801

stefan houkingi1942

stefan uiliam houkingi Tanamedroveobis erTer­

Ti yvelaze gavleniani da cnobili kosmologi da Teo­

retikosi fizikosia.

daibada inglisis qalaq oqsfordSi 1942 wlis 8 ian­

vars (galileo galileis gardacvalebis 300 wlisTavze)

inteleqtualur ojaxSi. houkingis mama eqimi iyo, deda

liberaluri partiis aqtivisti. sant albansis skolis

damTavrebis Semdeg swavla mamis msgavsad oqsfordis sauniversiteto kolejSi

ganagrZo. Tumca, mamis survilis miuxedavad da misagan gansxvavebiT, medicinis

nacvlad, maTematikis Seswavla gadawyvita. radgan sauniversiteto kolejSi

matematikuri ganaTlebis miReba SeuZlebeli iyo, igi fizikiT dainteresda. sami

wlis Semdeg man miiRo bakalavris xarisxi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi.

amis Semdgom, vinaidan am droisTvis oqsfordSi msgavsi gamokvlevebiT ara­

vin iyo dakavebuli, houkingi kosmologiis Sesaswavlad kembrijSi gadavida.

kembrijSi mas filosofiis doqtoris xarisxi mieniWa da 1968 wels miiRo

profesoris adgili kembrijis astronomiis institutSi. 1973 wels igi gadavi­

da kembrijis universitetis gamoyenebiTi maTemetikisa da Teoriuli fizikis

fakultetze. 1979 wels ki lukasis maTematikis profesoris posti daikava. es

Tanamdeboba kembrijis universitetSi 1669 wels SemoiRo Rirsma ser henri lu­

kasma da 300 wlis win igi ser isaak niutons eWira.

houkingis mier ganxorcielebuli kvlevebi fizikis, astronomiisa da kos­

mologiis sferoSi fasdaudebelia. misi samecniero moRvaweoba ZiriTadad

mimarTulia didi afeTqebis fizikuri safuZvlebis axsnasa da Savi xvrelebis

SigniT sivrcisa da drois mniSvnelovani deformaciis gamokvlevisken. rojer

penrouzTan erTad man daaskvna, rom ainStainis fardobiTobis zogadi Teori­

is mixedviT dro da sivrce Seiqmna didi afeTqebis dros. am Sedegebma moiTxova

fardobiTobis Teoriisa da kvanturi meqanikis sinTezi. houkingi imedovnebs,

rom fizikis am ori didi Teoriis gaerTianebiT SesaZlebeli iqneba ganxor­

cieldes XX saukunis fizikosTa miswrafeba _ Seiqmnas bunebis ZalTa `didi

gaerTianebis Teoria~.

stefan houkingis publikaciebs Soris aris cnobili samecniero Sromebi:

`droisa da sivrcis msxvilmasStaburi struqtura~, `fardobiTobis zogadi

avtoris Sesaxeb

802

stefan houkingi

Teoria: ainStainis 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili mimoxilva~, `gravitaciis 300

weli”. xolo misi wignebi: `drois mokle istoria~, `Savi xvrelebi, axalgazrda

samyaro~ da sxva narkvevebi namdvil bestselerebad iqca.

profesori houkingi aris 12 sapatio samecniero wodebis mflobeli, mra­

vali premiis, maT Soris 1998 wlis nobelis premiis laureati, medlebisa da

ordenebis kavaleri, didi britaneTis samefo samecniero sazogadoebisa da

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mecnierebaTa nacionaluri akademiis wevri.

houkings hyavs sami Svili da erTi SviliSvili. daqorwinebuli iyo orjer.

warmatebuli mecnieris am, erTi SexedviT, Cveulebriv biografias aklia

mniSvnelobani detali: 21 wlis asakSi mas lu gerigis daavadeba anu gverdiTi

amiotrofuli sklerozi daudginda – mZime ganukurnebeli nevrologiuri

daavadeba, romelic nervkunTovani sistemis daazianebis gamo adamians Tan­

daTanobiT ukargavs moZraobis unars da mas sruliad umweos xdis. kembrijis

universitetis 30 wlis axalgazrda profesori ukve invalidis savarZels iyo

mijaWvuli.

1985 wlidan mas dakarguli aqvs metyvelebis unari, SeuZlia mxolod mar­

jvena xelis TiTebis moZraoba, romliTac igi marTavs specialur kompiuters.

Tanamedrove teqnikis, kompiuterisa da specialuri xmis sinTezatoris dax­

marebiT profesori houkingi dRemde aqtiur samecniero moRvaweobas eweva:

aqveynebs Sromebs, wers saintereso wignebs, mogzaurobs da kiTxulobs sajaro

leqciebs, romlebzec akeTebs fantastiur prognozebs kacobriobis momavlisa

da mecnierebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.

houkingi Tvlis: ̀ Cemi mizani martivia. srulad Sevicno samyaro, ratom aris

is iseTi, rogoric aris da ratom arsebobs saerTod~.

* * *

avtoris Sesaxeb

803

drois mokle istoria

didi afeTqebidan Sav xvrelebamde

Tavi pirveli

Cveni warmodgena samyaros Sesaxeb

erTxel, erTi cnobili mecnieri (zogierTi ambobs, rom es bertran raseli iyo) ata­

rebda leqcias astronomiaSi. igi yveboda, rogor brunavs dedamiwa mzis garSemo da,

Tavis mxriv, mze – Cveni galaqtikis saxeliT cnobil varskvlavTa uzarmazari krebu­

lis centris garSemo. leqciis bolos oTaxis bolos mjdari patara moxuci qalbatoni

adga da Tqva:

_ rasac Tqven brZanebT sruli sisulelea. sinamdvileSi, samyaro brtyeli diskia,

romelic giganturi kus zurgze dgas.

mecnierma damcinavad gaiRima da ikiTxa:

_ ku raRaze dgas?

_ Tqven Zalian Wkviani xarT, axalgazrdav, Zalian Wkviani, _ upasuxa moxucma qal­

batonma _ mis qveviT bolomde sul kuebia!

adamianTa umravlesoba CaTvlis kuebis usasrulo koSks sasacilod, magram ratom

gvgonia, rom Cven amaze ufro meti viciT? ra viciT samyaros Sesaxeb da rogor viciT

es? saidan movida samyaro da sad midis igi? aqvs samyaros dasawyisi da, Tu asea, ra mox­

da iqamde? rogoria drois buneba? dasruldeba igi rodesme? Tanamedrove garRveva

fizikaSi fantastikuri axali teqnologiebis xarjze SesaZlebels xdis movifiqroT

pasuxebi zogierT zemodasmul sakiTxze. drois raRac periodSi es pasuxebi SeiZleba

WeSmaritad mogveCvenos, rogorc dedamiwis brunva mzis garSemo, an sasacilod, ro­

gorc kuebis koSki. mxolod dro (rac ar unda iyos igi) gascems pasuxs am sakiTxebs.

jer kidev Zveli welTaRricxviT 340 wels berZenma filosofosma aristotelem

Tavis wignSi `zecaze~, SeZlo wamoeyenebina ori kargi argumenti imis dasamtkiceblad,

rom dedamiwa mrgvali sferoa da ara brtyeli diski. jer erTi, man gaacnobiera, rom

mTvaris dabneleba gamowveulia dedamiwis gavliT mzesa da mTvares Soris. dedami­

804

stefan houkingi

wis Crdili mTvareze yovelTvis mrgvalia, rac marTalia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

dedamiwa sferulia. dedamiwa brtyeli diski rom iyos, misi Crdili wagrZelebuli da

elifsuri iqneboda, im SemTxvevebis garda, dabneleba rom xdebodes mxolod im dros,

rodesac mze zustad diskis centris zeviT aris. meore, berZnebma Tavisi mezRvaurebis­

gan icodnen, rom polaruli varskvlavi ufro dabla Cans samxreTSi, vidre Crdilo­

eTSi (radgan polaruli varskvlavi CrdiloeT polusis Tavze mdebareobs, polusze

igi zustad damkvirveblis Tavze unda iyos, xolo imaTTvis, vinc ekvatorzea, varskv­

lavi horizontze unda gamoCndes). egvipteSi da saberZneTSi polaruli varskvlavis

mdebareobis gansxvavebis daxmarebiT aristotelem gamoTvala, rom manZili dedamiwis

garSemo Seadgens 400 000 stadias. dRes ar viciT, ra sigrZisaa stadia, magram is daax­

loebiT 200 iardi unda iyos, rac aristoteles SefasebisaTvis Tanamedrove ricxvTan

SedarebiT orjer ufro did ricxvs iZleva. berZnebs mesame argumentic hqondaT imisa,

rom miwa mrgvalia: napirisken momavali gemis afra gamoCndeba xolme pirvelad, xolo

Semdeg gemis korpusi.

aristotele fiqrobda, rom miwa uZravia da mze, mTvare, planetebi da varskvlavebi

moZraoben wriulad mis garSemo. mas amisi sjeroda mistikuri mosazrebidan, romlis

mixedviT dedamiwa samyaros centria, xolo wriuli moZraoba yvelaze srulyofilia.

es idea Cvens welTaRricxvamde meore saukuneSi ptolemem gadaamuSava srul kosmolo­

giur modelSi. modelis mixedviT dedamiwa imyofeba centrSi garemoculi rva sfero­

nax. 1.1

805

drois mokle istoria

Ti, romelTac gadaaqvT mTvare, mze, varskvlavebi da im dros cnobili xuTi planeta

merkuri, venera, marsi, iupiteri da saturni (nax. 1.1). planetebi, Tavis mxriv, moZrao­

ben maT Sesabamis sferoebTan dakavSirebul mcire wreebze, rac saWiro iyo maTi caze

sakmaod daxlarTuli moZraobis aRsawerad. gare sferoze ganlagebulia, e.w. fiqsire­

buli varskvlavebi, romlebic yovelTvis erTsa da imave poziciaSi imyofebian erT­

maneTis mimarT, magram merve sferosTan erTad brunaven dedamiwis garSemo. aravin

laparakobda imaze, ra imyofeboda am sferos gareT, magram, cxadia, es ar iyo samyaros

is nawili, romelsac adamiani akvirdeboda.

ptolemes modeli warmoadgens ciuri sxeulebis adgilmdebareobis winaswamety­

velebisaTvis Seqmnil racionalur, zust sistemas. am mdebareobebis zusti gansazRvr­

isaTvis ptolemes mouxda imis daSveba, rom zogjer mTvaris traeqtoriaze moZraobi­

sas igi orjer ufro axlo manZilze uaxlovdeba dedamiwas, vidre sxva dros imyofeba.

es ki niSnavs, rom mTvare zogjer ufro didi unda Candes, vidre sxva dros! ptolemem

icoda es nakli, magram, amisda miuxedavad, misi modeli iyo zogadad, magram ara sayo­

velTaod, miRebuli. igi aRiarebuli iyo qristianuli eklesiis mier, rogorc biblia­

sTan Sesabamisi samyaros suraTi, radgan masSi sakmao adgili rCeboda bolo sferos

gareT samoTxisa da jojoxeTisaTvis.

ufro martivi modeli 1514 wels SemoiRo polonelma mRvdelma nikolas koper­

nikma (dasawyisSi, imis SiSiT, rom mwvaleblad ar gamoecxadaT, kopernikma Tavisi mode­

li anonimurad gaavrcela). misi ideiT uZravi mze moTavsebulia centrSi da dedamiwa

da planetebi moZraoben wriul orbitebze mzis garSemo. daaxloebiT erTi saukune

gaxda saWiro, sanam am ideas seriozulad miiRebdnen. es maSin moxda, roca orma as­

tronomma: germanelma iohanes keplerma da italielma galileo galileim daiwyes ko­

pernikis Teoriis saxalxo mxardaWera, miuxedavad imisa, rom TeoriiT gansazRvruli

orbitebi mainc da mainc ar emTxveodnen dakvirvebul orbitebs. sasikvdilo dartyma

aristotele/ptolemes Teoriaze ganxorcielda 1609 wels. swored am wels galileim

daiwyo Ramis caze dakvirveba teleskopiT, romelic axlad gamogonili iyo. rode­

sac teleskopiT planeta iupiters akvirdeboda, galileim aRmoaCina, rom planetis

garSemo brunavs ramdenime patara Tanamgzavri an mTvare. es niSnavda, rom yvelaferi

ar brunavs dedamiwis garSemo, rogorc amas aristotele da ptoleme fiqrobdnen (cxa­

dia, axlac SeiZleba gjerodes, rom uZravi dedamiwa moTavsebulia centrSi da iupi­

teris mTvareebi moZraoben iseT urTules orbitebze dedamiwis garSemo, rom maTi

iupiteris garSemo moZraobis STabeWdileba iqmneba. ra Tqma unda, kopernikis Teoria

gacilebiT martivia). amave dros iohanes keplerma gaaumjobesa kopernikis Teoria. man

CaTvala, rom planetebi wriul orbitebze ki ar moZraoben, aramed elifsurze (elifsi

wagrZelebuli wrea). am mosazrebam sabolood daakmayofila dakvirvebis Sedegebi.

806

stefan houkingi

kepleri Tvlida, rom elifsuri orbitebi mxolod moxerxebuli hipoTezaa da amas­

Tan sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivi, radgan elifsebi, cxadia, naklebad srulyofilia wreeb­

Tan SedarebiT. misTvis moulodneli aRmoCena, rom elifsuri orbitebi akmayofile­

ben dakvirvebis Sedegebs, keplerma ver SeuTanxma Tavis ideas planetebis mzis garSemo

magnituri Zalis gavleniT brunvis Sesaxeb. naTeli am sakiTxs moefina ufro gvian, 1687

wels, rodesac ser isaak niutonma gamoaqveyna Tavisi Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Math-ematica (naturfilosofiis maTematikuri principebi), albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani

naSromi fizikaSi odesme gamoqveynebuli Sromebidan. masSi niutonma ara marto Seqmna

Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rogor moZraoben sxeulebi sivrcesa da droSi, aramed gamoigona,

agreTve, rTuli maTematika, saWiro am moZraobis analizisaTvis. damatebiT niuton­

ma Camoayaliba universaluri gravitaciis kanoni, romlis mixedviTac yoveli sxeuli

samyaroSi izidavs Tavisken yvela sxva sxeuls da es mizidva miT ufro Zlieria, rac

ufro masiuria sxeuli da rac ufro axlos arian es sxeulebi erTmaneTTan. es igive Za­

laa, romelic aiZulebs sxeulebs davardnen dedamiwaze (TiTqmis dabejiTebiT SeiZle­

ba iTqvas, rom ambavi imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos niutoni am aRmoCenamde miiyvana mis Tavze

dacemulma vaSlma, apokrifulia. TviT niutoni werda, rom idea gravitaciis Sesaxeb

mas maSin mouvida, rodesac igi `Cafiqrebuli ijda~ da `dainaxa rogor Camovarda vaS­

li~). niutoni ufro Sors wavida da aCvena, rom misi Teoriis Sesabamisad gravitacia ai­

Zulebs mTvares imoZraos elifsur orbitaze dedamiwis garSemo da aiZulebs dedami­

wasa da planetebs imoZraon elifsur orbitebze mzis garSemo.

kopernikis modelma bolo mouRo ptolemes ciur sferoebs da, maTTan erTad, ideas,

rom samyaros aqvs bunebrivi sazRvari. radgan `fiqsirebuli varskvlavebi~ ar icvlian

Tavis urTierTmdebareobas da mxolod brunaven dedamiwis irgvliv, rac gamowveulia

dedamiwis brunviT Tavisi RerZis garSemo, bunebrivia CavTvaloT, rom fiqsirebuli

varskvlavebi mzis magvari obieqtebia uzarmazari manZilebiT daSorebuli Cvengan.

niutonma gaacnobiera, rom misi Teoriis Sesabamisad varskvlavebma unda miizidon

erTmaneTi, amitom isini ar unda iyvnen uZravi. xom ar vardebian isini yvelani erT wer­

tilSi? 1691 wels im drois kidev erTi wamyvani moazrovnis riCard rentlisadmi miwer­

il werilSi niutoni amtkicebda, rom es SeiZleba moxdes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

arsebobs sasrulo raodenobis varskvlavebi, ganawilebuli sivrcis sasrulo areSi.

misi msjelobis mixedviT Tu, meore mxriv, arsebobs usasrulo raodenobis varskvlave­

bi cotad Tu bevrad erTgvarovnad ganawilebuli usasrulo sivrceSi, es ar moxdeba,

radgan maSin ar iarsebebs raime centraluri wertili, romelzedac isini daecemian.

es argumenti im xafangis magaliTia, romelSic SeiZleba moxvdes adamiani usasru­

lobaze laparakisas. marTlac, usasrulo samyaroSi yvela wertili SeiZleba centrad

CaiTvalos, radgan yovel wertils yvela mxridan usasrulo raodenobis varskvlavi

807

drois mokle istoria

artyia gars. swori miaxloeba mogvianebiT gakeTda da igi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gan­

vixilva daviwyoT sasruli situaciiT, romelSic varskvlavebi erTmaneTs ecemian,

amis Semdeg davsvaT SekiTxva, rogor Seicvleba mdgomareoba, Tu am aris gareT daax­

loebiT erTgvarovnad kidev davamatebT varskvlavebs. niutonis kanonis ZaliT, dam­

atebiTi varskvlavebi saSualod araviTar gavlenas ar moaxdenen sawyis simravleze,

ase rom, varskvlavebi isev daecemian erTmaneTs. Cven SegviZlia nebismieri raodeno­

bis varskvlavebis damateba, magram es arafers Secvlis da isini yovelTvis daecemian

eerTmaneTs, anu moaxdenen kolapss. amgvarad, ukve viciT, rom SeuZlebelia samyaros

usasrulo statikuri modelis arseboba, romelSic gravitacia yovelTvis mizidulo­

bis xasiaTisaa.

Cveni azrovnebis saintereso damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa, rom meoce saukunemde ara­

vis mosvlia TavSi azri imis Sesaxeb, rom samyaro SeiZleba farTovdebodes an ikumSe­

bodes. yovelTvis iTvleboda, rom samyaro mudam arsebobs ucvlel mdebareobaSi an

rom igi Seiqmna sasrulo droSi warsulSi iseTi saxiT, rogorc Cven axla vakvirdebiT

mas. nawilobriv es gamowveulia adamianTa miswrafebiT daijeron RvTaebrivi simar­

Tle, iseve rogorc, komfortulia fiqri imaze, rom Cveni daberebisa da sikvdilis

miuxedavad, samyaro iqneba mudmivi da Seucvleli.

imaTac ki, visac sjeroda, rom gamomdinare niutonis gravitaciis Teoriidan sa­

myaro ar SeiZleba iyos statikuri, ver warmoedginaT, rom samyaro SeiZleba far­

Tovdebodes. amis sanacvlod isini cdilobdnen Teoriis gaumjobesebas gamzidavi

gravitaciuli Zalis SemoyvaniT Zalian did manZilebze. es daSveba did gavlenas ar

axdenda planetebis moZraobaze, samagierod, es iZleoda saSualebas sasruli raode­

nobis varskvlavi wonasworobaSi darCeniliyo: axlomdebare varskvlavebis mizidva

wonaswordeboda ganzidvis ZaliT Sors mdebare varskvlavebidan. amis miuxedavad, Cven

gvjera, rom es wonasworoba arastabiluri iqneba. marTlac, Tu varskvlavebi raRac

areSi odnav mainc dauaxlovdebian erTmaneTs, mizidvis Zalebi maT Soris gaZlierdeba

da gadaaWarbebs ganzidvis Zalebs, ase rom, varskvlavebi gaagrZeleben vardnas erT­

maneTze. meore mxriv, Tu varskvlavebi odnav mainc daSordebian erTmaneTs, ganzid­

vis Zalebi gadaaWarbeben mizidvisas da varskvlavebi sul ufro da ufro daSordebian

erTmaneTs.

meore argumenti usasrulo statikuri samyaros winaaRmdeg saerTod miewere­

ba germanel filosofoss hainrix olberss. romelic werda am Teoriis Sesaxeb 1823

wels. faqtobrivad, niutonis bevri Tanamedrove ayenebda am sakiTxs da olbersis naS­

romi pirvelic ki ar iyo maT Soris, romelic Seicavda saimedo argumentebs stati­

kuri samyaros winaaRmdeg. ubralod is pirveli iyo, romelsac mieqca sayovelTao yu­

radReba. siZnele imaSi mdgomareobs, rom usasrulo statikur samyaroSi mxedvelobis

808

stefan houkingi

TiTqmis yoveli xazi mTavrdeba varskvlavis zedapiriT. amitom, mosalodnelia, rom

mTeli ca RamiTac iseTive kaSkaSa iyos rogorc mze. olbersis kontrargumenti iyo,

rom sinaT le Soreuli varskvlavebidan daCrdilulia kosmosSi gabneuli uxilavi ma­

teriis STanTqmis gamo. magram, Tu es asea, materia sabolood gaxurdeba varskvlavis

sikaSkaSemde. erTaderTi gza Tavidan aviciloT daskvna, rom RamiT mTeli ca unda is­

eTive kaSkaSa iyos, rogorc mzis zedapiri, iqneboda daSveba, rom varskvlavebi yov­

elTvis ki ar anaTebdnen, aramed `CaerTnen~ warsulis raRac momentSi. am SemTxvevaSi

mSTanTqmeli materia SeiZleba ar gaxurebuliyo, radgan sinaTles Soreuli varskv­

lavebidan je rac ar mouRwevia Cvenamde. amas ki mivyavarT kiTxvamde: ram CarTo var­

skvlavebi pirvelad?

samyaros Seqmnis sakiTxis Sesaxeb amaze gacilebiT ufro adre msjelobdnen. rigi

adrindeli kosmologiisa da ebraul/qristianul/muslimanuri tradiciis Tanaxmad,

samyaro Seiqmna warsulis arcTu ise Soreul momentSi. aseTi dasawyisis damadas­

turebeli erTerTi argumenti iyo imis SegrZneba, rom samyaros arsebobis asaxsnelad

aucileblad unda iyos `pirveli mizezi~ (samyaroSi erTi movlenis axsna yovelTvis

SesaZlebelia mis win momxdari raRac movleniT, magram TavisTavad samyaros arseboba

SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod samyaros dasawyisiT). meore argumenti wamoayena wminda av­

gustinem Tavis wignSi ̀ RmerTis qalaqi~. man aRniSna, rom civilizacia progress ganic­

dis da Cven gvaxsovs, vin iyo morigi progresuli nabijis an teqnikuri gamogonebis av­

tori. amgvarad, SeuZlebelia, rom adamiani da, aseve, albaT, samyaroc didi xania ar

arsebobdnen. wminda avgustinem samyaros dasawyisad CaTvala 5 000 weli axal eramde

(sainteresoa, rom es arc ise Sorsaa ukanaskneli gamyinvarebis periodis damTavrebi­

dan, daaxloebiT 10 000 weli, romelic, arqeologebis azriT, iTvleba civilizaciis

realur dasawyisad).

aristotelesa da sxva berZen filosofosebs, meore mxriv, ar moswondaT Seqmnis

idea, radgan aseTi dasawyisi RvTaebriv Carevas unda gamoewvia. amitom maT sjerodaT,

rom adamianTa modgma msoflioSi arsebobda da iarsebebs yovelTvis. Zveli filoso­

fosebi ganixilavdnen zemoT aRwerili progresis sakiTxs da ambobdnen, rom periodu­

li wyaldidobebi an sxva ubedurebebi drodadro abrunebdnen adamianTa modgmas civi­

lizaciis dasawyisisaken.

samyaros droSi dasawyisisa da samyaros SemosazRvrulobis sakiTxi mogvianebiT

intensiurad Seiswavleboda filosofos imanuel kantis mier monumentur (da metad

bundovan) wignSi `wminda gonebis kritika~, romelic gamoqveynda 1781 wels. man am kiTx­

vebs wminda gonebis antinomebi uwoda (rac winaaRmdegobebs niSnavs), radgan grZnobda,

rom Teziss: `samyaros hqonda dasawyisi~ da antiTeziss: `igi mudam arsebobda~ erT­

nairad damajerebeli xelovnuri argumentebi hqonda. Tezisis dasamtkiceblad mas

809

drois mokle istoria

aseTi argumenti mohyavda: Tu samyaros ar hqonda dasawyisi, yoveli movlenis win usas­

rulod didi drois monakveTi unda yofiliyo, rac mas uazrobad miaCnda. antiTezi­

sis dasamtkiceblad ki mas aseTi argumenti mohyavda: Tu samyaros hqonda dasawyisi,

maSin mis dasawyisamde unda yofiliyo drois usasrulod didi periodi da, amgvarad,

gaugebari iyo, ratom daiwyo samyaro erT garkveul momentSi? faqtobrivad misi argu­

mentebi Tezisis da antiTezisis dasamtkiceblad erTi da igive iyo. orive eyrdnoba ga­

mouTqmel daSvebas, rom dro usasrulod arsebobda imis miuxedavad, rsebobda Tu ara

samyaro mudam. rogorc vnaxavT qveviT, drois cnebas azri ara aqvs samyaros dasawy­

isamde. es pirvelad wminda avgustinem aRniSna. roca ikiTxes: `ras akeTebda RmerTi

samyaros Seqmnamde?~ wminda avgustinem ki ar upasuxa: `igi amzadebda jojoxeTs imaT­

Tvis, vinc aseT kiTxvebs svams~, aramed Tqva, rom dro RmerTis mier Seqmnili samyaros

damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa da rom dro ar arsebobda samyaros Seqmnamde.

im dros, roca adamianTa umetesobas sjeroda arsebiTad statikuri da ucvleli

samyarosi, kiTxvas – hqonda Tu ara samyaros dasawyisi – mxolod metafizikuri an

Teologiuri xasiaTi hqonda. SeiZleboda axsna, ra daikvirveboda erTnairad kargad

TeoriaSi, romelSic samyaro mudam arsebobs, anda TeoriaSi, romelSic samyaros da­

sabami mieca drois raRac momentSi iseTnairad, rom igi dRes iseTia, rogorsac mas vxe­

davT. magram 1929 wels edvin hablma gaakeTa fundamenturi aRmoCena, rom daSorebuli

galaqtikebi didi siCqariT garbian Cvengan. es niSnavs, rom obieqtebi adreul xanaSi

erTmaneTTan axlos iyvnen. faqtobrivad, ise Cans, rom odesRac, aTi an Tormeti aTasi

milioni wlis win, isini yvelani zustad erT adgilas iyvnen Tavmoyrilni da, Sesabam­

isad, samyaros simkvrive usasrulod didi iyo. am aRmoCenam samyaros dasawyisis prob­

lema sabolood moaqcia mecnierebis sferoSi.

hablis dakvirveba gulisxmobs, rom raRac momentSi, romelsac didi afeTqeba

ewoda, samyaro usasrulod patara iyo da usasrulod didi simkvrive hqonda. am piro­

bebSi mecnierebis yvela kanoni da, maTTan erTad, momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis sa­

Sualeba, darRveuli iyo. Tuki iyo rame movlena imaze adre, igi ar moqmedebs dRevan­

del droze. SegviZlia ugulebelvyoT maTi gavlena, radgan maT ara aqvT dakvirvebadi

Sedegebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dro daiwyo did afeTqebasTan erTad im azriT, rom

adrindeli dro ubralod gansazRvruli ar iyo. unda xazi gaesvas, rom drois dawyeba

srulebiT gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac iqamde ganixileboda. ucvlel samyaroSi drois

dasawyisi aris is, rac dadginda raRacis mier samyaros garedan da ar arsebobs drois

dasawyisis fizikuri aucilebloba. meore mxriv, Tu samyaro farTovdeba, unda arse­

bobdes fizikuri mizezi, ratom unda yofiliyo dasawyisi. SeiZleba warmovidginoT,

rom RmerTma Seqmna samyaro myisierad didi afeTqebiT, an SemdgomSi da misca aseTi

saxe, rom dRes mogveCvenos, TiTqos didi afeTqeba moxda, magram uazrobaa CavTvaloT,

810

stefan houkingi

rom samyaro arsebobda did afeTqebamde. ganSladi samyaro ar gamoricxavs Semoqmeds,

magram igi awesebs zRvars im droze, roca man es samuSao Seasrula!

imisTvis, rom vilaparakoT samyaros bunebaze da vimsjeloT sakiTxze, aqvs Tu ara

mas dasawyisi da dasasruli, unda gqondeT naTeli warmodgena, ra aris mecnieruli

Teoria. me gamoviyeneb umartives warmodgenas, rom Teoria mxolod samyaros modelia

an misi SezRuduli nawili, da rom igi aris wesebis krebuli, romelic akavSirebs mo­

delis sidideebs Catarebul dakvirvebebTan. Teoria mxolod Cvens gonebaSi arsebobs

da ara realurad (rasac ar unda niSnavdes es). Teoria kargia, Tu igi or pirobas akmayo­

filebs: man kargad unda aRweros dakvirvebaTa didi klasi iseTi modelis safuZvelze,

romelic mxolod ramdenime ganusazRvrel elements Seicavs, da man unda iwinaswarme­

tyvelos momavali dakvirvebebis Sedegebi. aristoteles Teoria, rom yvelaferi oTxi

elementisgan _ dedamiwis, haeris, cecxlisa da wylisagan Sedgeba, xarisxobrivad

martivia, magram mas araferi uwinaswarmetyvelia. meore mxriv, niutonis gravitaci­

is Teoria dafuZnebuli iyo kidev ufro martiv safuZvelze, romelSic sxeulebi mi­

izidaven erTmaneTs ZaliT, romelic proporciulia masad wodebuli sidideebisa da

ukuproporciulia maT Soris manZilis kvadratisa. amis miuxedavad, man iwinaswarme­

tyvela mzis, mTvarisa da planetebis moZraoba Zalian didi sizustiT. yvela fizikuri

Teoria droebiTia, radgan igi mxolod hipoTezaa: SeuZlebelia misi damtkiceba. ara

aqvs mniSvneloba, ramdenjer daemTxveva romeliRac Teoriis Sedegebi eqsperimental­

ur monacemebs, ar arsebobs imis garantia, rom odesRac raRac eqsperimentis Sedegi ar

mova winaaRmdegobaSi TeoriasTan. meore mxriv, SesaZlebelia uaris Tqma Teoriaze, Tu

erTaderTi eqsperimenti ar daemTxveva Teoriis Sedegebs. rogorc mecnierebis filo­

sofosi karl poperi aRniSnavda, kargi Teoria xasiaTdeba imiT, rom igi iZleva winas­

warmetyvelebaTa rigs, romelic, principSi, SeiZleba iyos uaryofili an gayalbebuli

eqsperimentiT. im drois ganmavlobaSi, sanam axali eqsperimentebis Sedegebi emTxveva

Teorias, igi cocxlobs da ndoba mis mimarT sul ufro izrdeba. magram, Tu erTi axali

eqsperimenti mainc moiZebna, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba Teorias, igi unda aurvyoT an

movaxdinoT Teoriis modifikacia. es is aris, rac SeiZleba moxdes, magram saboloo

daskvnis gamotanamde, unda SevamowmoT, ramdenad kompetenturia eqsperimentatori.

praqtikulad, xSirad xdeba, rom axali Teoria iqmneba rogorc wina Teoriis gavr­

coba an ganzogadoeba. magaliTad, planeta merkuris Zalian zustma dakvirvebam aRmo­

aCina gansxvaveba mis moZraobasa da imas Soris, rasac gvaZlevs niutonis Teoria. ain­

Stainis fardobiTobis (relativizmis) zogadma Teoriam mogvca niutonis Teoriisgan

odnav gansxvavebuli Sedegi merkuris moZraobisaTvis. faqtia, rom ainStainis winas­

warmetyveleba ukeT akmayofilebs dakvirvebis Sedegs, vidre niutonisa, rac SesaniS­

navad asabuTebs axali Teoriis siswores. Tumca Cven dRemde viyenebT niutonis Teo­

811

drois mokle istoria

rias yvela praqtikul SemTxvevaSi, radgan misi Sedegebi umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba

zogadi relativizmisgan im SemTxvevebSi, romelTanac, Cveulebriv, gvaqvs saqme (amas­

Tan niutonis Teorias aqvs is didi upiratesoba, rom gaTvlebi masSi gacilebiT mar­

tivia ainStainisaze).

mecnierebis saboloo mizania erTi Teoriis Seqmna, romelic aRwers mTel samyaros.

amis miuxedavad, mecnierTa umetesoba iyenebs miaxloebas, romelic gulisxmobs prob­

lemis or nawilad gayofas. jer erTi, arsebobs kanonebi, romlebic gveubneba rogor

icvleba samyaro drois mixedviT (Tu viciT, rogoria samyaro drois mocemul momen­

tSi, es fizikuri kanonebi gveubnebian, rogori iqneba igi momavlis nebismier momentSi).

meore aris samyaros sawyisi mdgomareobis sakiTxi. zogierTs hgonia, rom saWiroa yu­

radRebis gamaxvileba mxolod pirvel nawilze; maT miaCniaT, rom sawyisi mdgomareo­

bis sakiTxi metafizikis an religiis sferoa. isini amboben, rom yovlisSemZle RmerTs

SeeZlo samyaros Seqmna iseTnairad, rogorc moindomebda. es, SeiZleba, asecaa, magram

am SemTxvevaSi, RmerTs aseve SeeZlo misi ganviTareba nebismieri gziT. Tumca, rogorc

vxedavT, man airCia ganviTarebis regularuli gza garkveuli kanonebis mixedviT. ami­

tom, logikuria vifiqroT, rom arsebobs kanonebi, romlebic marTaven samyaros sawyis

mdgomareobas.

aRmoCnda, rom Zalian Znelia iseTi Teoriis gamogoneba, romelic samyaros

er Tia nad aRwers. amis magivrad, Cven vyofT Teorias nawilebad da vigonebT ramde­

nime nawilob riv Teorias. TiToeuli am nawilobrivi Teoriidan aRwers da winaswar­

metyvelebs dakvirvebaTa SezRudul klass ise, rom ugulebelyofs sxva sidideebs

an ubralod warmoadgens maT rogorc ricxvebis krebuls. SesaZlebelia, rom aseTi

miaxloeba arafrad varga. Tu samyaroSi yvelaferi damokidebulia raRacaze funda­

menturi gziT, SeuZlebelia mivuaxlovdeT srul amoxsnas problemis nawilebis da­

moukideblad Seswavlis gziT. amis miuxedavad, es is gzaa, romliTac warsulSi Cven

warmatebebs vaRwevdiT. amis magaliTia niutonis gravitaciis Teoria, romelic gveub­

neba, rom gravitaciuli Zala or sxeuls Soris damokidebulia TiToeul sxeulTan da­

kavSirebul mxolod erT ricxvze – masaze – da ar aris damokidebuli, risganac aris

gakeTebuli sxeuli. amitom ar gvWirdeba Teoria mzisa da planetebis agebulebisa da

Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb maTi moZraobis orbitebis gamosaTvlelad.

dRes mecnierebi aRweren samyaros ori bazisuri nawilobrivi Teoriis saSualebiT

– fardobiTobis zogadi Teoria da qvanturi meqanika. orive es Teoria warmoadgens

meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris udides inteleqtualur miRwevas. fardobiTobis

zogadi Teoria aRwers gravitaciis Zalasa da samyaros didmasStabian agebulebas, rac

gulisxmobs zomebs mxolod ramdenime milidan milion milion milion milion (1 ocda­

oTxi nuliT mis Semdeg) milamde, rac dakvirvebadi samyaros zomas warmoadgens. qvan­

812

stefan houkingi

turi meqanika, meore mxriv, swavlobs movlenebs Zalian mcire manZilebze, rogoricaa

santimetris memilionedis memilionedi. saubedurod, es ori Teoria ar aris erTma­

neTTan Tavsebadi da, amitom, arc erTi ar SeiZleba swori iyos. dRevandeli fizikis

erTerTi mcdeloba da am wignis ZiriTadi Tema aris am ori Teoriis erTian, gravitaci­

is qvantur TeoriaSi, gaerTianeba. Cven jer ara gvaqvs aseTi Teoria da, SesaZlebelia

didi gza gvaqvs gasavleli mis Seqmnamde, magram dRes ukve bevri viciT im Tvisebebis

Sesaxeb, romlebic mas unda hqondes. Semdgom TavebSi Cven vnaxavT, rom ukve bevri ram

viciT imis Sesaxeb, ra unda iwinaswarmetyvelos gravitaciis qvanturma Teoriam.

Tu davijerebT, rom samyaro imarTeba gansazRvruli kanonebiT, sabolood unda

movaxdinoT nawilobrivi Teoriebis gaerTianeba erTian TeoriaSi, romelic aRwers

yvelafers samyaroSi. magram arsebobs erTi fundamenturi paradoqsi aseTi erTiani

Teoriis Ziebis gzaze. zemomoyvanili Teoriebis ganxilvisas vgulisxmobdiT, rom Cven

varT racionaluri arsebani, romelTac SeuZliaT Tavisuflad, Tavisi survilisame­

br, davukvirdeT samyaros da gamovitanoT logikuri daskvna am dakvirvebidan. samar­

Tliania vigulisxmoT, rom SesaZlebelia sul ufro mivuaxlovdeT samyaros mmarTvel

kanonebs. da kidev, Tu arsebobs sruli gaerTianebis Teoria, igi, SesaZlebelia, Tvi­

Ton unda gansazRvros Cvens qmedebebi, e.i., Teoriam TviTon unda gansazRvros Cveni

Ziebis Sedegebi! Tu asea, saidan Cans, rom dakvirvebidan swor daskvnas gamovitanT?

aseve mosalodneli ar aris, rom igi migviyvans mcdar daskvnamde? an, saerTod, aravi­

Tar daskvnamde?

erTaderTi pasuxi, romelic SemiZlia gavce am kiTxvaze aris bunebrivi seleqciis

darviniseuli principi. misi idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom nebismier TviTganaxlebad

organizmTa populaciaSi arsebobs variaciebi genetikur masalasa da aRzrdaSi, ro­

melic aqvT calkeul individebs. es gansxvavebebi niSnavs, rom zogierT individs sxve­

bze ukeTesad SeuZliaT gamoitanos daskvna mis garemomcvel samyaroze da imoqmedos

Sesabamisad. ufro albaTiania, rom es individebi gadarCebian da gamravldebian da

maTi qcevisa da fiqris normebi gaxdeba ganmsazRvreli. albaT, marTali iyo warsulSi

gamoTqmuli azri, rom is, rasac Cven inteleqtsa da mecnierul aRmoCenebs veZaxiT,

miRebuli gvaqvs imis Sedegad, rom kacobrioba upiratesobas aZlevs im gzebs, romle­

bic ukeT aris morgebuli adamianTa modgmis gadarCenisaTvis. Tumca naTeli ar aris,

rom es namdvilad iZleva modgmis gadarCenis upiratesobas, radgan Cvenma mecnierul­

ma aRmoCenebma SeiZleba gagvanadguron, da es asec rom ar iyos, sruli gaerTianebis

Teoriam SeiZleba ver gamoarCios Cveni gadarCenis Sansi. miuxedavad amisa, Tu samyaro

viTardeba regularuli gziT, SeiZleba velodoT, rom msjelobis unari, romelic mi­

viReT seleqciis Sedegad, gamogvadgeba sruli gaerTianebuli Teoriis ZiebaSi da ar

migviyvans mcdar daskvnamde.

813

drois mokle istoria

radgan nawilobrivi Teoriebi, romlebic Cven ukve gvaqvs, sakmarisia yvela gansa­

kuTrebiT eqstremaluri situaciis zusti winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis, samyaros agebu­

lebis saboloo Teoriis Zieba rTuli unda iyos praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT (SeiZleba

es ar iyos dasabuTeba, magram analogiur argumentebs ayenebdnen relativisturi da

qvanturi Teoriis winaaRmdeg, magram, sabolood, am Teoriebma mogvces birTvuli

energia da mikroeleqtronuli revolucia!). SesaZlebelia, rom sruli gaerTianebis

Teoriis aRmoCena ar iyos mimarTuli Cveni modgmis gadasarCenad. man, SesaZlebelia,

arc Cveni cxovrebis wesi Secvalos. magram civilizaciis dasawyisidan adamianebi ar

kmayofildebodnen auxsneli da gaugebari movlenebis dakvirvebiT. maT yovelTvis

izidavda samyaros ganviTarebis wesrigis garkveva. dRes Cven miviswrafviT gavigoT

ratom varT aq da saidan movdivarT. kacobriobis uRrmesi miswrafeba codnisken Cveni

dausrulebeli kiTxvebis sakmarisi gamarTlebaa. da Cveni mizani sxva araferia, Tu ara

im samyaros sruli aRwera, romelSic vcxovrobT.

Tavi meore

dro da sivrce

Tanamedrove warmodgena sxeulTa moZraobis Sesaxeb momdinareobs galileos da

niutonis Sromebidan. maTze adre xalxs sjeroda aristotelesi, romelic ambobda,

rom sxeulis bunebrivi mdgomareoba aris uZravad yofna da rom igi moZraobs mxolod

Zalisa an impulsis gavleniT. aqedan gamodioda, rom mZime sxeuli ufro swrafad unda

davardniliyo miwaze, vidre msubuqi, radgan mas dedamiwa ufro Zlierad izidavs Ta­

visken.

aristoteles tradicia, agreTve, amtkicebda, rom SesaZlebelia samyaros mmarTve­

li yvela kanonis gamoyvana mxolod gonebis ZaliT: sul ar aris saWiro maTi Semowme­

ba dakvirvebaTa saSualebiT. amitom galileomde aravis mosvlia TavSi Seemowmebina,

marTlac sxvadaxva siCqariT vardebian dedamiwaze gansxvavebuli wonis sxeulebi? am­

boben, rom galileom aCvena aristoteles rwmenis siyalbe pizis koSkidan sxvadasxva

simZimis sxeulebis CamogdebiT. es ambavi namdvilad ar aris marTali, magram galileom

raRac analogiuri gaakeTa: igi agorebda gansxvavebuli wonis burTebs daxril gluv

zedapirze. situacia mZime sxe ulebis vertikalurad vardnis msgavsia, magrad dak­

virvebisaTvis gacilebiT martivia, radgan sxeulTa siCqareebi naklebia. galileos

gazomvebma aCvena, rom wonisgan damoukideblad yvela sxeuli erTnairi siswrafiT zr­

814

stefan houkingi

dis Tavis siCqares. magaliTad, Tu burTs ise daagorebT, rom igi vertikalurad erTi

metriT vardeba damrec zedapirze yoveli aTi metris gavlisas, maSin burTis siCqare

moZraobis pirvel wamis bolos iqneba daaxloebiT erTi metri wamSi, meore wamis bo­

los igi gaxdeba ori metri wamSi da a.S. b urTis wonis miuxedavad. ra Tqma unda, fola­

dis sxeuli ufro Cqara Camo vardeba miwaze, vidre bumbuli, magram amis mizezi is aris,

rom haeri bumbuls met winaaRmdegobas uwevs. Tu or sxeuls CamovagdebT, romelsac

haeri erTnair winaaRmdegobas uwevs, magaliTad, sxvadaxva wonis foladis burTebs,

isini erTnairi siswrafiT Camovardebian.

galileos gazomvebi daudo niutonma safuZvlad Tavisi moZraobis kanonebis. ga li­

leos eqsperimentebSi damrec zedapirze dagorebul sxeulze yovelTvis moqmedebs

mudmivi Zala (misi wona), ris Sedegad burTi mudmivad Cqardeba. es aCvenebs, rom Zalis

moqmedebis Sedegi aris sxeulis siCqaris Secvla da ara misi moZraobaSi moyvana,

rogorc amas fiqrobdnen winaT. es, agreTve, niSnavs, rom, Tu sxeulze ar moqmedebs rame

Zala, igi swori xazis gaswvriv imoZravebs erTnairi siCqariT. pirvelad es idea zustad

iyo Camoyalibebuli 1687 wels gamoqveynebul niutonis Principia Mathematica­Si da igi

cnobilia niutonis pirveli kanonis saxiT. is rac mouva sxeuls masze Zalis moqmedebis

Sedegad mocemulia niutonis meore kanonSi. igi amtkicebs, rom sxeuli aCqardeba, anu

Seicvlis Tavis siCqares, iseTi siswrafiT, romelic Zalis proporciulia (magaliTad,

aCqareba orjer gaizrdeba, Tu Zala gaormagda). amasTan, aCqareba miT naklebia, rac

didia sxeulis masa (anu nivTierebis raodenoba sxeulSi. Zala, moqmedi ormagi masis

sxeulze, aniWebs mas im aCqarebis naxevars, rasac miiRebs am ZaliT erTmagi masis

sxeuli). cnobili magaliTia avtomanqanis SemTxveva: rac ufro Zlieria Zrava miT meti

aCqareba eniWeba mas, magram ufro mZime manqanas igive Zrava nakleb aCqarebas aniWebs.

am kanonebis garda, niutonma aRmoaCina gravitaciuli Zalis kanoni, romelic am­

tkicebs, rom yoveli sxeuli miizidavs sxva sxeuls ZaliT, romelic proporciulia

TiToeuli sxeulis masisa. ase, Zala or sxeuls Soris ormagdeba, Tu erT­erTi sxeulis

masa (vTqvaT, A sxeulis) gaormagdeba. es bunebrivia, radgan axali A sxeuli SegviZlia

warmovidginoT ori pirveladi masis mqone sxeulisgan Sedgenil sxeulad. yoveli

Semadgeneli miizidavs B sxeuls sawyisi ZaliT. amgvarad, sruli Zala A-sa da B-s Soris

orjer meti iqneba sawyis Zalaze. da Tu, vTqvaT, erT sxeuls gavuormagebT masas, xolo

meores _ gavusammagebT, maSin Zala gaxdeba eqvsjer didi. axla SesaZlebelia axsna ra­

tom vardeba yvela sxeuli erTnairi siswrafiT: orjer didi wonis sxeuls dedamiwa

orjer didi ZaliT miizidavs, magram mas masac orjer meti aqvs. niutonis meore kan­

onis ZaliT es ori efeqti erTmaneTs abaTilebs da, amgvarad, aCqareba erTnairi iqneba

yvela SemTxvevaSi.

niutonis gravitaciis kanoni, agreTve, gveubneba, rom rac ufro Sors arian sxeule­

bi, miT naklebia Zala. niutonis gravitaciis kanoni ambobs, rom varskvlavis mizidvis

815

drois mokle istoria

Zala oTxjer naklebia naxevar manZilze myofi analogiuri varskvlavis mizidvasTan

SedarebiT. es kanoni iZleva dedamiwis, mTvarisa da varskvlavebis orbitebs didi si­

zustiT. kanonis mixedviT gravitaciuli mizidvis Zala ufro Cqara rom mcirdebodes,

manZilTan erTad, planetaTa orbitebi aRar iqneboda elipturi da isini spiralze

imoZravebdnen mzis garSemo. ufro nela rom mcirdebodes manZilis zrdasTan erTad,

maSin daSorebuli orbitebis moqmedeba ufro meti iqneboda dedamiwisaze.

ZiriTadi gansxvaveba aristoteles ideebsa da galileosa da niutonis ideebs So­

ris imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aristoteles sjeroda, TiTqos sxeulebs urCevniaT uZ­

raobis mdgomareobaSi yofna, Tu maTze Zala an impulsi ar imoqmedebs. magaliTad, mas

sjeroda, rom dedamiwa uZrav mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. niutonis kanonidan ki gamom­

dinareobs, rom ar arsebobs uZraobis erTaderTi standarti. SesaZlebelia Tqma, rom A

sxeuli uZravia, xolo B sxeuli moZraobs mis mimarT mudmivi siCqariT. aseve samarTli­

ania, Tu vityviT, rom B sxeuli uZravia, xolo A sxeuli moZraobs B-s mimarT. magaliTad,

Tu ar ganvixilavT dedamiwis brunvasa da mis moZraobas mzis mimarT orbitaze SeiZle­

ba Tqma, rom dedamiwa uZravia da matarebeli moZraobs CrdiloeTiT 90 mili/saaTSi

siCqariT, an rom matarebeli uZravia, da dedamiwa moZraobs samxreTiT 90 mili/saaTSi

siCqariT. Tu CavatarebT eqsperimentebs matarebelSi moZravi sxeulebTan, niutonis

yvela kanoni daculi iqneba. magaliTad, matarebelSi ping­pongis TamaSis dros Sei­

Zleba aRmovaCinoT, rom burTi iseve emorCileba niutonis kanonebs, rogorc burTi,

romliTac TamaSoben liandagze dadgmul magidaze. amgvarad, SeuZlebelia Tqma rom­

eli moZraobs, dedamiwa Tu matarebeli.

uZraobis absoluturi standartis ararseboba niSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia ganvsaz­

RvroT, moxda Tu ara sxvadasxva dros momxdari movlenebi erTsa da imave adgilze?

magaliTad, ping­pongis burTi matarebelSi daxtis zeviT da qveviT ise, rom erTi wa­

mis Semdeg vardeba imave adgilze, sadac igi moxvda erTi wamiT adre. liandagze myo­

fi damkvirveblisTvis ki es dacema ormoci metriT Sors moxdeba, radgan matarebeli

burTis or dacemas Soris droSi am manZils gaivlis liandagze. absoluturi uZraobis

ararseboba, amgvarad, niSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia ganisazRvros movlenis absoluturi

adgilmdebareoba sivrceSi, rogorc es aristoteles sjeroda. movlenebis adgilmde­

bareoba da manZili maT Soris sxvadasxvanairi iqneba damkvirveblisTvis matarebelSi

da misTvis, vinc matarebels garedan akvirdeba da ar arsebobs araviTari mizezi upi­

ratesoba mieces romelime maTgans.

niutoni Zalian ganicdida absoluturi mdgomareobis an absoluturi sivrcis am

naklis gamo, radganac igi winaaRmdegobaSi modioda mis ideasTan absoluturi Rmer­

Tis Sesaxeb. faqtobrivad, man ar miiRo absoluturi sivrcis ararseboba, Tumca igi

gamomdinareobda misi kanonebidan. igi mkacrad iyo gakritikebuli misi iracionaluri

rwmenis gamo bevri adamianis mier da, gansakuTrebiT, episkoposi berklis mier. berkli

816

stefan houkingi

iyo filosofosi, romelsac sjeroda, rom yvela materialuri obieqti, aseve sivrcec

da droc, aris iluzia. rodesac cnobil dr. jonsons azris hkiTxes berklis Teoriis

Sesaxeb, man Sehyvira: `me amas uarvyof ai ase!~ da fexsacmlis wveri miartya did qvas.

magram aristotelesac da niutonsac sjerodaT absoluturi drois. ese igi, maT

sjerodaT, rom SesaZlebelia calsaxad ganisazRvros drois intervali or movlenas

Soris da rom es dro erTnairi iqneba, vinc ar unda gazomos igi, Tu, cxadia, maT kargi

saaTebi eqnebaT. dro iyo srulad gamoyofili sivrcisagan da ar iyo masze damokide­

buli. es aris is, rasac xalxis umravlesoba saR azrad Tvlis. amis miuxedavad, Cven unda

SevicvaloT azri sivrcesa da droze. Tumca Cveni saRi azri kargad muSaobs, rodesac

saqme gvaqvs vaSlebis msgavs sagnebTan an varskvlavebTan, romlebic SedarebiT nela

moZraoben, igi aRar muSaobs, Tu saqme gvaqvs sagnebTan, romlebic moZraoben sinaTlis

an masTan miaxloebuli siCqareebiT.

faqti, rom sinaTle moZraobs sasrulo, magram Zalian didi, siCqariT, pirvelad aR­

moaCina 1676 wels danielma astronomma ole qristiansen riomerma. man aRmoaCina, rom

dro romelSic iupiteris mTvare gaivlis iupiteris ukan yovelTvis ar aris erTnairi,

rogorc es unda iyos, Tu mTvare erTnairi siswrafiT uvlis gars planetas. radgan

dedamiwac da iupiteric brunaven mzis garSemo, manZili maT Soris icvleba. riomerma

SeniSna, rom rac ufro Sors varT iupiterisgan, iupiteris mTvareTa dabneleba miT

ufro gvian xdeba. misi azriT es gamowveulia imiT, rom sinaTles mTvareebidan miT meti

dro sWirdeba Cvenamde mosaRwevad, rac ufro Sors arian isini Cvengan. iupitersa da

dedamiwis manZilebs Soris gansxvavebis misi gazomvebi, ra Tqma unda, ar gamoirCeoda

didi sizustiT da, amitom, mis mier gazomili sinaTlis siCqare iyo 140 000 mili wamSi

maSin, rodesac Tanamedrove monacemebiT igi tolia 186 000 mili wamSi. amis miuxedavad,

riomeris miRweva marto imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, rom man daamtkica, rom sinaTlis siC­

qare sasrulia, aramed gazoma kidevac es siCqare da, rac gansakuTrebiT xazgasasmeli,

man es gaakeTa TerTmeti wliT adre niutonis Principia Mathematica­s gamoqveynebamde.

sinaTlis gavrcelebis swori Teoria ar arsebobda 1865 wlamde, sanam britanelma

fizikosma jeims klark maqsvelma ar gaaerTiana nawilobrivi Teoriebi, romlebic aR­

werdnen eleqtrul da magnitur Zalebs. maqsvelis gantolebebi winaswarmetyveleben,

rom SesaZlebelia arsebobdes talRebis msgavsi SeSfoTebebi kombinirebul eleqtro­

magnitur velSi da rom isini unda moZraobdnen fiqsirebuli siCqareebiT, gubeSi zeda­

piruli talRebis msgavsad. Tu maTi talRis sigrZe (manZili or mezobel burcobs So­

ris) udris erT metrs an mets, maT uwodeben radiotalRebs. naklebi sigrZis talRebs

(ramdenime santimetris sigrZis) uwodeben mikrotalRebs an infrawiTels (santimetris

meaTiaTasedze meti). xiluli sinaTlis talRis sigrZe moTavsebulia santimetris or­

moc memilionedsa da oTxmoc memilioneds Soris. ufro mokle talRis sigrZeebi cno­

bilia ultraiisferi talRebis, X­sxivebisa da γ­sxivebis saxelwodebiT.

817

drois mokle istoria

maqsvelis Teoriis Sesabamisad rogorc radio, ise sinaTlis, talRebi erTi da

igive fiqsirebuli siCqariT moZraoben. magram niutonis Teoria uaryofs absolutu­

ri uZraobis ideas, amitom, Tu igulisxmeba, rom sinaTle fiqsirebuli siCqariT moZ­

raobs, SeiZleba daisvas SekiTxva ris mimarT moZraobs fiqsirebuli siCqariT? CaiTva­

la, rom arsebobs garemo saxelwodebiT `eTeri~, romelic yvelgan arsebobs, `cariel"

sivrceSic. sinaTlis talRebi moZraoben masSi, rogorc bgera moZraobs haerSi da maTi

siCqare aiTvleba eTeris mimarT. eTeris mimarT gansxvavebuli siCqariT moZravi sx­

vadasxva damkvirveblis mier gazomili sinaTlis siCqare erTmaneTs ar daemTxveva,

magram sinaTlis siCqare eTeris mimarT fiqsirebuli iqneba. kerZod, radgan dedamiwa

eTerSi moZraobs Tavis orbitaze mzis garSemo, sinaTlis siCqare, gazomili dedamiwis

moZraobis mimarTulebiT (roca Cven vmoZraobT sinaTlis wyarosken), unda iyos meti,

vidre sinaTlis siCqare, gazomili moZraobis perpendikularuli mimarTulebiT (roca

ar vmoZraobT sinaTlis wyarosken). 1887 w. albert maikelsonma (romelic mogvianebiT

pirveli amerikeli aRmoCnda, romelmac miiRo nobelis premia fizikaSi) da edvard

morlim klivlendis gamoyenebiTi mecnierebis qeis skolaSi Caatares faqizi eqsperi­

menti. maT Seadares sinaTlis siCqare dedamiwis moZraobis mimarTulebiT am moZrao­

bis perpendikularulad mosuli sinaTlis siCqaresTan. maT gakvirvebas sazRvari ar

hqonda, roca aRmoaCines, rom miiRes zustad erTi da igive sidideebi!

1887­sa 1905 wlebs Soris iyo ramdenimejer scades, ZiriTadad, holandielma

fizikosma hendrik lorencma, aexsnaT maikelson­morlis eqsperimenti; es axsna gu­

lisxmobda sxeulTa SekumSvasa da drois Senelebas eTerSi moZraobis procesSi. Tum­

ca 1905 wels Sveicariis sapatento ofisis iqamde ucnobma klerkma, albert ainStain­

ma, miuTiTa, rom eTeris idea, sulac ar aris aucilebeli da sakmarisia absoluturi

drois ideaze uaris Tqma. analogiuri miTiTeba gaakeTa frangma maTematikosma anri

puankarem ramdenime kviriT gvian. ainStainis argumentebi ufro axlos idgnen fizikas­

Tan, vidre puankaresi, magram puankares saxeli mainc aris mWidrod dakavSirebuli am

aRmoCenis mniSvnelovan nawilTan.

fardobiTobis (relativizmis) Teoriis fundamenturi mtkicebaa, rom fizikis

kanonebi erTnairi unda iyos yvela Tavisuflad moZravi damkvirveblisaTvis maTi siC­

qaris miuxedavad. es samarTliani iyo niutonis moZraobis kanonebisaTvis, magram axla

igive gavrcelda maqsvelis Teoriisa da sinaTlis siCqarisaTvisac: sinaTlis siCqaris

mniSvneloba erTnairi unda iyos yvela damkvirveblisTvis maTi moZraobis siCqaris­

gan damoukideblad. am martiv ideas ramdenime mniSvnelovani Sedegi mohyveba. Sesa­

Zlebelia, yvelaze cnobili maT Soris aris eqvivalentoba masasa da energias Soris,

gamoxatuli ainStainis cnobili formuliT E = mc2 (sadac E aris energia, m – masa, xolo

c – sinaTlis siCqare), da kanoni, rom arc erT sxeuls ar SeuZlia moZraoba sinaTlis

818

stefan houkingi

siCqareze swrafad. energiisa da masis eqvivalentobis gamo energia, romelic sxeuls

gaaCnia misi moZraobis gamo, emateba mis masas. sxva sityvebiT, is mZimdeba siCqaris

gazr dasTan erTad. es efeqti SesamCnevia mxolod sinaTlis siCqaresTan daaxloebuli

siCqariT moZravi sxeulebisaTvis. magaliTad, Tu sxeuli moZraobs sinaTlis siCqaris

10%­is toli siCqariT, misi masa normaluri masis mxolod 0.5%­iT izrdeba, maSin rode­

sac, sinaTlis siCqaris 90%­iT moZraobisas sxeulis masa normalur masaze orjer meti

iqneba. sinaTlis siCqaresTan miaxloebisas sxeulis masa ufro swrafad izrdeba da igi

sul ufro met energias moiTxovs siCqaris mosamateblad. mas, cxadia, ar SeuZlia mi­

aRwios sinaTlis siCqares, radgan am SemTxvevaSi misi masa usasrulod didi gaxdeba da

mas, masisa da energiis eqvivalentobis gamo, amisaTvis dasWirdeba usasrulod didi

energia. am mizeziT relativizmi yovelTvis zRudavs nebismieri normaluri obieqtis

moZraobas sinaTlis siCqariT. mxolod sinaTlesa da sxva talRebs, romelTac ara aqvT

sakuTari masa, SeuZliaT imoZraon sinaTlis siCqaris toli siCqariT.

fardobiTobis Teoriis SesaniSnavi Sedegia, rom man moaxdina sivrcesa da droze

Cven warmodgenebSi revoluciuri gardatexis Setana. niutonis TeoriaSi, Tu sinaTlis

impulsi gagzavnilia erTi adgilidan meoreSi, sxvadasxva damkvirvebels SeuZliaT Se­

Tanxmeba am mogzaurobis droze (ramdenadac dro absoluturia), magram yovelTvis

ver SeTanxmdebian ra manZili gaiara am dros sinaTlem (radgan sivrce ar aris absolu­

turi). sinaTlis siCqare aris manZili gayofili mis gasavlelad saWiro droze, amitom

sxvadasxva damkvirvebels unda mieRo sxvadasxva siCqare sinaTlis moZraobiasaTvis.

relativizmSi, meore mxriv, yvela damkvirvebeli unda SeTanxmdes ra siswrafiT moZ­

raobs sinaTle. isini isev ver SeTanxmdebian sinaTlis mier gavlil manZilze da, aseve,

axla isini ver SeTanxmdebian amisTvis saWiro drozec. (saWiro dro aris sinaTlis mier

gavlili manZili _ razec damkvirveblebi ver Tanxmdebian – gayofili sinaTlis siCqa­

reze _ razec isini Tanxmdebian). sxva sityvebiT, fardobiTobis Teoriam bolo mouRo

absoluturi drois ideas! aRmoCnda, rom TiToeul damkvirvebels drois sakuTari

sazomi aqvs, rac dafiqsirdeba misi saaTiT da erTnairi saaTebi sxvadasxva damkvirveb­

lis xelSi sxvadasxva Sedegs aCvenebs.

yovel damkvirvebels radaridan sinaTlis an radio talRis impulsis gagzavnis sa­

SualebiT SeuZlia Tqvas sad da rodis moxda esa Tu is movlena. impulsis garkveuli

nawili airekleba am movlenidan da dabrundeba ukan. damkvirvebels SeuZlia drois

gazomva, romelis ganmavlobaSic impulsis eqo dabrundeba ukan. movlenis dros uwo­

deben im drois naxevars, romelSic impulsi gaigzavna da anarekli iqna miRebuli ukan:

manZili movlenamde aris es naxevari dro gamravlebuli sinaTlis siCqareze (am azriT,

movlena aris raRac, rac xdeba sivrcis garkveul wertilSi drois gansazRvrul mo­

mentSi). es idea naCvenebia nax. 2.1­ze, romelic warmoadgens sivrce­drois diagramas.

819

drois mokle istoria

aRwerili proceduris gamoyenebiT

erTmaneTis mimarT moZravi damk­

virveblebi daadgenen gansxvavebul

droebs da adgilmdebareobas erTsa

da imave movlenisaTvis. arc erTi

gamoyofili damkvirveblis gazomve­

bi ar aris ufro zusti, vidre sxvisa,

magram yvela es gazomva dakavSire­

bulia erTmaneTTan. nebismier dam­

kvirvebels SeuZlia zustad gamoT­

valos ra dro da adgili daafiqsira

sxva damkvirvebelma, Tu man icis misi

moZraobis siCqare.

dRes Cven viyenebT am meTods,

radganac Cven drois gazomva ufro

zustad SegviZlia, vidre manZilisa.

arsebiTad, metri gansazRvrulia

rogorc manZili, romelsac sina­

Tle gadis ceziumis saaTiT gazomil

0.000000003335640952 wamSi (am konkre­

tuli cifris azri imaSi mdgomareobs,

rom igi daemTxves metris istoriul

gansazRvrebas – parizSi Senaxuli

platiniumis Zelze or niSnuls So­

ris manZils). analogiurad SegviZlia

SemovitanoT sigrZis axali erTeuli

– sinaTlis wami. es ubralod is manZilia, romelsac sinaTle gadis erT wamSi. fardobi­

Tobis TeoriaSi manZils Cven ganvsazRvravT droisa da sinaTlis siCqaris kategorieb­

Si, ase rom, avtomaturad gamodis, rom yvela damkvirvebeli sinaTlis siCqarisaTvis

erTsa da imave mniSvnelobas miiRebs (gansazRvrebiT, 1 metrs 0.000000003335640952

wamSi) aRar arsebobs eTeris Semoyvanis aucilebloba, romlis arseboba ar damtkicda

maikelson­morlis eqsperimentSi. fardobiTobis Teoria, amgvarad, gvaiZulebs, fun­

damenturad SevcvaloT Cveni warmodgenebi sivrcesa da droze. Cven unda vaRiaroT,

rom dro aRar aris gancalkevebuli sivrcisagan da damoukidebeli masze, aramed mas­

Tan erTad qmnis obieqts, romelsac sivrce­dro hqvia.

zogadi gamocdilebidan gamomdinare SesaZlebelia wertilis adgilmdebareobis

gansazRvra sami wertiliT, anu koordinatiT. magaliTad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom wer­

nax. 2.1. dro izomeba vertikalurad, xolo manZi­li damkvirveblamde gadazomilia horizontalu­rad. damkvirveblis traeqtoria sivrceSi da dro naCvenebia rogorc vertikaluri xazi maracxniv. sinaTlis sxivis kvali movlenamde da movlenidan aris diagonaluri xazebi.

820

stefan houkingi

tili Svidi futiT aris daSore­

buli erTi kedlidan, sami fu­

tiT _ meore kedlidan da xuTi

futiT aris aweuli iatakidan. an

SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom wertili

mdebareobs raRac grZedsa da

ganedze da garkveul simaRleze

zRvis donidan. SesaZlebelia

ne bismieri sami koordinatis ga­

moyeneba, Tumca maT aqvT gamoye­

nebis SezRuduli are. ar aris

saWiro mTvaris mdebareobis gan­

sazRvra pikadilis moednidan

Crdi loeTiT da samxreTiT da­

Sorebul milebsa da zRvis doni­

dan futebiT gazomil simaRleSi.

umjobesia misi mdebareobis gan­

sazRvra manZiliT mzidan, simaR­

liT orbitebis moZraobis sib­

rtyidan da kuTxiT, romelsac

qmnis mTvarisa da mzis SemaerTe­

beli xazi, mzisa da uaxloesi varskvlavis alfa centavris SemaerTebel xazTan. magram

mzis mdebareobis gansasazRvravad Cven galaqtikaSi am koordinatebsac ar eqneba didi

gamoyeneba, an Cveni galaqtikis mdebareobis gansasazRvravad galaqtikebis lokalur

jgufSi. sinamdvileSi SesaZlebelia mTeli samyaros aRwera gadamfaravi areebis kate­

goriebSi. yovel areSi unda gamoviyenoT gansxvavebuli sami koordinati wertilis

mdebareobis gansasazRvravad.

movlena aris aris is, rac xdeba sivrcis raRac wertilSi raRac garkveul moment­

Si. amitom misi gansazRvra SeiZleba oTxi ricxviT, anu koordinatiT. kvlav koordi­

natTa arCevani nebismieria, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sami kargad gansazRvruli sivrculi

koordinati da drois nebismieri sazomi. relativizmSi ar arsebobs gansxvaveba sivr­

culsa da droiT koordinatebs Soris, rogorc ar aris gansxvaveba or nebismier sivr­

cul koordinats Soris. SeiZleba koordinatTa axali krebulis SerCeva romelSic,

vTqvaT, pirveli axali sivrculi koordinati warmoadgens Zveli pirveli da meore

sivrculi koordinatis kombinacias. magaliTad, imis nacvlad, rom gavzomoT werti­

lis adgilmdebareoba dedamiwaze milebSi CrdiloeTiT pikadilidan da dasavleTiT

pikadilidan, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT milebi pikadilidan Crdilo­aRmosavleTiT anda

nax. 2.2.

821

drois mokle istoria

milebi pikadilidan Crdilo­dasavleTiT. analogiurad, relativizmSi SesaZlebelia

drois axali koordinatis gamoyeneba, romelic warmoadgens Zvel dros plus manZili

(sinaTlis wamebSi) CrdiloeTiT pikadi lidan.

xSirad mosaxerxebelia movlenis oTxi koordinatis ganxilva misi mdebareobiT

oTxganzomilebian sivrceSi, romelsac sivrce­dros uwodeben. SeuZlebelia oTxgan­

zomilebiani sivrcis gamosaxva grafikulad. piradad CemTvis samganzomilebiani sivr­

cis gamosaxvac ki sakmaod rTulia! amave dros, advili organzomilebiani diagramis

daxazva rogoricaa dedamiwis zedapiri (dedamiwis zedapiri organzomilebianad iTv­

leba, radgan masze wertilis mdebareobis gansazRvra ori koordinatiT, grZediT da

ganediT, SeiZleba). me, zogadad, viyeneb diagramas, romelSic dro izrdeba vertikal­

urad zeviT, xolo erTerTi sivrculi ganzomileba naCvenebia horizontalurad. ori

danarCeni sivrculi ganzomileba ugulebelyofilia an erTerTi maTgani miTiTebulia

perspeqtivaSi (amas sivrce­drois diagrama ewodeba, rogoricaa nax. 2.1.). magaliTad,

2.2 naxazze dro weliwadebSi ga dazomilia vertikalurad zeviT, manZili mzidan alfa

centav ramde gadazomilia milebSi ho rizontalurad. mzisa da alfa centavris gza

sivrce­droSi naC venebia vertikaluri xazebiT di ag ramis marcxena da marjvena mxares,

Sesabamisad. si naTlis

sxivi mzidan alfa cen­

tavramde mihyveba diag­

onalur xazs da am man­

Zilis gavlas andomebs

oTx weliwads.

rogorc vnaxeT, ma q­

s velis gantolebebidan

gamomdinareobs, rom

sinaTlis siCqare wya­

ros moZ raobisagan da­

moukideblad er Ti da

igivea da es damtkicda

zusti gazomvebiT. aqe­

dan gamodis, rom, Tu

sinaTle gamosxivda ga­

rkveul dros sivrcis

garkveul wertilSi,

ma Sin drois gavlasTan

erTad is gavrceldeba nax. 2.3

822

stefan houkingi

sinaTlis sferos saxiT, romlis zoma da mde­

bareoba damoukidebelia wyaros siCqareze. wa­

mis memilionedSi sinaTle gafarTovdeba 300

metri radiusis sferomde, ori memilionedi

wamis Semdeg radiusi gaxdeba 600 metri da a.S.

es hgavs talRebs, romelic vrceldeba gubis

zedapirze qvis Cagdebis Semdeg. talRebi vr­

celdeba wreebis saxiT, romlTa radiusebi

izrdeba drois gavlasTan erTad. Tu warmov­

idgenT samganzomilebian models, romelic

Sedgeba gubis organzomilebiani sibrtyisa

da erTganzomilebiani droisagan, gafar­

Toebis procesSi myofi talRebi iqneba gamo­

saxuli konusiT, romlis wveri im adgilze im

droSi imyofeba, rodesac qva Cavarda wyalSi

(nax. 2.3). aseve, sinaTle, romelic vrceldeba

raRac movlenidan, adgens samganzomilebian

konuss oTxganzomilebian sivrce­droSi. am

konuss momavlis sinaTlis konusi ewodeba,

romelic warmoadgens im movlenaTa simrav­

les, romelTagan sinaTlis impulsi aRwevs mocemul movlenas (nax. 2.4).

P movlenis momavlisa da warsulis sinaTlis

konusebi sivrce­dros hyofs sam ared (nax. 2.5).

movlenis absoluturi momavlis are aris P-s mo­

mavlis konusis SigniT mdebare are. es yvela im

movlenaTa simravlea, romelzec gavlena SeiZle­

ba moaxdinos iman, rac ganxorcielda P-Si. mov­

lenebi P-s sinaTlis konusis gareT ver miiReben

signals P­dan, radgan arafers SeuZlia moZraoba

sinaTleze ufro swrafad. amgvarad, maTze gavle­

nas ar axdens is, rac P-Si moxda. P-s absoluturi

warsuli aris are warsulis sinaTlis konusis Sig­

niT. es im movlenaTa erTobliobaa, romelTagan

sinaTlis siCqariT an maTze masze naklebi siCqa­

riT gavrcelebuli signalebi miaRweven P-s. es,

amgvarad, im movlenaTa krebulia, ro melTac See­

nax. 2.4

nax. 2.5

823

drois mokle istoria

ZloT gavlena moexdinaT P-ze. Tu cnobilia ra moxda raRac ga rk veul dros sadme sivr­

cis areSi P-s warsulis sinaTlis konusis SigniT, SesaZ lebelia viwina swarmetyveloT,

ra moxdeba P-Si. amaT garda aris sivrce­drois are, romelic ar mdebareobs momavlisa

da warsulis konusis SigniT. movlenebi am areSi ar ganicdian da arc axdenen gavlenas

imaze, rac moxda P-Si. magaliTad, Tu mze raRac momentSi `gaiTiSa~, es ar moaxdens gav­

lenas dedamiwaze, radgan dedamiwa im momentSi iqneba swored aseT areSi (nax. 2.6). amis

Sesaxeb Cven gavigebT mxolod rva wuTis Semdeg, anu im droSi, romelSic sinaTle mzi­

dan aRwevs dedamiwas. mxolod amis Semdeg movlenebi dedamiwaze moxvdeba mzis Caqro­

bis momavlis sinaTlis konusSi. analogiurad, Cven ar viciT ra xdeba amJamad samyaros

daSorebul wertilebSi: sinaTle, romelsac Cven vxedavT Soreuli galaqtikebidan,

gamosxivebulia iqidan milioni wlebis win, xolo sinaTle, miRebuli yvelaze Soreuli

obieqtidan, romelsac Cven vxedavT, aris gamosxivebuli rva aTasi milioni wlis winaT.

amgvarad, rodesac vuyurebT samyaros, Cven vxedavT imas, rogori iyo igi warsulSi.

Tu ugulebelvyoT gravitaciul movlenebs, rogorc es gaakeTes ainStainma da

puankarem 1905 wels, miviRebT, e.w. fardobiTobis specialur Teorias. yoveli mov­

lenisaTvis SegviZlia avagoT sinaTlis konusi (sinaTlis yvela SesaZlo sxivi sivrce­

nax. 2.6

824

stefan houkingi

droSi gamosxivebuli mocemuli

movlenidan) da, radgan sinaTlis

siCqare erTnairia yvela movleni­

saTvis yvela mimarTulebiT, sinaT­

lis yvela kona identuri iqneba da

iqneba mimarTuli erT mxares. Teor­

ia, agreTve, gveubneba, rom arafers

SeuZlia moZraoba sinaTlis siCqa­

reze didi siCqariT. es niSnavs, rom

yvela obieqtis kvali sivrcesa da

droSi unda iyos warmodgenili xa­

ziT, romelic devs yoveli movlenis

sinaTlis konusis SigniT (nax. 2.7).

fardobiTobis specialur Teor­

ias didi warmateba aqvs imis axsnaSi,

rom yvela damkvirveblis gazomva

erTnair Sedegs iZleva sinaTlis

siCqarisaTvis (rogorc es maikel­

son­morlis eqsperimentma aCvena) da ra xdeba, rodesac sagani sinaTlis siCqaresTan

daaxloebuli siCqariT moZraobs. Tumca igi SeuTavsebelia niutonis gravitaciis

TeoriasTan, romelic ambobs, rom sagnebi izidaven erTmaneTs maT Soris manZilze

damokidebuli ZaliT. es niSnavs, rom Tu avamoZravebT erTerT sagans, meoreze moqmedi

Zala myisierad Seicvleba. anu sxva sityvebiT, gravitaciuli efeqtebi unda vrcelde­

bodnen usasrulo siCqariT da ara sinaTlis an masze naklebi siCqariT, rogorc amas

fardobiTobis specialuri Teoria moiTxovs. 1908­1914 wlebSi ainStainma ramdenime

warumatebeli mcdeloba Caatara, rom gravitaciis Teoria fardobiTobis specialur

TeoriasTan Tavsebadi gaexada. sabolood man SemogvTavaza is, rasac dRes fardobi­

Tobis zogad Teorias uwodeben.

ainStainma gaakeTa revoluciu ri daSveba, rom gravitacia ar hgavs sxva Zalebs da

aris imis Sedegi, rom sivrce­dro ar aris brtyeli, rogorc es iqamde iTvleboda: igi

mrudia an `deformirebuli~ masSi masis da energiis ganawilebis gamo. dedamiwis msgav­

si sxeulebi mrudwirul orbitebze moZraoben ara gravitaciuli Zalis gamo, aramed

mihyvebian `swor~ traeqtorias gamrudebul sivrceSi, romelsac geodeziuri wiri

ewodeba. geodeziuri wiri aris umoklesi (an uSoresi) gza or mezobel wertils So­

ris. magaliTad, dedamiwis zedapiri organzomilebiani mrudi zedapiria. geodeziur

wirs dedamiwaze uwodeben did wrewirs da igi umoklesi manZilia or wertils Soris

nax. 2.7

825

drois mokle istoria

(nax. 2.8). radganac geodeziuri wiri umoklesi gzaa or aeroports Soris, igi, naviga­

torebis rCeviT, gamoiyeneba mfrinavebis mier safrenad. zogad relativizmSi sxeulebi

yovelTvis swori xazis gaswvriv moZraoben oTxganzomilebian sivrce­droSi, magram,

amis miuxedavad, Cveni TvalsazrisiT, isini moZraoben mrud wirebze samganzomilebian

sivrceSi (es hgavs TviTmfrinavis moZraobas mTagoriani zedapiris Tavze: Tumca igi

mihyveba swor xazs samganzomilebian sivrceSi, misi Crdili mihyveba daklaknil xazs

dedamiwis organzomilebian zedapirze).

mzis masa ise amrudebs sivrce­dros, rom Tumca dedamiwa mihyveba swor xazs oTx­

ganzomilebian sivrce­droSi, Cven vxedavT, rom igi moZraobs wriul orbitaze samgan­

zomilebian sivrceSi. sinamd­

vileSi, orbitebi gamoTvlili

zogad relativizmSi TiTq­

mis igivea, rac gamoTvlili

niutonis gravitaciis Teori­

aSi. Tumca mzesTan uaxloesi

planetis – merkuris – SemTx­

vevaSi, romelic udides gra­

vitaciul efeqts ganicdis

da aqvs Zlier wagrZelebuli

orbita, zogadi relativiz­

mi winaswarmetyvelebs, rom

elifsis didma RerZma unda

itrialos mzis garSemo daax­

loebiT erTi gradusiT aTi

aTas weliwadSi. Tumca efeqti

Zalian mcirea, igi SemCneul

iqna 1915 wels da gaxda ainStainis Teoriis pirvel dasabuTebad. bolo wlebSi iyo gazo­

mili sxva planetebis orbitebis ufro mcire gadaxrebi niutonis winaswarmetyvele­

bidan da aRmoCnda, rom isini eTanxmebian zogadi relativizmis gaTvlebs. sinaTlis

sxivebic unda moZraobdnen geodeziuri wirebis gaswvriv sivrce­droSi. sivrcis sim­

rudis gamo, aRmoCndeba, rom sinaTlec ar moZraobs sivrceSi swori xazis gaswvriv.

amgvarad, zogadi relativizmi amtkicebs, rom gravitaciuli veli amrudebs sinaTlis

moZraobas. magaliTad, Teoriis Sesabamisad wertilebis sinaTlis konusebi mzis max­

loblad iqneba odnav Seweuli SigniTken. mzis masis gamo. es niSnavs, rom sinaTle daSo­

rebuli varskvlavidan gadaixreba swori xazidan mcire kuTxiT, ris gamoc varskvlavi

gamoCndeba gasxvavebul poziciaSi dedamiwaze myofi damkvirveblisaTvis (nax. 2.9). cxa­

nax. 2.8

826

stefan houkingi

dia, Tu sinaTle varskvlavidan yov­

elTvis mzesTan axlos gadis, Cven

ar SegveZleba vTqvaT, gadaxrilia

sxivi, Tu varskv lavi marTlac im

adgilze mde bareobs, sadac Cven

mas vxedavT? Tumca, dedamiwis mzis

garSemo brunvis gamo sxvadasxva

varskvlavebi aRmoCndebian xolme

mzis ukan da maTi sinaTlis sxivebi

am dros gadaixreba. amgvarad, isini

Seicvlian mdebareobas sxva varskv­

lavebis mimarT.

am efeqtis aRmoCena Zalian Zne­

lia, radgan mzis sinaTle SeuZleb­

els qmnis mis fonze gamoCenili

varskvlavis dakvirvebas. magram

amis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia mzis

dabnelebis momentSi, rodesac mzis

sinaTle dablokilia mTvaris mier.

ainStainis winaswarmetyveleba sinaTlis gadaxris Sesaxeb ver Semowmda dauyovnebliv

1915 wels pirveli msoflio omis gamo, da es ase gagrZelda 1919 wlamde, rodesac bri­

tanulma eqspediciam mzis dabnelebis dros dasavleT afrikaSi aCvena, rom sinaTle,

marTlac, gadaixreba im sididiT, rogorc es gamodis Teoriidan. germanuli Teoriis

britanuli dasabuTeba CaiTvala omis Semdeg ori eris Serigebis udides aqtad. ma­

gram yvelaze komikuri am situaciaSi is iyo, rom eqspediciis mier gadaRebuli foto­

suraTebis ganmeorebiTma Semowmebam aCvena, rom eqsperimentis cdomileba gasazomi

efeqtis sididis iyo, ris gamoc SeuZlebeli iyo misgan raime daskvnis gamotana. es

SemTxveva mecnierebaSi arc Tu iSviaT movlenaTa im kategorias ganekuTvneba, rode­

sac eqsperimentatorebi xedaven imas, risi miRebac surT. sinaTlis gadaxra ki, ra Tqma

unda, didi sizustiT dadasturda Semdgom dakvirvebebSi.

kidev erTi daskvna, romelic gamomdinareobs zogadi relativizmidan aris, rom

dro neldeba raime sxeulis dedamiwis msgavs masiur sxeulTan gavlis dros. es xdeba

imitom, rom arsebobs kavSiri sinaTlis energiasa da mis sixSires Soris (sixSire aris

sinaTlis talRebis ricxvi erT wamSi): rac metia energia, miT metia sixSire. roca

sinaTle moZraobs dedamiwis gravitaciul velSi, igi kargavs energias da misi sixSire

mcirdeba (es niSnavs, rom manZili or mezobel burcobs Soris izrdeba). dedamiwis

nax. 2.9

827

drois mokle istoria

zedapiridan zeviT myofi damkvirveblisTvis yvelaferi mis qvemoT ufro nela xdeba.

es winaswarmetyveleba Semowmebuli iyo 1962 wels ori uzustesi saaTis saSualebiT,

romlebic moTavsebuli iyo wylis koSkis ZirSi da saxuravze. rogorc aRmoCnda, saaTi

qveviT, romelic miwasTan axlos iyo, ufro nela midioda zogadi relativizmis Teo­

riasTan srul TanxmobaSi. gansxvaveba saaTebis siCqareebSi dedamiwis zedapiridan

sxvadasxva simaRleebze dRes didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs, Tanamgzavrebidan

miRebul signalebze dafuZnebuli Zalian zusti sanavigacio sistemebis SeqmnisaTvis.

Tu ugulebelvyofT zogadi relativizmis winaswarmetyvelebebs, adgilmdebareobis

gaTvlebSi moxdeba Secdoma ramdenime miliT!

niutonis kanonebma bolo mouRo sivrceSi absoluturi mdebareobis ideas. fardo­

biTobis Teoriam gadaagdo absoluturi dro. ganvixiloT tyupebis cnobili magali­

Ti. vTqvaT, tyupebidan erTerTi avida sacxovreblad mTis wverze maSin rodesac meore

darCa zRvis zedapiris doneze. pirveli maTgani ufro male Seva asakSi, vidre meore.

ase rom, Tu isini Sexvdebian isev, pirveli ufro xnieri iqneba meoreze. am SemTxvevaSi

gansxvaveba asakSi Zalian patara iqneba, magram es gansxvaveba SesamCnevad gaizrdeba,

Tu erTerTi tyupiscali sinaTlis siCqaresTan daaxloebuli siCqariT moZravi kosmi­

uri xomaldiT xangrZliv mogzaurobaSi gaemgzavreba. roca igi dedamiwaze dabrunde­

ba, igi gacilebiT axalgazrda iqneba dedamiwaze darCenil tyupiscalze. es SemTxveva

cnobilia tyupebis paradoqsis saxelwodebiT, magram es SemTxveva paradoqsia mxolod

maSin, Tu viazrovneT absoluturi drois kategoriebiT. relativizmis TeoriaSi ar

arsebobs absoluturi dro, samagierod TiToeul pirovnebas aqvs drois sakuTari

sazomi, romelic damokidebulia misi moZraobis xasiaTze.

1915 wlamde sivrce da dro iTvleboda fiqsirebul asparezad, romelSic viTarde­

ba movlenebi da es movlenebi ar axdenen gavlenas sivrce­droze. es marTalia fardo­

biTobis specialur TeoriaSic. sxeulebi moZraoben, Zalebi miizidaven da ganizidav­

en, magram dro da sivrce amisgan damoukideblad arseboben. bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom

sivrce da dro arsebobdnen mudam.

fardobiTobis zogad TeoriaSi mdgomareoba savsebiT gansxvavebulia. sivrce da

dro axla dinamikuri sidideebia: roca sxeuli moZraobs, an Zala moqmedebs, es gavlenas

axdens sivrcisa da drois simrudeze da, piriqiT, sivrce­dro axdens gavlenas sxeulis

moZraobis an Zalis moqmedebis xarisxze. sivrce da dro ara marto moqmedeben, aramed

TviTon ganicdian moqmedebas yvelafrisgan, rac xdeba samyaroSi. iseve, rogorc Seu­

Zlebelia laparaki movlenebze samyaroSi adgilisa da drois miTiTebis gareSe, aseve

ar SeiZleba laparaki sivrcesa da droze samyaros sazRvrebs gareT.

Semdgom aTwleulebSi sivrcisa da drois axali gageba safuZvlianad cvlida Cvens

warmodgenebs samyaroze. Zveli idea arsebiTad ucvleli samyaros Sesaxeb, romelic ar­

828

stefan houkingi

sebobda da yovelTvis iarsebebs, Seicvala dinamikuri gafarToebadi samyaros cnebiT,

romelic, rogorc etyoba, Seiqmna sasruli drois win da SeiZleba dasruldes raRaca

drois Semdeg momavalSi. am revoluciis aRweras eZRvneba Semdegi Tavi. wlebis win es

iyo Teoriul fizikaSi Cemi muSaobis dawyebis mizezi. rojer penrouzma da me vaCveneT,

rom ainStainis fardobiTobis zogadi Teoria gulisxmobs, rom samyaros unda hqondes

dasawyisi da, SesaZloa, dasasrulic.

Tavi mesame

samyaros gafarToeba

wminda umTvaro RamiT Tu cas SevxedavT, yvelaze naTeli obieqtebi iqneba plane­

tebi venera, marsi, iupiteri da saturni. iq kidev didi raodenobiT sxva varskvlavebic

iqneba, romelic Cven mzes hgavs, magram masze gacilebiT Sors arian Cvengan. fiqsire­

buli varskvlavebidan zogierTi, sinamdvileSi, Zalian nela icvlis Tavis mdebareo­

bas erTmaneTis mimarT, roca dedamiwa brunavs mzis garSemo: isini realurad sulac

ar arian fiqsirebulni! es imitom xdeba, rom am tipis varskvlavebi SedarebiT axlos

arian CvenTan. mzis garSemo dedamiwis moZraobisas Cven maT sxvadasxva poziciidan

vuyurebT ufro Sori varskvlavebis fonze. Cvenda sabednierod, es iZleva saSualebas

gavzomoT manZili am varskvlavebamde: rac ufro axlos arian CvenTan, miT ufro moZ­

ravi Canan isini. centavris proqsimad wodebuli, CvenTan uaxloesi varskvlavi, daax­

loebiT, oTxi sinaTlis wliT (sinaTles sWirdeba, daaxloebiT, oTxi weliwadi iqidan

dedamiwamde mosaRwevad), an, daaxloebiT, ocdasami milioni milioni miliT aris daSo­

rebuli Cvengan. SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT xiluli varskvlavebi mdebareobs ramdenime

aTasi sinaTlis weliwadis manZilze Cvengan. SedarebisaTvis, Cveni mze sul ramdenime

sinaTlis wuTis manZilzea Cvengan! xiluli varskvlavebi mofenilia mTel Ramis caze,

magram, sinamdvileSi, isini erT jgufSi arian gaerTianebuli, romelsac irmis naxtomi

hqvia. dawyebuli 1750 wlidan zogierT astronoms miaCnda, rom irmis naxtomis arse­

boba SeiZleba aixsnas, Tu xiluli varskvlavebi moTavsebuli iqneba diskis magvar kon­

figuraciaSi, erTerT aseT magaliTs Cven dRes spiralur galaqtikas veZaxiT. mxolod

ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg astronomma ser viliam herSelma daamtkica Tavisi idea

imiT, rom skrupulozurad Seadgina uamravi varskvlavis mdebareobisa da manZilebis

katalogi. amis miuxedavad, am ideis sruli aRiareba moxda mxolod meoce saukunis da­

sawyisSi.

829

drois mokle istoria

samyaros Tanamedrove suraTis daTariReba SeiZleba mxolod 1924 wliT, rodesac

amerikelma astronomma edvard hablma aCvena, rom Cveni galaqtika erTaderTi ar aris

samyaroSi. sinamdvileSi, arsebobs bevri sxvac, uzarmazari carieli sivrceebiT maT

Soris. amis dasamtkiceblad mas dasWirda ganesazRvra manZilebi am galaqtikebamde,

romlebic ise Sors arian, rom axlomdebare varskvlavebisagan gansxvavebiT, isini

marTlac fiqsirebulad Canan. habli iZulebuli iyo gaezoma es manZilebi arapirda­

piri meTodiT. ase, varskvlavis xiluli sikaSkaSe damokidebulia or faqtorze: ram­

den sinaTles gamoasxivebs (sinaTlis Zala) da ramdenad aris igi daSorebuli Cvengan.

axlomdebare varskvlavebisaTvis SesaZlebelia sikaSkaSisa da manZilis gazomva, rac

saSualebas iZleva ganvsazRvroT maTi sinaTlis Zala. piriqiT, Tu viciT varskvla­

vis sinaTlis Zala, sxva galaqtikebSi Cven SegviZlia vipovoT manZilebi maTi xiluli

sikaSkaSis gamoyenebiT. hablma SeniSna, rom CvenTan gazomvis Casatareblad sakmaod

axlos myof garkveuli tipis varskvlavebs yovelTvis erTnairi sinaTlis Zala aqvT.

amgvarad, msjelobda igi, Tu Cven analogiur varskvlavebs vnaxavT sxva galaqtikebSi,

SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom maT igive sinaTlis Zala aqvT da am miaxloebaSi davTvaloT

manZili am galaqtikebamde. Tu SesaZlebelia amis gakeTeba mocemuli galaqtikis ram­

denime varskvlavisaTvis, da yovelTvis miviReT erTi da igive manZili, Cven SegviZlia

darwmunebulebi viyoT Cveni Sefasebebis sisworeSi. aseTnairad edvin hablma gamoTva­

la manZilebi cxra galaqtikamde. dRes Cven viciT, rom Cveni galaqtika aris erTerTi

nax. 3.1

830

stefan houkingi

ramdenime aseul aTas milion galaqtikas Soris, romelTa danaxva SesaZlebelia Ta­

namedrove teleskopebiT, xolo yoveli galaqtika TviTon Seicavs ramdenime aseul

aTas milion varskvlavs. nax. 3.1 gviCvenebs er TerTi spiraluri g a laqtikis suraTs,

romelic, Cve ni azriT, unda hgavdes imas, rogorsac xedaven sxva galaqtikis mcxovreb­

ni Cvens galaqtikas. Cven vc xov robT galaqtika Si, romlis sigane da axloebiT asi aTasi

sinaTlis weliwadia da igi nela brunavs. varskvlavebi mis spiralur mklavebSi galaq­

tikis centris garSemo Semoweren erT wres ramdenime aseul milion weliwadSi. Cveni

mze Cveulebrivi, saSualo zomis, yviTeli varskvlavia, moTavsebuli erTerTi spiral­

uri mklavis Sida kideze. marTlac, didi manZili gagvivlia aristotelesa da ptole­

medan, rodesac vfiqrobdiT, rom dedamiwa samyaros centria!

varskvlavebi ise Sors arian Cvengan, rom wertilovan sinaTlis wyaroebad gve­

Cvenebian. Cven ver vxedavT maT zomebsa da formebs. maS, rogor vlaparakobT sxvada­

sxva tipis varskvlavebze? varskvlavTa udidesi umravlesobisaTvis arsebobs erTad­

erTi maxasiaTebeli, romlis dakvirvebac SegviZlia – maTi sinaTlis feri. niutonma

aRmoaCina, rom Tu sinaTle mzidan gaivlis minis samkuTxa naWers, romelsac prizma

ewodeba, is daiSleba cisartyelas msgavs sxvadasxva ferebad (speqtrad). Tu mivmar­

TavT teleskops calkeuli varskvlavisa an galaqtikisaken, SesaZlebelia am varskv­

lavisa an galaqtikis speqtris dakvirveba. sxvadasxva varskvlavs sxvadasxva speqtri

aqvs, magram sxvadasxva feris fardobiTi sikaSkaSe yovelTvis zustad iseTia, ro­

gorc mosalodnelia siwiTlemde gaxurebuli sxeulis mier gamosxivebuli sinaTlis

speqtrSi (faqtobrivad, sinaTles, gamosxivebuls siwiTlemde gaxurebuli gaumWvir­

vale sxeulidan, aqvs damaxasiaTebeli speqtri, romelic mxolod mis temperaturaze

aris damokidebuli _ Termuli speqtri. es niSnavs, rom SegviZlia varskvlavis tempe­

raturaze vimsjeloT misi sinaTlis speqtris mixedviT). metic, aRmoCnda, rom zogier­

Ti specifikuri ferebi aris amovardnili varskvlavTa speqtridan da es amovardnili

ferebi icvleba varskvlavidan varskvlavamde. radgan viciT, rom yoveli qimiuri ele­

menti STanTqavs misTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikur ferTa krebuls, varskvlavidan

miRebuli sinaTlis speqtris SeswavliT SesaZlebelia zustad ganvsazRvroT, ra ele­

mentebia warmodgenili varskvlavis atmosferoSi.

20­ian wlebSi, rodesac astronomebma daiwyes sxva galaqtikebis varskvlavTa speqt­

rebis Seswavla, maT aRmoaCines erTi saintereso ram: maT speqtrSi amovardnili iyo

ferebis iseTive damaxasiaTebeli erToblovobebi, rogorc Cveni galaqtikis varskv­

lavebis speqtrSi, magram isini yvela wanacvlebuli iyvnen speqtris wiTeli bolo­

saken. amis winadadebis azris gasagebad jer unda ganvixiloT dopleris efeqti. ro­

gorc vnaxeT, xiluli speqtri Sedgeba eleqtromagnituri velis fluqtuaciebisgan,

anu talRebisagan. sinaTlis sixSire (anu talRebis ricxvi wamSi) araCveulebrivad

831

drois mokle istoria

didia da udris oTxidan Svid aseul milion milion talRas wamSi. sxvadasxva sixSiree­

bi es aris is, rasac adamianis Tvali xedavs ferebis saxiT: speqtris umcires sixSires

aRiqvams wiTlad, xolo yvelaze did sixSires – iisfrad. axla warmovidginoT Cvengan

mudmiv manZilze daSorebuli sinaTlis wyaro, magaliTad, varskvlavi, romelic ga­

moasxivebs sinaTlis talRebs mudmiv sixSireze. cxadia, Cven mier miRebuli talRis

sixSire iseTivea, rogorsac gamoasxivebs varskvlavi (samyaros gravitaciuli veli ar

aris sakmaod Zlieri mniSvnelovani efeqtis mosaxdenad). axla warmovidginoT, rom es

varskvlavi Cvenken moZraobs. rodesac wyaro gamoasxivebs talRis Semdgom burcobs,

varskvlavi ufro axlos iqneba CvenTan, amgvarad, dro, romelSic es burcobi Cvenamde

moaRwevs, naklebi iqneba imasTan SedarebiT, rodesac varskvlavi uZravi iyo. es niS­

navs, rom dro, romelSic ori mezobeli burcobi Cvenamde aRwevs naklebi iqneba da, Se­

sabamisad, yovel wuTSi miRebuli talRebis ricxvi (e.i. sixSire) ufro maRali iqneba,

vid re uZravi varskvlavis SemTxvevaSi. aseve, Tu wyaro gvSordeba, miRebuli tal­

Rebis sixSire ufro dabali iqneba. sinaTlis SemTxvevaSi es niSnavs, rom speqtri var­

skvlavebisa, romlebic gvSordebian, wanacvlebuli iqneba speqtris wiTeli bolosken

(wiTeli wanacvleba), xolo Cvenken moZravi varskvlavebis speqtrs eqneba iisferi wa­

nacvleba. kavSirs sixSiresa da siCqares Soris, romelsac dopleris efeqti hqvia, Cven

vakvirdebiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. yuri daugdeT gzaze momaval manqanas: roca man­

qana gviaxlovdeba, misi Zravis xma ismis maRal tonebSi (rac bgeriTi talRebis maRal

sixSireebs Seesabameba), da roca is gvSordeba Zravis xma dapal tonebSi ismis. sinaTlis

an radio talRebis yofaqceva analogiuria. policia iyenebs dopleris efeqts manqanis

siCqaris gansasazRvravad misgan areklili radio impulsebis sixSireebis gazomviT.

galaqtikebis aRmoCenis Semdeg, hablma momdevno wlebi miuZRvna galaqtikebamde

manZilebisa da maTi speqtrebis katalogis Sedgenas. im dros umetesobas egona, rom

galaqtikebi samyaroSi uwesrigod moZraoben, amitom elodnen imdenive iisferi wa­

nacvlebiani galaqtikis aRmoCenas, ramdenic wiTel wanacvlebiania. didi gakvirveba

gamoiwvia imis aRmoCenam, rom galaqtikebis umetesobas wiTeli wanacleba axasiaTebs:

TiTqmis yvela galaqtika gagvirbis! ufro sakvirveli iyo is, rac hablma gamoaqveyna

1929 wels: Turme galaqtikebis wiTeli wanacvlebac ar aris uwesrigo, aramed isini

pirdapir proporciulia manZilisa Cvenamde. an, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rac ufro

Sors aris galaqtika, miT ufro didi siCqariT garbis is Cvengan! es ki niSnavda, rom

samyaro ar aris statikuri, rogorc amas iqamde fiqrobdnen, aramed igi farTovdeba;

manZili sxvadaxva galaqtikebs Soris sul ufro izrdeba drois ganmavlobaSi.

aRmoCena, rom samyaro farTovdeba, meoce saukunis udidesi inteleqtualuri rev­

oluciaa. ukana ricxviT advilia davinteresdeT, adre ratom aravin fiqrobda amaze?

niutoni da sxvebi acnobierebdnen, rom statikuri samyaro unda SeikumSos gravitaciis

832

stefan houkingi

gavleniT. magram, amis sawinaaRmdegod, samyaro farTovdeba. Tu gafarToeba sakmaod

nela mimdinareobs, gravitaciis Zala, sabolood, mis gafarToebas SeaCerebs da maSin

daiwyeba SekumSva anu kolafsi. Tumca, Tu es gafarToeba sakmaod swrafia da aWar­

bebs raRac kritikul zRvars, gravitacia verasdros SeZlebs mis gaCerebas da samyaro

gaagrZelebs gafarToebas mudam. es cotaTi waagavs im mdgomareobas, rodesac rake­

tas uSveben dedamiwidan zemoT. Tu mas sakmaod patara siCqare aqvs igi Camovardeba

dedamiwaze. meore mxriv, Tu raketas kritikulze meti siCqare aqvs (daaxloebiT Svidi

mili wamSi), gravitacia aRar iqneba sakmaod Zlieri mis miwaze dasabruneblad da rake­

ta mudmivad daSordeba dedamiwidan. samyaros aseTi qceva SeiZleba nawinaswarmetyve­

lebi yofiliyo niutonis gravitaciis Teoriis Sesabamisad nebismier dros mecxrame­

te, meTvramete an, Tu ginda, meCvidmete saukunis boloSic. magram statikuri samyaros

rwmena imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom man gaZlo meoce saukunis adreul wlebamde. ainStainic

ki, roca 1915 wels qmnida Tavis fardobiTobis zogad Teorias, ise iyo darwmunebuli

samyaros statikurobaSi, rom amis gansaxorcileblad Tavis gantolebaSi Semoitana,

e.w., kosmologiuri konstanta. ainStainma Semoitana axali `antigravitaciuli~ Zala,

romelic, sxva Zalebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar warmoiSoba raRac garkveuli wyarodan,

aramed CaSenebulia sivrce­droSi. igi acxadebda, rom sivrce dros aqvs Tandayoli­

li miswrafeba gafarToebisaken da es imisTvis aris, rom moaxdinos samyaros materiis

mizidvis tendenciis ganeitraleba, rac iwvevs samyaros statikurobas. rogorc Cans,

am dros erTad erT adamians surda zogadi relativizmis Tavdapirveli Tvisebebis

SenarCuneba, da rodesac ainStaini da sxva fizikosebi eZebdnen zogadi relativizmi­

dan gamomdinare arastatikuri samyaros Tavidan acilebis gzebs, rusi fizikosi da

maTematikosi aleqsandre fridmani amis magivrad cdilobda am movlenis axsnas.

fridmanma samyaros Sesaxeb ori Zalian martivi daSveba gaakeTa: samyaro yvela

mimarTulebiT identurad gamoiyureba da es ZalaSi rCeba, Tu davakvirdebiT samyaros

nebismieri sxva wertilidan. marto am or daSvebaze dayrdnobiT, fridmanma aCvena, rom

samyaros statikuroba ar aris mosalodneli.

daSveba, rom samyaro yvela mimarTulebiT erTnairad gamoiyureba sinamdvileSi

marTali ar aris. magaliTad, rogorc vnaxeT, Cveni galaqtikis varskvlavebi adgenen

gansazRvrul jgufs, romelsac irmis naxtomi hqvia. magram, Tu SevxedavT sxva galaq­

tikebs, maTi ricxvi yvela mimarTulebiT daaxloebiT erTnairi iqneba. amgvarad, sa­

myaro ar aris erTnairi yvela mimarTulebiT, Tumca galaqtikebs Soris manZilze didi

masStabebisaTvis mciremasStabiani gansxvavebebis ugulebelyofiT es miaxloeba swo­

ri iqneba. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi es msjeloba kargi dasabuTeba iyo fridmanis miax­

loebisaTvis da, rogorc fiqrobdnen, iZleoda realuri samyaros uxeSi miaxloebas.

magram Semdgomma bednierma aRmoCenam daasabuTa, rom, faqtobrivad, fridmanis miax­

loeba sakmaod zustad aRwers Cvens samyaros.

833

drois mokle istoria

1965 wels ori amerikeli fizikosi: arno penziasi da robert vilsoni, niu jersis

belis satelefono laboratoriaSi cdinen metad mgrZnobiare mikrotalRovan deteq­

tors (mikrotalRebi hgavs sinaTlis talRebs, magram maTi sixSireebi wamSi mxolod

aTeuli aTasi milioni talRis rigisaa). penziasi da vilsoni Zalian Sewuxdnen, roca

aRmoaCines, rom maTi deteqtori afiqsirebda met xmaurs, vidre isini amas moelodnen.

xmauri ar modioda raRac garkveuli mimarTulebidan. jer maT aRmoaCines frinvele­

biT gamowveuli damaxinjebebi, Semdeg sxva SesaZlo darRvevebi da male moaSores isi­

ni Tavidan. maT icodnen, rom yvela xmauri mosuli atmosferodan ufro Zlieria, Tu

deteqtori ar aris mimarTulia vertikalurad zeviT, maSin rodesac vertikalurad

zeviT mimarTuli teleskopisTvis xmauri mcirdeba. amis mizezi is, rom maSin, rode­

sac xdeba maTi deteqtireba horizontTan axlos, sinaTlis sxivebi gadian atmosferos

gacilebiT farTo Sreebs, vidre roca isini miiRebian pirdapir zemodan. zemonaxseneb

cdaSi ki damatebiTi xmauri erTnairi iyo ra mimarTulebiTac ar unda moetrialebi­

naT deteqtori, ase rom, es xmauri unda mosuliyo atmosferos garedan. igi erTnairi

iyo dRisiT da RamiT, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi, imisgan damoukideblad, rom dedamiwa

brunavda Tavisi RerZisa da mzis garSemo es uCvenebda, rom gamosxiveba modioda mzis

sistemis garedan da galaqtikis garedanac ki, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, is unda

Secvliliyo dedamiwis adgilmdebareobis SecvlasTan erTad. faqtobrivad Cven vi ciT,

rom radiacia Cvenamde aRwevs mTeli dakvirvebadi samyarodan da, Sesabamisad, samyaro

yvela mimarTulebiT erTnairi unda iyos didmasStabiani skaliT. axla cnobilia, rom

nebismieri mimarTulebiT xmauri erTnairia da SeiZleb icvlebodes mxolod erTi

meaTiaTasediT _ amgvarad, penziasma da vilsonma maTTvis moulodnelad aRmoaCines

fridmanis pirveli daSvebis sakmaod zusti dasabuTeba.

daaxloebiT imave dros orma amerikelma fizikosma axlomdebare prinstonis uni­

versitetidan _ bob dikma da jim piblsma _ gamoiCines interesi mikrotalRebis

mimarT. isini muSaobdnen giorgi gamovis (erT dros aleqsandre fridmanis mowafis)

winadadebaze, rom adreuli samyaro iyo Zalian cxeli da Zalian mkvrivi, gavarvare­

buli siTeTremde. diki da piblsi Tvlidnen, rom SesaZlebelia am varvarebis dakvirve­

ba amJamadac, radgan sinaTle samyaros Zlier daSorebuli nawilebidan mxolod axla

moaRwevs Cvenamde. magram samyaros gafarToebis gamo am sinaTles iseTi didi wiTeli

wanacvleba eqneba, rom Cven mas davinaxavT rogorc mikrotalRovan gamosxivebas. diki

da piblsi apirebdnen am radiaciis dakvirvebas, rodesac penziasma da vilsonma gaiges

maTi samuSaos Sesaxeb da mixvdnen, rom maT ukve aRmoaCines es gamosxiveba. amis gamo

penziasma da vilsonma 1978 wels nobelis premia daimsaxures (rac cota usamarTlod

Cans dikisa da piblsis mimarT, araferi rom ar vTqvaT gamovis Sesaxeb!).

erTi SexedviT, yvelaferi es metyvelebs imaze, rom samyaro yvela mimarTulebiT

erTnairi Cans, radgan Cven mas vakvirdebiT samyaros metad specifikuri wertilidan.

834

stefan houkingi

kerZod, SeiZleba mogveCve­

nos, rom radgan yvela galaq­

tika gagvirbis, Cven unda

sam yaros centrSi viyoT

moTavsebulebi. Tumca ar­

sebobs alternatiuli axs­

nac: samyaro erTnairi Cans,

agreTve, yvela sxva galaq­

tikidanac. es, rogorc vxe­

davT, fridmanis meore daSve­

baa. ar arsebobs, mecnieruli

mtkicebuleba am daSvebis

sawinaaRmdegod an mxarda­

saWerad. Cven gvjera amisa gamomdinare Cveni Tavmdablobidan: metad gansacvifrebeli

iqneboda, rom samyaro Cvengan erTnairi Candes yvela mimarTulebiT, xolo sxva wer­

tilebidan ase ar yofiliyo! fridmanis modelSi yvela galaqtika erTmaneTs gaur­

bis. mdgomareoba iseTivea, rogorc buStis zedapirze daxatuli laqebis SemTxve vaSi.

rodesac buSti ibereba, manZili yovel or laqas Soris izrdeba, da ar arsebobs laqa,

romelzedac SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom swored is aris gafarToebis centri. ufro metic,

rac ufro Sors arian laqebi erTmaneTisagan, miT ufro swrafad Sordebian isini erTm­

aneTs. analogiurad, fridmanis modelSi siCqare, romliTac ori galaqtika erTmaneTs

Sordeba, maT Soris manZilis proporciulia. amgvarad, amis safuZvelze galaqtikis

wiTeli wanacvleba pirdapir proporciulia Cvengan am galaqtikamde manZilisa, zus­

tad ise, rogorc es hablma aRmoaCina. miuxedavad misi modelis warmatebisa da hablis

dakvirvebis winaswarmetyvelebisa, fridmanis Sroma, praqtikulad, ar iyo cnobili

dasavleTSi, sanam 1935 wels aseTive modeli ar iyo aRmoCenili amerikeli fizikosis

hovard robertsonisa da britaneli maTematikosis artur volkeris mier, hablis mier

samyaros erTgvarovani gafarToebis aRmoCenis sapasuxod.

marTalia, fridmanma ipova mxolod erTi, magram, sinamdvileSi, arsebobs sami gansx­

vavebuli modeli, romelic akmayofilebs fridmanis or fundamentur daSvebas. pirvel

maTganSi (romelic aRmoCenili iyo fridmanis mier) samyaro sakmaod nela farTovdeba

da gravitaciul mizidvas sxvadasxva galaqtikebs Soris SeuZlia Seanelos gafarToe­

ba da, sabolood, gaaCeros igi. maSin galaqtikebi daiwyeben moZraobas erTmaneTisaken

da samyaro SeikumSeba. nax. 3.2 gviCvenebs rogor icvleba manZili or mezobel galaqti­

kas Soris drois mixedviT. igi iwyeba nulidan, izrdeba maqsimumamde da, Semdeg, kvlav

nulamde mcirdeba. meore tipis amonaxsnSi samyaro ise Cqara farTovdeba, rom gravi­

nax. 3.2

835

drois mokle istoria

taciul mizidulobas arasodes

SeuZlia misi gaCereba, Tumca igi

mas cotaTi Seamcirebs. nax. 3.3

gviCvenebs manZilis cvlilebas

mezobel galaqtikebs Soris am

mo delSi. manZili nulidan iwyeba

da, sabolood, galaqtikebi Sor­

debian erTmaneTs mudmivi siC­

qariT. bolos, arsebobs mesame

tipis amoxsna, romelSic samyaro

farTovdeba iseTi siCqariT,

ro melic xels uSlis mis xela­

xal kolafss. am saxis daSoreba

naCvenebia nax. 3.4­ze, sadac manZili iwyeba nolidan da izrdeba yovelTvis. amasTan,

siCqare, roliTac galaqtikebi Sordebian erTmaneTs, sul ufro da ufro mcirdeba,

magram nolis toli arasdros xdeba.

fridmanis pirveli modelis SesaniSnavi Tvisebaa, rom masSi samyaro ar aris sivr­

culad usasrulo, magram sivrces ara aqvs sazRvari. gravitacia imdenad Zlieria,

rom sivrce Caxveulia Tavis TavSi ise, rogorc dedamiwis zedapiri. Tu vinme gan­

axorcielebs moZraobas garkveuli mimarTulebiT dedamiwis zedapirze, igi veras­

dros miaRwevs gadaulaxav bariers an kides sazRvarze, aramed dabrundeba iq, saidan­

ac daiwyo mogzauroba. fridmanis pirvel modelSi situacia amis magvaria, magram es

SemTxveva samganzomilebiania dedamiwis organzomilebiani SemTxvevisagan gansxvave­

biT. meoTxe droiTi ganzomilebac usasruloa, magram igi wrfis magvaria, romelsac

ori bolo anu sazRvari aqvs _ dasawyisi da dasasruli. SemdegSi vnaxavT, rom far­

dobiTobis zogadi Teoriis Serwyma qvanturi meqanikis ganuzRvrelobis principTan

SesaZleblobas iZ leva droca da sivrcec gavxadoT sasruli yovelgvari boloebisa

da sazRvrebis gareSe.

idea, rom SesaZlebelia Semouaro samyaros da daasrulo mogzauroba iq, sadac

daiwye, mSvenieri mecnieruli beletristikisTvis, magram mas araviTari praqtikuli

gamoyeneba ara aqvs, radgan SeiZleba Cveneba, rom samyaro SeikumSeba nulovan zomamde

iqamde, sanam mogzauroba dasruldeba. saWiroa sinaTlis siCqareze meti siCqariT moZ­

raoba, rom moeswros samyaros garSemovla sanam samyaros dasasruli moxdeba _ es ki

SeuZlebelia!

fridmanis pirveli tipis modelSi, romelSic samyaro farTovdeba da kolafsirde­

ba, sivrce gamrudebulia da Caketilia dedamiwis zedapiris msgavsad. amgvarad, mas sas­

ruli ganvrcoba aqvs. meore tipis modelSi, romelic yovelTvis farTovdeba, sivrce

nax. 3.3

836

stefan houkingi

sxvagvarad aris gamrudebuli

da mas unagiris forma aqvs.

amgvarad, am SemTxvevaSi sivrce

usasruloa. bolos, mesame sax­

is fridmanis modelSi gafar­

Toebis kritikuli siswrafiT,

sivrce brtyelia (da, e.i. usas­

rulo).

ismis sakiTxi, fridmanis

ro meli modeli aRwers sinamd­

vileSi Cvens samyaros? samyaro

SeaCerebs Tavis gafaraToebas

da daiwyebs SekumSvas, Tu mu­

dam gaagrZelebs gafarToebas? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa vicodeT ga­

farToebis dRevandeli siCqare da misi dRevandeli saSualo simkvrive. Tu simkvrive

naklebia garkveul kritikul mniSvnelobaze gafarToebis siCqarez e damokidebule­

biT, gravitaciuli Zala susti iqneba imisTvis, rom SeaCeros gafarToeba. Tu simkvr­

ive metia am kritikul zRvarze, ris gamoc gravitacia gaaCerebs gafarToebas momavlis

raRac momentSi da daiwyeba samyaros SekumSva (kolafsi).

gafarToebis axlandeli siswrafe SeiZleba ganisazRvros dopleris efeqtis ga­

moye nebiT im siCqareebis gazomviT, romliTac sxva galaqtikebi Sordebian Cvensas.

amis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia didi sizustiT. cxadia, galaqtikebamde manZilebi ar

aris kargad cnobili, radgan maTi gazomva SesaZlebelia arapirdapiri gziT. ase, rom

yvelaferi rac Cven viciT aris is, rom samyaro farTovdeba 5­dan 10 procentamde

yovel aTas milion weliwadSi. samwuxarod Cveni codna samyaros simkvrivis Sesaxeb

gaci lebiT naklebia. Tu SevkribavT Cveni da sxva galaqtikebis yvela xiluli varskv­

lavis masebs, miRebuli simkvrive iqneba im masis erTi meaTasedi, romelic saWiroa

samyaros gaCerebisaTvis gafarToebis umciresi siswrafis SemTxvevaSic ki. Cveni

galaqtikac da sxva galaqitkebic, ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba Seicavdnen `bneli materiis~

did raodenobas, romlis pirdapiri danaxva SeuZlebelia, magram romlis arseboba

mJRavndeba maTi gravitaciuli gav lenis gamo varskvlavTa orbitebze galaqtikebSi.

amis garda, nanaxia galaqtikebis gaerTianebebi (klasterebi) da SesaZlebelia

daskvnis gamotana galaqtikebs Soris arsebul bnel materiis Sesaxebac, romelic

gavlenas axdens klasterSi galaqtikebis moZraobaze. Tu davamatebT am bnel masebs,

miviRebT SeCerebisTvis saWiro simkvrivis mxolod erT meaTeds. Tumca SeuZlebelia

imis gamoricxva, rom samyaroSi arsebobs Tanabrad ganawilebuli materiis sxva

nax. 3.4

837

drois mokle istoria

saxeebic, romlebic jer ar aris dafiqsirebuli da rom am masas SeuZlia miiyvanos

simkvrive samyaros gafarToebis SemaCerebel kri tikul mniSvnelobamde. Tanamedrove

mdgomareoba, Sesabamisad, gulisxmobs, rom sam yaro gafarTovdeba mudam, magram

erTaderTi, rac SegviZlia dabejiTebiT vTqvaT, Tu samyaro SekumSvas daiwyebs, iqamde

gaivlis sul cota aTi aTasi milioni weli, ase, rom iqamde samyaro gafarToebas

gaagrZelebs. aman sulac ar unda Segvawuxos: im droisTvis, Tu ar movaxdineT mzis

sistemis gareTa sivrcis kolonizacias, adamianTa modgma didi xani ukve aRar iarsebebs

mzis Caqrobis gamo!

fridmanis yvela amonaxsnis saerTo Tvisebaa, rom warsulis raRac momentSi (aTi­

oci aTasi milioni wlis winaT) manZili or mezobel galaqtikas Soris nolis toli iyo.

im dros, romelsac did afeTqebas veZaxiT, samyaros simkvrive da sivrce­drois sim­

rude unda usasrulod didi yofiliyo. radgan maTematikosebi ver operireben usas­

rulo ricxvebiT, es niSnavs, rom fardobiTobis zogadi Teoria (romelzedac dafuZne­

bulia fridmanis amonaxsnebi) winswarmetyvelebs iseT wertils, romelSic Teoria ar

muSaobs. aseTi wertili imis magaliTia, rasac maTematikosebi singularobas uwodeben.

faqtobrivad, yvela Cveni Teoria agebulia im mosazrebaze, rom sivrce­dro gluvia

da TiTqmis brtyeli, ase rom, isini ar muSaoben didi afeTqebis singularobaSi, sadac

sivrce drois simrude usasrulod didia. es niSnavs, rom, Tu ki raime movlena moxda

didi afeTqebis win, SeuZlebelia misi gamoyeneba imis asaxsnelad, ra unda momxdariyo

SemdgomSi, radgan didi afeTqebis dros irRveva mizezobrivi kavSiri. Sesabamisad, Tu

viciT is, rac moxda didi afeTqebis Semdeg, SeuZlebelia imis gansazRvra, ra moxda

imis win. amgvarad, movlenebs didi afeTqebis win araviTari gavlena ara aqvT movle­

nebze mas Semdeg, amitom isini ar Seadgenen mecnieruli modelis nawils. am mizeziT

es movlenebi unda amoviRoT modelidan da vTqvaT, rom dro daiwyo didi afeTqebis

momentidan.

bevrs ar moswons azri drois dasawyisis Sesaxeb, radgan mas zebunebrivi Zalis

Carevis elferi dahkravs (kaTolikuri eklesia, Tavis mxriv, CaeWida didi afeTqebis

models da 1951 wels igi oficialurad gamoacxada bibliasTan SesabamisobaSi myof

Teoriad). iyo, cxadia, didi afeTqebis Tavidan acilebis bevri cda. daSveba, romelmac

didi mxardaWera moipova, cnobilia mdgradi statikuri Teoriis saxelwodebiT. igi

1948 wels SemoTavazebuli iyo nacistebisgan okupirebuli avstriidan ltolvili

ori mecnieris herman bondisa da Tomas goldis mier, britanel fred hoilTan TanamS­

romlobaSi. es mecnierebi omis periodSi muSaobdnen radarebis daxvewaze. mdgradi sa­

tatikuri Teoriis idea imaSi mdgomareobda, rom, roca yvela galaqtika Sordeba erT­

maneTs, warmoSobil Tavisufal sivrceSi ganuwyvetliv warmoiSoba axali galaqtikebi

materiidan, romelic aseve ganuwyvetliv warmoiSoba. samyaro amis gamo yovelTvis

838

stefan houkingi

erTnairad gamoiyureba sivrcis nebismieri wertilidan. mdgradi statikuri Teoria

moiTxovs zogadi relativizmis modifikacias materiis mudmivi Seqmnis gasaTval­

iswineblad, magram materiis warmoSobis siswrafe iseTi dabali iyo (daaxloebiT erTi

nawilaki kubur kilometrze weliwadSi), rom igi ar ewinaaRmdegeboda eqperiments.

Teoria, pirvel TavSi moyvanili kriteriumebis CarCoebSi, warmoadgens karg Teorias:

igi martivia da winaswarmetyvelebs movlenebs, romelTa Semowmeba SesaZlebelia eqs­

perimentze. erTerTi aseTi movlena is aris, rom samyaroSi galaqtikebis da msgavsi

obieqtebis ricxvi sivrcis gamoyofil moculobaSi erTnairi unda iyos ra mimarTule­

biTac an ra drosac ar unda vakvirdebodeT mas. gvian 50­ian da adreul 60­ian wlebSi

kembrijSi astronomebis jgufma martin railis xelmZRvanelobiT (raili omis dros

muSaobda bondisTan, goldTan da hoilTan erTad radarebze) gaakeTa radiotalRebis

wyaroebis mimoxilva. am jgufma aCvena, rom am wyaroTa umetesoba Cveni galaqtikis ga­

reT mdebareobs (cxadia, bevri maTgani sxva galaqtikebSi mdebareobs) da, agreTve, rom

samyaaroSi gacilebiT meti susti wyaroa, vidre Zlieri. maTi interpretaciiT susti

wyaroebi Sors mdebareoben, xolo Zlierebi CvenTan axlos. amis gamo gamovida, rom

wya roebis raodenoba axlo sivrceSi naklebia, vidre Cvengan daSorebulSi. es ki niS­

navda, rom Cven im sivrcis centrSi varT, sadac wyaroebi ufro iSviaTia, vidre sxva­

gan. Sesabamisad, es niSnavda, rom wyaroebi warsulSi ufro mravalricxvovani iyo,

vidre amJamad. Sedegi ewinaaRmdegeba mdgrad statikur Teorias. ufro metic, mikro­

talRovani gamosxivebis aRmoCena penziasisa da vilsonis mier 1965 wels miuTiTebs,

rom samya ro warsulSi ufro mkvrivi iyo vidre dRes. amitom mdgrad statikur Teo­

riaze uari iTqva.

didi afeTqebisa da masTan drois dasawyisis Tavidan acilebis meore cda gaakeTes

rusma mecnierebma evgeni livSicma da isaak xalatnikovma 1963 wels. maTi mosazrebiT

didi afeTqeba aris mxolod da mxolod fridmanis modelis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba,

rac, amasTan, warmoadgens realuri samyaros mxolod garkveul miaxloebas. SesaZle­

belia, rom, realuri samyaros miaxloebiT aRmweri yvela modelidan, mxolod frid­

manis modelebi Seicavs didi afeTqebis singularobas. fridmanis modelebSi galaq­

tikebi erTmaneTs Sordebian zustad swori xazis gaswvriv, amitom gasakviri ar aris,

rom warsulis raRac momentSi isini yvelani Tavs erT wertilSi iyridnen. realur

samyaroSi, sinamdvileSi, galaqtikebi pirdapir ki ar Sordebian erTmaneTs, aramed

maT aqvT mcire gverdiTi siCqareebic. amitom ar aris saWiro, rom isini odesRac yofi­

liyvnen Tavmoyrili zustad erT wertilSi, galaqtikebi, ubralod, axlos iqnebodnen

erTmaneTTan. SesaZlebelia, rom, amJamindeli gafarToeba didi afeTqebis Sedegi ki ar

aris, aramed, ubralod, wina SekumSvis Semdgomi fazaa. samyaros SekumSvisas nawilake­

839

drois mokle istoria

bi masSi Sejaxebis magivrad Cauvlian erTmaneTs da Semdeg daiwyeben erTmaneTisgan

daSorebas, rasac dRes vakvirdebiT. am SemTxvevaSi rogor SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom

samyaro didi afeTqebiT daiwyo? livSicma da xalatnikovma Seiswavles samyaros mode­

lebi, romlebic miaxloebiT hgavdnen fridmanis modelebs, magram gaiTvaliswines

araregularobebi da galaqtikebis qaosuri siCqareebi realur samyaroSi. maT aCvenes,

rom aseTi modelebi SeiZleba daiwyos didi afeTqebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom galaq­

tikebi erTmaneTs ar Sordebian wrfivad da acxadebdnen, rom es SesaZlebelia mxolod

zogierT gansakuTrebul modelSi, sadac galaqtikebi swori xazis gaswvriv moZrao­

ben. maTi mtkicebiT, radgan arsebobs usasrulod meti fridmanis msgavsi modelebi

didi afeTqebis singularobis gareSe, vidre modelebi am singularobiT, SeiZleba

davaskvnaT, rom didi afeTqeba sinamdvileSi ar arsebobda. mogvianebiT, maT gaac­

nobieres, rom arsebobs singularobis mqone fridmanis msgavsi modelebis gacilebiT

meti raodenoba, romlebSic galaqtikebis moZraoba SezRuduli ar aris. amitom 1970

wels maT uari Tqves Tavis modelze.

livSicisa da xalatnikovis Sroma imiT aris RirsSesaniSnavi, radgan man aCvena, rom

samyaros SeiZleba hqondes singularoba, didi afeTqeba, Tu fardobiTobis zogadi

Teoria sworia. cxadia, man ver gadawyvita ZiriTadi sakiTxi, amtkicebs Tu ara zogadi

relativizmi, rom samyaros unda hqonoda didi afeTqeba da drois dasawyisi? pasuxi am

kiTxvaze miviReT sul sxva miaxlebidan, romelic Semoitana britanelma maTematikos­

ma da fizikosma rojer penrouzma 1965 wels. zogad relativizmSi sinaTlis konusis

yofaqcevisa da im faqtis gamoyenebiT, rom gravitacias mxolod miziduloba axasi­

aTebs, man aCvena, rom Tavisi gravitaciis ZaliT SekumSvis dros varskvlavi CaiWireba

iseT areSi, romlis zedapiri SeiZleba Semcirdes nulamde. radgan am aris zedapiri

nulamde ikumSeba, igive unda mouvides mis moculobasac. varskvlavis nivTiereba Sei­

kumSeba nulovan moculobamde, amitom materiis simkvrive da sivrce­drois simrude

usasrulo gaxdeba. sxva sityvebiT, arsebobs singularoba sivrce­drois areSi, ro­

melic Savi xvrelis saxeliT aris cnobili.

erTi SexedviT, penrouzis Sedegi mxolod varskvlavebisaTvis gamoiyeneba da mas

ara aqvs kavSiri kiTxvasTan hqonda Tu ara mTlian samyaros didi afeTqeba warsul­

Si? im dros, rodesac penrouzma Tavisis Teorema Camoayaliba, me doqtoranturis

studenti viyavi da gamwarebuli veZebdi Temas Cemi disertaciisTvis. ori wliT adre

damisves gafantuli sklerozis diagnozi, romelic ufro mamoZravebeli neironebis

avadmyofobiT aris cnobili da gamagebines, rom vicocxleb erTi an ori weliwadi. am

mdgomareobaSi disertaciaze muSaobis didi survili ar unda mqonoda – ar velodi,

rom amden xans vicocxlebdi. magram gaiara orma welma, Cemi mdgomareoba ki ar gaua­

840

stefan houkingi

resebula. sinamdvileSi, saqmeebi sakmaod kargad mimdioda da me daviniSne SesaniSnav

gogonasTan, jein vaildTan. dasaqorwineblad mWirdeboda samuSao, xolo samuSaos

misaRebad ki Ph.D-is miReba iyo saWiro.

1965 wels wavikiTxe penrouzis Teoremis Sesaxeb, romelic amtkicebda, rom nebi­

smieri sxeuli, romelic ganicdis kolafss, singularobas unda qmnides. me maSinve

mivxvdi, rom Tu penrouzis TeoremaSi dros SevabrunebT ise, rom kolafsi gadaiqces

gafarToebad, misi Teoriis pirobebi Sesrulebuli iqneba, rac didi masStabiT frid­

manis modelSi SeiZleba gadavides. penrouzis Teoremam aCvena, rom yvela varskvlavi,

romelic kolafss ganicdis, unda dasruldes singularobiT. drois Sebrunebis saSu­

alebiT naCvenebia, rom fridmanis magvari nebismieri modeli unda daiwyos singularo­

biT. teqnikuri mizezebis gamo penrouzis Teorema moiTxovs, rom samyaro sivrculad

usasrulo iyos. ase, rom me SevZeli am faqtis gamoyeneba imis dasamtkiceblad, rom

singulaaroba arsebobs mxolod Tu samyaro ise swrafad farTovdeba, rom Semdgom ko­

lafss adgili ar eqneba (radgan mxolod fridmanis aseTi modelebi aris sivrculad

usasrulo).

Semdgom ramdenime weliwadSi me ganvaviTare axali maTematikuri teqnika aseTi

teqnikuri pirobebis gamosaricxad Teoremidan, ramac daamtkica, rom singularoba

arsebobs. finaluri Sedegi Camoyalibda penrouzisa da Cems SromaSi 1970 wels, ramac

sabolood daamtkica, rom Tu zogadi relativizmi samarTliania da samyaro imden ma­

terias Seicavs, rasac dRes vakvirdebiT, didi afeTqebis singularoba unda arsebob­

des. Cvens naSroms didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda, gansakuTrebiT rusebisgan maTi mec­

nieruli determinizmis marqsistuli rwmenis gamo da nawilobriv im pirebisgan, vinc

grZnobda, rom singularoba autanelia da afuWebs ainStainis Teoriis silamazes. amis

miuxedavad ar arsebobda maTematikuri argumentebi Cveni Teoriis winaaRmdeg da, sa­

bolood, Cveni naSromi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli iqna da dRes TiTqmis yvela Tvlis,

rom samyaro didi afeTqebis singularobiT daiwyo. am situaciaSi yvelaze sasacilo

is aris, rom me Sevicvale azri da axla vcdilob davarwmuno sxva fizikosebi, rom sam­

yaros dasawyisSi, sinamdvileSi, araviTari didi afeTqeba ar arsebobda. rogorc amas

qveviT davinaxavT, igi qreba Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qvantur efeqtebs.

am TavSi vnaxeT, rogor Seicvala aTaswleulebiT Camoyalibebuli adamianis war­

modgena Cveni samyaros Sesaxeb naxevar saukuneze nakleb droSi. hablis aRmoCena sam­

yaros gafarToebis Sesaxeb da Cveni sakuTari planetis samyaroSi yovlad umniSvnelo

rolis gacnobiereba iyo mxolod dasawyisi. rac ufro meti eqsperimentuli da Teori­

uli faqtebi grovdeboda, ufro da ufro naTeli xdeboda, rom samyaros aqvs dasawyisi

droSi, sanam 1970 wels es penrouzisa da Cems mier ar damtkicda ainStainis fardo­

841

drois mokle istoria

biTobis zogadi Teoriis safuZvelze. am mtkicebam aCvena, rom zogadi relativizmi

arasruli Teoriaa: mas ar SeuZlia Tqma, rogor daiwyo samyaro, radgan igi winaswarm­

etyvelebs, rom yvela fizikuri Teoria, misi CaTvliT, marcxs ganicdis samyaros da­

sawyisSi. miuxedavad amisa, zogadi relativizmi acxadebs pretenzias mxolod imaze,

rom igi nawilobrivi Teoriaa, xolo rogorc es singularobis Teoremam aCvena sa­

myaros dasawyisSi unda yofiliyo iseTi momenti, rodesac samyaro imdenad patara

iyo, rom misi ganxilvisas SeuZlebeli xdeba mcire masStabiani efeqtebis ugulebe­

lyofa, romelsac swavlobs meoce saukunis meore didi nawilobrivi Teoria _ qvan­

turi meqanika. 70­iani wlebis dasawyisSi Cven iZulebuli gavxdiT Semogvebrunebina

Cveni kvlevebi gansakuTrebulad didis Teoriidan gansakuTrebulad mciris Teori­

isaken. es Teoria, qvanturi meqanika, aRwerili iqneba SemdgomSi, sanam SevecdebiT am

ori nawilobrivi Teo riis SeerTebas gravitaciis erTian qvantur TeoriaSi.

* * *

842

CanawerebisaTvis

843

CanawerebisaTvis

844

CanawerebisaTvis

845

CanawerebisaTvis

846

CanawerebisaTvis

847

CanawerebisaTvis

848

CanawerebisaTvis