ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti
istoria (kulturis mecnierebebi)
malxaz Toria
drois aRqma da istoriis koncefcia Sua saukuneebis
qarTul kulturaSi ("qarTlis cxovrebis"
istoriografiuli tradiciis mixedviT)
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
filosofiis doqtoris (PhD) akademiuri xarisxis (istoriis mimarTulebiT) mosapoveblad warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: nino Ciqovani
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
2008
avtoris stili daculia
2
Sinaarsi
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tavi I
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kultura: drois aRqmisa da istoriis
gaazrebis anTropologiuri kvlevis perspeqtivebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
§ 1. ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..30
Tavi II
droisadmi damokidebuleba da istoriis gaazreba antikur epoqaSi . . . .35
Tavi III
droisa da istoriis gageba Sua saukuneebSi: qarTuli kultura
qristianuli samyaros konteqstSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
I. drois da istoriis gageba da Sua saukuneebis saistorio mwerlobis
Janrobrivi Taviseburebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..50
§ 1. Sua saukuneebis evropa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
§ 2. bizantia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
§ 3. Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
II. warsulis aRqmis, mowesrigebis da reprezentaciis formebi
istoriul teqstebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 71
§ 1. qronologia da periodizacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
§ 2. Sua saukuneebis qristianuli samyaros mnemoteqnika da
istorikosis roli sazogadoebis koleqtiuri mexsierebis
CamoyalibebaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
III. momavlis aRqma da esqatologiuri gancda Sua saukuneebis
qristianul samyaroSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Tavi IV
droTa mravalgvaroba Sua saukuneebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
damowmebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
3
Sesavali
sakiTxis dasma, sakvlevi problemis aqtualoba. drois aRqma da,
masTan erTad, istoriis gageba kulturis fundamenturi maxasiaTebelia.
a. gureviCis (А. Гуревич) TqmiT, “naklebad moiZebneba kulturis iseTi
maxasiaTebeli, romelic mis arss ise gamoxatavdes, rogorc es drois
gagebaSi vlindeba (gureviCi 1972b: 19). o. Spengleri (O. Spengler) wignSi
“evropis daisi” (1918 w.) xazgsmiT aRniSnavda, rom TiToeuli kultura,
rogorc unikaluri da TviTkmari erToba, specifikurad aRiqvams drois
mdinarebas da Taviseburad gaizrebs istoriul process. ufro metic, XX
saukuneSi anTropologiuri kvlevebis farglebSi Camoyalibebuli
diqotomiis “dasavleTi da aradasavleTi” erT-erT safuZvlad swored
droisa aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis Tavisebureba igulisxmeba.
am diqotomiis mixedviT, dasavleTi “drois kulturaa”. misi mTavari
maxasiaTebelia sworxazovani dro da istorizmi, romelic gulisxmobs
dinamikurobas, mudmiv cvalebadobas da winsvlas. aradasavleTi,
umTavresad aRmosavleTi, “sivrcis kulturaa”. drois kategoria misTvis
ucxo ar aris, magram igi pricipulad gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba. es aris
cikluri, aistoriuli, dinamikurobisagan, cvlilebebsagan daclili,
maradiulad ganmeorebadi dro.
cikluri drois gagebas konkretuli epoqis msoflaRqmas
ukavSireben, kerZod, im etaps, rodesac gabatonebuli iyo miTosuri
cnobiereba. magaliTad, igive dasavleTisTvis, konkretul periodSi,
kerZod, antikurobaSi da, zogadad, winaqristianul xanaSi
damaxasiaTebeli iyo cikluri drois gageba da istoriuli procesic
Sesabamisad gaizreboda. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom miRebuli, lamis
stereotipuli SexedulebiT, dasavluri civilizaciis tipologiuri
msazRvreli qristianobaa (da ara antikuri memkvidreoba). Sua
saukuneebSi, rodesac qristianuli religia gansazRvravda maSindeli
evropis msoflmxedvelobas da socialuri realobis yvela mxares,
Seiqmna is ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebmac ganapirobes Tanamedrove
dasavluri civilizaciis saxis Camoyalibeba.
4
amgvarad, erTi midgomis mixedviT, cikluri dro damaxasiaTebelia
aradasavluri kulturebisaTvis, meoris Tanaxmad, is miTosur
cnobierebas ukavSirdeba da, SesaZloa, es etapi yvela kulturam gaiara.
magram, aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom, orive SemTxvevaSi, cikluri drois
Secvla, umTavresad, qristianobis gavrcelebasTan aris dakavSirebuli,
romelmac sworxazovani droisa da istoriis koncefcia daakanona.
qarTuli kultura yalibdeboda iseT arealSi, sadac tradiciulad
gadioda (da axlac gadis) sazRvari qristianul da aRmosavlur
muslimur samyaroebs Soris. es garemoeba misi tipologiuri raobis da
civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis, dasavleTTan da aRmosavleTTan mimarTebis
problemas aqtualurs xdis. erTi SexedviT, TiTqos, naTelia, rom
saqarTvelo, rogorc mkafiod gamokveTili qristianuli qveyana, axlos
unda iyos dasavleTTan – aseve qristianul samyarosTan. magram problema
ase martivi ar aris. magaliTad, mxolod qristianobas ar hqonda
ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba dasavluri civilizaciis CamoyalibebaSi.
amis dasturia is, rom qristianuli samyaros erT-erT mZlavr centrs,
bizantiis imperias, xSir SemTxvevaSi, tipurad aradasavlur erTobad
gaiazreben. irkveva, rom Sua saukuneebis evropas da bizantias Soris
gansxvaveba iyo droisa da istoriis gaazrebaSic.
warmodgenili naSromi Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi drois
aRqmisa da istoriis koncefciis sakiTxs eZRvneba. vfiqrobT, rom
qarTuli kulturis maxasiaTeblebis kvlevisaTvis Sua saukuneebi erT-
erT yvelaze saintereso periodia. saqarTveloSic, dasavleTis msgavsad,
am epoqaSi eyreba safuZveli im realobas, romelic didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi gansazRvravda, da axlac ganxazRvravs, qarTuli kulturis
Taviseburebebs.
xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom naSromSi drois aRqmis
problema istoriis gaazrebasTan kavSirSia ganxiluli. dro
mravalaspeqtiania da, SesaZloa, misi aRqmis sakiTxi mravali
TvalsazrisiT iyos dasmuli. magaliTad, drois gageba sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebSi, filosofiaSi, mxatvrul literaturaSi, kinoSi da a.S. es
sia SeiZleba kidev ufro gagrZeldes. Cvens mier drois aRqmisa da
istoriis gagebis erTad moazreba, garkveulwilad, Semofarglavs
kvlevis areals da Tavidan agvacilebs SesaZlo aRrevebs, romelic
5
ukavSirdeba iseTi rTuli da fundamenturi problemis kvlevas,
rogoricaa drois aRqma. aqedan gamomdinare, kvlevis obieqtad aRebulia
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saistorio tradicia _ “qarTlis cxovreba”.
saistorio tipis teqstebSi ki, rogorc cnobilia, movlenebis warmoCena
swored warsulis perspeqtivaSi xdeba. garda amisa, da rac mTavaria,
warsulis/istoriis gagebam SeiZleba ufro mkafiod gamoavlinos,
zogadad, sazogadebaSi drois aRqmis specifika. iaponeli istorikosi
masaiuki sato aRniSnavs, rom warsulze warmodgenis mixedviT
SesaZlebelia vimsjeloT drois aRqmis Taviseburebazec. homo sapiens-i
erTadeTi saxeobaa, romelsac warsulisaken gaxedvis unari aqvs. warsuli
qaoturia, magram adamianis, rogorc homo historicus-is Taviseburi unaria,
garkveulwilad moawesrigos es qaosi, gaxados is ufro gasagebi (sato
2000: 1).
Sua saukuneebis qristianul samyaroSi miRebuli droisa da
istoriis iudeur-qristianuli koncefciis konteqstSi aseve Zalian
mniSvnelovania momavlis gageba. momavlis aRqma dakavSirebuli iyo
meored mosvlis, samyaros aRsasrulis esqatologiur molodinTan. Sua
saukuneebis teqstebSi, apokalipsze saubari saerTod rom ar iyos, isini
mainc gamsWvalulia im providencialuri rwmeniT, rom istoria RvTiuri
Canafiqris droSi gaxnorcielebis procesia, romelic samyaros Seqmnidan
daiwyo da gankiTxvis dRes dasruldeba.
iudeur-qristianuli dro, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebuli
aqcentiT dasawyissa da dasasrulze, ra Tqma unda, gamjdari iyo Sua
saukuneebis sazogadoebaSi. es vlindeboda, zogadad, warsulsa da
momavalze arsebul koleqtiur SexdeulebebSi. Sua saukuneebSi
specifikurad xdeboda warsulis aRqma da reprezentacia, Taviseburi iyo
mnemoteqnika. garda amisa, Sua saukuneeebSi arsebobda drois mravali,
“lokalur konteqstze” damokidebuli gageba, romlebic, aseve,
qristianuli religiis konteqstSi Tavsdeboda. magram, xandaxan, drois
es lokaluri gagebebi bolomde ar Seesabameboda “oficialuri” drois
gagebas da ar akmayofilebda socialuri drois “meufis”, anu eklesiis
interesebs.
kvlevis mizani da mosalodneli Sedegebi. naSromis mizania drois
aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis, rogorc kulturis tipologizaciis erT-
6
erTi mniSvnelovani kriteriumis safuZvlianobis dasabuTeba Sua
saukuneeebis qarTuli kulturis magaliTze. ZiriTad amocanas
warmoadgens Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi drois aRqmis da masze
dafuZnebuli istoriis gagebis Taviseburebebis Cveneba qarTuli
istoriografiuli tradiciis _ “qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebis _
analizis safuZvelze. am umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTeblis kvlevam,
SesaZloa, xeli Seuwyos zogadad qarTul kulturaSi drois gancdis
Taviseburebebis gamovlenas. es ki wingadadgmuli nabiji iqneba qarTuli
kulturis raobis, misi civilizaciuri mikuTvnebulobis dadgenis gzaze.
dasaxuli miznis miRweva, winaswari varaudebis Sesabamisad,
konkretuli mimarTulebiT muSaobas iTvaliswinebda. pirvel rigSi,
aucilebili iyo qristianul samyaros _ rogorc bizantiis, aseve
medievaluri evropis _ realobis gaTvaliswineba qarTuli kulturis
kvlevis dros. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kultura, tradiciulad,
bizantiuri sivrcis Semadgenel nawilad moiazreba. aqedan gamomdinare,
qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis bizantiur istoriografiul
tradiciasTan SedarebiTi analizi Tavidanve garkveuli daskvnis
gakeTebis perspeqtivas qmnida. Sua saukuneebis evropasTan qarTul
kulturas uSualo Sexeba ar hqonda, Tumca masTan, rogorc qristianul
sivrcesTan, SeiZleboda, bevri saerTo niSani hqonoda, maT Soris, drois
aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiTac. Cvens mier arCeuli
periodi (Sua saukuneebi XIV saukunemde) is epoqaa, roca dasavlur da
aRmosavlur qristianul samyaros Soris gansxvavebebi, muxedavad XI
saukuneSi momxdari sqizmisa, jer kidev Camoyalibebis stadiaSia. am dros
jer kidev ar arsebobs dasavleTis is gageba, romelic reformaciis
Semdgom Camoyalibda. aqamde qristianul samyaros kidev ramdenime
saukune unda gaevlo. amitom Cvens mier sakvlev periodSi Sua saukuneebis
evropa da bizantia, mTeli rig sferoebSi maT Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, jer kidev SeiZleba erT qristianul sivrced
gaviazroT.
rogorc aRvniSneT, Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi drois da
istoriis aRqmis Taviseburebis kvlevisaTvis saWiroa am problemis
ganxilva anTopologiur WrilSi, misi kulturuli/socialuri aspeqtis
7
warmoCena, kerZod, drosa da istoriul procesze koleqtiuri
Sexedulebebis gamovlena saistorio mwerlobaze dayrdnobiT.
gaweulma muSaobam aCvena, rom Cveni winaswari varaudebi, garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, dadasturda, zogierT konkretul SemTxvevaSi ki
gansxavebuli suraTi miviReT. magaliTad, rogorc mosalodneli iyo,
erTi mxriv, qarTuli teqstebi avlenen zogad qristianul maxasiaTeblebs
droisa da istoriis gagebasTan mimarTebaSi. es Cans drois qrisitinuli
koncefciis primatSi, istoriul narativTa tipebSi da sxv. magram, meore
mxriv, kvlevis procesSi gamovlinda mTeli rigi gansxvavebebi qarTul
saistorioo mwerlobasa da qristianuli samyaros sxva istoriografiul
tradiciebs Soris. magaliTad, es exeba saistorio mwerlobis Janrobriv
Taviseburebebs. am sakiTxebs warmodgenil naSromSi dawvrilebiT
ganvixilavT da ZiriTad debulebebs mis dakvnaSi avsaxavT.
mecnieruli siaxle. kulturaTa tipologiuri kvleva kulturis
mecnierebebis, rogorc holisturi, integraluri da komparativistuli
disciplinis, erT-erTi ZiriTadi da yvelaze aqtualuri problemaa.
qarTul samecniero realobaSi msgavsi tipis kvlevebi didi xani ar aris,
rac daiwyo da, amdenad, CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxisadmi sagangebod
miZRvnili naSromi TiTo-orola Tu moiZebneba. es garemoeba arTulebs
qarTuli kulturis raobis mkafiod gamovlenas. wamodgenili naSromi
qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis kvlevis axlad damkvidrebuli
tradiciis gagrZelebaa. amasTan erTad, naSromi Sua saukuneebis qarTul
kulturaSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis, rogorc tipologiuri
maxasiaTeblis kvlevis pirveli cdaa. es ki saSualebas gvaZlevs, Sua
saukuneebis qarTul kulturas gansxvavebuli rakursiT SevxedoT.
kvlevis meTodologiuri da Teoriuli safuZvlebi. kulturis
mecnierebebSi SemuSavebulia mravali Teoriuli modeli, romlebic
kulturis rTuli da mravalmxrivi fenomenis asaxsnelad gamoiyeneba.
naSromSi formulirebuli problemis kvleva adekvatur meTodologiur
da Teoriul safuZvels unda emyarebodes. erT-erT aseT Teoriul
modelad gvesaxeba lokalur-civilizaciuri koncefcia, ramdenadac misi
mTavari Tavisebureba, swored, garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis safuZvelze
kulturaTa tipologizaciaa. droisa da istoriis gaazrebis specifika
mxolod erT-erTia im mraval maxasiaTebels Soris, romlebic avlenen
8
kulturis xasiaTs da misi tipologiuri raobis gansazRvris
SesaZleblobas iZlevian.
lokalur-civilizaciuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, kacobrioba mravali,
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli, kulturis erTobliobas warmoadgens.
TiToeuli kultura unikaluri da TviTkmari (Tumca ara Caketili)
erTobaa, romelic ganviTarebis sakuTar gzas gadis. es midgoma XIX
saukuneSi Camoyalibebuli da dasavleTis samecniero wreebSi
gabatonebuli evolucionisturi Teoriis alternatiul xedvad
gvevlineba, romlis mixedviT, arsebobs erTiani kacobrioba, saerTo
istoriiT da ganviTarebis erTgvarovani gziT. evolucionistebis azriT,
msoflioSi arsebuli kulturuli mrvalferovneba im garemoebiT
aixsneba, rom e.w. “civilizebuli” da “CamorCenili” xalxebi saerTo
sakacobrio istoriis sxvadasxva safexurze dganan. magaliTad, isini
miiCnevdnen, rom dasavleTma ukve miaRwia civilizaciis dones, sxva
xalxebi ki am gzas mogvinebiT gaivlidnen. e.b. tailoris, (E.B. Tylor), j.
frezeris (J. Frazer), l. h. morganis (L. H. Morgan) da sxva adreuli periodis
anTropologebis mier Seqmnili es Teoriuli modeli Semdgomi periodis
koncefciebzec axdenda gavlenas. magaliTad, es gavlena Cans XX saukunis
ganmavlobaSi aradasavluri kulturebis mimarT arsebul SefasebiT
damokidebulebaSi. msoflio istoriis evropocentristuli xedva arc
TanamedroveobisTvis aris ucxo. dRes dasavleTs kvlav Riad
adanaSauleben imaSi, rom is Zveleburad Tavisi Rirebulebebis
ZaldatanebiT Tavsmoxvevas cdilobs aRmosavleTisa da, saerTod,
aradasavleTisaTvis.
kulturaTa tiplogizaciam konkretuli maxasiaTeblebis
safuZvelze, xeli Seuwyo am maxasiaTebelTa diqotomiuri xedvis
Camoyalibebas. xangrZlivi tradiciis mqone “dasavleT-aRmosavleTis”
diqotomia kulturaTa da civilizciaTa tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebis
safuZvelzea agebuli. dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis maxasiTeblebad
miCneuli niSan-Tvisebebis CamonaTvali jgufdeba socialur-ekonomikuri,
politikuri, istoriuli, kulturul-istoriuli niSniT. “dasavleTi da
aRmosavleTi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba samyaros xedviTa da masSi
adamianis adgilis gansazRvriT; bunebis aRqmiTa da masze zemoqmedebis
(misi Semecnebis) xerxebiT _ magiuri, racionaluri, teqnikuri Tu sxv;
9
individisa da koleqtivis urTierTmimarTebiT; damokidebulebiT
Sromisadmi; damokidebulebiT samarTlis, rogorc socialur
urTierTobaTa regulatorisadmi; amqveyniuris da imqveyniuris
urTierTmimarTebiT... (Ciqovani 2005: 84); dasavleTi ganixileba
urbanistul, industriul, demokratiul, sekularul, pluralur,
racionalur, dinamiur civilizaciad. aRmosavleTi ki, amis sapirispirod,
miCneulia sasoflo, agrarul, avtoritarul, religiur, monistur,
intuiciur, statikur erTobad.
amgvari diqotomiebis arsebobas bevri mowinaaRmdege yavs. marTlac,
tradiciuli gagebiT, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis diqotomias
yovelTvis iyenebdnen xarisxobrivi da SefasebiTi mniSvnelobiT. xSirad,
es modeli xels uSlis rigi msgavsi, saerTo Tu universaluri
maxasiaTeblebis gamovlenas, TiTqos, radikalurad dapirispirebul
dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris. Sesabamisad, bevrs miaCnia, rom es
Zalian mkacri modelia dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris sxvaobis
aRsaniSnavad. magram, amasTan erTad, Cven ver ugulebelvyofT realur,
fundamentur da tipur gansxvavebebs maT Soris. es srulebiTac ar
niSnavs, rom romelime sazogadoebis maxasiaTeblebi SevafasoT da maT
“ganviTarebuli” an “primitiuli” kulturebi vuwodoT.
zemoTac aRiniSna, rom qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis
problema gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria civlizaciaTa gzajvaredinze
saqarTvelos arsebobis gamo. amitomac dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis
urTierTmimarTebis konteqstSi qarTuli kulturis ganxilva
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens da, SeiZleba, saintereso dakvnebamde
migviyvanos. Tumca gasaTvaliswibebelia is garemoebac, rom garkveuli
maxasiaTebeli, SeiZleba, erT civilizaciasTan _ magaliTad,
dasavleTTan _ gvakavSirebdes,. sxva niSniT ki aRmosavlur sivrcesTan
viyoT ufro axlos. amitom, romelime erTi maxasiaTeblis safuZvelze
kulturuli da civilizaciuri raobis Sesaxeb daskvnis gakeTeba
marTebuli ar iqneboda.
Sua saukunebis qarTul kulturaSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis
koncefciis kvleva, Cveni azriT, kulturuli anTropologiis
perpeqtivaSi unda moxdes, radgan naSromSi sakvlevi problema dasmulia
koleqtiur, sazogadoebriv aspeqtSi. aq yuradReba unda mieqces im
10
garemoebasac, rom kulturuli anTropologiis kvlevis arealSi,
ZiriTadad, “cocxali sazogadoebebi” (living societies) Sedis. sakvlevi
sakiTxi ki Sua saukuneebis qarTul sazogadoebas ukavSirdeba. am
istoriuli perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT, msgavsi tipis kvleva,
garkveuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba istoriul anTropologiis
sferosac mivakuTvnoT. Tumca, vfiqrobT, rom kulturul-
anTropologiuri da istoriul-anTropologiuri midgomebi pricipulad
ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, radgan, orive SemTxvevaSi, kvlevis
mTavari obieqti sazogadoebaa. Tumca, Tanamedrove anTropologebisagan
gansxvavebiT, Cven ver SevZlebT sakvlev sazogadoebaSi cxovrebas da
“CarTuli dakvirvebis” meTodiT mis “Signidan” Seswavlas. naSromSi
“informantebis” rols asruleben Sua saukuneebis istoriuli teqstebi
da ara cocxali adamianebi. es wyaroebi pirdapir ar gagvcemen pasuxs
CvenTvis saintereso kiTxvebze, Tumca, rogorc “analebis” saistorio
skolis warmomadgenlebi miiCnevdnen, mTavaria sworad davusvaT kiTxvebi
wyaroebs da isini aucileblad gvipasuxeben.
am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, naSromSi qarTuli saistorio
teqstebi danaxulia specifikuri rakursiT, romelic mimarTulia Sua
saukuneebis qarTul sazogadoebaSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis
Taviseburebebis gamovlenisaken. sakvlevi sakiTxebic am rakursis
Sesabamisad aris formurilebuli. magaliTad, vlindeba Tu ara “qarTlis
cxovrebis” teqstebSi Sua saukuneebis qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
koleqtiuri warmodgenebi drosa da istoriaze? Tu vlindeba _ ra
formiT? da a.S. msgavsi tipis kiTxvebze uSualo pasuxi, rogorc wesi, ar
arsebobs, radgan avtori am sakiTxebze sagangebod ar msjelobs. Tumca
misi teqsti SeiZleba Seicavdes cnobebs im “temporalur ritmebze”,
romliTac cxovrobda es avtori da misi Tanamedrove sazogadoeba.
kvlevis meTodebi. naSromSi dasaxuli miznis (Sua saukuneebis
qarTul kulturaSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis maxasiaTeblis
kvleva, masTan dakavSirebuli Teoriul-meTodologiuri midgomis
realizacia) miRweva SesaZleblad gvesaxeba SedarebiTi meTodis
gamoyenebiT. ra Tqma unda, Tu qarTul kulturas “Signidan” ar
davinaxavT, ver gavigebT, romeli civilizaciis konteqstSi unda
moviazrebdeT mas. magram, aseve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu sxva
11
kulturebTan ar gavavlebT paralelebs, sakuTari kulturis Secnobis
gzaze bevri dabrkoleba Segvxdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelosa da
qarTuli kulturis istoriis problemebis msgavsi meTodebiT kvlevis,
tradiciis ararseboba, mniSvnelovanwilad, ganapirobebs imas, rom Zalian
gviWirs saqarTvelos moazreba romelime didi erTobis konteqstSi,
msjeloba Tanamedrove etapze Zalian aqtualur sakiTxze _ dasavleTTan
Cveni mimarTebis Taobaze. ufro myari da racionaluri iqneboda, Tu
Cvens samecniero wreebSi meti yuradReba mieqceoda kros-kulturul da
SedarebiT kvlevebs. qarTuli kulturis konkretuli maxasiaTeblebis
ganxilva komparativistul WrilSi ,misi ufro srulyofilad
interpretaciis da tipologizaciis saSualebas mogvcems.
kros-kulturuli SedarebiTi meTodi aseve iTvaliswinebs sakvlevi
problemisTvis Sesabamisi sivrciTi da droiTi konteqstis moZebnas.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, problema unda ganixilebodes horizontalur da
diaqronul WrilSi. warmodgenili naSromis farglebSi qarTuli
kultura ganixileba medievaluri qristianuli samyaros konteqsti.
Sua saukuneebi qarTuli kulturis SedarebiTi kvlevisaTvis erT-
erTi mniSvnelovani periodia. gansakuTrebiT saintereso paralelebis
moZebna SeiZleba maSindeli qristianuli samyaros sazogadoebebTan.
zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom am periodis evropaSic da saqarTveloSic
qristianobis damkvidrebis Sedegad yalibdeba is kulturuli
maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic SemdgomSic gansazRvrvdenen kulturul
Taviseburebebs. Tumca saWiroa drois ufro dakonkreteba, radgan Sua
saukuneebi sakmaod did periods moicavs. arsebobs misi periodizaciis
gansxvavebuli sqemebi. magaliTad, erT SemTxvevaSi Sua saukuneebis
dasasruls ukavSreben evropaSi momxdar samrewvelo revouluciebs, sxva
SemTxvevaSi _ konstantinepolis dacemas. arsebobs sxva mosazrebebic.
warmodgenil naSromSi, ZiriTadad, vexebiT XIV saukunemde periodis
qarTvel avtorTa teqstebs. swored am periodamde TariRdeba “qarTlis
cxovrebis” e.w. Zveli ciklis teqstebi. garda amisa, es periodi
saqarTveloSic da evropaSic ueWvelad iTvleba Sua saukuneebad. am
epoqaSi, saqarTveloSic da eropaSic, msoflmxedvelobas, ZiriTadad,
qristianoba gansazRvravda. evropul cnobierebaSi momxdari didi
cvlilebebi, romlebic renesanss da reformacias ukavSirdeba,
12
umTavresad, XIII saukunis Semdeg iwyeba. manamde ki, evropa gamsWvalulia
qristianul-providencialuri SegnebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens mier
SerCeul periodSi (Sua saukuneebi XIV saukunemde) eqceva kaTolicizmisa
da marTmadideblobis gayofa, dasavlur da aRmosavlur qristianul
samyaros jer kidev ar mijnavs reformaciis mier mkafiod gavlebuli
sazRvari. rac mTavaria, am periodSi bizantia isev arsebobs. saqarTvelos
da maSindel evropas Soris jer kidev ar yofs absoluturad ucxo
osmaleTis imperia, aramed maT Soris gamaSualebeli rgolia mZlavri
qristianuli kultura (Tu civilizacia?) _ bizantia, romelic didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi kulturuli nakadebiT asazrdoebda saqarTvelosac da
evropasac. amitom vfiqrobT, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelo da
maSindeli qristianuli samyaro, evropis da bizantiis CaTvliT,
tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT, Tanazomadi sidideebia. amis Tqma swored
drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis magaliTze SeiZleba, radgan es
kulturuli maxasiaTebeli am periodSi, ZiriTadad, qrisitianuli
religiiT iyo gansazRvruli.
rodesac konkretul maxasiaTebels vikvlevT, unda vecadoT, rom
davadginoT msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi Sedarebad nimuSebs Soris.
magram aseve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom SedarebiTi meTodiT kvleva
miznad ar isaxavs identuri da ganmeorebadi faqtebis, movlenebis da
fenomenebis gamovlenas. am tipis kvleva, umTavresad, fokusirebuli unda
iyos imaze, Tu ratom da rogor Cndeba es msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi
kulturaTa Soris. Cvenc am TvalsazrsiT mivudgebiT Sua saukuneebis
saqarTvelosa da danarCeni qrisitanuli samyaros SedarebiT analizs
CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi.
sakvlevi sakiTxis Seswavlis mdgomareoba. didi xani ar aris, rac
qarTul samecniero sivrceSi qarTuli kulturis raobis, misi
civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxi kvlevis sagani gaxda. konkretuli
tipologiuri maxasiTeblebis kvlevis safuZvelze, qarTuli kulturis
rig sakiTxebze ganmazogadebel daskvnebs, jerjerobiT, qarTvel
mkvlevarTa mxolod mcire nawilTan vxdebiT. arsebobs ramdenime
monografia da statia, romlebic msgavs problematikas eZRvneba.
saqarTvelos kulturul-civilizaciuri ganviTarebis problemebs,
maTi kvlevis meTodologiur safuZvlebs exeba nino Ciqovanis naSromi
13
“saqarTvelos kulturuli raoba da civilizaciuri kuTvnileba
civilizaciaTa Teoriis konteqstSi”. avtori civilizaciaTa Teoriis
Suqze pirvelad ganixilavs aqtualur problemebs, romlebic
saqarTvelos civilizaciaTa gzajvarednze arsebobas, kavkasiis
kulturul sivrces, kulturul da civilizaciur identobas exeba.
konkretuli maxasiaTeblis safuZvelze qarTuli kulturis
tipologizaciis cda ekuTvnis qeTevan kakitelaSvils. naSromSi
“sivrciTi orientacia – kulturaTa tipologiis safuZveli” aseT
maxasiaTeblad aRebulia adamianis mier sivrcis aRqma da sivrcisadmi
damokidebuleba, romelic kulturuli Semoqmedebis sxvadasxva sferoSi
vlindeba. igive avtori statiaSi “kulturuli procesebis marTva V-XI
saukuneebSi qarTuli agiografiuli teqstebis mixedviT”, sxva
sakiTxebTan erTad, exeba istoriuli mexsierebis problemas Sua
saukuneebis agiografebsa da sasuliero moRvaweebTan.
qarTuli mentalitetis Seswavlas eZRvneba rusudan labaZis
monografia “codva da SiSi Sua saukuneebSi (qarTuli mentaluri
modelis ori aspeqti)”, sadac, franguli “axali istoriuli mecnierebis”
gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Seswavlili da gaanalizebulia codvisa
da esqatologiuri SiSis problema Sua saukuneebis qarTul
sazogadoebaSi.
garda am gamokvlevebisa, arsebobs kidev sxva naSromebic, magram
umravleosoba Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli statiebia, romlebic
qarTuli kulturis ama Tu im aspeqtebs eZRvneba. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia
g.niJaraZis, k. kacitaZis, e.jgerenaias da sxva qarTveli avtorebis
publikaciebi.
warmodgenili naSromi drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis
kuTxiT Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saistorio teqstebis gaazrebis
pirveli cdaa. manamde, qarTul kulturaSi droisa da istoriis gageba,
rogorc kulturuli maxasiaTebeli, qarTveli (da ucxoeli) mkvlevrebis
sagangebo Seswavlis sagani ar yofila.
saerTod, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis,
“qarTlis cxovrebis” krebulSi Semavali teqstebis wyaroTmcodneobiT
Sewavlas CvenSi didi tradicia aqvs. magram sawyis stadiazea am Zeglebis
Seswavla kvlevis axali meTodebis moSveliebiT. im mcirericxovan
14
mkvlevarTa Soris, romlebic cdiloben, gansxvavebulad Sexedon Sua
saukuneebis qarTul istoriul teqstebs, pirvel rigSi davasaxelebdiT
kaxa kacitaZes. statiaSi “snori sturlusonis “qveynierebis wre” da
arqauli teqstebis tipologia” igi aRniSnavs, rom “qarTuli
humanitaruli mecnierebebis erT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebas unda
warmoadgendes dasavleTSi aprobirebuli meTodebis da nou-hauebis
miyeneba qarTuli kulturis Zeglebisadmi... axali midgomebis Suqze
Tvisebrivad ganaxlebuli wardgebian qarTuli teqstebi, maT Soris
iseTebic, romlebSic Sesaswavli TiTqos aRarc araferi iyo” (kacitaZe
2001: 64). am mosazrebas mTlianad veTanxmebiT. k. kacitaZis TqmiT,
saintereso iqneboda skandinavistebis da keltologebis mier
aprobirebuli paradigmebis gamoyeneba qarTuli teqstebis kvlevis dros.
kerZod, axali tipologiuri meTodebis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs garkveuli
parametrebis gamoyofas. magaliTad, aqtantebi, dro, sivrce, teqstis
xasiaTi, teqstis gaerTianebis principi da a.S.
“qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebSi tipologiuri sakiTxebis garSemo
saintereso kvlevebi aqvT sxva qarTvel mkvlevrebsac. magaliTad, mariam
CxartiSvili exeba identobis problemebs Zvel qarTul teqstebSi; l.
patariZes ekuTvnis mefobis ideis kvleva “vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebaSi”
da sxv.
dasavleTSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis koncefciis Seswavlis
mdidari gamocdileba dagrovda. naSromis sakvlevi sakiTxidan
gamomdinare, ZiriTadad, ganvixilavT kulturuli anTropologiis da
saistorio mecnierebis farglebSi SemuSavebul paradigmebs.
anTropologiur kvlevebSi didi yuradReba eTmoboda ama Tu im
sazogadoebaSi drosTan damoikdebulebis sakiTxs. am disciplinis
farglebi Semqnili “modernuli” da “tradiciuli” sazogadoebebis
diqotomiis erT-erT msazRvrelad swored droisa da istoriis aRqma
gvevlineba. am diqotomiis Tanaxmad, “tradiciul” kulturebSi drois
aRqma ganixileba, rogorc dasavluri drois opozicia. es dro ufro
“cikluria, vidre xazovani, raodenobrivi, vidre xarisxobrivi, Seqcevadi,
vidre Seuqcevadi, Semofarglulia tradiciiT da Tavad ar warmoadgens
istoriis mamoZravebels; igi organizebulia ufro yoveldRiuri
wesrigiT da praqtikuli amocanebiT, vidre saaTiT, orientirebulia
15
ufro stabilurobaze, vidre cvlilebebze, ufro bunebazea
damokidebuli, vidre kalendris ritmze, aRiricxeba ufro bunebrivi
ritmis, vidre abstraqtuli sqemebis safuZvelze. dasavluri drois
gancda daxasiaTebulia rogorc erTmimarTulebiani, uwyveti mdinareba,
movlenaTa rigi, romlebic warsulidan momavlisken mimarTul xazzea
gamwkrivebuli. drois dasavluri gageba daxasiaTebulia rogorc
abstraqtuli, sworxazovani da moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli” (adami 2005:
99-101).
es diqtomia wiTel zolad gasdevs e. evans-priCardis (E. Evans-
Pritchard) b. uorfis ( B. Whorf), k. levi strosis (C.Levi-Strauss) da sxva
cnobili anTropologebis Sromebs.
zemoT aRniSnuli anTropologebi, ZiriTadad, maT Tanamedrove
kulturebs ikvlevdnen. warsulis sazogadoebebis anTropologiuri
kvleva ki dakaSvirebulia “analebis” saistorio skolis wamomadgenlebis
m. blokis (M. Bloch), l. fevris (L. Febvre), f. brodelis (F. Braudel), J. le-
gofis (J. Le Gof) da sxvebis saxelebTan. “analebis” skolam warsulis
Sewavlis procesSi mTavar miznad daisaxa maSindeli adamianis da
sazogadoebis mentalitetis kvleva.
“analebis” skolis warmomadgenlebma araerTi mniSvnelovani da
novatoruli kvleva miuZRvnes Sua saukuneebSi drois aRqmisa da
istoriis gagebis problematikas. f. brodels ekuTvnis “didi
xangrlivobis drois” anu istoriis sami ritmis koncefcia; m. bloki da J.
le gofi sagangebod ikvlevdnen Sua saukunebis sazogadoebaSi droisa da
istoriis aRqmis sxvadasxva aspeqts. J. le gofma Rrma kvlevebi miuZRvna
Sua saukuneebis “droTa mravalgvarobis”, anu sxvadasxva socialuri
jgufis drois gagebas, magaliTad, eklesiur, vaWrebis, glexebis,
feodalebis da sxva droebs.
droisa da istoriis aRqmis kvlevis dros gverds ver avuvliT
koleqtiuri mexsierebis sakiTxs. dasavlur samecniero tradiciaSi am
problemis Seswavlis mdidari tradicia Camoyalibda. am sakiTxs
ikvlevdnen cnobili inteleqtualebi m. halbvaqsi (M. Halbwachs), p. nora (P.
Nora), e. zerubaveli (E. Zerubavel) da sxv.
rogorc am mokle ganxilvidan vxedavT, dasavleTSi kulturis
tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebis kvlevasa da analizs araerTi
16
mniSvnelovani naSromi mieZRvna. es Cans, Tundac, drois aRqmisa da
istoriis gaazrebis problemaze refleqsiis mdidari gamocdilebidan.
amitom, dasavleTSi Seqmnili kvlevis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri
modelebis qarTul samecniero sinamdvileSi gadmotana bevrad waswevda
win qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis kvlevis saqmes, romelic
jer kidev sawyis stadiazea.
sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli wyaroebisa da literaturis mimoxilva
a) wyaroebi
Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis
koncefciis sakiTxs imdroindeli qarTuli saistorio tradiciis,
“qarTlis cxovrebis” mixedviT ganvixilavT. mkvlevarTa azriT, “qarTlis
cxovreba” Sedgeba ori ciklis Txzulebebisgan. Zveli cikli moicavs XIV
saukunemde periodis teqstebs, axali cikli ki XIV-XVII saukuneebis
amsaxvel Txzulebebs. Cvens mier arCeuli teqstebi “qarTlis cxovrebis”
e.w. Zvel ciklSi Sedis.
kerZod, naSromSi gamoyenebulia krebulSi Sesuli Semdegi
teqstebi:
XI saukunis avtoris leonti mrovelis nawarmoebad miCneuli
“cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa”, romliTac ixsneba “qarTlis cxovrebis”
krebuli. misi ZiriTadi nawili saqarTvelos istoriis uZveles periods
exeba, masSi Txroba V saukunemde modis.
XI saukunis avtoris juanSeris saistorio Txzuleba “cxovreba
vaxtang gorgasalisa”. igi agrZelebs leonti mrovelis “mefeTa
cxovrebas” da mogviTxrobs saqarTvelos istorias V saukunis Sua
wlebidan VIII saukunis 40-50-ian wlebamde. aq unda aRiniSnos, rom
“qarTlis cxovrebis” am nawilis avtoris vinaobis da sakuTriv teqstis
daTariRebis sakiTxebze qarTvel mecnierebs Soris erTgvarovani
mosazreba ar arsebobs. Tumca, umTavresad, miRebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom
juanSeris saxeliT cnobili avtori XI saukuneSi cxovrobda.
ucnobi avtoris “matiane qarTlisa”, romelic juanSeris
Txzulebis gagrZelebad gvevlineba. masSi moTxrobilia saqarTvelos
istoriis ambebi VIII saukunis Sua wlebidan XI sukunis 70-ian wlebamde.
17
anonimi avtoris “cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi”. es teqsti
“matiane qarTlisas” gagrelebaa. mkvlevarTa azriT, avtori daviT
aRmaSeneblis Tanamedrove da masTan daaxloebuli piri iyo.
XI saukunis istirikosis, bagrationebis sagvareulo mematianis
sumbat daviTisZis Txzuleba “cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa”. es
teqsti calke Txzulebis saxiT “qarTlis cxovrebis” mxolod zog
nusxaSia Sesuli (magaliTad, XVIII saukuniT daTariRebul mariamiseul
nusxaSi). “qarTlis cxovrebis” danarCen redaqciebSi ki igi sxva
teqstebTanaa Serwymuli,. sumbatis qronika bagrationebis sagvareulos
genealogias exeba. teqstSi Txroba adamidan iwyeba da XI saukunis 30-ian
wlebamde modis.
laSa giorgis droindeli mematianis teqsti, romelic XII saukunisa
da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedis movlenebs aRwers.
ucnobi avtoris “istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani” da basili
ezosmoZRvris Txzulebad miCneuli “cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi”.
orive teqsti Tamar mefis Tanamedrove istorikosTa Txzulebebia.
Cveni interesis sferoSi ar Sedis “qarTlis cxovrebis” krebulis
Sedgenilobis, avtorTa vinaobis, teqstebis daTariRebis da sxva,
wyaroTmcodneobisTvis tipuri sakiTxebis kvleva. Sua saukuneebis
qarTuli istoriuli teqstebisgan gvinda gavigoT pasuxebi im kiTxvaze,
romelic maTTvis jer aravis dausvmas. kiTxva mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu
rogor aRiqvamda drosa da istorias Sua saukuneebis avtori da misi
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba.
b) literatura
Tanamedrove etapze warsulis kvlevaSi, tradiciulTan erTad,
axali paradigmebi gamoiyeneba. erT-erT aseT paradigmas warmoadgens
istoriis kvlevis anTropologiuri perspeqtiva, romelic warsulSi
adamianuri yofis da kulturuli realobis yvela aspeqtis
rekonstruirebas gulisxmobs. anTropologiuri kvlevis midgomebis da
xerxebis, maT safuZvelze drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis kvlevis
principebis ganxilvis dros veyrdnobiT b. adamis (B. Adam), a. barnardis
(A. Barnard), j. gudmenis ( J. Goodman), p. memotis (P. Memmott), p. berkis (P.
Burke), a. gureviCisa da sxv. Sromebs.
18
istoriisa da anTropologiis urTierTmimarTebis, istoriul
kvlevebSi kulturis cnebis mniSvnelobis zrdaze saubrobs p. berki
Tavis wignSi “ra aris kulturis istoria?”. igi detalurad ganixilavs
pozitivisturi istoriografiis kvlevis arealis siviwroves, romelic,
ZiriTadad, politikis sferos moicavda. berki mniSvnelovan mijnad
miiCnevs im faqts, rom tradiciuli istoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
xedva “zemodan” qvemoT Seicvla axali istoriuli paradigmebis
danergviT. aq ukve “qvemodan”, masebis TvalebiT danaxul istorias
eniWeba upiratesoba.
sxva naSromSi “uvertiura: axali istoria, misi warsuli da
momavali” berki exeba im faqts, rom XX saukunis istorikosebma
kulturis cnebis farTo, anTropologiuri mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba
daiwyes. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis mier istoriuli movlenebis axsnasa da
gaazrebaSi sul ufro da ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba im
faseulobaTa sistemas, romelic konkretuli jgufebis cxovrebas
gansazRvravda konkretul drosa da adgilas.
istoriuli anTropologiis ganviTarebaSi “analebis” franguli
saistorio skolis mniSvnelobaze wers a. gureviCi Tavis naSromSi
“istoriis rogorc adamianis Sesaxeb mecnierebis gageba. istoriuli
mecniereba saukuneebis gasayarze”. swored am skolis warmomadgenlebi
iyvnen pirvelebi, vinc anTropologiuri problematikiT dainteresda da
saTave daudo warsulis kvlevis axal gzebs. yuradRebis centSi moeqca
warsuli periodis adamiani da sazogadoeba, nacvlad mxolod
politikuri faqtebisa da procesebisa.
igive sakiTxebs exeba j. gudmeni wignSi “istoria da
anTropologia”. avtori aRwers, Tu rogor gaxda “analebis” skolis
pirveli warmomadgenlebis Semdeg “istoriuli mecniereba ufro
istoriuli _ anTropologiad gardaqmnis procesSi, anTropologia ki
ufro anTropologiuri _ istoriad garadqmnis dros”.
b. adami Tavis “drois aRqmaSi” yuradRebas amaxvilebs drois
gancdis mravlgvarobaze. dro adamianuri arsebobis ganuyofeli nawilia,
romelic mocemulia fizikur procesebSi, socialur tradiciebSi,
adamianur urTierTobebSi, maTematikis abstraqtul gaTvlebsa da,
19
saerTod, yvela aspeqtSi. dro aris CarCo, romlis farglebSi adamianebi
aregulireben TavianT cxovrebas.
p. memoti naSromSi “tangkikis drois wesrigi: drois Sewavlis
anTropologiuri perspeqtiva” ganixilavs drois aRqmaze bunebrivi
garemos gavlenas. magaliTad, zRvasTan mcxovrebi avstralieli
aborigenebis drois gageba zRvis miqceviT da moqceviT da masTan
dakavSirebuli sxva movlenebiT aris gansazRvruli. sazogadoebaSi
drois gagebaze bunebis gavlena universaluri movlenaa da yvela
kulturaSi, maT Soris dasavlurSic, vlindeba.
antikuri periodis saistorio mwerlobaSi drois aRqmisa da
istoriis gaazrebis sakiTxze msjelobisas veyrdnobodiT g. viTrous
naSroms (G. Whitrow) “dro da istoria. drosTan damokidebuleba
preistoriidan Tamedroveobamde”, .h. baterfildis (H.Butterfield) “istoriis
warmoSobas”, m. komberis (M. Comber) “romaeli istorikosebis gadakiTxvas”
da sxv.
am avtorebis kvlevebSi antikuri xanis berZnebis mier drois aRqma
daxasiaTebulia, rogorc cikluri wrebrunva. am dros ar aqvs
Seuqcevadobis Tviseba. garkveuli gagebiT, arsebobs mxolod awmyo da
swored am awmyoSi igulisxmeba warsulic da momavalic. antikuri
gagebiT, samyaro iyo wesrigi, kosmosi, da droc ki sivrciT kategoriaSi
moazreboda. es iyo materialuri ram, romelic SeiZleba gaizomos,
daiWras, mowesrigdes da klasificirdes. drois amgvari gageba
gansazRvravda warsulis perspeqtivis simokles da istoriuli
mexsierebis deficits. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis azriT, berZnebma ver
miaRwies istoriuli cnobierebas, radgan mcdari Sexeduleba hqondaT
droze da drois dinebaze.
Sua saukuneebSi qristianobam droisa da istoriis axali, iudeur-
qristianuli koncefcia daamkvidra. Sua saukuneebis qristiani avtorebis
Semoqmedeba gansazRvruli iyo providencialisturi istoriisa da
xazovani drois SegnebiT. maSindeli gagebiT, istoria RmerTisgan aris
winaswargansazRruli. kacobriobis xsnis RvTaebrivi gegmis
ganxorcielebis procesi macxovris movlinebiT daiwyo da am miznis
miRwevis Semdeg istoria Tavis sasrul wertils miaRwevda. istoriis
20
providencialisturi idea miuTiTebs, rom drois perspeqtiva gaizarda da
igi sworxazovani da Seuqcevadi gaxda.
naSromSi Sua saukuneebis saistorio mwerlobis Janrobrivi
klasifikaciis problemas vexebiT. Cveni azriT, droisa da istoriis
aRqmasa da saistorio mwerlobis Janrobriv Taviseburebebs Soris
mWidro kavSiria. Cven cal-calke vixilavT Sua saukuneebis evropuli,
bizantiuri da qarTuli istoiografiis magaliTebs.
Sua saukuneebis evropaSi saistorio mwerlobaze da, masTan erTad,
mis Janrobriv Taviseburebebze Zalian saintereso gamokvlevebi aqvT b.
genes (B. Guenèe), J. le gofs, m. bloks, f. brodels da sxva cnobil
evropel medievistebs. b. genes wignSi “Sua saukuneebis dasavleTis
istoria da istoriuli kultura” saubaria, rom Sua saukuneebis
istorikosis ZiriTadi mizani movlenebis droSi warmoCena iyo. Sua
saukuneebis istoriografia, antikurisgan gansxvavebiT, cudad axerxebda
sivrceSi orientirebas. samagierod, is Tavis arss droSi xedavda da mas
qronologiis “tiraniis” qveS uxdeboda arseboba. es vlindeba Sua
saukuneebis evropaSi “qronikis” da “analebis” Janrebis popularobaSi,
romlebSic Txrobis wamyvani faqtoria dro. magaliTad, qronikaSi
Txroba adamis droidan iwyeboda da istorikosis Tanamedrove
periodamde modioda.
bizantiuri saistorio mwerlobis Janrebze da TiToeul maTganSi
drosTan damokidebulebaze saintereso kvlevebi aqvT a. lebedevs (А.
Лебедев.), b. dostalovas (Б. Досталова), z. udalcovas (З. Удальцова), i.
lubarskis (Я..Любарский) da sxv. am avtorTa naSromebSi xazgasmulia
Janrobrivi ganxvaveba “istoriebs”, “saeklesio istoriebsa” da
“qronografiebs” Soris. es gansxvavebebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, warmoSobs
sxvaobas drosTan damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiTac. bizantiur
“istoriebSi” sworxazovani drois gageba ar Cans. adreuli periodis
saero istorikosebTan da aseve mogviano xanis avtorebTanac cikluri
drois gavlena igrZnoba. bizantieli istorikosebic, antikuri epoqis
avtorTa msgavsad, qronologiuri sakiTxebisadmi indiferentulad arian
ganwyobili da maT teqstebSi win iwevs teritoriuli, Tematuri da
problemuri faqtorebi. “qronografiebSi” da “saeklesio istoriebSi” ki
drois qristianuli koncefciis primatia.
21
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis Janrobrivi
kuTvnilebis sakiTxi jer kidev Sesaswavl problemebaTa rigs
ganekuTvneba. am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil mcirericxovan naSromTagan Cveni
yuradReba miiqcia g. alasanias, g. axvledianis, l. patariZis, e.
kvaWantiraZis da sxvebis gamoklvevebma.
g. alasania naSromSi “qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis
klasifikacia” sagangebod exeba Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi saistorio
mwerlobis Janrobivi klasifikaciis problemebs. igi aCvenebs, Tu rogor
gadafaraven erTmaneTs istoriuli, liturgiuli, agiografiuli Janrebi
Sua saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobaSi, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom
Janrobrivi sazRvrebi mkafiod gamokveTili ar iyo. avtori ganixilavs
terminebs, romlebic aRniSnavdnen mwerlobis ama Tu im saxes. magaliTad,
“cxovreba”, “matiane”, “qebani” da a.S. g. alasania aseve sagangebo
yuradRebas uTmobs folkloruli da epikuri motivebis gavlenas
“qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebze.
saistorio mwerlobaSi arsebul folklorul maxasiaTeblebs
eZRvneba g. axvledianis sadoqtoro disertacia “qarTuli saistorio
mwerloba da folklori (XI-XIX ss)”. mkvlevari gamoyofs mTel rig
momentebs, romlebic mkafiod akavSirebs “qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebs
folklorul da epikur tradiciebTan. es exeba uSualod fokloruli da
epikuri siuJetebis (igavebi, orTabrZolebis scenebi da sxv.) CarTvas da
specifikuri stiluri xerxebis arsebobas teqstebSi.
l. patariZe da e. kvaWantiraZe statiaSi “qarTlis cxovrebis”
SedarebiTi tipologia (sakiTxis dasmisaTvis)” cdiloben, Sua
saukuneebis bizantiur da somxur istoriografiasTan SedarebiTi
analizis safuZvelze, gamoyon “qarTlis cxovrebisTvis” damaxasiaTebeli
tipuri niSnebi. magaliTad is, rom Zveli qarTuli saistorio tradicia
ar miyveba maSindel qristianul samyaroSi arsebul Janrobriv
parametrebs da garkveuli TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva. Cveni azriT,
qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis Janrobrivi araerTgvarovnebidan
gamomdinareobs is, rom teqstebis nawilSi Txrobis ZiriTadi
maorganizebeli Zalaa dro. meore nawilSi ki drois faqtori SedarebiT
neitralizebulia da teqstSi wina planze sxva faqtorebi gamodian.
22
Sua saukuneebSi gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba hqondaT
warsulTan. istoria, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, iudeur-qritianuli
koncefciis konteqstSi giazreboda. am koncefcias Seesabameboda Sua
saukuneebSi arsebuli sxvadasxva saxis periodizaciis sqemebi da
qronologiiis wesi. drois mowesrigebis am xerxebs sagangebo yuradRebas
uTmoben TavianT kvlevebSi J. le-gofi, b. gene, a. lebedevi da sxvebi. Sua
saukuneebis saqarTveloSi qronologiis sakiTxebs exeba g. mWedliZis
naSromi “qronologiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi” da misive statia
“qronologia Zvel qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi”.
Sua saukuneebSi gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba hqondaT
mexsierebis fenomenTanac. m. karutersi (M. Carruthers) Tavis Zalian
saintereso naSromSi “mexsierebis wigni. mexsierebis kvleva medievalur
kulturaSi” aRniSnavs, rom Sua saukuneebis adamianebisTvis mTavari
avtoritetebi iyvnen gansakuTrebuli mexsierebiT gamorCeuli pirovnebebi.
mexsiereba yvelaze maRali moraluri Tvisebebis, iseve rogorc
inteleqtis, niSnad miaCndaT.
am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sadisertacio naSromSi
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gavamaxvileT Sua saukuneebis qarTul
kulturaSi koleqtiuri mexsierebis formirebisa da am procesSi
istorikosis rolTan dakavSirebul problemebze. koleqtiuri
mexsierebis Camoyalibebis, misi individualur mexsierebasTan mimarTebis,
warsulidan informaciis SerCevis da damaxsovrebis, damaxsovrebis
xerxebis/mnemoteqnikis, mexsierebis gadacemis formebisa da saSualebebis,
koleqtiuri mexsierebis formirebaSi istorikosis wvlilis da sxva
sakiTxebze dasavlur samecniero tradiciaSi kvlevis xangrZlivi da
mdidari tradicia arsebobs. naSromSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi eyrdnoba
am sferoSi iseTi aRiarebuli mkvlevrebis naSromebs, rogorebicaa m.
halbvaqsi, p. nora, e. zerubaveli, k. uaikemi (C. Wickham), j. fentresi (J.
Fentress), p. berki da sxv.
Sua saukuneebis qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi aisaxa maSindel
qarTul sazogadoebaSi miRebuli istoriuli narativebis saxeebi. am
narativebis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT, ZiriTadad, veyrdnobiT e.
zerubavelis mier Tavis naSromSi “drois ruqebi: koleqtiuri mexsiereba
da warsulis socialuri saxe” agebul modelebs.
23
zerubaveli gamoyofs istoriul narativebis ZiriTad saxeebs,
romelTa saSualebiT mnemonikuri erToba axdens warsulis organizebas.
“aRmasvlis/progresis”, “daRmasvlis” da “zigzagis” narativebi
istoriuli procesis mimarTulebas gamoxataven. es narativebi aseve
asaxavs imas, Tu rogor afasebs warsuls sazogadoeba _ dadebiTad Tu
uaryofiTad. zerubaveli xazs usvams im garemoebasac, rom mnemonikuri
erToba erTmaneTisagan ganarCevs movlenebiT datvirTul da movlenebiT
Rarib istoriul periodebs. amiT, drois Tanabari monakveTebi,
socialuri TvalsazrisiT, araTanabari xarisxiT aRiqmeba.
istoria, xSir SemTxvevaSi, uwyvet an wyvetil procesad moiazreba.
zerubaveli am or xedvas “legato” da “stakato” narativebs uwodebs.
warsulTan awmyos dasakavSireblad da mis uwyvet procesad
warmosadgenad sxvadasxva saSualebas iyeneben. magaliTad, teritorias.
garda amisa, am mizniT, mnemonikuri erTobebi xazs usvamen warsulSi
arsebul jgufTan pirdapiri genealogiuri kavSirebis arsebobas da a.S.
iseve rogorc uwyveti istoriuli narativis, istoriuli
wyvetilobis dasanaxadac xdeba sxvadasxva xerxebis gamoyeneba.
magaliTad, sxvadasxva “periodebi” erTmaneTisagan gamijnulia
wyalgamyofi, saetapo movlenebiT. es calke periodebi erTmaneTis
sapirispirod aRiqmeba, radgan saetapo movlenidan iwyeba axali istoria.
unda aRiniSnos, rom “qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebis kvlevam am
modelebis safuZvelze saintereso kuTxiT dagvanaxa Sua saukunebis
qarTuli sazogadoeba.
droisa da istoriis iudeur-qristianul koncefciaSi, warsulTan
erTad, ZiriTadi iyo momavlis gageba. qristianuli istoria, warsulTan
erTad, Tavis TavSi moiazrebda momavali gankiTxvis dRis molodins.
yovelgvari istoriis saboloo mizani mainc es momavali iyo. Tumca
mkvlevarTa nawili Sua saukuneebis evropasa da bizantias Soris
momavlis gaazrebaSi tipologiur sxvaobas xedavs. s. averincevi Tavis
wignSi “adrebizantiuri literaturis poetika” asabuTebs, rom evropisgan
gansxvavebiT, bizantiaSi, garkveulwilad, moxsnili iyo eqsatologiuri
momavlis molodini an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, imdenad mZafrad ar
ganicdeboda, rogorc evropaSi. amis mizezad is asaxelebs im faqts, rom
konstantines imperia, faqtobrivad, “ciuri ierusalimis” gansaxierebad
24
aRiqmeboda. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, bizantiaSi ukve awmyoSi hqondaT
“aRTqmuli qveyana”.
Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSic, rogorc qristianul kulturaSi,
ucxo ar iyo momavlis esqatologiuri molodini. qarTul sinamdvileSi
momavlis esqtologiur gancdas eZRvneba r. labaZis naSromi “codva da
SiSi Sua saukuneebSi (qarTuli mentaluri modelis ori aspeqti)”.
Sua saukuneebSi qristianuli drois koncefcia erTaderTi da
sayovelTao ar iyo. am periodisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva
temporaluri modelis arseboba. naSromis farglebSi ganvixilavT Sua
saukuneebis qarTul teqstebSi dafiqsirebul winareqristianul, miTosur
plastebs; bunebis drois da sxva, konkretul, lokalur konteqstze
damokidebuli drois gagebebebs; adamianis mier droze zemoqmedebis
mcdelobebs. yvela es momenti Sua saukuneebis qarTul sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli “droTa mravalgvarobaze” garkveul miniSnebebs gvaZlevs. am
kuTxiT, saintereso mosazrebebs vxvdebiT m. xidaSelis naSromSi
“samyaros suraTi arqaul saqarTveloSi”, sadac ganxilulia juanSeris
teqstSi asaxul miTosuri siuJeti; J. le gofi wignSi “sxva Sua
saukuneebi” saubrobs bunebis droze, agrarul da soflis droze,
seniorul droze da sxva lokaluri mniSvnelobis drois gagebebze.
adamianis mier droze zemoqmedebis mcdelobebze islandiuri sagebis
magaliTze saintereso dakvirvebebi aqvs a. gureviCs wignSi “istoria da
saga”.
zemoT gaxiluli avtorebis kvlevebma mniSvnelovani gzamkvlevis
roli Seasrules Cvens naSromze muSaobis procesSi. maT mier
mowodebulma Teoriulma, meTodologiurma da praqtikulma informaciam
didi daxmareba gagviwia imaSi, rom dagvenaxa saqarTvelos, rogorc le
gofi uwodebs, “sxva Sua saukuneebi”.
25
Tavi I
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kultura: drois aRqmisa da
istoriis gaazrebis anTropologiuri kvlevis perspeqtivebi
Tanamedrove etapze saistorio mecnierebis kvlevis mizani
warsulis suraTis rac SeiZleba sruli rekonstruirebaa, rac
adamianuri yofis, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da, saerTod, kulturuli
realobis yvela mxares moicavs. es ki istorias, rogorc samecniero
disciplinas, anTropologiur ganzomilebas sZens.
tradiciuli, pozitivisturi paradigmis mixedviT, istoriis
interesis umTavresi sagani politika iyo da amitom istorikosebi
ZiriTadad warsulSi momxdar politikur movlenaTa Tanmidevrul
gadmocemiT da maT Soris pirdapiri mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris ZiebiT
iyvnen dakavebuli. p. berkis TqmiT, politika umTavresad saxelmwifosTan
iyo asocirebuli, anu is ufro nacionaluri da internacionaluri iyo,
vidre lokaluri. marTalia, tradiciuli istoria Seicavda eklesiis,
aseve samxedro istorias, magram istoriis sxva mimarTulebebi,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, xelovnebis an mecnierebis istoria,
marginalizebuli iyvnen da “WeSmariti” istorikosis interesebis
periferiaze moiazrebodnen (berki 2004: 2).
pirvelebi, vinc dainteresdnen anTropologiuri problematikiT da
saTave daudes istoriuli kvlevis axal gzebs, e.w. “axali saistorio
mimdinareobis”, “analebis” franguli skolis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. am
skolis damaarseblebma, mark blokma da lusien fevrma pirvelebma
scades gaerRviaT tradiciuli, pozitivisturi istoriografiis kvlevis
mkacrad Semofargluli areali, romelic, rogorc aRiniSna, ZiriTadad,
politikur istorias moicavda. magaliTad, blokma Sua saukuneebis
safrangeTSi da inglisSi arsebuli crurwmenis kvlevis dros, romelic
exeboda mefis unars, SexebiT ganekurna kanis zogierTi daavadeba,
aRmoaCina kavSiri, erTi mxriv, primitiul rwmenebsa da magiur ritualebs
da, meore mxriv, monarqiuli ideologiis ganviTarebas Soris (“mefe
mkurnalebi”). im mizniT, rom ufro Rrmad Seeswavla feodaluri
sazogadoebis funqciobis sistema, blokma aucileblad miiCnia, ganexila
26
Sua saukuneebis adamianis msoflmxedvelobis iseTi mxareebi, rogoricaa
damokidebuleba drois mimarT, istoriis gaazreba, urTierToba
bunebasTan da sxva sakiTxebi (gureviCi 2001: 171-72).
blokis da fevris Semdeg istoriisa da anTropologiis
urTerTmimarTebis sakiTxi kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxda. Bb. koenis (B.
Cohn) TqmiT, istoriuli mecniereba ufro istoriuli xdeba
anTropologiad gardaqmnis procesSi, anTropologia ki ufro
anTropologiuri istoriad gardaqmnis dros (gudmeni 2006: 784).
d. ruTmani (D. Rutman) istoriisa da anTropologiis
urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb saintereso metaforas gvTavazobs: klio _ es
aris sayvareli, romelic erTdroulad ajadoebs Tayvanismcemlebs _
sxvadasxva disciplinas _ da TviTonac ixibleba maTiT. anTropologia ki
yvelaze gvian gaxda misi siyvarulis sagani. es zusti metaforaa,
romelsac sicxade Seaqvs sakiTxSi.
am metaforis saSualebiT, rom klio qarafSuta figuraa, romelic
flirtiT erToba, mkvlevarTa nawili mniSvnelovan daskvnamde midis. maTi
azriT, istorikosebma, romelTac surT, gamijvnisa da dapirispirebis
nacvlad, dakavdnen anTropologiiT, unda Seiswavlon am sferos
safuZvlebi. es yvelaferi ki unda aisaxos istoriul kvlevaze (gudmeni
2006: 787-88).
XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan humanitaruli da socialuri
mecnierebebis, politikis mecnierebis, ekonomikis, geografiis,
fsiqologiisa da sxva samecniero sferoebSi gaizarda interesi
kulturis fenomenis da, Sesabamisad, kulturis anTropologiis mimarT.
mkveTrad gamoxatuli interesi TvalsaCino gaxda saistorio mecnierebis
sferoSic. istorikosebi kulturis cnebas farTo anTropologiuri
mniSvnelobiT iyenebdnen, istoriuli movlenebis axsnasa da gaazrebaSi
sul ufro da ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda im faseulobaTa
kompleqss, romelic konkretuli jgufebis cxovrebas gansazRvravda
konkretul drosa da adgilas. istorikosTa nawili, gansakuTrebiT
safrangeTSi, britaneTsa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi,
kulturanTropologebisagan sesxulobda koncefciebsa da ideebs. maT
SeimuSaves midgoma, romelic cnobili gaxda rogorc “istoriuli
anTropologia”, Tumca, britaneli kulturis istorikosis piter berkis
27
azriT, “anTropologiuri istoria” ufro Sesabamisi saxelwodeba
iqneboda (berki 1992: 30).
kulturuli anTropologiis Teoriuli modelebi da kvlevis
meTodebi, romlebic aradasavlur, e.w. primitiul sazogadoebebSi savele
muSaobis dros iqmneboda, saintereso iyo sakuTriv dasavluri
kulturebis kvlevaSi gamosayeneblad. rasakvirvelia, ar SeiZleboda am
meTodebis meqanikurad gadmotana, magaliTad, Sua saukuneebis evropis
istoriis SeswavlisTvis; saWiro iyo maTi axleburad gaazreba.
analebis skoliT dawyebuli, gansakuTrebiT, ukanaskneli
aTwleulebis manZilze aqtiurad daiwyo aratradiciuli meTodebis
gamoyeneba saistorio mecnierebis iseTi axali, tradiciuli
istoriografiisTvis ucxo problemebis da sakiTxebis kvlevaSi,
romelTac, rogorc adre miiCneoda, ar hqonda istoria. axla ukve
mtkiceba ar sWirdeba im faqts, rom “yvelafers aqvs istoria, yvelafers
aqvs warsuli, romelic SeiZleba aRdges da daukavSirdes warsulis sxva
sferoebs” (berki 2004: 2). istorikosebis kvlevis sferoSi moeqca iseTi
sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa bunebasTan damokidebuleba; droisa da sivrcis
gageba; saiqiosa da sikvdilis aRqma; bavSvoba da sibere; SeSliloba;
adamianis sxeulis da misi funqciis, avadmyofobis mimarT
damokidebuleba; yoveldRiuri yofis, sacxovrisisa da kvebis organizeba;
xelisuflebis, samarTlis, Tavisuflebis da damokidebulebis Sefaseba;
siRaribisa da simdidris gageba; klimati, sibinZure da sisufTave,
Jestebi, sxeuli, kiTxva, laparaki, siCume da a.S.
es da sxva sakiTxebi avlens adamianis Tu sazogadoebis
mentalobas. saerTod, “mentalobis istoria istoriuli anTropologiis
ganuyofeli nawilia da yuradRebas amaxvilebs afeqturi cxovrebis
sferoze. is Seiswavlis grZnobebs _ SiSsa da iumors, simkacres da
gulsxmierebas, siZunwes da siuxves, piradi Rirsebis, samarTlianobis
gancdas da sxv. (gureviCi 2001: 174).
berkis azriT, “rac adre ucvlelad miiCneoda, axali istoriis
farglebSi ganixileba rogorc “kulturuli konstruqcia”, romelic
drosa da sivrceSi ganicdis cvlilebas. aseTi midgomisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia kulturuli relativizmi. axali istoriis
filosofiuri safuZvelia idea, rom realoba socialurad da
28
kulturulad aris gansazRvruli. istorikosebisa da kulturuli
anTropologebis mier am ideis gaziarebam ganapiroba am ori disciplinis
daaxloeba da maTi interesebis gadakveTa. relativisturma midgomam aseve
gaafermkrTala tradiciulad arsebuli zRvari istoriis centralur da
periferiul problemebs Soris.
tradiciuli istoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia xedva “zemodan
qvemoT”. is fokusirebulia didi adamianebis did saqmeebze. kacobriobis
danarCen nawils gacilebiT umniSvnelo roli hqonda miniWebuli. axali
istoriis warmomadgenlebi ki “qvemodan” danaxul istorias aniWeben
upiratesobas. maTTvis sainteresoa Cveulebrivi, rigiTi adamianebi da
maTi socialuri gamocdileba. popularuli kulturis istorias udidesi
mniSvneloba mieniWa” (berki 2004: 2).
istoriuli warsulis kvlevis am axal paradigmebze gadasvlas
xSirad kopernikiseul gadatrialebas adareben. gaCnda axali kiTxvebi,
romlebsac istorikosebi usvamdnen wyaroebs. daiwyo Zveli wyaroebis
axleburad gaazreba. Seicvala sakuTriv istoriuli wyaros gageba.
pozitivisturi istoriografiis erT-erTi didi miRweva iyo istoriis
safuZvlad dokumentebis, werilobiTi wyaroebis gamocxadeba. magram am
miRwevis safasuri aRmoCnda is, rom sxva saxis wyaroebi sruliad
ignorirebuli iyo. SemdegSi istorikosis kvlevis sferos
gamravalferovnebam wyaroebis gamravalferovnebis sakiTxic aqtualuri
gaxada; werilobiTi wyaroebis gverdiT, didi mniSneloba mieniWa
vizualur, zepir wyaroebs, statistikur monacemebs, yoveldRiuri
moxmarebis sagnebs da a.S. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,, wyarod ganixileboda
ara marto werilobiT dokumentebi, aramed yvelaferi is, rasac adamianis
xeli etyoboda da, rasac, pirdapir Tu iribad, SeeZlo warsulis
Sesaxeb informaciis mowodeba.
drois gancda adamianuri arsebobis ganuyofeli nawilia. dro
mravalaspeqtiania, mocemulia fizikur procesebsa da socialur
tradiciebSi, maTematikis abstraqtul gaTvlebsa da adamianebs Soris
urTierTobebSi. mas zomaven saaTis erTeulebis, ciuri sxeulebis
moZraobis, ganmeorebadi movlenebis da sakuTari sxeulis cvlilebebis
safuZvelze. dro gamoiyeneba rogorc saqonlis gacvlis da momsaxurebis
saSualeba, an rogorc gadaxdis forma; dro aRiqmeba rogorc bunebis,
29
sazogadoebis, adamianebis da maTi institutebis organizebis resursi.
wuTi, saaTi, kvira, dRe, mTvaris faza, weli, Sobisa da aRdgomis
dResaswaulebi, sawarmoo cikli da zrdis periodi, Taobebi da
adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba _ yvelaferi es qmnis droiT CarCoebs.
maT farglebSi adamianebi aregulireben yoveldRiur cxovrebas. drois
standartizirebuli sistema ar gamoricxavs drois lokalur, konteqstze
damokidebul gagebaTa arsebobas (adami 2006: 103-114).
drois aRqmis calkeul gamovlinebas, zog SemTxvevaSi,
universaluri faqtori udevs safuZvlad, sxva SemTxvevaSi _kulturuli
TvalsazrisiT unikaluri piroba. SesaZloa, e.w. arqauli sazogadoebebis”
droisadmi damokidebuleba universalur kulturul maxasiaTeblebs
efuZnebodes. magaliTad, avstralieli aborigenebis rwmena-warmodgenebi
ukavSirdeba zRvisa da masTan dakavSirebuli garemos codnas. es
garemoeba, Tavis mxriv, drois gagebazec moqmedebs (memoti). magram mzis
da mTvaris moZraobis, dRisa da Ramis, sezonuri ciklebis, klimatis,
floris, faunis, zRvis miqcevisa da moqcevis da sxva garemo pirobebis
cvlilebebis aRqmas mxolod avstraliel aborigenebis drois gageba ar
ukavSirdeba. es e.w. “bunebrivi dro”, garemo pirobebTan damokidebuleba
damaxasiaTebelia nebismieri sazogadoebisTvis. drois aRqmis aseTi
mravalgvaroba yvela kulturaSi socialuri cxovrebis kategoriebs da
ritmebs asaxavs.
anTropologebi ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi drois aseT gagebaTa
dafiqsirebas uSualo dakvirvebis saSualebiT axerxeben. “CarTuli
dakvirvebis” meTodi kulturul anTropologiaSi “damyarebulia im
martiv ideaze, rom ama Tu im xalxis gamosakvlevad, saukeTeso gzaa am
xalxis warmomadgenlebze xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi dakvirveba,
maTTan uSualo urTierTobis gziT” (monahani 2000: 13). CarTuli
dakvirvebis meTodis gamoyeneba Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebis kvlevis
dros SeuZlebelia, magram anTropologiuri perspeqtiva SeiZleba
warsulis kvlevaSic gamoviyenoT. am naSromisTvis ZiriTadi wyaro
“qarTlis cxovrebis” krebulSi Semavali teqstebia, romlebic,
TavisTavad, gamoxataven maSindeli sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobas.
mTavaria, am wyaroebs garkveuli kuTxiT SevxedoT da kiTxvebi davusvaT.
30
am SemTxvevaSi, saubaria Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi drosTan
damokidebulebis nebismier gamovlinebebze.
warmodgenil naSromSi mTavar sakvlev problemasTan dakavSirebiT
Cvens mier formulirebuli sxvadasxva sakiTxi, vfiqrobT, Sua
saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebis anTopologiur WrilSi ganxilvis
saSualebas mogvcems. es, pirvel rigSi, exeba koleqtiuri mexsierebis
Camoyalibebis, warsulis damaxsovrebis xerxebis/mnemoteqnikis,
istoriuli narativebis tipebis, droTa mravalgvarobis da sxv. sakiTxebs.
Cveni azriT, es aris is sakiTxebi, romlebic SeiZleba socialur aspeqtSi
ganvixiloT. sxva, ufro specifikuri problemebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
Sua saukuneebis saistorio mwerlobis Janrobrivi Taviseburebebi da misi
mimarTeba drois da istoriis gagebasTan, pirdapir ar gamoxatavs
socialur tendenciebs, magram garkveul informacias iZleva amis Sesaxeb.
§ 1. ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi
kulturis mecnierebebis sferoSi moRvawe mkvlevarTaTvis sakvlev
sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli cnebebis da terminebis gansazRvra erT-erTi
yvelaze rTuli problemaa. am disciplinis kvlevis arealSi Semavali
uaRresad mravalferovani da kompleqsuri problematikis gamo, Znelia
mis farglebSi cnebebis da terminebis amomwuravi da zusti
gansazRvrebebis mocema. es, pirvel rigSi, exeba kulturis
mecnierebebisTvis iseT fundamentur cnebebs, rogoricaa kultura da
civilizacia. maTi mkafiod gansazRvris sirTule am fenomenebis
kompleqsurobiT da mravlmxrivobiT aris gamowveuli. kulturac da
civilizaciac mravali disciplinis interesis sferoSi Sedis da yvela
maTgani sakuTari rakursiT udgeba am cnebebs.
warmodgenili naSromic ar aris gamonaklisi; Cvenc aucileblad
CavTvaleT kulturisa da civilizaciis, iseve rogorc sxva
mniSvnelovani cnebebis samuSao definiciebis SemoTavazeba, romlebic
orientiris rols Seasruleben naSromSi dasmuli sakvlevi problemis
adekvaturad aRsaqmelad. es gansazRvrebebi Seesabameba im Teoriul-
meTodologiur safuZvels, romelsac kvlevis procesSi veyrdnobodiT.
31
“kultura” erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebuli sityvaa, romelic
mravali mniSvnelobis matarebelia da uamravi interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs. misi “univerasluroba da yovlismomcveloba
saSualebas iZleva, ganvixiloT igi mraval aspeqtSi: rogorc
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sfero; socialuri instituti; pirovnebis
ganviTarebis donis maxasiTebeli; sazogadoebis maregulirebeli
normebis sistema; socialuri gamocdilebis gadacemis meqanizmi;
TviTidentifikaciis fenomeni da a.S. (Ciqovani 2005: 23-24). farTo
mniSvnelobiT, kulturis cneba aRniSnavs adamianis gansxvavebas yvela
biologiuri arsebisgan, mis meore bunebas. sxvagvarad, rogorc
britaneli samxedro moRvawe lord raglani (Lord Raglan) aRniSnavs,
kultura aris yvelaferi is, rasac Cven vakeTebT, da rasac maimunebi ar
akeTeben.
TiToeuli samecniero disciplina Tavisi specifikidan udgeba am
cnebas. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, kulturas lokalur-civilizaciuri midgomis
farglebSi ganvixilavT. am gagebiT, msoflio Sedgeba mravali,
erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli kulturisgan/sazogadoebisgan, romlebsac
aqvT warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis sakuTari, unikaluri gza. kultura _
es aris TviTkmari erToba, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
faseulobebiT da tradiciebiT, TviTregulaciis da kvlavwarmoebis
meqanizmebiT da sxva tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT, romlebic qmnian mis
saxes. kultura ar aris marto is, rac ganarCevs adamians sxva
biologiuri arsebebisgan, aramed is, rac ganarCevs adamianTa
sazogadoebebs erTmaneTisgan. kulturaTa lokaluri xedva mas Semdeg
gaCnda, rac dasavleli anTropologebis xelSi didZali informacia
dagrovda sxvadaxva xalxebis Sesaxeb. aman ki kulturuli
mravalferovnebis aRiarebamde miiyvana dasavleTis samecniero wreebi.
realurad, kacobriobis istoriis erTian, evolucionistur xedvas
seriozuli alternativa gamouCnda. amis Semdeg, saubari daiwyes ara
erTian sakacobrio kulturaze, aramed kulturebze da sazogadoebebze.
naSromSi “kulturas” da “sazogadoebas” sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT
viyenebT. TavisTavad, es ori cneba identuri ar aris, magram, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, gadafaravs erTmaneTs, radgan Znelia Tavis maxasiaTeblebiT
kultura da sazogadoeba erTmaneTisgan gavmijnoT.
32
saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom kulturisa da sazogadoebis
cnebebis Taviseburi interpretacia damaxasiaTebeli iyo
anTropologiuri skolebisTvis. magaliTad, socialuri anTropologiis
britanuli da kulturuli anTropologiis amerikuli skolebis
warmomadgenlebi sxvadasxvagvarad gansazRvraven Tanafardobas terminebs
kultura da sazogadoeba Soris. amerikeli kulturanTropologebi
kulturas ufro farTo cnebad miiCneven, xolo sociums ganixilaven
rogorc mis qvesistemas. britanuli skolisaTvis "sazogadoeba"
yovlismomcveli terminia, kultura ki ganixileba rogorc sociumis erT-
erTi funqcia.
Cveni naSromis amocana ar aris britanuli da amerikuli
anTropologiis farglebSi kulturisa da sazogadoebis cnebaTa Soris
aqcentebis gadanawilebis mizezebis kvleva. is, rasac eyrdnoba Cveni
xedva, am ori cnebis erTi mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas
iZleva. kulturisa da sazogadoebis cnebebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, identur
fenomenebs aRniSnaven. sazogadoeba, sociumi, romelic sociologiis
ZiriTadi cnebaa, kulturis cnebis msgavsad, mravalgvari intepretaciis
sagania. am cnebis qveS SeiZleba vigulisxmoT im adamianebis erToba,
romlebic dakavSirebuli arian saerTo wamoSobiT, Tanaarsebobis
gamocdilebiT, mdgomareobiT, interesebiT da miznebiT. sazogadoebis
SigniT individebi Tu sxvadasxva tipis jgufebi erTmaneTTan arian
dakavSirebuli, erTmaneTze damokidebuli da urTierTqmedeben
socialuri realobis yvela aspeqtSi (ekonomikur, politikur,
msoflmexedvelobriv da a.S.), rac sazogadoebas rTul sistemad aqcevs.
sazogadoeba warmoudgenelia kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis gareSe,
kultura ki ar arsebobs misi matarebeli sazogadoebis gareSe.
naSromSi gamoyenebuli “civilizaciis” cnebis qveS igulisxmeba
garkveuli niSniT erTmaneTis msgavs kulturaTa erToblioba. esaa
kulturuli identobis yvelaze farTo done. civilizaciis amgvari
intepretaciac, rogorc Tavidanve iTqva, lokalur-civilizaciuri
midgomidan gamomdinareobs. am midgomis warmomadgenlebi (n.danilevski
(Н. Данилевский), o. Spengleri, a.j. toinbi (A.J. Toynbee), s. hanTingtoni (S.
Huntington) sxvadasxva raodenobisa da saxelwodebis civilizaciebs
33
asaxelebdnen da maT Soris urTierTobac gansxvavebulad warmoedgenaT,
magram maT aerTianebT civilizaciis erTgvarovani gageba.
drois aRqma da istoriis gageba, rogorc aRiniSna, kulturis
fundamenturi maxasiaTebelia, romelic misi raobisa da civilizaciuri
kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb msjelobis saSualebas iZleva. xazi unda gavusvaT
im garemoebas, rom naSromis mizania drois rogorc ara damoukidebeli
kategoriis, aramed rogorc adamianis da mTlianad sazogadoebis mier
aRqmuli fenomenis kvleva. am SemTxvevaSi, dro arsebobs imdenad,
ramdenadac mas ganicdis, saxels arqmevs da awesrigebs adamiani da
sazogadoeba. Cveni mTavari mizani swored droisa da istoriis aRqmis
anTropologiur aspeqtSi ganxilvaa.
Sua saukuneebis qristianul samyaroSi droisa da istoriis
gagebas iudeur-qristianuli, xazovani drois koncefcias ukavSireben. es
koncefcia, ZiriTadad, winaqristnianuli cikluri drois alternativad
ganixileba. ciklur da xazovan droze naSromis Sesaval nawilSi ukve
iyo saubari da amitom masze sagangebod ar SevCerdebiT. Tumca drois da
istoriis aRqmasTan dakavSrebuli iseTi termini, rogoricaa
“koleqtiuri mexsiereba”, aucileblad moiTxovs ganmartebas.
koleqtiuri mexsiereba uzarmazari problemaa, romelsac ikvlevs
fsiqologia da sociologia. es problema aseve mniSvnelovania
saistorio mecnierebis, kulturuli anTropologiis, da saerTod,
kulturis mecnierebebisTvis, radgan igi ukavSirdeba kulturis erT-erT
fundamentur maxasiaTebels _ droisa da istoriis/warsulis aRqmas.
termini koleqtiuri mexsiereba, romelic frang sociolog moris
halbvaqss ekuTvnis, aRniSnavs mexsierebas, romelic saerToa, gadaicema
da yalibdeba konkretuli jgufis mier mikro Tu makro doneze
(socialuri, jgufi, eTnosi, nacia, kultura). koleqtiuri mexsierebis
matarebel jgufs Tu sazogadoebas “mnemonikur erTobasac” uwodeben.
“mnemonika” warsulis damaxsovrebisa teqnikaa. mnemonikuri erToba ki _
is erToba, romelic specifikuri, misTvis damaxasiTebeli xerxebiT
imaxsovrebs da awesrigebs warsuls.
kolqtiur mexsierebasTan da warsulis aRqmasTan aris
dakavSirebuli termini narativic. arsebobs am terminis uamravi
ganmarteba, magram Cven isev da isev anTropologiuri perspeqtiviT
34
vudgebiT mas. narativSi vgulisxmobT sazogadoebaSi warsulis Sesaxeb
arsebul sqematur TxrobiT modelebs, romlebic garkveuli
TanmimdevrobiT da kanonzomierebiT asaxaven warsuls. warsulis es
modelebi yvelaze mkafiod vlindeba istoriul teqstebSi.
35
Tavi II
droisadmi damokidebuleba da istoriis gaazreba antikur
epoqaSi
Sua saukuneebamdeli periodis saistorio mwerlobaSi drois
aRqmaze saubari, umTavresad, antikuri avtorebis Semoqmedebis
safuZvelze SegviZlia. swored Zveli berZeni da romaeli avtorebis mier
SemuSavebuli xerxebi, Txrobis stili da sxva maxasiaTeblebi, bevr
SemTvevaSi, saxelZRvanelo iyo Sua saukuneebis qristianuli samyaros
avtorebisTvis.
antikuri xanis berZnebis drois aRqma cikluri, miTosuri iyo.
cikluri dro warmoidgineboda maradiuli wrebrunvis saxiT. ciklur da
mudmivad ganmeorebad dros warTmeuli aqvs Seuqcevadobis Tviseba
(Tanamedrove gagebiT), rac ganapirobebs imas, rom arsebobs mxolod
awmyo da swored am awmyoSi igulisxmeba warsulic da momavalic.
qristianuli, sworxazovani, istoriuli drois perspeqtiva warsulisaken
da momavlisaken absoluturad gaugebari iyo Zveli berZenisaTvis.
drois amgvari gageba Seesabameboda maSindel msoflaRqmas. samyaro
iyo wesrigi, kosmosi, garkveuli simetriuli, sivrciTi struqtura,
romelSic droc ki sivrciT modusSia mocemuli. rogorc g. viTrou
aRniSnavs, homerosis eposSi, iliadas olimpiur Teologiasa da moralSi
ganmsazRvreli iyo ufro sivrcesTan, vidre drosTan dakavSirebuli
cnebebi. yvelaze did codvaSi _ “qedmaRlobaSi” _ igulisxmeboda
dadgenili sivrcidan gasvla. yvelafers aqvs Tavisi sazRvrebi, romlebic
ar unda dairRves. homeross ar ainteresebda sagnebis warmoSobis
problema da araferi dauweria kosmogoniaze. masTan mxolod is idea
Cans, rom wyali aris yvelafris sawyisi. es gamoxatulia miTologiurad,
roca okeanusi, mdinare, romelic gars ertymis samyaros sferos da
yvelafris sawyisad aris dasaxelebuli. rogorc aRniSnaven, yvelafris
sawyisad wylis miCneva ionuri ideaa, radgan is Cans ionur filosofiaSi
da, aseve, aRmosavleTis im xalxebSi, romelTa gavlena adreuli
periodis ioniaze aSkaraa. Talesi, pirveli berZeni filofosi, ionieli
36
iyo, romelic miiCnevda, rom yvela sagnis pirveli principi (arqe) aris
wyali (viTrou 1988: 37-38).
drois sivrciT kategoriad gaazrebaze yuradRebas amaxvilebs h.
baterfildic. mas mohyavs amonaridi T. draiveris (T. Driver) wignidan
“istoriis gageba berZnul da Seqspiris dramaSi”, sadac saubaria
drosTan da istoriasTan antikuri dramis rTul mimarTebaze. draiveris
azriT, homerosTan dro, ubralod, literaturuli xerxia... aq movlenebi
ar viTardeba warsulidan momavlisaken. esqiles istoriul dramaSi
“sparselebi” dro gayinulia. aq ar aris gadmocemuli droSi cxovrebis
gamocdileba. berZnuli tragediis mizania drois faqtoris minimizacia
da kosmiuri kanonisa da Zalebis moqmedebis gamovlena. berZnebTan dro
kosmosis nawilia da is ufro kosmiuri sivrcis funqciaa, vidre
realobis gansxvavebuli wesrigi. sivrce elinuri azrovnebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli formaa, rogorc, magaliTad, dro ebraelebisTvis.
berZnuli sintaqsi gamoxatavs mentalobas, romelic dros gaiazrebs ara
rogorc gamocdilebis formas, aramed rogorc materialur mocemulobas,
romelic SeiZleba gaizomos, daiWras, mowesrigdes, klasificirdes.
platoni da aristotele droze amdens imitom fiqrobdnen, rom am
problemisadmi interesi damaxasiaTebeli iyo sivrceze orienetirebuli
cnobierebisTvis (baterfildi 1981: 119).
antikuri xanis berZnebi warsulsac sxvanairad gaiazrebdnen, vidre
es Tanamedrove gagebiT gvesmis. “warsuli iyo is momenti, rodesac
ganxorcielda kosmogoniis aqti, roca uformo qaosisgan Seiqmna
mowesrigebuli kosmosi, adamianebis samyaro. miTi yvelaze Zlier iyo
dakavSirebuli swored am pirvelsagnebisa da pirvelqmnadobis epoqasTan.
am dros aRsrulebuli movlenebi qmnidnen im mudmiv struqturebs,
romlebic awmyoSic moqmedebdnen da momavalzec vrceldebodnen. amitom
dro diaqronulicaa da sinqronulic, Seuqcevadic da Seqcevadic. es
kargad Cans perioduli dResaswaulebis ritualebSi. maTSi monawileobiT
adamians SeeZlo gadaelaxa profanuli dro da gadasuliyo sakralur
droSi, im warsulSi, rodesac Seiqmna samyaro. ritualur procesSi
adamiani periodulad acocxlebda sakralur dros da axerxebda
kosmogoniuri aqtis ganxorcielebas, romlis uSualo monawile TviTon
iyo. es maradiuli ganmeorebadoba, drois cikluroba gansazRvravda
37
adamianis Sexedulebas samyaroze. swored drois cikluroba udevs
safuZvlad kalendarul dResaswaulebsa da miTebs, rwmenas mokvdavi da
aRdgenadi RvTaebebis Sesaxeb” (xidaSeli 2001: 28-30).
homerosis epoqis berZnebi adidebdnen da mokrZalebiT ekidebodnen
maT RmerTebs, winaprebsa da warsuli droebis gmirebs, romlebic eposSi
iyvnen aRwerili. baterfildis azriT, imis gamo, rom eposi istoriis
funqcias asrulebda da, nawilobriv, imitom, rom adamianebi ase Zlier
iyvnen masze damokidebuli, istoriis da istoriuli cnobierebis
ganviTareba homerosis epoqis berZnebSi Seferxebuli iyo (baterfildi
1981: 119-125).
iliadasa da odiseas garda, arsebobda sxva eposebi, romlebic
exeboda troas omTan dakavSirebul rig sakiTxebs. maTi Seqmnis procesi
homerosis merec grZeldeboda, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom troas omis
mimarT interesi Zalian didi iyo. magaliTad, tragikosebi uxvad
iyenebdnen Temebs am eposebidan. maTTan aris dakavSirebuli genealogiis
sakiTxis aqtualizacia Zvel saberZneTSi. aristokratiuli ojaxebi
cdilobdnen, TavinTi genealogiuri xazi daekavSirebinaT homerosis
gmirebTan da RmerTebTan da qmnidnen sakuTar eposebs am kuTxiT. am
survilSi, rogorc baterfildi aRniSnavs, SeiZleba davafiqsiroT
legendisa da istoriis Tanxvedris momenti (baterfildi 1981: 128-129).
hesiode Tavis “samuSaoni da dRenSi” saubrobs adamianebis
degradirebaze oqros saukunis mere. misi poema impliciturad drois
gagebazea dafuZnebuli, magram sityva dro iq ar moixsenieba. poemis
mTavari mizania rCevebis micema wlis ganmavlobaSi Sesasrulebeli
saqmianobis regulirebis kuTxiT, magaliTad, romeli dRea kargi Tu
cudi, Sesabamisi Tu Seusabamo ama Tu im saqmianobisaTvis. mokled,
hesiodesTan dro samyaros moraluri wesrigis aspeqtia (viTrou 1988: 37-
38).
mTeli misi arsebobis manZilze, Zveli berZnuli kulturisTvis,
damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani momentia warsulis
perspeqtivis simokle da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, istoriuli mexsierebis
deficiti. es, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, berZeni istorikosebis teqstebSic
kargad vlindeba.
38
ax.w.aR. I saukuneSi, ebraeli istorikosi ioseb flaviusi mwvaved
akritikebda berZnebs swored istoriisadmi maTi indiferentuli
damokidebulebis gamo. misi azriT, Zveli drois istoriis momavali
TaobisTvis gadacemis wesi ukeT iyo daculi im xalxebSi, romlebsac
barbarosebs uwodebdnen, vidre sakuTriv berZnebSi. is aRwerda, Tu
rogor inaxavdnen uZvelesi da xangrZlivi tradiciebis xsovnas
egviptelebi, babilonelebi da finikielebi. rogorc igi aRniSnavs, es
xalxebi cxovrobdnen teritoriaze, romelic araCveulebrivad iyo
daculi damangreveli kataklizmebisagan. garda amisa, isini iwerdnen
yvelafers. maTi istoria, rogorc sakraluri da yvelaze brZeni
adamianebis mier dawerili, asaxuli iyo saxalxo adgilas dafebze.
aseTi xalxebis rigSi ganixilavda igi ebraelebsac da werda: “Cven viciT
Cveni didi mRvdelmsaxurebis saxelebi, romlebic ori aTasi wlis
ganmavlobaSi mamidan Svilze TanmimdevrobiT gadadioda da iwereboda”.
berZnebTan mimarTebaSi ki is aRniSnavda: “yvelaferi, rac Tavs
gadaxdaT berZnebs, ar momxdara didi xnis winaT, ufro metic, es moxda
guSin”. misi azriT, im adgilebSi, sadac berZnebi cxovroben, aTi aTasi
katastrofa moxda, ramac waSala warsuli movlenebis maxsovroba;
amgvarad, isini yovelTvis Tavidan iwyebdnen cxovrebas da egonaT, rom
isini iyvnen axali saxelmwifos damaarseblebi (baterfildi 1981: 119).
homerosamde, klasikur saberZneTamde am teritoriaze arsebobda
sxva _ mikenis civilizacia, romlis Sesaxeb berZnebma, faqtobrivad,
araferi icodnen. maT ar SeeZloT “b xazovani” teqstebis kiTxva,
romliTac mofenili iyo es adgilebi. TiTqos rkinis farda iyo
Camofarebuli klasikur saberZneTsa da mikenur civilizacias Soris.
bnel saukuneebad wodebuli Sua saukuneebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic,
mniSvnelovanwilad, sazrdoobda antikuri tradiciiT, klasikur
saberZneTs, praqtikulad, warmodgena ar hqonda rkinis fardis miRma
arsebul civilizaciaze. es kargad miuTiTebs istoriuli mexsierebis
arqonaze.
am garemoebT aixsneba is araordinaruli situacia, romelic iyo
Zv.w. me-5 saukunis saberZneTSi. am dros berZnebma mxolod SedarebiT
mokle warsulis Sesaxeb icodnen. isini fiqrobdnen, rom istoriuli
warsuli mxolod ramdenime saukunes moicavda, manamde ki iyo dro, roca
39
RmerTebi dadiodnen dedamiwaze. am saukunis dasawyisSi hekateos
mileteli imyofeboda egvipteSi da mouyva egviptelebs, Tu rogor
SeeZlo mas CamoeTvala winaprebis 16 Taoba, romlis saTaveSi romelime
RmerTi idga. egviptelma ki mas miuTiTa im mRvdelmsaxurTa qandakebebze,
romlebic erTmaneTs cvlidnen aTaswleulebis manZilze. es iyo drois
Zalin didi monakveTi, romelic SeiZleba istoriul drod miCneuliyo.
ufro mogvianebiT, herodotec saubrobda msgavs situaciaze,
romelmac masze Zalian didi STabeWdileba moaxdina. yvelaferi amis
Sedegi is iyo, rom berZnebs mowiwebisa da pativiscemis grZnoba
CamouyalibdaT egviptelebisa da maTi mRvdelmsaxurebis naTqvamis
mimarT. egvipte iyo is adgili, sadac berZnebi eZebdnen pasuxebs yvelaze
rTuli istoriuli problemebis asaxsnelad. magaliTad, es sakiTxebi
exeboda elenes, pariss, troas oms, herakles da adreul RmerTebs. Zveli
berZnebi nel-nela acnobierebdnen, rom raRac katastrofulma movlenam
isini ase Zlierad mokveTa sakuTar warsuls (baterfildi 1981: 120-123).
ioseb flaviusis, hekateos miletelis da herodotes gamocdilebis
gamoZaxilia platonis “timeosSi” moTxrobili ambavi, romelic egvipteSi
solonis mogzaurobas exeba. soloni egviptel qurums istoriaze
esaubreba da aRmoaCens, rom is da danarCeni berZnebi srulad uvicni
arian am sakiTxebSi:
“erTxelac solons ganuzraxavs Zvel Tqmulebebze Camoegdo sityva da
ucdia maTTvis moeTxro is miTebi, romlebic uZvelesadaa miCneuli... Tanac
mouwadinebia gamoeyvana maT STamomavalTa megvartomeobis nusxa da gardasul
TaobaTa ricxvis mixedviT gamoeangariSebina maT Semdeg ganvlili dro. maSin
erT mxcovan qurums wamouZaxia: “o, solon, solon, Tqven berZnebi, maradiuli
bavSvebi xarT, da ar aris moxuci berZenTa Soris... Tqven yvelani yrmebi xarT
suliT... vinaidan arc erTis suli ar imarxavs odiTganve momdinare ZvelisZvel
gadmocemebs da arc droiT gaWaRaravebul raime swavlas”.
egvipteli qurumic amis mizezad berZnebis Tavs mravaljer datexil
bunebriv kataklizmebs asaxelebs (platoni 1994: 282).
platoni sxva msgavs miniSnebebs akeTebs Tavis “kanonebSi”. is
saubrobs Zvel Tqmulebaze, romlis mixedviT, adamianTa modgmas
warRvnis, avadmyofobebis da sxva saxis bevri katastofa daatyda Tavs.
40
Sedegad, mxolod kacTa modgmis mciredi nawili gadarCa. eseni iyvnen
mTian adgilebs Sefarebuli mwemsebi ramodenime Txisa da xaris amara,
yovelgvari samuSao iaraRisa an saSualebebis gareSe. aristotele Tavis
“metafizikaSi” acxadebs, rom, yvela SemTxvevaSi, sxvadasxva saxis
xelovnebisa da filosofiis aRmoCena periodulad Tavidan xdeba, magram
aseve periodulad qreba am ganmeorebadi katastrofebis gamo
(baterfildi 1981: 125).
droisa da istoriuli warsulisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba
ganapirobebda Zveli berZnuli istoriografiis xasiaTs, romelic
warmoiSva ioniaSi _- mcire aziis dasavleT sanapiroze da maxlobel
kunZulebze, sadac berZeni kolonistebi damkvidrdnen. ioniaSi eposma
ganviTarebis mwvervalebs miaRwia; aq gaCnda prozauli mwerloba; aqedan
iyvnen pirveli filosofosebi da eladis am nawilSi gadaidga pirveli
nabijebi mecnieruli kvlevis ganviTarebisaken. sayovelTao Sexedulebis
Tanaxmad, “istoriis mamad” berZeni avtori herodotea miCneuli da
berZnebi iyvnen pirvelebi, romlebic warsulis movlenebs mecnieruli
meTodebiT miudgnen. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs aseve myari mosazreba,
rom berZnebma ver miaRwies istoriul cnobierebas da verc verasdros
miaRwevdnen, radgan mcdari Sexeduleba hqondaT drosa da drois
dinebaze. r. kolingvudi (R. Collingwood) saubrobda berZnuli azrovnebis
antiistoriul tendenciaze. m. finli (M.Finley) werda, rom
inteleqtualur doneze yvelaferi istoriis ideis winaaRmdeg iyo.
saerTod, Tvlian, rom yvela im gamokvlevas Soris, romelic berZnebma
daiwyes, istoria yvelaze warumatebeli iyo (baterfildi 1981: 118).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zvel berZnul “istorias” ganazRvravda ara
istorizmis, drois pricipi, aramed sxvadasxva xalxis gamokvlevis,
aRweris interesi. erT-erTi mosazrebis mixedviT, es interesi uZveles
egviptur da Suamdinarul civilizaciebTan arsebulma kontaqtebma da
sparselebis mier mcire aziis dapyrobam ganapiroba.
Zvel berZnul istoriografiaSi, sivrcesTan SedarebiT, drois
faqtoris minimalur mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs is faqti, rom teqstebSi
qronologiuri monacemebi da Soreul warsulTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi
mwirad moipoveba. rac ufro Soria droiTi distancia, antikur
avtorebTan miT ufro metad igrZnoba zepiri tradiciis gavlena. o.
41
Spengleris azriT, imis gamo, rom antikuri kultura ar flobda
mexsierebas istoriuli gagebiT da samyaro moculi iyo ”wminda
aqarsobiT”, romelic, faqtobrivad, drois uaryofas niSnavda, elinis
cnobierebaSi yvelaferi, rac warsulTan iyo dakavSirebuli, maSinve
drois gareSe, uZrav, miTiurad gaformebul sinamdviled iqceoda.
amitomac dgas eWvqveS antikuri periodis avtorebis SemoqmedebaSi
dasaxelebuli faqtebis, TariRebis, saxelebis realuroba. “antikuri
istoria sparseTis omebamde da gacilebiT gviandeli periodebis
tradiciuli konstruqciac ki, arsebiTad, miTosuri azrovnebis
produqtia” (Spengleri 1993: 137).
berZnebi, romlebmac totalurad ar axsovdaT araferi TavinT
mikenel winamorbedebze, kidev ufro ususurebi iyvenen troas omis
Semdgomi 4-5 saukunis sakuTariis damaxsovrebaSi. mkvelvrebs dResac
uWirT monacemebis mopoveba am periodis Sesaxeb. ar aris cnobebi
imisaTvi