmod
ynam
ic m
odel
ing
for t
he re
mov
al
of C
s+, S
r2+ ,
Ca2
+ and
Mg2
+ ion
s fro
m a
queo
us w
aste
solu
tions
us
ing
zeol
ite A
, Jou
rnal
of R
adio
anal
ytic
al a
nd N
ucle
ar C
hem
istry
, vo
l.268
, No.
2, p
p.22
1-23
0 (2
006)
.
Ca,
Cs,
Mg,
Sr
zeol
ite
Ca,
Cs,
Mg,
Sr
solu
tion
13)
Ewar
t et a
l.(19
91)
Ewar
t, F.
, G
reen
field
, B
. F. ,
Haw
orth
, A
. , R
osev
ear,
A. a
nd
Will
iam
, S. J
. : T
he e
ffect
s of o
rgan
ics i
n SF
R o
n so
rptio
n co
effic
ient
s, SK
B P
RO
GR
ESS
REP
ORT
SFR
91-0
1 (1
991)
.
Pu
OPC
/BFS
, OPC
/BFS
/lim
esto
ne,
OPC
/BFS
/lim
esto
ne_i
ncl.S
P,
OPC
/PFA
, OPC
/PFA
_inc
l.SP,
SR
PC/li
mes
tone
, SR
PC/li
mes
tone
_inc
l.SP
leac
hing
OPC
:PFA
ce
men
t blo
cks,
leac
hing
Sol
id
- 12 -
JAEA-Data/Code 2015-028
Tabl
e 3.
1 O
verv
iew
of 8
3 re
fere
nces
sel
ecte
d fo
r upd
atin
g th
e JA
EA-S
DB
(3/1
1)
No.
R
efer
ence
D
etai
ls o
f ref
eren
ce
Elem
ent
Solid
Pha
se
Solu
tion
Type
14
) Fa
irhur
st e
t al.(
1995
) Fa
irhur
st, A
. J. ,
War
wic
k, P
. and
Ric
hard
son,
S. :
The
effe
ct o
f pH
on
eur
opiu
m-m
iner
al in
tera
ctio
ns in
the
pres
ence
of h
umic
aci
d,
Rad
ioch
imic
a Act
a, v
ol.6
9, p
p.10
3-11
1 (1
995)
.
Eu
bent
onite
, kao
lin,
mon
tmor
illon
ite, q
uartz
0.
05M
NaC
lO4
15)
Filip
ska
and
Stam
berg
(200
6)
Filip
ska,
H. a
nd S
tam
berg
, K. :
Sor
ptio
n of
Cs(
I) a
nd S
r(II
) on
a m
ixtu
re o
f ben
toni
te a
nd m
agne
tite
usin
g SC
M +
IExM
: A
para
met
ric st
udy,
Jour
nal o
f Rad
ioan
alyt
ical
and
Nuc
lear
C
hem
istry
, vol
.270
, No.
3, p
p.53
1-54
2 (2
006)
.
Cs,
Sr
bent
onite
, mag
netit
e 0.
001M
-0.5
M N
aNO
3
16)
Fras
ca e
t al.(
2014
) Fr
asca
, B. ,
Sav
oye,
S. ,
Witt
ebro
odt,
C. ,
Leu
pin,
O. X
. and
M
iche
lot,
J.-L.
: C
ompa
rativ
e st
udy
of S
e ox
yani
ons r
eten
tion
on
thre
e ar
gilla
ceou
s roc
ks: U
pper
Toa
rcia
n (T
ourn
emire
, Fra
nce)
, B
lack
Sha
les (
Tour
nem
ire, F
ranc
e) a
nd O
palin
us C
lay
(Mon
t Ter
ri,
Switz
erla
nd),
Jour
nal o
f Env
ironm
enta
l Rad
ioac
tivity
, vol
.127
, pp
.133
-140
(201
4).
Se
Bla
ck S
hale
s, O
PA, U
pper
To
arci
an
Pore
wat
er
17)
Gal
ambo
s et
al.(2
012)
G
alam
bos,
M. ,
Mag
ula,
M. ,
Dan
o, M
. , O
sack
y, M
. , R
ossk
opfo
va,
O. a
nd R
ajec
, P. :
Com
para
tive
stud
y of
ces
ium
ads
orpt
ion
on
dioc
tahe
dral
and
trio
ctah
edra
l sm
ectit
e, Jo
urna
l of R
adio
anal
ytic
al
and
Nuc
lear
Che
mis
try, v
ol.2
93, p
p.82
9-83
7 (2
012)
.
Cs
mon
tmor
illon
ite, s
apon
ite,
hect
orite
C
sCl
18)
Gao
et a
l.(20
15)
Gao
, Y. ,
Sha
o, Z
. and
Xia
o, Z
. : U
(VI)
sorp
tion
on il
lite:
effe
ct o
f pH
, ion
ic st
reng
th, h
umic
aci
d an
d te
mpe
ratu
re, J
ourn
al o
f R
adio
anal
ytic
al a
nd N
ucle
ar C
hem
istry
, vol
.303
, pp.
867-
876
(201
5).
U
illite
0.
001M
-0.1
M N
aNO
3
19)
Gha
yaza
et a
l.(20
11)
Gha
yaza
, M. ,
Le
Fore
stie
r, L.
, M
ulle
r, F.
, To
urna
ssat
, C. a
nd
Ben
y, J.
-M. :
Pb(
II) a
nd Z
n(II
) ads
orpt
ion
onto
Na-
and
C
a-m
ontm
orill
onite
in a
cetic
aci
d/ac
etat
e m
ediu
m: E
xper
imen
tal
appr
oach
and
geo
chem
ical
mod
elin
g, Jo
urna
l of C
ollo
id a
nd
Inte
rfac
e Sc
ienc
e, v
ol.3
61, p
p.23
8-24
6 (2
011)
.
Pb, Z
n C
a-, N
a-m
ontm
orill
onite
0.
02M
CaC
l 2, 0
.04M
N
aCl
20)
Gla
us a
nd V
an
Loon
(200
4)
Gla
us, M
. A. a
nd V
an L
oon,
L. R
. : A
gen
eric
pro
cedu
re fo
r the
as
sess
men
t of t
he e
ffect
of c
oncr
ete
adm
ixtu
res o
n th
e re
tent
ion
beha
viou
r of c
emen
t for
radi
onuc
lides
: Con
cept
and
cas
e st
udie
s, PS
I Ber
icht
04-
02, P
aul S
cher
rer I
nstit
ute
(200
4).
Eu, N
i, Th
ce
men
t pas
te_i
ncl.S
P A
rtific
ial c
emen
t por
e w
ater
- 13 -
JAEA-Data/Code 2015-028
Tabl
e 3.
1 O
verv
iew
of 8
3 re
fere
nces
sel
ecte
d fo
r upd
atin
g th
e JA
EA-S
DB
(4/1
1)
No.
R
efer
ence
D
etai
ls o
f ref
eren
ce
Elem
ent
Solid
Pha
se
Solu
tion
Type
21
) G
odel
itsas
et
al.(1
996)
G
odel
itsas
, A. ,
Mis
aelid
es, P
. , F
ilipp
idis
, A. ,
Cha
risto
s, D
. and
A
nous
is, I
. : U
rani
um so
rptio
n fr
om a
queo
us so
lutio
ns o
n so
dium
-for
m o
f HEU
-type
zeo
lite
crys
tals
, Jou
rnal
of
Rad
ioan
alyt
ical
and
Nuc
lear
Che
mis
try, v
ol.2
08, N
o.2,
pp.
393-
402
(199
6).
U
Na-
zeol
ite
U so
lutio
n
22)
Gru
tter e
t al.(
1992
) G
rutte
r, A
. , v
on G
unte
n, H
. R. a
nd R
ossl
er, E
. : S
orpt
ion
of b
ariu
m
on u
ncon
solid
ated
gla
ciof
luvi
al d
epos
its a
nd c
lay
min
eral
s, R
adio
chim
ica A
cta,
vol
.58/
59, p
p.25
9-26
5 (1
992)
.
Ba
chlo
rite,
gla
ciof
luvi
al m
iner
als,
illite
, mon
tmor
illon
ite
synt
hetic
gro
undw
ater
23)
Gru
tter e
t al.(
1994
a)
Gru
tter,
A. ,
von
Gun
te, H
. R. ,
Ros
sler
, E. a
nd K
eil,
R. :
Sor
ptio
n of
N
icke
l and
Cob
alt o
n a
Size
-Fra
ctio
n of
Unc
onso
lidat
ed
Gla
ciof
luvi
al D
epos
its a
nd o
n C
lay
Min
eral
s, R
adio
chim
ica A
cta,
vo
l.65,
pp.
181-
187
(199
4).
Ba,
Co,
Cs,
Ni,
Sr
Gla
ciof
luvi
al m
iner
als,
mon
tmor
illon
ite, i
llite
, SiO
2 po
wde
r
synt
hetic
gro
undw
ater
24)
Gru
tter e
t al.(
1994
b)
Gru
tter,
A. ,
von
Gun
te, H
. R. ,
Ros
sler
, E. a
nd K
eil,
R. :
Sor
ptio
n of
St
ront
ium
on
Unc
onso
lidat
ed G
laci
oflu
vial
Dep
osits
and
on
Cla
y M
iner
als;
Mut
ual I
nter
fere
nce
of C
esiu
m, S
tront
ium
and
Bar
ium
, R
adio
chim
ica A
cta,
vol
.64,
pp.
247-
252
(199
4).
Ba,
Cs,
Sr
Gla
ciof
luvi
al m
iner
als,
chlo
rite,
ill
ite, m
ontm
orill
onite
sy
nthe
tic g
roun
dwat
er
25)
Gu
and
Evan
s(20
07)
Gu,
X. a
nd E
vans
, L. J
. : M
odel
ling
the
adso
rptio
n of
Cd(
II),
Cu(
II),
Ni(I
I), P
b(II
), an
d Zn
(II)
ont
o Fi
thia
n ill
ite, J
ourn
al o
f Col
loid
and
In
terf
ace
Scie
nce,
vol
.307
, pp.
317-
325
(200
7).
Cd,
Cu,
Ni,
Pb, Z
n ill
ite
0.00
1M-0
.1M
NaN
O3
26)
Guo
et a
l.(20
09)
Guo
, Z. ,
Xu,
J. ,
Shi,
K. ,
Tan
g, Y
. , W
u, W
. and
Tao
, Z. :
Eu(
III)
ad
sorp
tion/
deso
rptio
n on
Na-
bent
onite
: Exp
erim
enta
l and
mod
elin
g st
udie
s, C
ollo
ids a
nd S
urfa
ces A
: Phy
sico
chem
ical
and
Eng
inee
ring
Asp
ects
, vol
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, pp.
126-
133
(200
9).
Eu
Na-
bent
onite
0.
1M N
aCl
27)
Hou
et a
l.(20
15)
Hou
, Z. ,
Shi
, K. ,
Wan
g, X
. , Y
e, Y
. , G
uo, Z
. and
Wu,
W. :
In
vest
igat
ion
of S
e(IV
) sor
ptio
n on
Na-
kaol
inite
: bat
ch e
xper
imen
ts
and
mod
elin
g, Jo
urna
l of R
adio
anal
ytic
al a
nd N
ucle
ar C
hem
istry
, vo
l.303
, pp.
25-3
1 (2
015)
.
Se
Na-
kaol
inite
0.
001M
-0.1
M N
aCl
28)
Hsi
and
La
ngm
uir(
1985
) H
si, C
.-K. D
. and
Lan
gmui
r, D
. : A
dsor
ptio
n of
ura
nyl o
nto
ferr
ic
oxyh
ydro
xide
s: A
pplic
atio
n of
the
surf
ace
com
plex
atio
n si
te-b
indi
ng m
odel
, Geo
chim
ica
et C
osm
ochi
mic
a Act
a, v
ol.4
9,
pp.1
931-
1941
(198
5).
U
Fe(O
H) 3
(am
), go
ethi
te, h
emat
ite
0.1M
NaN
O3
- 14 -
JAEA-Data/Code 2015-028
Tabl
e 3.
1 O
verv
iew
of 8
3 re
fere
nces
sel
ecte
d fo
r upd
atin
g th
e JA
EA-S
DB
(5/1
1)
No.
R
efer
ence
D
etai
ls o
f ref
eren
ce
Elem
ent
Solid
Pha
se
Solu
tion
Type
29
) H
uitti
et a
l.(19
96)
Hui
tti, T
. , H
akan
en, M
. and
Lin
dber
g, A
. : S
orpt
ion
of c
esiu
m,
radi
um, p
rota
ctin
ium
, ura
nium
, nep
tuni
um a
nd p
luto
nium
on
rapa
kivi
gra
nite
, PO
SIVA
repo
rt, P
OSI
VA-9
6-23
(199
6).
Ba,
Cs,
Np,
Pa
, Pu,
U
gran
ite
Gro
undw
ater
30)
Iida
et a
l.(20
11)
Iida,
Y. ,
Tan
aka,
T. ,
Yam
aguc
hi, T
. and
Nak
ayam
a, S
. : S
orpt
ion
beha
vior
of s
elen
ium
(-II
) on
rock
s und
er re
duci
ng c
ondi
tions
, Jo
urna
l of N
ucle
ar S
cien
ce a
nd T
echn
olog
y, v
ol.4
8, N
o.2,
pp
.279
-291
(201
1).
Se
albi
te, b
iotit
e, c
alci
te, c
hlor
ite,
goet
hite
, gra
nodi
orite
, m
ontm
orill
onite
, pyr
ite, q
uartz
, sa
ndy
mud
ston
e, tu
fface
ous
sand
ston
e
0.05
M, 0
.5M
NaC
l, gr
ound
wat
er
31)
Iida
et a
l.(20
14)
Iida,
Y. ,
Yam
aguc
hi, T
. and
Tan
aka,
T. :
Sor
ptio
n be
havi
or
hydr
osel
enid
e (H
Se-
) ont
o iro
n-co
ntai
ning
min
eral
s, Jo
urna
l of
Nuc
lear
Sci
ence
and
Tec
hnol
ogy,
vol
.51,
No.
3, p
p.30
5-32
2 (2
014)
.
Se
biot
ite, f
erro
us o
xide
, goe
thite
, m
agne
tite
0.01
M-1
M N
aCl
32)
Jan
et a
l.(20
14)
Jan,
Y.-L
. , T
sai,
S.-S
. and
Li,
Y.-Y
. : D
eter
min
atio
n of
sorp
tion
and
diffu
sion
par
amet
ers o
f Se(
IV) o
n cr
ushe
d gr
anite
, Jou
rnal
of
Rad
ioan
alyt
ical
and
Nuc
lear
Che
mis
try, v
ol.3
01, p
p.36
5-37
1 (2
014)
.
Se
gran
ite
GW
, SW
33)
Jin
et a
l.(20
14)
Jin,
Q. ,
Wan
g, G
. , G
e, M
. , C
hen,
Z. ,
Wu,
W. a
nd G
uo, Z
. : T
he
adso
rptio
n of
Eu(
III)
and
Am
(III
) on
Bei
shan
gra
nite
: XPS
, EPM
A,
batc
h an
d m
odel
ing
stud
y, A
pplie
d G
eoch
emis
try, v
ol.4
7, p
p.17
-24
(201
4).
Am
, Eu
gran
ite
0.03
3M C
aCl 2,
0.1
M
NaC
l, sy
nthe
tic
grou
ndw
ater
34)
Kas
ar e
t al.(
2014
) K
asar
, S. ,
Kum
ar, S
. , K
ar, A
. , B
ajpa
i, R
. K. ,
Kau
shik
, C. P
. and
To
mar
, B. S
. : R
eten
tion
beha
viou
r of C
s(I)
, Sr(
II),
Tc(V
II) a
nd
Np(
V) o
n sm
ectit
e-ric
h cl
ay, J
ourn
al o
f Rad
ioan
alyt
ical
and
Nuc
lear
C
hem
istry
, vol
.300
, pp.
71-7
5 (2
014)
.
Cs,
Np,
Sr,
Tc
clay
0.
01M
-1M
NaC
l
35)
Koh
ler e
t al.(
1999
) K
ohle
r, M
. , H
oney
man
, B. D
. and
Lec
kie,
J. O
. : N
eptu
nium
(V)
sorp
tion
on h
emat
ite (
-Fe 2
O3)
in a
queo
us su
spen
sion
: The
effe
ct o
f C
O2,
Rad
ioch
imic
a A
cta,
vol
.85,
pp.
33-4
8 (1
999)
.
Np
goet
hite
, hem
atite
, qua
rtz
0.00
5M-0
.1M
N
aClO
4
36)
Koh
licko
va a
nd
Jedi
nako
va-
Kriz
ove(
1998
)
Koh
licko
va, M
. and
Jedi
nako
va-K
rizov
e, V
. : E
ffect
of p
H a
nd E
h on
the
sorp
tion
of se
lect
ed ra
dion
uclid
es, J
ourn
al o
f Rad
ioan
alyt
ical
an
d N
ucle
ar C
hem
istry
, vol
.229
, No.
1-2,
pp.
43-4
8 (1
998)
.
Cs,
I, Sr
, Tc
be
nton
ite
synt
hetic
gro
undw
ater
- 15 -
JAEA-Data/Code 2015-028
Tabl
e 3.
1 O
verv
iew
of 8
3 re
fere
nces
sel
ecte
d fo
r upd
atin
g th
e JA
EA-S
DB
(6/1
1)
No.
R
efer
ence
D
etai
ls o
f ref
eren
ce
Elem
ent
Solid
Pha
se
Solu
tion
Type
37
) K
ulm
ala
and
Hak
anen
(199
5)
Kul
mal
a, S
. and
Hak
anen
, M. :
Sor
ptio
n of
alk
alin
e-ea
rth e
lem
ents
Sr
, Ba
and
Ra
from
gro
undw
ater
on
rock
s fro
m T
VO
inve
stig
atio
n ar
eas,
Nuc
lear
Was
te C
omm
issi
on o
f Fin
nish
Pow
er C
ompa
nies
, Y
JT-9
5-03
(199
5).
Ba,
Ra,
Sr
gran
ite, m
ica
gnei
ss, t
onal
ite
fres
h gr
ound
wat
er,
salin
e gr
ound
wat
er
38)
Kul
mal
a et
al.(
1996
) K
ulm
ala,
S. ,
Hak
anen
, M. a
nd L
indb
erg,
A. :
Sor
ptio
n of
pr
otac
tiniu
m o
n ro
cks i
n gr
ound
wat
ers f
rom
Pos
iva
inve
stig
atio
n si
tes,
POSI
VA-9
6-18
(199
6)
Pa
gran
ite, m
ica
gnei
ss, t
onal
ite
Gro
undw
ater
39)
Kum
ar e
t al.(
2013
) K
umar
, S. ,
Pen
te, A
. S. ,
Baj
pai,
R. K
. , K
aush
ik, C
. P. a
nd T
omar
, B
. S. :
Am
eric
ium
sorp
tion
on s
mec
tite-
rich
natu
ral c
lay
from
gr
aniti
c gr
ound
wat
er, A
pplie
d G
eoch
emis
try, v
ol.3
5, p
p.28
-34
(201
3).
Am
, Eu
Na-
clay
, Ca-
clay
, nat
ural
cla
y,
mon
tmor
illon
ite
0.01
M-0
.1M
NaC
l, 0.
0335
M C
aCl 2,
0.
035M
Na 2
SO4,
0.1M
NaN
O3,
grou
ndw
ater
40
) K
unim
aru
et a
l.(20
12)
Kun
imar
u, T
. , M
orik
awa,
K. ,
Tac
hi, Y
. , K
uno,
Y. ,
Hos
oya,
S. ,
Sh
imod
a, S
. , K
ato,
H. ,
Nak
azaw
a, T
. , Ik
use,
H. a
nd K
ubot
a, M
. :
Mea
sure
men
ts o
f Sor
ptio
n, D
iffus
ion
and
Pore
Phy
sica
lity
for
Gra
nite
Sam
ple,
JAEA
Tec
hnic
al R
epor
t, JA
EA-D
ata/
Cod
e 20
12-0
13 (2
012)
, 96p
.
Cs,
Sr
gran
ite-f
ract
ure,
gra
nite
-Int
act
0.5M
NaC
l, gr
ound
wat
er
41)
Kyl
lone
n et
al.(
2008
) K
yllo
nen,
J. ,
Hak
anen
, M. a
nd L
indb
erg,
A. :
Sor
ptio
n of
Ces
ium
on
Olk
iluot
o M
ica
Gne
iss a
nd G
rano
dior
ite in
Sal
ine
Gro
undw
ater
; R
etar
datio
n of
Ces
ium
Tra
nspo
rt in
Roc
k Fr
actu
re C
olum
ns,
POSI
VA, W
orki
ng R
epor
t 200
8-62
(200
8).
Cs
biot
ite
0.1M
CaC
l 2, 0
.1M
K
Cl,
0.1M
NaC
l
42)
Lee
et a
l.(20
06)
Lee,
C.-P
. , L
an, P
.-L. ,
Jan,
Y.-L
. , W
ei, Y
.-Y. ,
Ten
g, S
.-P. a
nd H
su,
C.-N
. : S
orpt
ion
of c
esiu
m o
n gr
anite
und
er a
erob
ic a
nd a
naer
obic
co
nditi
ons,
Rad
ioch
imic
a Act
a, v
ol.9
4, p
p.67
9-68
2 (2
006)
.
Cs
gran
ite
SGW
43)
Lee
et a
l.(20
07)
Lee,
C.-P
. , Ja
n, Y
.-L. ,
Lan
, P.-L
. , W
ei, Y
.-Y. ,
Ten
g, S
.-P. a
nd H
su,
C.-N
. : A
naer
obic
and
aer
obic
sorp
tion
of c
esiu
m a
nd se
leni
um o
n m
udro
ck, J
ourn
al o
f Rad
ioan
alyt
ical
and
Nuc
lear
Che
mis
try,
vol.2
74, N
o.1,
pp.
145-
151
(200
7).
Cs,
Se
mud
ston
e SG
W
44)
Lee
et a
l.(20
12)
Lee,
C.-P
. , W
u, M
.-C. ,
Tsa
i, T.
-L. ,
Wei
, H.-J
. , M
en, L
.-C. a
nd L
in,
T.-Y
. : C
ompa
rativ
e st
udy
on re
tard
atio
n be
havi
or o
f Cs i
n cr
ushe
d an
d in
tact
rock
s: tw
o po
tent
ial r
epos
itory
hos
t roc
ks in
the
Taiw
an
area
, Jou
rnal
of R
adio
anal
ytic
al a
nd N
ucle
ar C
hem
istry
, vol
.293
, pp
.579
-586
(201
2).
Cs
basa
lt, g
rani
te
de-io
nize
d w
ater
- 16 -
JAEA-Data/Code 2015-028
Tabl
e 3.
1 O
verv
iew
of 8
3 re
fere
nces
sel
ecte
d fo
r upd
atin
g th
e JA
EA-S
DB
(7/1
1)
No.
R
efer
ence
D
etai
ls o
f ref
eren
ce
Elem
ent
Solid
Pha
se
Solu
tion
Type
45
) Le
e et
al.(
2013
a)
Lee,
C.-P
. , L
iu, C
.-Y. ,
Wu,
M.-C
. , P
an, C
.-H. ,
Tsa
i, T.
-L. ,
Wei
, H
.-J. a
nd M
en, L
.-C. :
Sim
ulat
ion
of a
2-s
ite L
angm
uir m
odel
for
char
acte
rizin
g th
e so
rptio
n ca
paci
ty o
f Cs a
nd S
e in
cru
shed
m
udro
ck u
nder
var
ious
ioni
c st
reng
th e
ffect
s, Jo
urna
l of
Rad
ioan
alyt
ical
and
Nuc
lear
Che
mis
try, v
ol.2
96, p
p.11
19-1
125
(201
3).
Cs,
Se
mud
ston
e gr
ound
wat
er,
seaw
ater
46)
Lee
et a
l.(20
13b)
Le
e, C
.-P. ,
Liu
, C.-Y
. , W
u, M
.-C. ,
Pan
, C.-H
. , T
sai,
T.-L
. , L
in,
T.-Y
. , W
ei, H
.-J. a
nd M
en, L
.-C. :
App
licat
ion
of n
on-li
near
he
tero
gene
ity-b
ased
isot
herm
mod
els f
or c
hara
cter
izin
g so
rptio
n of
C
s and
Se
on m
udro
cks,
Jour
nal o
f Rad
ioan
alyt
ical
and
Nuc
lear
C
hem
istry
, vol
.298
, pp.
749-
754
(201
3).
Cs,
Se
mud
ston
e Se
awat
er
47)
Lee(
1973
) Le
e, S
. H. :
Stu
dies
on
the
Sorp
tion
and
Fixa
tion
of C
esiu
m b
y Ve
rmic
ulite
, Jou
rnal
of t
he K
orea
n N
ucle
ar S
ocie
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mon
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Na-
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mon
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0.1N
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M
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0.1N
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N
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50)
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4
51)
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Co,
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0.
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aClO
4, sy
nthe
tic p
orew
ater
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JAEA-Data/Code 2015-028
Tabl
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1 O
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3 re
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d fo
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g th
e JA
EA-S
DB
(8/1
1)
No.
R
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D
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Elem
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Solid
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Solu
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52
) M
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U. :
M
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th, e
xcha
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a et
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7 (2
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Cs
Ca-
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Na-
smec
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0.00
1M-1
M N
aClO
4, 0.
03M
-0.1
M C
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0.
01M
-0.1
M K
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l.(20
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102
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Ca-
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4-ill
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-, N
a-, N
H4-
kaol
inite
, RC
cla
y, S
J cl
ay
0.1M
CaC
l 2, 0
.1M
K
Cl,
0.1M
NH
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0.1M
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M N
aCl,
natu
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alin
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ater
54
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09
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1).
Fe
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M, 0
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NaC
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55)
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Fe
MX
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0.05
M, 0
.3M
NaC
l
56)
Nak
ata
et a
l.(20
00)
Nak
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K. ,
Nag
asak
i, S.
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669
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2).
Np
mag
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emat
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0.1M
NaN
O3
57)
Nak
ata
et a
l.(20
02)
Nak
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K. ,
Nag
asak
i, S.
, Ta
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Np
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NaN
O3
58)
Neb
elun
g an
d B
rend
ler(