Diabetic NephropathyCancer / Angiogenesis
Alzheimer’s
Cardiovascular Disease
COPD NeurohormonalStress / Depression
MembraneDamage
LocalizedCell
Death
JNKPathway
Activation
CalpainCaspase3
p35
p25
CDK5
CT26 CT31
C-TerminalFragments
(CTFs)
Tau Phosphorylation
NeurofibrillaryTangles (NFTs)
MicrotubuleDestabilization
GSK-3βMAPK
PathwayActivation
NitricOxide
ROS
Microglial Activation +Inflammatory Response
sAPPα
sAPPβ
α
α Secretase
APP
β/γ Secretases
γ β
AmyloidPlaque
Formation
AmyeloidPrecursor
Protein(APP)
Aβ40
Aβ42
Ca2+
Fas-L
Aβ
c-Jun c-Fos
Fas-L
RAS
RAF
MEK
ERK
SHC GRB2
SOS
PYK2
SRC
PLC-γ
STAT3 STAT1DAG
DAG
FYN
Growth FactorReceptors Angiotensin II
AdvancedGlycation
End-Products
SHP-2JAK2
ElectronTransport
SHP-1
ROS
STAT3 STAT1ELK1
c-Fosc-Jun
TGF-βPARP
Fructose
GAPDH
PLD2
PKC
NADPH
NOX
GP91RACp22
p67 p47
ROS
NADP+
TGF-β
Glucose
GLUT4
Glucose
Autooxidation
AldoseReductase
SorbitolPolyol
PathwaySorbitolDehydrogenase
NADHNAD+
DAGPyruvic
AcidGlycolysis
Ca2+
GaqAT1R
Glomerularsclerosis
GlomerularMesangial
Cell Growth
Collagen IV
RAGE
RAS
RAF
MEK
ERK
VEGF
Proteasome
Ubiquitination
p53Degradation
eNOS
NitricOxide
Ca2+
IP3
PLCγ
GrowthSignaling
VEGF-R
SHC GRB2
SOS
PI3K
AKT
XIAP
14-3-3
BAD
BclXLApoptosis
RSKVHL
HuR
HypoxiaRadiation
ATM
CK-1
MDM2
p53
MDM2
p53
NuclearImport
Thr18
Ser15
p53 mSin3A
p53 p300MDM2
VEGF mRNAStabilization
HIF-1α ARNT
VEGF
Radiation
DNA Damage
GROWTH ARREST GENESBAXp21
PARP-1
InflammatoryGene ExpressionIL-6TNFαMucin Production
IL-1βiNOS
ROS
Hypoxia-inducedVEGF Production
NatriureticPeptides
(NP)
ParticulateGC
PDE
SolubleGC PKG PKA
Ca2+
cGMP
PDEs
cAMP
MultipleTargets
NO
iNOS HO-1
ROS
CO
Nitric Oxide
CarbonMonoxide
H2O2
SOD
O2-
ONOO-
Peroxynitrite
Loss ofMitochondrial
MembranePotential
CaspaseActivation
AIF
EndoG
CytC
AIF
EndoG
DY
L-Arginine
COX-I/II
AA PGG2
PGH2
TXA2
LipidPeroxidation
TXA2
Vasoconstriction
DNAFragmentation
O2-
Superoxide
AKT
PI3K
ROS
GSH GSSG
MKKASK1
p38MAPK
JNK
MultiplePathway
Activation
GlutathioneOxidation/Reduction
GPX
GR
PGH2
PGE2Synthase
PGE2
PGG2
COX I/II
AA
PGE2
Inflammation-InducedLipid Peroxidation
8-iso-PGF2α EGFR
RAS
RAF
MEK
ERK
ROS
PKC
MSK-1
Keap-1
Nrf2
Nrf2 c-Fos
c-Jun
SODHO-1
RAP-1
PKA
cAMP
EP2/4
Gas AC
CREB NFκB
RSK
CREB
CREB
PKA ERK
MEK
cAMPβ-catenin
GSK-3
HRE Genes
GR
GR
GR
GR
c
c
c
c
c
c
EnhancedNeuroplasticity
NuclearImport
Bcl-2
BAD
AKTRAF
AKT
DSHV
AC
B2AR
Wnt
PI3K
IP3
Hsp90IM
GlucocorticoidReceptorActivation
RAS
SOS
Stress
BDNF
TrkB
PIP2
DAG
ACTH
Glucocorticoids(e.g. Cortisol)
CorticotropinReleasing Hormone
HPA AxisActivation
Norepinepherine
Gas
Fz
TrkBBDNF
Bcl-2
PhosphodiesteraseInhibitor
AntidepressantsPhosphorylation
BAD
RAS
RAF
MEK
ERK
Disease-Associated Stress Signaling
ProteinsNAME
NAME Transcription Factors
Inhibition
Gene Activation
Activation
Favored
Many key signaling pathways determine whether cells are able to maintain homeostasis upon temporary or persistent exposure to stress. A variety of stressors including infl ammation, an imbalance in nutrients, lack of oxygen (hypoxia), or improper folding of proteins, contribute to dysregualtion of critical pathways, ultimately resulting in disease. Enzo Life Sciences products are used by researchers around the world to investigate cellular stress signaling pathways involved in diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Alzheimer’s disease and depression.
ZZ-W
0610
-100
1
8-iso prostaglandin F2α
Arachidonic acidAdenylyl cyclaseAdrenocorticotropic hormoneApoptosis-inducing factorAmyloid precursor proteinAryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocatorAtaxia telangiectasia-mutated geneAmyloid betaBeta 2 adrenergic receptorBcl2-antagonist of cell deathB-cell lymphoma protein 2Brain derived neurotrophic factorcyclic adenosine monophosphateCyclin dependent kinaseCyclic guanosine monophosphateCyclooxygenaseCyclic AMP response element bindingC-terminalCytochrome CDiacylglycerolDisheveledEpidermal growth factor receptorEndonuclease G
Endothelial nitric oxide synthaseProstaglandin receptorsFrizzled receptorGlyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehyrogenaseGuanylyl cyclaseGlucose transporter 4Glutathione peroxidaseGlucocorticoid receptor (Neurohormonal Stress)Glutathione reductase (COPD)Reduced glutathioneGycogen synthase kinaseGlutathione disulfi deHydrogen peroxideHypoxia inducible factorHeme oxygenase-1Hypothalamus pituitary adrenalHormone response elementHeat shock proteinHu antigen R ImmunophilinInducible nitric oxide synthaseInositol triphosphateKelch-like ECH-associated protein 1Mouse double minute 2 homolog
Nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cellsNADPH oxidaseNF-E2-related factor 2PhosphodiesteraseProstaglandin E2
Prostaglandin G2
Prostaglandin H2
Phosphoinositide 3-kinasePhosphatidyl inositol bisphosphateProtein kinase AProtein kinase CProtein kinase GPhospholipase D2
Reactive oxygen speciesSuperoxide dismutaseSignal transducer and activator of transcriptionTransforming growth factor betaTyrosine receptor kinase BThromboxane A2
Vascular endothelial growth factorvon Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressorX-linked inhibitor of apoptosis
8-iso-PGF2α
AAACACTHAIFAPPARNTATMAβB2ARBADBcl-2BDNFcAMP CDKcGMPCOX CREBCTCytCDAGDSHVEGFREndoG
eNOSEP2/4
FzGAPDHGCGLUT4GPXGRGRGSHGSKGSSGH2O2
HIF-1HO-1HPAHRE HspHuRIMiNOSIP3
Keap-1MDM2
NFκBNOXNrf2PDE PGE2
PGG2
PGH2
PI3KPIP2
PKAPKCPKGPLD2
ROSSODSTATTGF-βTrkBTXA2
VEGFVHLXIAP
Abbreviations
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