801
stefan houkingi1942
stefan uiliam houkingi Tanamedroveobis erTer
Ti yvelaze gavleniani da cnobili kosmologi da Teo
retikosi fizikosia.
daibada inglisis qalaq oqsfordSi 1942 wlis 8 ian
vars (galileo galileis gardacvalebis 300 wlisTavze)
inteleqtualur ojaxSi. houkingis mama eqimi iyo, deda
liberaluri partiis aqtivisti. sant albansis skolis
damTavrebis Semdeg swavla mamis msgavsad oqsfordis sauniversiteto kolejSi
ganagrZo. Tumca, mamis survilis miuxedavad da misagan gansxvavebiT, medicinis
nacvlad, maTematikis Seswavla gadawyvita. radgan sauniversiteto kolejSi
matematikuri ganaTlebis miReba SeuZlebeli iyo, igi fizikiT dainteresda. sami
wlis Semdeg man miiRo bakalavris xarisxi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi.
amis Semdgom, vinaidan am droisTvis oqsfordSi msgavsi gamokvlevebiT ara
vin iyo dakavebuli, houkingi kosmologiis Sesaswavlad kembrijSi gadavida.
kembrijSi mas filosofiis doqtoris xarisxi mieniWa da 1968 wels miiRo
profesoris adgili kembrijis astronomiis institutSi. 1973 wels igi gadavi
da kembrijis universitetis gamoyenebiTi maTemetikisa da Teoriuli fizikis
fakultetze. 1979 wels ki lukasis maTematikis profesoris posti daikava. es
Tanamdeboba kembrijis universitetSi 1669 wels SemoiRo Rirsma ser henri lu
kasma da 300 wlis win igi ser isaak niutons eWira.
houkingis mier ganxorcielebuli kvlevebi fizikis, astronomiisa da kos
mologiis sferoSi fasdaudebelia. misi samecniero moRvaweoba ZiriTadad
mimarTulia didi afeTqebis fizikuri safuZvlebis axsnasa da Savi xvrelebis
SigniT sivrcisa da drois mniSvnelovani deformaciis gamokvlevisken. rojer
penrouzTan erTad man daaskvna, rom ainStainis fardobiTobis zogadi Teori
is mixedviT dro da sivrce Seiqmna didi afeTqebis dros. am Sedegebma moiTxova
fardobiTobis Teoriisa da kvanturi meqanikis sinTezi. houkingi imedovnebs,
rom fizikis am ori didi Teoriis gaerTianebiT SesaZlebeli iqneba ganxor
cieldes XX saukunis fizikosTa miswrafeba _ Seiqmnas bunebis ZalTa `didi
gaerTianebis Teoria~.
stefan houkingis publikaciebs Soris aris cnobili samecniero Sromebi:
`droisa da sivrcis msxvilmasStaburi struqtura~, `fardobiTobis zogadi
avtoris Sesaxeb
802
stefan houkingi
Teoria: ainStainis 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili mimoxilva~, `gravitaciis 300
weli”. xolo misi wignebi: `drois mokle istoria~, `Savi xvrelebi, axalgazrda
samyaro~ da sxva narkvevebi namdvil bestselerebad iqca.
profesori houkingi aris 12 sapatio samecniero wodebis mflobeli, mra
vali premiis, maT Soris 1998 wlis nobelis premiis laureati, medlebisa da
ordenebis kavaleri, didi britaneTis samefo samecniero sazogadoebisa da
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mecnierebaTa nacionaluri akademiis wevri.
houkings hyavs sami Svili da erTi SviliSvili. daqorwinebuli iyo orjer.
warmatebuli mecnieris am, erTi SexedviT, Cveulebriv biografias aklia
mniSvnelobani detali: 21 wlis asakSi mas lu gerigis daavadeba anu gverdiTi
amiotrofuli sklerozi daudginda – mZime ganukurnebeli nevrologiuri
daavadeba, romelic nervkunTovani sistemis daazianebis gamo adamians Tan
daTanobiT ukargavs moZraobis unars da mas sruliad umweos xdis. kembrijis
universitetis 30 wlis axalgazrda profesori ukve invalidis savarZels iyo
mijaWvuli.
1985 wlidan mas dakarguli aqvs metyvelebis unari, SeuZlia mxolod mar
jvena xelis TiTebis moZraoba, romliTac igi marTavs specialur kompiuters.
Tanamedrove teqnikis, kompiuterisa da specialuri xmis sinTezatoris dax
marebiT profesori houkingi dRemde aqtiur samecniero moRvaweobas eweva:
aqveynebs Sromebs, wers saintereso wignebs, mogzaurobs da kiTxulobs sajaro
leqciebs, romlebzec akeTebs fantastiur prognozebs kacobriobis momavlisa
da mecnierebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
houkingi Tvlis: ̀ Cemi mizani martivia. srulad Sevicno samyaro, ratom aris
is iseTi, rogoric aris da ratom arsebobs saerTod~.
* * *
avtoris Sesaxeb
803
drois mokle istoria
didi afeTqebidan Sav xvrelebamde
Tavi pirveli
Cveni warmodgena samyaros Sesaxeb
erTxel, erTi cnobili mecnieri (zogierTi ambobs, rom es bertran raseli iyo) ata
rebda leqcias astronomiaSi. igi yveboda, rogor brunavs dedamiwa mzis garSemo da,
Tavis mxriv, mze – Cveni galaqtikis saxeliT cnobil varskvlavTa uzarmazari krebu
lis centris garSemo. leqciis bolos oTaxis bolos mjdari patara moxuci qalbatoni
adga da Tqva:
_ rasac Tqven brZanebT sruli sisulelea. sinamdvileSi, samyaro brtyeli diskia,
romelic giganturi kus zurgze dgas.
mecnierma damcinavad gaiRima da ikiTxa:
_ ku raRaze dgas?
_ Tqven Zalian Wkviani xarT, axalgazrdav, Zalian Wkviani, _ upasuxa moxucma qal
batonma _ mis qveviT bolomde sul kuebia!
adamianTa umravlesoba CaTvlis kuebis usasrulo koSks sasacilod, magram ratom
gvgonia, rom Cven amaze ufro meti viciT? ra viciT samyaros Sesaxeb da rogor viciT
es? saidan movida samyaro da sad midis igi? aqvs samyaros dasawyisi da, Tu asea, ra mox
da iqamde? rogoria drois buneba? dasruldeba igi rodesme? Tanamedrove garRveva
fizikaSi fantastikuri axali teqnologiebis xarjze SesaZlebels xdis movifiqroT
pasuxebi zogierT zemodasmul sakiTxze. drois raRac periodSi es pasuxebi SeiZleba
WeSmaritad mogveCvenos, rogorc dedamiwis brunva mzis garSemo, an sasacilod, ro
gorc kuebis koSki. mxolod dro (rac ar unda iyos igi) gascems pasuxs am sakiTxebs.
jer kidev Zveli welTaRricxviT 340 wels berZenma filosofosma aristotelem
Tavis wignSi `zecaze~, SeZlo wamoeyenebina ori kargi argumenti imis dasamtkiceblad,
rom dedamiwa mrgvali sferoa da ara brtyeli diski. jer erTi, man gaacnobiera, rom
mTvaris dabneleba gamowveulia dedamiwis gavliT mzesa da mTvares Soris. dedami
804
stefan houkingi
wis Crdili mTvareze yovelTvis mrgvalia, rac marTalia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
dedamiwa sferulia. dedamiwa brtyeli diski rom iyos, misi Crdili wagrZelebuli da
elifsuri iqneboda, im SemTxvevebis garda, dabneleba rom xdebodes mxolod im dros,
rodesac mze zustad diskis centris zeviT aris. meore, berZnebma Tavisi mezRvaurebis
gan icodnen, rom polaruli varskvlavi ufro dabla Cans samxreTSi, vidre Crdilo
eTSi (radgan polaruli varskvlavi CrdiloeT polusis Tavze mdebareobs, polusze
igi zustad damkvirveblis Tavze unda iyos, xolo imaTTvis, vinc ekvatorzea, varskv
lavi horizontze unda gamoCndes). egvipteSi da saberZneTSi polaruli varskvlavis
mdebareobis gansxvavebis daxmarebiT aristotelem gamoTvala, rom manZili dedamiwis
garSemo Seadgens 400 000 stadias. dRes ar viciT, ra sigrZisaa stadia, magram is daax
loebiT 200 iardi unda iyos, rac aristoteles SefasebisaTvis Tanamedrove ricxvTan
SedarebiT orjer ufro did ricxvs iZleva. berZnebs mesame argumentic hqondaT imisa,
rom miwa mrgvalia: napirisken momavali gemis afra gamoCndeba xolme pirvelad, xolo
Semdeg gemis korpusi.
aristotele fiqrobda, rom miwa uZravia da mze, mTvare, planetebi da varskvlavebi
moZraoben wriulad mis garSemo. mas amisi sjeroda mistikuri mosazrebidan, romlis
mixedviT dedamiwa samyaros centria, xolo wriuli moZraoba yvelaze srulyofilia.
es idea Cvens welTaRricxvamde meore saukuneSi ptolemem gadaamuSava srul kosmolo
giur modelSi. modelis mixedviT dedamiwa imyofeba centrSi garemoculi rva sfero
nax. 1.1
805
drois mokle istoria
Ti, romelTac gadaaqvT mTvare, mze, varskvlavebi da im dros cnobili xuTi planeta
merkuri, venera, marsi, iupiteri da saturni (nax. 1.1). planetebi, Tavis mxriv, moZrao
ben maT Sesabamis sferoebTan dakavSirebul mcire wreebze, rac saWiro iyo maTi caze
sakmaod daxlarTuli moZraobis aRsawerad. gare sferoze ganlagebulia, e.w. fiqsire
buli varskvlavebi, romlebic yovelTvis erTsa da imave poziciaSi imyofebian erT
maneTis mimarT, magram merve sferosTan erTad brunaven dedamiwis garSemo. aravin
laparakobda imaze, ra imyofeboda am sferos gareT, magram, cxadia, es ar iyo samyaros
is nawili, romelsac adamiani akvirdeboda.
ptolemes modeli warmoadgens ciuri sxeulebis adgilmdebareobis winaswamety
velebisaTvis Seqmnil racionalur, zust sistemas. am mdebareobebis zusti gansazRvr
isaTvis ptolemes mouxda imis daSveba, rom zogjer mTvaris traeqtoriaze moZraobi
sas igi orjer ufro axlo manZilze uaxlovdeba dedamiwas, vidre sxva dros imyofeba.
es ki niSnavs, rom mTvare zogjer ufro didi unda Candes, vidre sxva dros! ptolemem
icoda es nakli, magram, amisda miuxedavad, misi modeli iyo zogadad, magram ara sayo
velTaod, miRebuli. igi aRiarebuli iyo qristianuli eklesiis mier, rogorc biblia
sTan Sesabamisi samyaros suraTi, radgan masSi sakmao adgili rCeboda bolo sferos
gareT samoTxisa da jojoxeTisaTvis.
ufro martivi modeli 1514 wels SemoiRo polonelma mRvdelma nikolas koper
nikma (dasawyisSi, imis SiSiT, rom mwvaleblad ar gamoecxadaT, kopernikma Tavisi mode
li anonimurad gaavrcela). misi ideiT uZravi mze moTavsebulia centrSi da dedamiwa
da planetebi moZraoben wriul orbitebze mzis garSemo. daaxloebiT erTi saukune
gaxda saWiro, sanam am ideas seriozulad miiRebdnen. es maSin moxda, roca orma as
tronomma: germanelma iohanes keplerma da italielma galileo galileim daiwyes ko
pernikis Teoriis saxalxo mxardaWera, miuxedavad imisa, rom TeoriiT gansazRvruli
orbitebi mainc da mainc ar emTxveodnen dakvirvebul orbitebs. sasikvdilo dartyma
aristotele/ptolemes Teoriaze ganxorcielda 1609 wels. swored am wels galileim
daiwyo Ramis caze dakvirveba teleskopiT, romelic axlad gamogonili iyo. rode
sac teleskopiT planeta iupiters akvirdeboda, galileim aRmoaCina, rom planetis
garSemo brunavs ramdenime patara Tanamgzavri an mTvare. es niSnavda, rom yvelaferi
ar brunavs dedamiwis garSemo, rogorc amas aristotele da ptoleme fiqrobdnen (cxa
dia, axlac SeiZleba gjerodes, rom uZravi dedamiwa moTavsebulia centrSi da iupi
teris mTvareebi moZraoben iseT urTules orbitebze dedamiwis garSemo, rom maTi
iupiteris garSemo moZraobis STabeWdileba iqmneba. ra Tqma unda, kopernikis Teoria
gacilebiT martivia). amave dros iohanes keplerma gaaumjobesa kopernikis Teoria. man
CaTvala, rom planetebi wriul orbitebze ki ar moZraoben, aramed elifsurze (elifsi
wagrZelebuli wrea). am mosazrebam sabolood daakmayofila dakvirvebis Sedegebi.
806
stefan houkingi
kepleri Tvlida, rom elifsuri orbitebi mxolod moxerxebuli hipoTezaa da amas
Tan sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivi, radgan elifsebi, cxadia, naklebad srulyofilia wreeb
Tan SedarebiT. misTvis moulodneli aRmoCena, rom elifsuri orbitebi akmayofile
ben dakvirvebis Sedegebs, keplerma ver SeuTanxma Tavis ideas planetebis mzis garSemo
magnituri Zalis gavleniT brunvis Sesaxeb. naTeli am sakiTxs moefina ufro gvian, 1687
wels, rodesac ser isaak niutonma gamoaqveyna Tavisi Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Math-ematica (naturfilosofiis maTematikuri principebi), albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
naSromi fizikaSi odesme gamoqveynebuli Sromebidan. masSi niutonma ara marto Seqmna
Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rogor moZraoben sxeulebi sivrcesa da droSi, aramed gamoigona,
agreTve, rTuli maTematika, saWiro am moZraobis analizisaTvis. damatebiT niuton
ma Camoayaliba universaluri gravitaciis kanoni, romlis mixedviTac yoveli sxeuli
samyaroSi izidavs Tavisken yvela sxva sxeuls da es mizidva miT ufro Zlieria, rac
ufro masiuria sxeuli da rac ufro axlos arian es sxeulebi erTmaneTTan. es igive Za
laa, romelic aiZulebs sxeulebs davardnen dedamiwaze (TiTqmis dabejiTebiT SeiZle
ba iTqvas, rom ambavi imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos niutoni am aRmoCenamde miiyvana mis Tavze
dacemulma vaSlma, apokrifulia. TviT niutoni werda, rom idea gravitaciis Sesaxeb
mas maSin mouvida, rodesac igi `Cafiqrebuli ijda~ da `dainaxa rogor Camovarda vaS
li~). niutoni ufro Sors wavida da aCvena, rom misi Teoriis Sesabamisad gravitacia ai
Zulebs mTvares imoZraos elifsur orbitaze dedamiwis garSemo da aiZulebs dedami
wasa da planetebs imoZraon elifsur orbitebze mzis garSemo.
kopernikis modelma bolo mouRo ptolemes ciur sferoebs da, maTTan erTad, ideas,
rom samyaros aqvs bunebrivi sazRvari. radgan `fiqsirebuli varskvlavebi~ ar icvlian
Tavis urTierTmdebareobas da mxolod brunaven dedamiwis irgvliv, rac gamowveulia
dedamiwis brunviT Tavisi RerZis garSemo, bunebrivia CavTvaloT, rom fiqsirebuli
varskvlavebi mzis magvari obieqtebia uzarmazari manZilebiT daSorebuli Cvengan.
niutonma gaacnobiera, rom misi Teoriis Sesabamisad varskvlavebma unda miizidon
erTmaneTi, amitom isini ar unda iyvnen uZravi. xom ar vardebian isini yvelani erT wer
tilSi? 1691 wels im drois kidev erTi wamyvani moazrovnis riCard rentlisadmi miwer
il werilSi niutoni amtkicebda, rom es SeiZleba moxdes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
arsebobs sasrulo raodenobis varskvlavebi, ganawilebuli sivrcis sasrulo areSi.
misi msjelobis mixedviT Tu, meore mxriv, arsebobs usasrulo raodenobis varskvlave
bi cotad Tu bevrad erTgvarovnad ganawilebuli usasrulo sivrceSi, es ar moxdeba,
radgan maSin ar iarsebebs raime centraluri wertili, romelzedac isini daecemian.
es argumenti im xafangis magaliTia, romelSic SeiZleba moxvdes adamiani usasru
lobaze laparakisas. marTlac, usasrulo samyaroSi yvela wertili SeiZleba centrad
CaiTvalos, radgan yovel wertils yvela mxridan usasrulo raodenobis varskvlavi
807
drois mokle istoria
artyia gars. swori miaxloeba mogvianebiT gakeTda da igi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gan
vixilva daviwyoT sasruli situaciiT, romelSic varskvlavebi erTmaneTs ecemian,
amis Semdeg davsvaT SekiTxva, rogor Seicvleba mdgomareoba, Tu am aris gareT daax
loebiT erTgvarovnad kidev davamatebT varskvlavebs. niutonis kanonis ZaliT, dam
atebiTi varskvlavebi saSualod araviTar gavlenas ar moaxdenen sawyis simravleze,
ase rom, varskvlavebi isev daecemian erTmaneTs. Cven SegviZlia nebismieri raodeno
bis varskvlavebis damateba, magram es arafers Secvlis da isini yovelTvis daecemian
eerTmaneTs, anu moaxdenen kolapss. amgvarad, ukve viciT, rom SeuZlebelia samyaros
usasrulo statikuri modelis arseboba, romelSic gravitacia yovelTvis mizidulo
bis xasiaTisaa.
Cveni azrovnebis saintereso damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa, rom meoce saukunemde ara
vis mosvlia TavSi azri imis Sesaxeb, rom samyaro SeiZleba farTovdebodes an ikumSe
bodes. yovelTvis iTvleboda, rom samyaro mudam arsebobs ucvlel mdebareobaSi an
rom igi Seiqmna sasrulo droSi warsulSi iseTi saxiT, rogorc Cven axla vakvirdebiT
mas. nawilobriv es gamowveulia adamianTa miswrafebiT daijeron RvTaebrivi simar
Tle, iseve rogorc, komfortulia fiqri imaze, rom Cveni daberebisa da sikvdilis
miuxedavad, samyaro iqneba mudmivi da Seucvleli.
imaTac ki, visac sjeroda, rom gamomdinare niutonis gravitaciis Teoriidan sa
myaro ar SeiZleba iyos statikuri, ver warmoedginaT, rom samyaro SeiZleba far
Tovdebodes. amis sanacvlod isini cdilobdnen Teoriis gaumjobesebas gamzidavi
gravitaciuli Zalis SemoyvaniT Zalian did manZilebze. es daSveba did gavlenas ar
axdenda planetebis moZraobaze, samagierod, es iZleoda saSualebas sasruli raode
nobis varskvlavi wonasworobaSi darCeniliyo: axlomdebare varskvlavebis mizidva
wonaswordeboda ganzidvis ZaliT Sors mdebare varskvlavebidan. amis miuxedavad, Cven
gvjera, rom es wonasworoba arastabiluri iqneba. marTlac, Tu varskvlavebi raRac
areSi odnav mainc dauaxlovdebian erTmaneTs, mizidvis Zalebi maT Soris gaZlierdeba
da gadaaWarbebs ganzidvis Zalebs, ase rom, varskvlavebi gaagrZeleben vardnas erT
maneTze. meore mxriv, Tu varskvlavebi odnav mainc daSordebian erTmaneTs, ganzid
vis Zalebi gadaaWarbeben mizidvisas da varskvlavebi sul ufro da ufro daSordebian
erTmaneTs.
meore argumenti usasrulo statikuri samyaros winaaRmdeg saerTod miewere
ba germanel filosofoss hainrix olberss. romelic werda am Teoriis Sesaxeb 1823
wels. faqtobrivad, niutonis bevri Tanamedrove ayenebda am sakiTxs da olbersis naS
romi pirvelic ki ar iyo maT Soris, romelic Seicavda saimedo argumentebs stati
kuri samyaros winaaRmdeg. ubralod is pirveli iyo, romelsac mieqca sayovelTao yu
radReba. siZnele imaSi mdgomareobs, rom usasrulo statikur samyaroSi mxedvelobis
808
stefan houkingi
TiTqmis yoveli xazi mTavrdeba varskvlavis zedapiriT. amitom, mosalodnelia, rom
mTeli ca RamiTac iseTive kaSkaSa iyos rogorc mze. olbersis kontrargumenti iyo,
rom sinaT le Soreuli varskvlavebidan daCrdilulia kosmosSi gabneuli uxilavi ma
teriis STanTqmis gamo. magram, Tu es asea, materia sabolood gaxurdeba varskvlavis
sikaSkaSemde. erTaderTi gza Tavidan aviciloT daskvna, rom RamiT mTeli ca unda is
eTive kaSkaSa iyos, rogorc mzis zedapiri, iqneboda daSveba, rom varskvlavebi yov
elTvis ki ar anaTebdnen, aramed `CaerTnen~ warsulis raRac momentSi. am SemTxvevaSi
mSTanTqmeli materia SeiZleba ar gaxurebuliyo, radgan sinaTles Soreuli varskv
lavebidan je rac ar mouRwevia Cvenamde. amas ki mivyavarT kiTxvamde: ram CarTo var
skvlavebi pirvelad?
samyaros Seqmnis sakiTxis Sesaxeb amaze gacilebiT ufro adre msjelobdnen. rigi
adrindeli kosmologiisa da ebraul/qristianul/muslimanuri tradiciis Tanaxmad,
samyaro Seiqmna warsulis arcTu ise Soreul momentSi. aseTi dasawyisis damadas
turebeli erTerTi argumenti iyo imis SegrZneba, rom samyaros arsebobis asaxsnelad
aucileblad unda iyos `pirveli mizezi~ (samyaroSi erTi movlenis axsna yovelTvis
SesaZlebelia mis win momxdari raRac movleniT, magram TavisTavad samyaros arseboba
SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod samyaros dasawyisiT). meore argumenti wamoayena wminda av
gustinem Tavis wignSi ̀ RmerTis qalaqi~. man aRniSna, rom civilizacia progress ganic
dis da Cven gvaxsovs, vin iyo morigi progresuli nabijis an teqnikuri gamogonebis av
tori. amgvarad, SeuZlebelia, rom adamiani da, aseve, albaT, samyaroc didi xania ar
arsebobdnen. wminda avgustinem samyaros dasawyisad CaTvala 5 000 weli axal eramde
(sainteresoa, rom es arc ise Sorsaa ukanaskneli gamyinvarebis periodis damTavrebi
dan, daaxloebiT 10 000 weli, romelic, arqeologebis azriT, iTvleba civilizaciis
realur dasawyisad).
aristotelesa da sxva berZen filosofosebs, meore mxriv, ar moswondaT Seqmnis
idea, radgan aseTi dasawyisi RvTaebriv Carevas unda gamoewvia. amitom maT sjerodaT,
rom adamianTa modgma msoflioSi arsebobda da iarsebebs yovelTvis. Zveli filoso
fosebi ganixilavdnen zemoT aRwerili progresis sakiTxs da ambobdnen, rom periodu
li wyaldidobebi an sxva ubedurebebi drodadro abrunebdnen adamianTa modgmas civi
lizaciis dasawyisisaken.
samyaros droSi dasawyisisa da samyaros SemosazRvrulobis sakiTxi mogvianebiT
intensiurad Seiswavleboda filosofos imanuel kantis mier monumentur (da metad
bundovan) wignSi `wminda gonebis kritika~, romelic gamoqveynda 1781 wels. man am kiTx
vebs wminda gonebis antinomebi uwoda (rac winaaRmdegobebs niSnavs), radgan grZnobda,
rom Teziss: `samyaros hqonda dasawyisi~ da antiTeziss: `igi mudam arsebobda~ erT
nairad damajerebeli xelovnuri argumentebi hqonda. Tezisis dasamtkiceblad mas
809
drois mokle istoria
aseTi argumenti mohyavda: Tu samyaros ar hqonda dasawyisi, yoveli movlenis win usas
rulod didi drois monakveTi unda yofiliyo, rac mas uazrobad miaCnda. antiTezi
sis dasamtkiceblad ki mas aseTi argumenti mohyavda: Tu samyaros hqonda dasawyisi,
maSin mis dasawyisamde unda yofiliyo drois usasrulod didi periodi da, amgvarad,
gaugebari iyo, ratom daiwyo samyaro erT garkveul momentSi? faqtobrivad misi argu
mentebi Tezisis da antiTezisis dasamtkiceblad erTi da igive iyo. orive eyrdnoba ga
mouTqmel daSvebas, rom dro usasrulod arsebobda imis miuxedavad, rsebobda Tu ara
samyaro mudam. rogorc vnaxavT qveviT, drois cnebas azri ara aqvs samyaros dasawy
isamde. es pirvelad wminda avgustinem aRniSna. roca ikiTxes: `ras akeTebda RmerTi
samyaros Seqmnamde?~ wminda avgustinem ki ar upasuxa: `igi amzadebda jojoxeTs imaT
Tvis, vinc aseT kiTxvebs svams~, aramed Tqva, rom dro RmerTis mier Seqmnili samyaros
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa da rom dro ar arsebobda samyaros Seqmnamde.
im dros, roca adamianTa umetesobas sjeroda arsebiTad statikuri da ucvleli
samyarosi, kiTxvas – hqonda Tu ara samyaros dasawyisi – mxolod metafizikuri an
Teologiuri xasiaTi hqonda. SeiZleboda axsna, ra daikvirveboda erTnairad kargad
TeoriaSi, romelSic samyaro mudam arsebobs, anda TeoriaSi, romelSic samyaros da
sabami mieca drois raRac momentSi iseTnairad, rom igi dRes iseTia, rogorsac mas vxe
davT. magram 1929 wels edvin hablma gaakeTa fundamenturi aRmoCena, rom daSorebuli
galaqtikebi didi siCqariT garbian Cvengan. es niSnavs, rom obieqtebi adreul xanaSi
erTmaneTTan axlos iyvnen. faqtobrivad, ise Cans, rom odesRac, aTi an Tormeti aTasi
milioni wlis win, isini yvelani zustad erT adgilas iyvnen Tavmoyrilni da, Sesabam
isad, samyaros simkvrive usasrulod didi iyo. am aRmoCenam samyaros dasawyisis prob
lema sabolood moaqcia mecnierebis sferoSi.
hablis dakvirveba gulisxmobs, rom raRac momentSi, romelsac didi afeTqeba
ewoda, samyaro usasrulod patara iyo da usasrulod didi simkvrive hqonda. am piro
bebSi mecnierebis yvela kanoni da, maTTan erTad, momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis sa
Sualeba, darRveuli iyo. Tuki iyo rame movlena imaze adre, igi ar moqmedebs dRevan
del droze. SegviZlia ugulebelvyoT maTi gavlena, radgan maT ara aqvT dakvirvebadi
Sedegebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dro daiwyo did afeTqebasTan erTad im azriT, rom
adrindeli dro ubralod gansazRvruli ar iyo. unda xazi gaesvas, rom drois dawyeba
srulebiT gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac iqamde ganixileboda. ucvlel samyaroSi drois
dasawyisi aris is, rac dadginda raRacis mier samyaros garedan da ar arsebobs drois
dasawyisis fizikuri aucilebloba. meore mxriv, Tu samyaro farTovdeba, unda arse
bobdes fizikuri mizezi, ratom unda yofiliyo dasawyisi. SeiZleba warmovidginoT,
rom RmerTma Seqmna samyaro myisierad didi afeTqebiT, an SemdgomSi da misca aseTi
saxe, rom dRes mogveCvenos, TiTqos didi afeTqeba moxda, magram uazrobaa CavTvaloT,
810
stefan houkingi
rom samyaro arsebobda did afeTqebamde. ganSladi samyaro ar gamoricxavs Semoqmeds,
magram igi awesebs zRvars im droze, roca man es samuSao Seasrula!
imisTvis, rom vilaparakoT samyaros bunebaze da vimsjeloT sakiTxze, aqvs Tu ara
mas dasawyisi da dasasruli, unda gqondeT naTeli warmodgena, ra aris mecnieruli
Teoria. me gamoviyeneb umartives warmodgenas, rom Teoria mxolod samyaros modelia
an misi SezRuduli nawili, da rom igi aris wesebis krebuli, romelic akavSirebs mo
delis sidideebs Catarebul dakvirvebebTan. Teoria mxolod Cvens gonebaSi arsebobs
da ara realurad (rasac ar unda niSnavdes es). Teoria kargia, Tu igi or pirobas akmayo
filebs: man kargad unda aRweros dakvirvebaTa didi klasi iseTi modelis safuZvelze,
romelic mxolod ramdenime ganusazRvrel elements Seicavs, da man unda iwinaswarme
tyvelos momavali dakvirvebebis Sedegebi. aristoteles Teoria, rom yvelaferi oTxi
elementisgan _ dedamiwis, haeris, cecxlisa da wylisagan Sedgeba, xarisxobrivad
martivia, magram mas araferi uwinaswarmetyvelia. meore mxriv, niutonis gravitaci
is Teoria dafuZnebuli iyo kidev ufro martiv safuZvelze, romelSic sxeulebi mi
izidaven erTmaneTs ZaliT, romelic proporciulia masad wodebuli sidideebisa da
ukuproporciulia maT Soris manZilis kvadratisa. amis miuxedavad, man iwinaswarme
tyvela mzis, mTvarisa da planetebis moZraoba Zalian didi sizustiT. yvela fizikuri
Teoria droebiTia, radgan igi mxolod hipoTezaa: SeuZlebelia misi damtkiceba. ara
aqvs mniSvneloba, ramdenjer daemTxveva romeliRac Teoriis Sedegebi eqsperimental
ur monacemebs, ar arsebobs imis garantia, rom odesRac raRac eqsperimentis Sedegi ar
mova winaaRmdegobaSi TeoriasTan. meore mxriv, SesaZlebelia uaris Tqma Teoriaze, Tu
erTaderTi eqsperimenti ar daemTxveva Teoriis Sedegebs. rogorc mecnierebis filo
sofosi karl poperi aRniSnavda, kargi Teoria xasiaTdeba imiT, rom igi iZleva winas
warmetyvelebaTa rigs, romelic, principSi, SeiZleba iyos uaryofili an gayalbebuli
eqsperimentiT. im drois ganmavlobaSi, sanam axali eqsperimentebis Sedegebi emTxveva
Teorias, igi cocxlobs da ndoba mis mimarT sul ufro izrdeba. magram, Tu erTi axali
eqsperimenti mainc moiZebna, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba Teorias, igi unda aurvyoT an
movaxdinoT Teoriis modifikacia. es is aris, rac SeiZleba moxdes, magram saboloo
daskvnis gamotanamde, unda SevamowmoT, ramdenad kompetenturia eqsperimentatori.
praqtikulad, xSirad xdeba, rom axali Teoria iqmneba rogorc wina Teoriis gavr
coba an ganzogadoeba. magaliTad, planeta merkuris Zalian zustma dakvirvebam aRmo
aCina gansxvaveba mis moZraobasa da imas Soris, rasac gvaZlevs niutonis Teoria. ain
Stainis fardobiTobis (relativizmis) zogadma Teoriam mogvca niutonis Teoriisgan
odnav gansxvavebuli Sedegi merkuris moZraobisaTvis. faqtia, rom ainStainis winas
warmetyveleba ukeT akmayofilebs dakvirvebis Sedegs, vidre niutonisa, rac SesaniS
navad asabuTebs axali Teoriis siswores. Tumca Cven dRemde viyenebT niutonis Teo
811
drois mokle istoria
rias yvela praqtikul SemTxvevaSi, radgan misi Sedegebi umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba
zogadi relativizmisgan im SemTxvevebSi, romelTanac, Cveulebriv, gvaqvs saqme (amas
Tan niutonis Teorias aqvs is didi upiratesoba, rom gaTvlebi masSi gacilebiT mar
tivia ainStainisaze).
mecnierebis saboloo mizania erTi Teoriis Seqmna, romelic aRwers mTel samyaros.
amis miuxedavad, mecnierTa umetesoba iyenebs miaxloebas, romelic gulisxmobs prob
lemis or nawilad gayofas. jer erTi, arsebobs kanonebi, romlebic gveubneba rogor
icvleba samyaro drois mixedviT (Tu viciT, rogoria samyaro drois mocemul momen
tSi, es fizikuri kanonebi gveubnebian, rogori iqneba igi momavlis nebismier momentSi).
meore aris samyaros sawyisi mdgomareobis sakiTxi. zogierTs hgonia, rom saWiroa yu
radRebis gamaxvileba mxolod pirvel nawilze; maT miaCniaT, rom sawyisi mdgomareo
bis sakiTxi metafizikis an religiis sferoa. isini amboben, rom yovlisSemZle RmerTs
SeeZlo samyaros Seqmna iseTnairad, rogorc moindomebda. es, SeiZleba, asecaa, magram
am SemTxvevaSi, RmerTs aseve SeeZlo misi ganviTareba nebismieri gziT. Tumca, rogorc
vxedavT, man airCia ganviTarebis regularuli gza garkveuli kanonebis mixedviT. ami
tom, logikuria vifiqroT, rom arsebobs kanonebi, romlebic marTaven samyaros sawyis
mdgomareobas.
aRmoCnda, rom Zalian Znelia iseTi Teoriis gamogoneba, romelic samyaros
er Tia nad aRwers. amis magivrad, Cven vyofT Teorias nawilebad da vigonebT ramde
nime nawilob riv Teorias. TiToeuli am nawilobrivi Teoriidan aRwers da winaswar
metyvelebs dakvirvebaTa SezRudul klass ise, rom ugulebelyofs sxva sidideebs
an ubralod warmoadgens maT rogorc ricxvebis krebuls. SesaZlebelia, rom aseTi
miaxloeba arafrad varga. Tu samyaroSi yvelaferi damokidebulia raRacaze funda
menturi gziT, SeuZlebelia mivuaxlovdeT srul amoxsnas problemis nawilebis da
moukideblad Seswavlis gziT. amis miuxedavad, es is gzaa, romliTac warsulSi Cven
warmatebebs vaRwevdiT. amis magaliTia niutonis gravitaciis Teoria, romelic gveub
neba, rom gravitaciuli Zala or sxeuls Soris damokidebulia TiToeul sxeulTan da
kavSirebul mxolod erT ricxvze – masaze – da ar aris damokidebuli, risganac aris
gakeTebuli sxeuli. amitom ar gvWirdeba Teoria mzisa da planetebis agebulebisa da
Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb maTi moZraobis orbitebis gamosaTvlelad.
dRes mecnierebi aRweren samyaros ori bazisuri nawilobrivi Teoriis saSualebiT
– fardobiTobis zogadi Teoria da qvanturi meqanika. orive es Teoria warmoadgens
meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris udides inteleqtualur miRwevas. fardobiTobis
zogadi Teoria aRwers gravitaciis Zalasa da samyaros didmasStabian agebulebas, rac
gulisxmobs zomebs mxolod ramdenime milidan milion milion milion milion (1 ocda
oTxi nuliT mis Semdeg) milamde, rac dakvirvebadi samyaros zomas warmoadgens. qvan
812
stefan houkingi
turi meqanika, meore mxriv, swavlobs movlenebs Zalian mcire manZilebze, rogoricaa
santimetris memilionedis memilionedi. saubedurod, es ori Teoria ar aris erTma
neTTan Tavsebadi da, amitom, arc erTi ar SeiZleba swori iyos. dRevandeli fizikis
erTerTi mcdeloba da am wignis ZiriTadi Tema aris am ori Teoriis erTian, gravitaci
is qvantur TeoriaSi, gaerTianeba. Cven jer ara gvaqvs aseTi Teoria da, SesaZlebelia
didi gza gvaqvs gasavleli mis Seqmnamde, magram dRes ukve bevri viciT im Tvisebebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic mas unda hqondes. Semdgom TavebSi Cven vnaxavT, rom ukve bevri ram
viciT imis Sesaxeb, ra unda iwinaswarmetyvelos gravitaciis qvanturma Teoriam.
Tu davijerebT, rom samyaro imarTeba gansazRvruli kanonebiT, sabolood unda
movaxdinoT nawilobrivi Teoriebis gaerTianeba erTian TeoriaSi, romelic aRwers
yvelafers samyaroSi. magram arsebobs erTi fundamenturi paradoqsi aseTi erTiani
Teoriis Ziebis gzaze. zemomoyvanili Teoriebis ganxilvisas vgulisxmobdiT, rom Cven
varT racionaluri arsebani, romelTac SeuZliaT Tavisuflad, Tavisi survilisame
br, davukvirdeT samyaros da gamovitanoT logikuri daskvna am dakvirvebidan. samar
Tliania vigulisxmoT, rom SesaZlebelia sul ufro mivuaxlovdeT samyaros mmarTvel
kanonebs. da kidev, Tu arsebobs sruli gaerTianebis Teoria, igi, SesaZlebelia, Tvi
Ton unda gansazRvros Cvens qmedebebi, e.i., Teoriam TviTon unda gansazRvros Cveni
Ziebis Sedegebi! Tu asea, saidan Cans, rom dakvirvebidan swor daskvnas gamovitanT?
aseve mosalodneli ar aris, rom igi migviyvans mcdar daskvnamde? an, saerTod, aravi
Tar daskvnamde?
erTaderTi pasuxi, romelic SemiZlia gavce am kiTxvaze aris bunebrivi seleqciis
darviniseuli principi. misi idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom nebismier TviTganaxlebad
organizmTa populaciaSi arsebobs variaciebi genetikur masalasa da aRzrdaSi, ro
melic aqvT calkeul individebs. es gansxvavebebi niSnavs, rom zogierT individs sxve
bze ukeTesad SeuZliaT gamoitanos daskvna mis garemomcvel samyaroze da imoqmedos
Sesabamisad. ufro albaTiania, rom es individebi gadarCebian da gamravldebian da
maTi qcevisa da fiqris normebi gaxdeba ganmsazRvreli. albaT, marTali iyo warsulSi
gamoTqmuli azri, rom is, rasac Cven inteleqtsa da mecnierul aRmoCenebs veZaxiT,
miRebuli gvaqvs imis Sedegad, rom kacobrioba upiratesobas aZlevs im gzebs, romle
bic ukeT aris morgebuli adamianTa modgmis gadarCenisaTvis. Tumca naTeli ar aris,
rom es namdvilad iZleva modgmis gadarCenis upiratesobas, radgan Cvenma mecnierul
ma aRmoCenebma SeiZleba gagvanadguron, da es asec rom ar iyos, sruli gaerTianebis
Teoriam SeiZleba ver gamoarCios Cveni gadarCenis Sansi. miuxedavad amisa, Tu samyaro
viTardeba regularuli gziT, SeiZleba velodoT, rom msjelobis unari, romelic mi
viReT seleqciis Sedegad, gamogvadgeba sruli gaerTianebuli Teoriis ZiebaSi da ar
migviyvans mcdar daskvnamde.
813
drois mokle istoria
radgan nawilobrivi Teoriebi, romlebic Cven ukve gvaqvs, sakmarisia yvela gansa
kuTrebiT eqstremaluri situaciis zusti winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis, samyaros agebu
lebis saboloo Teoriis Zieba rTuli unda iyos praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT (SeiZleba
es ar iyos dasabuTeba, magram analogiur argumentebs ayenebdnen relativisturi da
qvanturi Teoriis winaaRmdeg, magram, sabolood, am Teoriebma mogvces birTvuli
energia da mikroeleqtronuli revolucia!). SesaZlebelia, rom sruli gaerTianebis
Teoriis aRmoCena ar iyos mimarTuli Cveni modgmis gadasarCenad. man, SesaZlebelia,
arc Cveni cxovrebis wesi Secvalos. magram civilizaciis dasawyisidan adamianebi ar
kmayofildebodnen auxsneli da gaugebari movlenebis dakvirvebiT. maT yovelTvis
izidavda samyaros ganviTarebis wesrigis garkveva. dRes Cven miviswrafviT gavigoT
ratom varT aq da saidan movdivarT. kacobriobis uRrmesi miswrafeba codnisken Cveni
dausrulebeli kiTxvebis sakmarisi gamarTlebaa. da Cveni mizani sxva araferia, Tu ara
im samyaros sruli aRwera, romelSic vcxovrobT.
Tavi meore
dro da sivrce
Tanamedrove warmodgena sxeulTa moZraobis Sesaxeb momdinareobs galileos da
niutonis Sromebidan. maTze adre xalxs sjeroda aristotelesi, romelic ambobda,
rom sxeulis bunebrivi mdgomareoba aris uZravad yofna da rom igi moZraobs mxolod
Zalisa an impulsis gavleniT. aqedan gamodioda, rom mZime sxeuli ufro swrafad unda
davardniliyo miwaze, vidre msubuqi, radgan mas dedamiwa ufro Zlierad izidavs Ta
visken.
aristoteles tradicia, agreTve, amtkicebda, rom SesaZlebelia samyaros mmarTve
li yvela kanonis gamoyvana mxolod gonebis ZaliT: sul ar aris saWiro maTi Semowme
ba dakvirvebaTa saSualebiT. amitom galileomde aravis mosvlia TavSi Seemowmebina,
marTlac sxvadaxva siCqariT vardebian dedamiwaze gansxvavebuli wonis sxeulebi? am
boben, rom galileom aCvena aristoteles rwmenis siyalbe pizis koSkidan sxvadasxva
simZimis sxeulebis CamogdebiT. es ambavi namdvilad ar aris marTali, magram galileom
raRac analogiuri gaakeTa: igi agorebda gansxvavebuli wonis burTebs daxril gluv
zedapirze. situacia mZime sxe ulebis vertikalurad vardnis msgavsia, magrad dak
virvebisaTvis gacilebiT martivia, radgan sxeulTa siCqareebi naklebia. galileos
gazomvebma aCvena, rom wonisgan damoukideblad yvela sxeuli erTnairi siswrafiT zr
814
stefan houkingi
dis Tavis siCqares. magaliTad, Tu burTs ise daagorebT, rom igi vertikalurad erTi
metriT vardeba damrec zedapirze yoveli aTi metris gavlisas, maSin burTis siCqare
moZraobis pirvel wamis bolos iqneba daaxloebiT erTi metri wamSi, meore wamis bo
los igi gaxdeba ori metri wamSi da a.S. b urTis wonis miuxedavad. ra Tqma unda, fola
dis sxeuli ufro Cqara Camo vardeba miwaze, vidre bumbuli, magram amis mizezi is aris,
rom haeri bumbuls met winaaRmdegobas uwevs. Tu or sxeuls CamovagdebT, romelsac
haeri erTnair winaaRmdegobas uwevs, magaliTad, sxvadaxva wonis foladis burTebs,
isini erTnairi siswrafiT Camovardebian.
galileos gazomvebi daudo niutonma safuZvlad Tavisi moZraobis kanonebis. ga li
leos eqsperimentebSi damrec zedapirze dagorebul sxeulze yovelTvis moqmedebs
mudmivi Zala (misi wona), ris Sedegad burTi mudmivad Cqardeba. es aCvenebs, rom Zalis
moqmedebis Sedegi aris sxeulis siCqaris Secvla da ara misi moZraobaSi moyvana,
rogorc amas fiqrobdnen winaT. es, agreTve, niSnavs, rom, Tu sxeulze ar moqmedebs rame
Zala, igi swori xazis gaswvriv imoZravebs erTnairi siCqariT. pirvelad es idea zustad
iyo Camoyalibebuli 1687 wels gamoqveynebul niutonis Principia MathematicaSi da igi
cnobilia niutonis pirveli kanonis saxiT. is rac mouva sxeuls masze Zalis moqmedebis
Sedegad mocemulia niutonis meore kanonSi. igi amtkicebs, rom sxeuli aCqardeba, anu
Seicvlis Tavis siCqares, iseTi siswrafiT, romelic Zalis proporciulia (magaliTad,
aCqareba orjer gaizrdeba, Tu Zala gaormagda). amasTan, aCqareba miT naklebia, rac
didia sxeulis masa (anu nivTierebis raodenoba sxeulSi. Zala, moqmedi ormagi masis
sxeulze, aniWebs mas im aCqarebis naxevars, rasac miiRebs am ZaliT erTmagi masis
sxeuli). cnobili magaliTia avtomanqanis SemTxveva: rac ufro Zlieria Zrava miT meti
aCqareba eniWeba mas, magram ufro mZime manqanas igive Zrava nakleb aCqarebas aniWebs.
am kanonebis garda, niutonma aRmoaCina gravitaciuli Zalis kanoni, romelic am
tkicebs, rom yoveli sxeuli miizidavs sxva sxeuls ZaliT, romelic proporciulia
TiToeuli sxeulis masisa. ase, Zala or sxeuls Soris ormagdeba, Tu erTerTi sxeulis
masa (vTqvaT, A sxeulis) gaormagdeba. es bunebrivia, radgan axali A sxeuli SegviZlia
warmovidginoT ori pirveladi masis mqone sxeulisgan Sedgenil sxeulad. yoveli
Semadgeneli miizidavs B sxeuls sawyisi ZaliT. amgvarad, sruli Zala A-sa da B-s Soris
orjer meti iqneba sawyis Zalaze. da Tu, vTqvaT, erT sxeuls gavuormagebT masas, xolo
meores _ gavusammagebT, maSin Zala gaxdeba eqvsjer didi. axla SesaZlebelia axsna ra
tom vardeba yvela sxeuli erTnairi siswrafiT: orjer didi wonis sxeuls dedamiwa
orjer didi ZaliT miizidavs, magram mas masac orjer meti aqvs. niutonis meore kan
onis ZaliT es ori efeqti erTmaneTs abaTilebs da, amgvarad, aCqareba erTnairi iqneba
yvela SemTxvevaSi.
niutonis gravitaciis kanoni, agreTve, gveubneba, rom rac ufro Sors arian sxeule
bi, miT naklebia Zala. niutonis gravitaciis kanoni ambobs, rom varskvlavis mizidvis
815
drois mokle istoria
Zala oTxjer naklebia naxevar manZilze myofi analogiuri varskvlavis mizidvasTan
SedarebiT. es kanoni iZleva dedamiwis, mTvarisa da varskvlavebis orbitebs didi si
zustiT. kanonis mixedviT gravitaciuli mizidvis Zala ufro Cqara rom mcirdebodes,
manZilTan erTad, planetaTa orbitebi aRar iqneboda elipturi da isini spiralze
imoZravebdnen mzis garSemo. ufro nela rom mcirdebodes manZilis zrdasTan erTad,
maSin daSorebuli orbitebis moqmedeba ufro meti iqneboda dedamiwisaze.
ZiriTadi gansxvaveba aristoteles ideebsa da galileosa da niutonis ideebs So
ris imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aristoteles sjeroda, TiTqos sxeulebs urCevniaT uZ
raobis mdgomareobaSi yofna, Tu maTze Zala an impulsi ar imoqmedebs. magaliTad, mas
sjeroda, rom dedamiwa uZrav mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. niutonis kanonidan ki gamom
dinareobs, rom ar arsebobs uZraobis erTaderTi standarti. SesaZlebelia Tqma, rom A
sxeuli uZravia, xolo B sxeuli moZraobs mis mimarT mudmivi siCqariT. aseve samarTli
ania, Tu vityviT, rom B sxeuli uZravia, xolo A sxeuli moZraobs B-s mimarT. magaliTad,
Tu ar ganvixilavT dedamiwis brunvasa da mis moZraobas mzis mimarT orbitaze SeiZle
ba Tqma, rom dedamiwa uZravia da matarebeli moZraobs CrdiloeTiT 90 mili/saaTSi
siCqariT, an rom matarebeli uZravia, da dedamiwa moZraobs samxreTiT 90 mili/saaTSi
siCqariT. Tu CavatarebT eqsperimentebs matarebelSi moZravi sxeulebTan, niutonis
yvela kanoni daculi iqneba. magaliTad, matarebelSi pingpongis TamaSis dros Sei
Zleba aRmovaCinoT, rom burTi iseve emorCileba niutonis kanonebs, rogorc burTi,
romliTac TamaSoben liandagze dadgmul magidaze. amgvarad, SeuZlebelia Tqma rom
eli moZraobs, dedamiwa Tu matarebeli.
uZraobis absoluturi standartis ararseboba niSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia ganvsaz
RvroT, moxda Tu ara sxvadasxva dros momxdari movlenebi erTsa da imave adgilze?
magaliTad, pingpongis burTi matarebelSi daxtis zeviT da qveviT ise, rom erTi wa
mis Semdeg vardeba imave adgilze, sadac igi moxvda erTi wamiT adre. liandagze myo
fi damkvirveblisTvis ki es dacema ormoci metriT Sors moxdeba, radgan matarebeli
burTis or dacemas Soris droSi am manZils gaivlis liandagze. absoluturi uZraobis
ararseboba, amgvarad, niSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia ganisazRvros movlenis absoluturi
adgilmdebareoba sivrceSi, rogorc es aristoteles sjeroda. movlenebis adgilmde
bareoba da manZili maT Soris sxvadasxvanairi iqneba damkvirveblisTvis matarebelSi
da misTvis, vinc matarebels garedan akvirdeba da ar arsebobs araviTari mizezi upi
ratesoba mieces romelime maTgans.
niutoni Zalian ganicdida absoluturi mdgomareobis an absoluturi sivrcis am
naklis gamo, radganac igi winaaRmdegobaSi modioda mis ideasTan absoluturi Rmer
Tis Sesaxeb. faqtobrivad, man ar miiRo absoluturi sivrcis ararseboba, Tumca igi
gamomdinareobda misi kanonebidan. igi mkacrad iyo gakritikebuli misi iracionaluri
rwmenis gamo bevri adamianis mier da, gansakuTrebiT, episkoposi berklis mier. berkli
816
stefan houkingi
iyo filosofosi, romelsac sjeroda, rom yvela materialuri obieqti, aseve sivrcec
da droc, aris iluzia. rodesac cnobil dr. jonsons azris hkiTxes berklis Teoriis
Sesaxeb, man Sehyvira: `me amas uarvyof ai ase!~ da fexsacmlis wveri miartya did qvas.
magram aristotelesac da niutonsac sjerodaT absoluturi drois. ese igi, maT
sjerodaT, rom SesaZlebelia calsaxad ganisazRvros drois intervali or movlenas
Soris da rom es dro erTnairi iqneba, vinc ar unda gazomos igi, Tu, cxadia, maT kargi
saaTebi eqnebaT. dro iyo srulad gamoyofili sivrcisagan da ar iyo masze damokide
buli. es aris is, rasac xalxis umravlesoba saR azrad Tvlis. amis miuxedavad, Cven unda
SevicvaloT azri sivrcesa da droze. Tumca Cveni saRi azri kargad muSaobs, rodesac
saqme gvaqvs vaSlebis msgavs sagnebTan an varskvlavebTan, romlebic SedarebiT nela
moZraoben, igi aRar muSaobs, Tu saqme gvaqvs sagnebTan, romlebic moZraoben sinaTlis
an masTan miaxloebuli siCqareebiT.
faqti, rom sinaTle moZraobs sasrulo, magram Zalian didi, siCqariT, pirvelad aR
moaCina 1676 wels danielma astronomma ole qristiansen riomerma. man aRmoaCina, rom
dro romelSic iupiteris mTvare gaivlis iupiteris ukan yovelTvis ar aris erTnairi,
rogorc es unda iyos, Tu mTvare erTnairi siswrafiT uvlis gars planetas. radgan
dedamiwac da iupiteric brunaven mzis garSemo, manZili maT Soris icvleba. riomerma
SeniSna, rom rac ufro Sors varT iupiterisgan, iupiteris mTvareTa dabneleba miT
ufro gvian xdeba. misi azriT es gamowveulia imiT, rom sinaTles mTvareebidan miT meti
dro sWirdeba Cvenamde mosaRwevad, rac ufro Sors arian isini Cvengan. iupitersa da
dedamiwis manZilebs Soris gansxvavebis misi gazomvebi, ra Tqma unda, ar gamoirCeoda
didi sizustiT da, amitom, mis mier gazomili sinaTlis siCqare iyo 140 000 mili wamSi
maSin, rodesac Tanamedrove monacemebiT igi tolia 186 000 mili wamSi. amis miuxedavad,
riomeris miRweva marto imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, rom man daamtkica, rom sinaTlis siC
qare sasrulia, aramed gazoma kidevac es siCqare da, rac gansakuTrebiT xazgasasmeli,
man es gaakeTa TerTmeti wliT adre niutonis Principia Mathematicas gamoqveynebamde.
sinaTlis gavrcelebis swori Teoria ar arsebobda 1865 wlamde, sanam britanelma
fizikosma jeims klark maqsvelma ar gaaerTiana nawilobrivi Teoriebi, romlebic aR
werdnen eleqtrul da magnitur Zalebs. maqsvelis gantolebebi winaswarmetyveleben,
rom SesaZlebelia arsebobdes talRebis msgavsi SeSfoTebebi kombinirebul eleqtro
magnitur velSi da rom isini unda moZraobdnen fiqsirebuli siCqareebiT, gubeSi zeda
piruli talRebis msgavsad. Tu maTi talRis sigrZe (manZili or mezobel burcobs So
ris) udris erT metrs an mets, maT uwodeben radiotalRebs. naklebi sigrZis talRebs
(ramdenime santimetris sigrZis) uwodeben mikrotalRebs an infrawiTels (santimetris
meaTiaTasedze meti). xiluli sinaTlis talRis sigrZe moTavsebulia santimetris or
moc memilionedsa da oTxmoc memilioneds Soris. ufro mokle talRis sigrZeebi cno
bilia ultraiisferi talRebis, Xsxivebisa da γsxivebis saxelwodebiT.
817
drois mokle istoria
maqsvelis Teoriis Sesabamisad rogorc radio, ise sinaTlis, talRebi erTi da
igive fiqsirebuli siCqariT moZraoben. magram niutonis Teoria uaryofs absolutu
ri uZraobis ideas, amitom, Tu igulisxmeba, rom sinaTle fiqsirebuli siCqariT moZ
raobs, SeiZleba daisvas SekiTxva ris mimarT moZraobs fiqsirebuli siCqariT? CaiTva
la, rom arsebobs garemo saxelwodebiT `eTeri~, romelic yvelgan arsebobs, `cariel"
sivrceSic. sinaTlis talRebi moZraoben masSi, rogorc bgera moZraobs haerSi da maTi
siCqare aiTvleba eTeris mimarT. eTeris mimarT gansxvavebuli siCqariT moZravi sx
vadasxva damkvirveblis mier gazomili sinaTlis siCqare erTmaneTs ar daemTxveva,
magram sinaTlis siCqare eTeris mimarT fiqsirebuli iqneba. kerZod, radgan dedamiwa
eTerSi moZraobs Tavis orbitaze mzis garSemo, sinaTlis siCqare, gazomili dedamiwis
moZraobis mimarTulebiT (roca Cven vmoZraobT sinaTlis wyarosken), unda iyos meti,
vidre sinaTlis siCqare, gazomili moZraobis perpendikularuli mimarTulebiT (roca
ar vmoZraobT sinaTlis wyarosken). 1887 w. albert maikelsonma (romelic mogvianebiT
pirveli amerikeli aRmoCnda, romelmac miiRo nobelis premia fizikaSi) da edvard
morlim klivlendis gamoyenebiTi mecnierebis qeis skolaSi Caatares faqizi eqsperi
menti. maT Seadares sinaTlis siCqare dedamiwis moZraobis mimarTulebiT am moZrao
bis perpendikularulad mosuli sinaTlis siCqaresTan. maT gakvirvebas sazRvari ar
hqonda, roca aRmoaCines, rom miiRes zustad erTi da igive sidideebi!
1887sa 1905 wlebs Soris iyo ramdenimejer scades, ZiriTadad, holandielma
fizikosma hendrik lorencma, aexsnaT maikelsonmorlis eqsperimenti; es axsna gu
lisxmobda sxeulTa SekumSvasa da drois Senelebas eTerSi moZraobis procesSi. Tum
ca 1905 wels Sveicariis sapatento ofisis iqamde ucnobma klerkma, albert ainStain
ma, miuTiTa, rom eTeris idea, sulac ar aris aucilebeli da sakmarisia absoluturi
drois ideaze uaris Tqma. analogiuri miTiTeba gaakeTa frangma maTematikosma anri
puankarem ramdenime kviriT gvian. ainStainis argumentebi ufro axlos idgnen fizikas
Tan, vidre puankaresi, magram puankares saxeli mainc aris mWidrod dakavSirebuli am
aRmoCenis mniSvnelovan nawilTan.
fardobiTobis (relativizmis) Teoriis fundamenturi mtkicebaa, rom fizikis
kanonebi erTnairi unda iyos yvela Tavisuflad moZravi damkvirveblisaTvis maTi siC
qaris miuxedavad. es samarTliani iyo niutonis moZraobis kanonebisaTvis, magram axla
igive gavrcelda maqsvelis Teoriisa da sinaTlis siCqarisaTvisac: sinaTlis siCqaris
mniSvneloba erTnairi unda iyos yvela damkvirveblisTvis maTi moZraobis siCqaris
gan damoukideblad. am martiv ideas ramdenime mniSvnelovani Sedegi mohyveba. Sesa
Zlebelia, yvelaze cnobili maT Soris aris eqvivalentoba masasa da energias Soris,
gamoxatuli ainStainis cnobili formuliT E = mc2 (sadac E aris energia, m – masa, xolo
c – sinaTlis siCqare), da kanoni, rom arc erT sxeuls ar SeuZlia moZraoba sinaTlis
818
stefan houkingi
siCqareze swrafad. energiisa da masis eqvivalentobis gamo energia, romelic sxeuls
gaaCnia misi moZraobis gamo, emateba mis masas. sxva sityvebiT, is mZimdeba siCqaris
gazr dasTan erTad. es efeqti SesamCnevia mxolod sinaTlis siCqaresTan daaxloebuli
siCqariT moZravi sxeulebisaTvis. magaliTad, Tu sxeuli moZraobs sinaTlis siCqaris
10%is toli siCqariT, misi masa normaluri masis mxolod 0.5%iT izrdeba, maSin rode
sac, sinaTlis siCqaris 90%iT moZraobisas sxeulis masa normalur masaze orjer meti
iqneba. sinaTlis siCqaresTan miaxloebisas sxeulis masa ufro swrafad izrdeba da igi
sul ufro met energias moiTxovs siCqaris mosamateblad. mas, cxadia, ar SeuZlia mi
aRwios sinaTlis siCqares, radgan am SemTxvevaSi misi masa usasrulod didi gaxdeba da
mas, masisa da energiis eqvivalentobis gamo, amisaTvis dasWirdeba usasrulod didi
energia. am mizeziT relativizmi yovelTvis zRudavs nebismieri normaluri obieqtis
moZraobas sinaTlis siCqariT. mxolod sinaTlesa da sxva talRebs, romelTac ara aqvT
sakuTari masa, SeuZliaT imoZraon sinaTlis siCqaris toli siCqariT.
fardobiTobis Teoriis SesaniSnavi Sedegia, rom man moaxdina sivrcesa da droze
Cven warmodgenebSi revoluciuri gardatexis Setana. niutonis TeoriaSi, Tu sinaTlis
impulsi gagzavnilia erTi adgilidan meoreSi, sxvadasxva damkvirvebels SeuZliaT Se
Tanxmeba am mogzaurobis droze (ramdenadac dro absoluturia), magram yovelTvis
ver SeTanxmdebian ra manZili gaiara am dros sinaTlem (radgan sivrce ar aris absolu
turi). sinaTlis siCqare aris manZili gayofili mis gasavlelad saWiro droze, amitom
sxvadasxva damkvirvebels unda mieRo sxvadasxva siCqare sinaTlis moZraobiasaTvis.
relativizmSi, meore mxriv, yvela damkvirvebeli unda SeTanxmdes ra siswrafiT moZ
raobs sinaTle. isini isev ver SeTanxmdebian sinaTlis mier gavlil manZilze da, aseve,
axla isini ver SeTanxmdebian amisTvis saWiro drozec. (saWiro dro aris sinaTlis mier
gavlili manZili _ razec damkvirveblebi ver Tanxmdebian – gayofili sinaTlis siCqa
reze _ razec isini Tanxmdebian). sxva sityvebiT, fardobiTobis Teoriam bolo mouRo
absoluturi drois ideas! aRmoCnda, rom TiToeul damkvirvebels drois sakuTari
sazomi aqvs, rac dafiqsirdeba misi saaTiT da erTnairi saaTebi sxvadasxva damkvirveb
lis xelSi sxvadasxva Sedegs aCvenebs.
yovel damkvirvebels radaridan sinaTlis an radio talRis impulsis gagzavnis sa
SualebiT SeuZlia Tqvas sad da rodis moxda esa Tu is movlena. impulsis garkveuli
nawili airekleba am movlenidan da dabrundeba ukan. damkvirvebels SeuZlia drois
gazomva, romelis ganmavlobaSic impulsis eqo dabrundeba ukan. movlenis dros uwo
deben im drois naxevars, romelSic impulsi gaigzavna da anarekli iqna miRebuli ukan:
manZili movlenamde aris es naxevari dro gamravlebuli sinaTlis siCqareze (am azriT,
movlena aris raRac, rac xdeba sivrcis garkveul wertilSi drois gansazRvrul mo
mentSi). es idea naCvenebia nax. 2.1ze, romelic warmoadgens sivrcedrois diagramas.
819
drois mokle istoria
aRwerili proceduris gamoyenebiT
erTmaneTis mimarT moZravi damk
virveblebi daadgenen gansxvavebul
droebs da adgilmdebareobas erTsa
da imave movlenisaTvis. arc erTi
gamoyofili damkvirveblis gazomve
bi ar aris ufro zusti, vidre sxvisa,
magram yvela es gazomva dakavSire
bulia erTmaneTTan. nebismier dam
kvirvebels SeuZlia zustad gamoT
valos ra dro da adgili daafiqsira
sxva damkvirvebelma, Tu man icis misi
moZraobis siCqare.
dRes Cven viyenebT am meTods,
radganac Cven drois gazomva ufro
zustad SegviZlia, vidre manZilisa.
arsebiTad, metri gansazRvrulia
rogorc manZili, romelsac sina
Tle gadis ceziumis saaTiT gazomil
0.000000003335640952 wamSi (am konkre
tuli cifris azri imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom igi daemTxves metris istoriul
gansazRvrebas – parizSi Senaxuli
platiniumis Zelze or niSnuls So
ris manZils). analogiurad SegviZlia
SemovitanoT sigrZis axali erTeuli
– sinaTlis wami. es ubralod is manZilia, romelsac sinaTle gadis erT wamSi. fardobi
Tobis TeoriaSi manZils Cven ganvsazRvravT droisa da sinaTlis siCqaris kategorieb
Si, ase rom, avtomaturad gamodis, rom yvela damkvirvebeli sinaTlis siCqarisaTvis
erTsa da imave mniSvnelobas miiRebs (gansazRvrebiT, 1 metrs 0.000000003335640952
wamSi) aRar arsebobs eTeris Semoyvanis aucilebloba, romlis arseboba ar damtkicda
maikelsonmorlis eqsperimentSi. fardobiTobis Teoria, amgvarad, gvaiZulebs, fun
damenturad SevcvaloT Cveni warmodgenebi sivrcesa da droze. Cven unda vaRiaroT,
rom dro aRar aris gancalkevebuli sivrcisagan da damoukidebeli masze, aramed mas
Tan erTad qmnis obieqts, romelsac sivrcedro hqvia.
zogadi gamocdilebidan gamomdinare SesaZlebelia wertilis adgilmdebareobis
gansazRvra sami wertiliT, anu koordinatiT. magaliTad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom wer
nax. 2.1. dro izomeba vertikalurad, xolo manZili damkvirveblamde gadazomilia horizontalurad. damkvirveblis traeqtoria sivrceSi da dro naCvenebia rogorc vertikaluri xazi maracxniv. sinaTlis sxivis kvali movlenamde da movlenidan aris diagonaluri xazebi.
820
stefan houkingi
tili Svidi futiT aris daSore
buli erTi kedlidan, sami fu
tiT _ meore kedlidan da xuTi
futiT aris aweuli iatakidan. an
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom wertili
mdebareobs raRac grZedsa da
ganedze da garkveul simaRleze
zRvis donidan. SesaZlebelia
ne bismieri sami koordinatis ga
moyeneba, Tumca maT aqvT gamoye
nebis SezRuduli are. ar aris
saWiro mTvaris mdebareobis gan
sazRvra pikadilis moednidan
Crdi loeTiT da samxreTiT da
Sorebul milebsa da zRvis doni
dan futebiT gazomil simaRleSi.
umjobesia misi mdebareobis gan
sazRvra manZiliT mzidan, simaR
liT orbitebis moZraobis sib
rtyidan da kuTxiT, romelsac
qmnis mTvarisa da mzis SemaerTe
beli xazi, mzisa da uaxloesi varskvlavis alfa centavris SemaerTebel xazTan. magram
mzis mdebareobis gansasazRvravad Cven galaqtikaSi am koordinatebsac ar eqneba didi
gamoyeneba, an Cveni galaqtikis mdebareobis gansasazRvravad galaqtikebis lokalur
jgufSi. sinamdvileSi SesaZlebelia mTeli samyaros aRwera gadamfaravi areebis kate
goriebSi. yovel areSi unda gamoviyenoT gansxvavebuli sami koordinati wertilis
mdebareobis gansasazRvravad.
movlena aris aris is, rac xdeba sivrcis raRac wertilSi raRac garkveul moment
Si. amitom misi gansazRvra SeiZleba oTxi ricxviT, anu koordinatiT. kvlav koordi
natTa arCevani nebismieria, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sami kargad gansazRvruli sivrculi
koordinati da drois nebismieri sazomi. relativizmSi ar arsebobs gansxvaveba sivr
culsa da droiT koordinatebs Soris, rogorc ar aris gansxvaveba or nebismier sivr
cul koordinats Soris. SeiZleba koordinatTa axali krebulis SerCeva romelSic,
vTqvaT, pirveli axali sivrculi koordinati warmoadgens Zveli pirveli da meore
sivrculi koordinatis kombinacias. magaliTad, imis nacvlad, rom gavzomoT werti
lis adgilmdebareoba dedamiwaze milebSi CrdiloeTiT pikadilidan da dasavleTiT
pikadilidan, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT milebi pikadilidan CrdiloaRmosavleTiT anda
nax. 2.2.
821
drois mokle istoria
milebi pikadilidan CrdilodasavleTiT. analogiurad, relativizmSi SesaZlebelia
drois axali koordinatis gamoyeneba, romelic warmoadgens Zvel dros plus manZili
(sinaTlis wamebSi) CrdiloeTiT pikadi lidan.
xSirad mosaxerxebelia movlenis oTxi koordinatis ganxilva misi mdebareobiT
oTxganzomilebian sivrceSi, romelsac sivrcedros uwodeben. SeuZlebelia oTxgan
zomilebiani sivrcis gamosaxva grafikulad. piradad CemTvis samganzomilebiani sivr
cis gamosaxvac ki sakmaod rTulia! amave dros, advili organzomilebiani diagramis
daxazva rogoricaa dedamiwis zedapiri (dedamiwis zedapiri organzomilebianad iTv
leba, radgan masze wertilis mdebareobis gansazRvra ori koordinatiT, grZediT da
ganediT, SeiZleba). me, zogadad, viyeneb diagramas, romelSic dro izrdeba vertikal
urad zeviT, xolo erTerTi sivrculi ganzomileba naCvenebia horizontalurad. ori
danarCeni sivrculi ganzomileba ugulebelyofilia an erTerTi maTgani miTiTebulia
perspeqtivaSi (amas sivrcedrois diagrama ewodeba, rogoricaa nax. 2.1.). magaliTad,
2.2 naxazze dro weliwadebSi ga dazomilia vertikalurad zeviT, manZili mzidan alfa
centav ramde gadazomilia milebSi ho rizontalurad. mzisa da alfa centavris gza
sivrcedroSi naC venebia vertikaluri xazebiT di ag ramis marcxena da marjvena mxares,
Sesabamisad. si naTlis
sxivi mzidan alfa cen
tavramde mihyveba diag
onalur xazs da am man
Zilis gavlas andomebs
oTx weliwads.
rogorc vnaxeT, ma q
s velis gantolebebidan
gamomdinareobs, rom
sinaTlis siCqare wya
ros moZ raobisagan da
moukideblad er Ti da
igivea da es damtkicda
zusti gazomvebiT. aqe
dan gamodis, rom, Tu
sinaTle gamosxivda ga
rkveul dros sivrcis
garkveul wertilSi,
ma Sin drois gavlasTan
erTad is gavrceldeba nax. 2.3
822
stefan houkingi
sinaTlis sferos saxiT, romlis zoma da mde
bareoba damoukidebelia wyaros siCqareze. wa
mis memilionedSi sinaTle gafarTovdeba 300
metri radiusis sferomde, ori memilionedi
wamis Semdeg radiusi gaxdeba 600 metri da a.S.
es hgavs talRebs, romelic vrceldeba gubis
zedapirze qvis Cagdebis Semdeg. talRebi vr
celdeba wreebis saxiT, romlTa radiusebi
izrdeba drois gavlasTan erTad. Tu warmov
idgenT samganzomilebian models, romelic
Sedgeba gubis organzomilebiani sibrtyisa
da erTganzomilebiani droisagan, gafar
Toebis procesSi myofi talRebi iqneba gamo
saxuli konusiT, romlis wveri im adgilze im
droSi imyofeba, rodesac qva Cavarda wyalSi
(nax. 2.3). aseve, sinaTle, romelic vrceldeba
raRac movlenidan, adgens samganzomilebian
konuss oTxganzomilebian sivrcedroSi. am
konuss momavlis sinaTlis konusi ewodeba,
romelic warmoadgens im movlenaTa simrav
les, romelTagan sinaTlis impulsi aRwevs mocemul movlenas (nax. 2.4).
P movlenis momavlisa da warsulis sinaTlis
konusebi sivrcedros hyofs sam ared (nax. 2.5).
movlenis absoluturi momavlis are aris P-s mo
mavlis konusis SigniT mdebare are. es yvela im
movlenaTa simravlea, romelzec gavlena SeiZle
ba moaxdinos iman, rac ganxorcielda P-Si. mov
lenebi P-s sinaTlis konusis gareT ver miiReben
signals Pdan, radgan arafers SeuZlia moZraoba
sinaTleze ufro swrafad. amgvarad, maTze gavle
nas ar axdens is, rac P-Si moxda. P-s absoluturi
warsuli aris are warsulis sinaTlis konusis Sig
niT. es im movlenaTa erTobliobaa, romelTagan
sinaTlis siCqariT an maTze masze naklebi siCqa
riT gavrcelebuli signalebi miaRweven P-s. es,
amgvarad, im movlenaTa krebulia, ro melTac See
nax. 2.4
nax. 2.5
823
drois mokle istoria
ZloT gavlena moexdinaT P-ze. Tu cnobilia ra moxda raRac ga rk veul dros sadme sivr
cis areSi P-s warsulis sinaTlis konusis SigniT, SesaZ lebelia viwina swarmetyveloT,
ra moxdeba P-Si. amaT garda aris sivrcedrois are, romelic ar mdebareobs momavlisa
da warsulis konusis SigniT. movlenebi am areSi ar ganicdian da arc axdenen gavlenas
imaze, rac moxda P-Si. magaliTad, Tu mze raRac momentSi `gaiTiSa~, es ar moaxdens gav
lenas dedamiwaze, radgan dedamiwa im momentSi iqneba swored aseT areSi (nax. 2.6). amis
Sesaxeb Cven gavigebT mxolod rva wuTis Semdeg, anu im droSi, romelSic sinaTle mzi
dan aRwevs dedamiwas. mxolod amis Semdeg movlenebi dedamiwaze moxvdeba mzis Caqro
bis momavlis sinaTlis konusSi. analogiurad, Cven ar viciT ra xdeba amJamad samyaros
daSorebul wertilebSi: sinaTle, romelsac Cven vxedavT Soreuli galaqtikebidan,
gamosxivebulia iqidan milioni wlebis win, xolo sinaTle, miRebuli yvelaze Soreuli
obieqtidan, romelsac Cven vxedavT, aris gamosxivebuli rva aTasi milioni wlis winaT.
amgvarad, rodesac vuyurebT samyaros, Cven vxedavT imas, rogori iyo igi warsulSi.
Tu ugulebelvyoT gravitaciul movlenebs, rogorc es gaakeTes ainStainma da
puankarem 1905 wels, miviRebT, e.w. fardobiTobis specialur Teorias. yoveli mov
lenisaTvis SegviZlia avagoT sinaTlis konusi (sinaTlis yvela SesaZlo sxivi sivrce
nax. 2.6
824
stefan houkingi
droSi gamosxivebuli mocemuli
movlenidan) da, radgan sinaTlis
siCqare erTnairia yvela movleni
saTvis yvela mimarTulebiT, sinaT
lis yvela kona identuri iqneba da
iqneba mimarTuli erT mxares. Teor
ia, agreTve, gveubneba, rom arafers
SeuZlia moZraoba sinaTlis siCqa
reze didi siCqariT. es niSnavs, rom
yvela obieqtis kvali sivrcesa da
droSi unda iyos warmodgenili xa
ziT, romelic devs yoveli movlenis
sinaTlis konusis SigniT (nax. 2.7).
fardobiTobis specialur Teor
ias didi warmateba aqvs imis axsnaSi,
rom yvela damkvirveblis gazomva
erTnair Sedegs iZleva sinaTlis
siCqarisaTvis (rogorc es maikel
sonmorlis eqsperimentma aCvena) da ra xdeba, rodesac sagani sinaTlis siCqaresTan
daaxloebuli siCqariT moZraobs. Tumca igi SeuTavsebelia niutonis gravitaciis
TeoriasTan, romelic ambobs, rom sagnebi izidaven erTmaneTs maT Soris manZilze
damokidebuli ZaliT. es niSnavs, rom Tu avamoZravebT erTerT sagans, meoreze moqmedi
Zala myisierad Seicvleba. anu sxva sityvebiT, gravitaciuli efeqtebi unda vrcelde
bodnen usasrulo siCqariT da ara sinaTlis an masze naklebi siCqariT, rogorc amas
fardobiTobis specialuri Teoria moiTxovs. 19081914 wlebSi ainStainma ramdenime
warumatebeli mcdeloba Caatara, rom gravitaciis Teoria fardobiTobis specialur
TeoriasTan Tavsebadi gaexada. sabolood man SemogvTavaza is, rasac dRes fardobi
Tobis zogad Teorias uwodeben.
ainStainma gaakeTa revoluciu ri daSveba, rom gravitacia ar hgavs sxva Zalebs da
aris imis Sedegi, rom sivrcedro ar aris brtyeli, rogorc es iqamde iTvleboda: igi
mrudia an `deformirebuli~ masSi masis da energiis ganawilebis gamo. dedamiwis msgav
si sxeulebi mrudwirul orbitebze moZraoben ara gravitaciuli Zalis gamo, aramed
mihyvebian `swor~ traeqtorias gamrudebul sivrceSi, romelsac geodeziuri wiri
ewodeba. geodeziuri wiri aris umoklesi (an uSoresi) gza or mezobel wertils So
ris. magaliTad, dedamiwis zedapiri organzomilebiani mrudi zedapiria. geodeziur
wirs dedamiwaze uwodeben did wrewirs da igi umoklesi manZilia or wertils Soris
nax. 2.7
825
drois mokle istoria
(nax. 2.8). radganac geodeziuri wiri umoklesi gzaa or aeroports Soris, igi, naviga
torebis rCeviT, gamoiyeneba mfrinavebis mier safrenad. zogad relativizmSi sxeulebi
yovelTvis swori xazis gaswvriv moZraoben oTxganzomilebian sivrcedroSi, magram,
amis miuxedavad, Cveni TvalsazrisiT, isini moZraoben mrud wirebze samganzomilebian
sivrceSi (es hgavs TviTmfrinavis moZraobas mTagoriani zedapiris Tavze: Tumca igi
mihyveba swor xazs samganzomilebian sivrceSi, misi Crdili mihyveba daklaknil xazs
dedamiwis organzomilebian zedapirze).
mzis masa ise amrudebs sivrcedros, rom Tumca dedamiwa mihyveba swor xazs oTx
ganzomilebian sivrcedroSi, Cven vxedavT, rom igi moZraobs wriul orbitaze samgan
zomilebian sivrceSi. sinamd
vileSi, orbitebi gamoTvlili
zogad relativizmSi TiTq
mis igivea, rac gamoTvlili
niutonis gravitaciis Teori
aSi. Tumca mzesTan uaxloesi
planetis – merkuris – SemTx
vevaSi, romelic udides gra
vitaciul efeqts ganicdis
da aqvs Zlier wagrZelebuli
orbita, zogadi relativiz
mi winaswarmetyvelebs, rom
elifsis didma RerZma unda
itrialos mzis garSemo daax
loebiT erTi gradusiT aTi
aTas weliwadSi. Tumca efeqti
Zalian mcirea, igi SemCneul
iqna 1915 wels da gaxda ainStainis Teoriis pirvel dasabuTebad. bolo wlebSi iyo gazo
mili sxva planetebis orbitebis ufro mcire gadaxrebi niutonis winaswarmetyvele
bidan da aRmoCnda, rom isini eTanxmebian zogadi relativizmis gaTvlebs. sinaTlis
sxivebic unda moZraobdnen geodeziuri wirebis gaswvriv sivrcedroSi. sivrcis sim
rudis gamo, aRmoCndeba, rom sinaTlec ar moZraobs sivrceSi swori xazis gaswvriv.
amgvarad, zogadi relativizmi amtkicebs, rom gravitaciuli veli amrudebs sinaTlis
moZraobas. magaliTad, Teoriis Sesabamisad wertilebis sinaTlis konusebi mzis max
loblad iqneba odnav Seweuli SigniTken. mzis masis gamo. es niSnavs, rom sinaTle daSo
rebuli varskvlavidan gadaixreba swori xazidan mcire kuTxiT, ris gamoc varskvlavi
gamoCndeba gasxvavebul poziciaSi dedamiwaze myofi damkvirveblisaTvis (nax. 2.9). cxa
nax. 2.8
826
stefan houkingi
dia, Tu sinaTle varskvlavidan yov
elTvis mzesTan axlos gadis, Cven
ar SegveZleba vTqvaT, gadaxrilia
sxivi, Tu varskv lavi marTlac im
adgilze mde bareobs, sadac Cven
mas vxedavT? Tumca, dedamiwis mzis
garSemo brunvis gamo sxvadasxva
varskvlavebi aRmoCndebian xolme
mzis ukan da maTi sinaTlis sxivebi
am dros gadaixreba. amgvarad, isini
Seicvlian mdebareobas sxva varskv
lavebis mimarT.
am efeqtis aRmoCena Zalian Zne
lia, radgan mzis sinaTle SeuZleb
els qmnis mis fonze gamoCenili
varskvlavis dakvirvebas. magram
amis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia mzis
dabnelebis momentSi, rodesac mzis
sinaTle dablokilia mTvaris mier.
ainStainis winaswarmetyveleba sinaTlis gadaxris Sesaxeb ver Semowmda dauyovnebliv
1915 wels pirveli msoflio omis gamo, da es ase gagrZelda 1919 wlamde, rodesac bri
tanulma eqspediciam mzis dabnelebis dros dasavleT afrikaSi aCvena, rom sinaTle,
marTlac, gadaixreba im sididiT, rogorc es gamodis Teoriidan. germanuli Teoriis
britanuli dasabuTeba CaiTvala omis Semdeg ori eris Serigebis udides aqtad. ma
gram yvelaze komikuri am situaciaSi is iyo, rom eqspediciis mier gadaRebuli foto
suraTebis ganmeorebiTma Semowmebam aCvena, rom eqsperimentis cdomileba gasazomi
efeqtis sididis iyo, ris gamoc SeuZlebeli iyo misgan raime daskvnis gamotana. es
SemTxveva mecnierebaSi arc Tu iSviaT movlenaTa im kategorias ganekuTvneba, rode
sac eqsperimentatorebi xedaven imas, risi miRebac surT. sinaTlis gadaxra ki, ra Tqma
unda, didi sizustiT dadasturda Semdgom dakvirvebebSi.
kidev erTi daskvna, romelic gamomdinareobs zogadi relativizmidan aris, rom
dro neldeba raime sxeulis dedamiwis msgavs masiur sxeulTan gavlis dros. es xdeba
imitom, rom arsebobs kavSiri sinaTlis energiasa da mis sixSires Soris (sixSire aris
sinaTlis talRebis ricxvi erT wamSi): rac metia energia, miT metia sixSire. roca
sinaTle moZraobs dedamiwis gravitaciul velSi, igi kargavs energias da misi sixSire
mcirdeba (es niSnavs, rom manZili or mezobel burcobs Soris izrdeba). dedamiwis
nax. 2.9
827
drois mokle istoria
zedapiridan zeviT myofi damkvirveblisTvis yvelaferi mis qvemoT ufro nela xdeba.
es winaswarmetyveleba Semowmebuli iyo 1962 wels ori uzustesi saaTis saSualebiT,
romlebic moTavsebuli iyo wylis koSkis ZirSi da saxuravze. rogorc aRmoCnda, saaTi
qveviT, romelic miwasTan axlos iyo, ufro nela midioda zogadi relativizmis Teo
riasTan srul TanxmobaSi. gansxvaveba saaTebis siCqareebSi dedamiwis zedapiridan
sxvadasxva simaRleebze dRes didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs, Tanamgzavrebidan
miRebul signalebze dafuZnebuli Zalian zusti sanavigacio sistemebis SeqmnisaTvis.
Tu ugulebelvyofT zogadi relativizmis winaswarmetyvelebebs, adgilmdebareobis
gaTvlebSi moxdeba Secdoma ramdenime miliT!
niutonis kanonebma bolo mouRo sivrceSi absoluturi mdebareobis ideas. fardo
biTobis Teoriam gadaagdo absoluturi dro. ganvixiloT tyupebis cnobili magali
Ti. vTqvaT, tyupebidan erTerTi avida sacxovreblad mTis wverze maSin rodesac meore
darCa zRvis zedapiris doneze. pirveli maTgani ufro male Seva asakSi, vidre meore.
ase rom, Tu isini Sexvdebian isev, pirveli ufro xnieri iqneba meoreze. am SemTxvevaSi
gansxvaveba asakSi Zalian patara iqneba, magram es gansxvaveba SesamCnevad gaizrdeba,
Tu erTerTi tyupiscali sinaTlis siCqaresTan daaxloebuli siCqariT moZravi kosmi
uri xomaldiT xangrZliv mogzaurobaSi gaemgzavreba. roca igi dedamiwaze dabrunde
ba, igi gacilebiT axalgazrda iqneba dedamiwaze darCenil tyupiscalze. es SemTxveva
cnobilia tyupebis paradoqsis saxelwodebiT, magram es SemTxveva paradoqsia mxolod
maSin, Tu viazrovneT absoluturi drois kategoriebiT. relativizmis TeoriaSi ar
arsebobs absoluturi dro, samagierod TiToeul pirovnebas aqvs drois sakuTari
sazomi, romelic damokidebulia misi moZraobis xasiaTze.
1915 wlamde sivrce da dro iTvleboda fiqsirebul asparezad, romelSic viTarde
ba movlenebi da es movlenebi ar axdenen gavlenas sivrcedroze. es marTalia fardo
biTobis specialur TeoriaSic. sxeulebi moZraoben, Zalebi miizidaven da ganizidav
en, magram dro da sivrce amisgan damoukideblad arseboben. bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom
sivrce da dro arsebobdnen mudam.
fardobiTobis zogad TeoriaSi mdgomareoba savsebiT gansxvavebulia. sivrce da
dro axla dinamikuri sidideebia: roca sxeuli moZraobs, an Zala moqmedebs, es gavlenas
axdens sivrcisa da drois simrudeze da, piriqiT, sivrcedro axdens gavlenas sxeulis
moZraobis an Zalis moqmedebis xarisxze. sivrce da dro ara marto moqmedeben, aramed
TviTon ganicdian moqmedebas yvelafrisgan, rac xdeba samyaroSi. iseve, rogorc Seu
Zlebelia laparaki movlenebze samyaroSi adgilisa da drois miTiTebis gareSe, aseve
ar SeiZleba laparaki sivrcesa da droze samyaros sazRvrebs gareT.
Semdgom aTwleulebSi sivrcisa da drois axali gageba safuZvlianad cvlida Cvens
warmodgenebs samyaroze. Zveli idea arsebiTad ucvleli samyaros Sesaxeb, romelic ar
828
stefan houkingi
sebobda da yovelTvis iarsebebs, Seicvala dinamikuri gafarToebadi samyaros cnebiT,
romelic, rogorc etyoba, Seiqmna sasruli drois win da SeiZleba dasruldes raRaca
drois Semdeg momavalSi. am revoluciis aRweras eZRvneba Semdegi Tavi. wlebis win es
iyo Teoriul fizikaSi Cemi muSaobis dawyebis mizezi. rojer penrouzma da me vaCveneT,
rom ainStainis fardobiTobis zogadi Teoria gulisxmobs, rom samyaros unda hqondes
dasawyisi da, SesaZloa, dasasrulic.
Tavi mesame
samyaros gafarToeba
wminda umTvaro RamiT Tu cas SevxedavT, yvelaze naTeli obieqtebi iqneba plane
tebi venera, marsi, iupiteri da saturni. iq kidev didi raodenobiT sxva varskvlavebic
iqneba, romelic Cven mzes hgavs, magram masze gacilebiT Sors arian Cvengan. fiqsire
buli varskvlavebidan zogierTi, sinamdvileSi, Zalian nela icvlis Tavis mdebareo
bas erTmaneTis mimarT, roca dedamiwa brunavs mzis garSemo: isini realurad sulac
ar arian fiqsirebulni! es imitom xdeba, rom am tipis varskvlavebi SedarebiT axlos
arian CvenTan. mzis garSemo dedamiwis moZraobisas Cven maT sxvadasxva poziciidan
vuyurebT ufro Sori varskvlavebis fonze. Cvenda sabednierod, es iZleva saSualebas
gavzomoT manZili am varskvlavebamde: rac ufro axlos arian CvenTan, miT ufro moZ
ravi Canan isini. centavris proqsimad wodebuli, CvenTan uaxloesi varskvlavi, daax
loebiT, oTxi sinaTlis wliT (sinaTles sWirdeba, daaxloebiT, oTxi weliwadi iqidan
dedamiwamde mosaRwevad), an, daaxloebiT, ocdasami milioni milioni miliT aris daSo
rebuli Cvengan. SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT xiluli varskvlavebi mdebareobs ramdenime
aTasi sinaTlis weliwadis manZilze Cvengan. SedarebisaTvis, Cveni mze sul ramdenime
sinaTlis wuTis manZilzea Cvengan! xiluli varskvlavebi mofenilia mTel Ramis caze,
magram, sinamdvileSi, isini erT jgufSi arian gaerTianebuli, romelsac irmis naxtomi
hqvia. dawyebuli 1750 wlidan zogierT astronoms miaCnda, rom irmis naxtomis arse
boba SeiZleba aixsnas, Tu xiluli varskvlavebi moTavsebuli iqneba diskis magvar kon
figuraciaSi, erTerT aseT magaliTs Cven dRes spiralur galaqtikas veZaxiT. mxolod
ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg astronomma ser viliam herSelma daamtkica Tavisi idea
imiT, rom skrupulozurad Seadgina uamravi varskvlavis mdebareobisa da manZilebis
katalogi. amis miuxedavad, am ideis sruli aRiareba moxda mxolod meoce saukunis da
sawyisSi.
829
drois mokle istoria
samyaros Tanamedrove suraTis daTariReba SeiZleba mxolod 1924 wliT, rodesac
amerikelma astronomma edvard hablma aCvena, rom Cveni galaqtika erTaderTi ar aris
samyaroSi. sinamdvileSi, arsebobs bevri sxvac, uzarmazari carieli sivrceebiT maT
Soris. amis dasamtkiceblad mas dasWirda ganesazRvra manZilebi am galaqtikebamde,
romlebic ise Sors arian, rom axlomdebare varskvlavebisagan gansxvavebiT, isini
marTlac fiqsirebulad Canan. habli iZulebuli iyo gaezoma es manZilebi arapirda
piri meTodiT. ase, varskvlavis xiluli sikaSkaSe damokidebulia or faqtorze: ram
den sinaTles gamoasxivebs (sinaTlis Zala) da ramdenad aris igi daSorebuli Cvengan.
axlomdebare varskvlavebisaTvis SesaZlebelia sikaSkaSisa da manZilis gazomva, rac
saSualebas iZleva ganvsazRvroT maTi sinaTlis Zala. piriqiT, Tu viciT varskvla
vis sinaTlis Zala, sxva galaqtikebSi Cven SegviZlia vipovoT manZilebi maTi xiluli
sikaSkaSis gamoyenebiT. hablma SeniSna, rom CvenTan gazomvis Casatareblad sakmaod
axlos myof garkveuli tipis varskvlavebs yovelTvis erTnairi sinaTlis Zala aqvT.
amgvarad, msjelobda igi, Tu Cven analogiur varskvlavebs vnaxavT sxva galaqtikebSi,
SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom maT igive sinaTlis Zala aqvT da am miaxloebaSi davTvaloT
manZili am galaqtikebamde. Tu SesaZlebelia amis gakeTeba mocemuli galaqtikis ram
denime varskvlavisaTvis, da yovelTvis miviReT erTi da igive manZili, Cven SegviZlia
darwmunebulebi viyoT Cveni Sefasebebis sisworeSi. aseTnairad edvin hablma gamoTva
la manZilebi cxra galaqtikamde. dRes Cven viciT, rom Cveni galaqtika aris erTerTi
nax. 3.1
830
stefan houkingi
ramdenime aseul aTas milion galaqtikas Soris, romelTa danaxva SesaZlebelia Ta
namedrove teleskopebiT, xolo yoveli galaqtika TviTon Seicavs ramdenime aseul
aTas milion varskvlavs. nax. 3.1 gviCvenebs er TerTi spiraluri g a laqtikis suraTs,
romelic, Cve ni azriT, unda hgavdes imas, rogorsac xedaven sxva galaqtikis mcxovreb
ni Cvens galaqtikas. Cven vc xov robT galaqtika Si, romlis sigane da axloebiT asi aTasi
sinaTlis weliwadia da igi nela brunavs. varskvlavebi mis spiralur mklavebSi galaq
tikis centris garSemo Semoweren erT wres ramdenime aseul milion weliwadSi. Cveni
mze Cveulebrivi, saSualo zomis, yviTeli varskvlavia, moTavsebuli erTerTi spiral
uri mklavis Sida kideze. marTlac, didi manZili gagvivlia aristotelesa da ptole
medan, rodesac vfiqrobdiT, rom dedamiwa samyaros centria!
varskvlavebi ise Sors arian Cvengan, rom wertilovan sinaTlis wyaroebad gve
Cvenebian. Cven ver vxedavT maT zomebsa da formebs. maS, rogor vlaparakobT sxvada
sxva tipis varskvlavebze? varskvlavTa udidesi umravlesobisaTvis arsebobs erTad
erTi maxasiaTebeli, romlis dakvirvebac SegviZlia – maTi sinaTlis feri. niutonma
aRmoaCina, rom Tu sinaTle mzidan gaivlis minis samkuTxa naWers, romelsac prizma
ewodeba, is daiSleba cisartyelas msgavs sxvadasxva ferebad (speqtrad). Tu mivmar
TavT teleskops calkeuli varskvlavisa an galaqtikisaken, SesaZlebelia am varskv
lavisa an galaqtikis speqtris dakvirveba. sxvadasxva varskvlavs sxvadasxva speqtri
aqvs, magram sxvadasxva feris fardobiTi sikaSkaSe yovelTvis zustad iseTia, ro
gorc mosalodnelia siwiTlemde gaxurebuli sxeulis mier gamosxivebuli sinaTlis
speqtrSi (faqtobrivad, sinaTles, gamosxivebuls siwiTlemde gaxurebuli gaumWvir
vale sxeulidan, aqvs damaxasiaTebeli speqtri, romelic mxolod mis temperaturaze
aris damokidebuli _ Termuli speqtri. es niSnavs, rom SegviZlia varskvlavis tempe
raturaze vimsjeloT misi sinaTlis speqtris mixedviT). metic, aRmoCnda, rom zogier
Ti specifikuri ferebi aris amovardnili varskvlavTa speqtridan da es amovardnili
ferebi icvleba varskvlavidan varskvlavamde. radgan viciT, rom yoveli qimiuri ele
menti STanTqavs misTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikur ferTa krebuls, varskvlavidan
miRebuli sinaTlis speqtris SeswavliT SesaZlebelia zustad ganvsazRvroT, ra ele
mentebia warmodgenili varskvlavis atmosferoSi.
20ian wlebSi, rodesac astronomebma daiwyes sxva galaqtikebis varskvlavTa speqt
rebis Seswavla, maT aRmoaCines erTi saintereso ram: maT speqtrSi amovardnili iyo
ferebis iseTive damaxasiaTebeli erToblovobebi, rogorc Cveni galaqtikis varskv
lavebis speqtrSi, magram isini yvela wanacvlebuli iyvnen speqtris wiTeli bolo
saken. amis winadadebis azris gasagebad jer unda ganvixiloT dopleris efeqti. ro
gorc vnaxeT, xiluli speqtri Sedgeba eleqtromagnituri velis fluqtuaciebisgan,
anu talRebisagan. sinaTlis sixSire (anu talRebis ricxvi wamSi) araCveulebrivad
831
drois mokle istoria
didia da udris oTxidan Svid aseul milion milion talRas wamSi. sxvadasxva sixSiree
bi es aris is, rasac adamianis Tvali xedavs ferebis saxiT: speqtris umcires sixSires
aRiqvams wiTlad, xolo yvelaze did sixSires – iisfrad. axla warmovidginoT Cvengan
mudmiv manZilze daSorebuli sinaTlis wyaro, magaliTad, varskvlavi, romelic ga
moasxivebs sinaTlis talRebs mudmiv sixSireze. cxadia, Cven mier miRebuli talRis
sixSire iseTivea, rogorsac gamoasxivebs varskvlavi (samyaros gravitaciuli veli ar
aris sakmaod Zlieri mniSvnelovani efeqtis mosaxdenad). axla warmovidginoT, rom es
varskvlavi Cvenken moZraobs. rodesac wyaro gamoasxivebs talRis Semdgom burcobs,
varskvlavi ufro axlos iqneba CvenTan, amgvarad, dro, romelSic es burcobi Cvenamde
moaRwevs, naklebi iqneba imasTan SedarebiT, rodesac varskvlavi uZravi iyo. es niS
navs, rom dro, romelSic ori mezobeli burcobi Cvenamde aRwevs naklebi iqneba da, Se
sabamisad, yovel wuTSi miRebuli talRebis ricxvi (e.i. sixSire) ufro maRali iqneba,
vid re uZravi varskvlavis SemTxvevaSi. aseve, Tu wyaro gvSordeba, miRebuli tal
Rebis sixSire ufro dabali iqneba. sinaTlis SemTxvevaSi es niSnavs, rom speqtri var
skvlavebisa, romlebic gvSordebian, wanacvlebuli iqneba speqtris wiTeli bolosken
(wiTeli wanacvleba), xolo Cvenken moZravi varskvlavebis speqtrs eqneba iisferi wa
nacvleba. kavSirs sixSiresa da siCqares Soris, romelsac dopleris efeqti hqvia, Cven
vakvirdebiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. yuri daugdeT gzaze momaval manqanas: roca man
qana gviaxlovdeba, misi Zravis xma ismis maRal tonebSi (rac bgeriTi talRebis maRal
sixSireebs Seesabameba), da roca is gvSordeba Zravis xma dapal tonebSi ismis. sinaTlis
an radio talRebis yofaqceva analogiuria. policia iyenebs dopleris efeqts manqanis
siCqaris gansasazRvravad misgan areklili radio impulsebis sixSireebis gazomviT.
galaqtikebis aRmoCenis Semdeg, hablma momdevno wlebi miuZRvna galaqtikebamde
manZilebisa da maTi speqtrebis katalogis Sedgenas. im dros umetesobas egona, rom
galaqtikebi samyaroSi uwesrigod moZraoben, amitom elodnen imdenive iisferi wa
nacvlebiani galaqtikis aRmoCenas, ramdenic wiTel wanacvlebiania. didi gakvirveba
gamoiwvia imis aRmoCenam, rom galaqtikebis umetesobas wiTeli wanacleba axasiaTebs:
TiTqmis yvela galaqtika gagvirbis! ufro sakvirveli iyo is, rac hablma gamoaqveyna
1929 wels: Turme galaqtikebis wiTeli wanacvlebac ar aris uwesrigo, aramed isini
pirdapir proporciulia manZilisa Cvenamde. an, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rac ufro
Sors aris galaqtika, miT ufro didi siCqariT garbis is Cvengan! es ki niSnavda, rom
samyaro ar aris statikuri, rogorc amas iqamde fiqrobdnen, aramed igi farTovdeba;
manZili sxvadaxva galaqtikebs Soris sul ufro izrdeba drois ganmavlobaSi.
aRmoCena, rom samyaro farTovdeba, meoce saukunis udidesi inteleqtualuri rev
oluciaa. ukana ricxviT advilia davinteresdeT, adre ratom aravin fiqrobda amaze?
niutoni da sxvebi acnobierebdnen, rom statikuri samyaro unda SeikumSos gravitaciis
832
stefan houkingi
gavleniT. magram, amis sawinaaRmdegod, samyaro farTovdeba. Tu gafarToeba sakmaod
nela mimdinareobs, gravitaciis Zala, sabolood, mis gafarToebas SeaCerebs da maSin
daiwyeba SekumSva anu kolafsi. Tumca, Tu es gafarToeba sakmaod swrafia da aWar
bebs raRac kritikul zRvars, gravitacia verasdros SeZlebs mis gaCerebas da samyaro
gaagrZelebs gafarToebas mudam. es cotaTi waagavs im mdgomareobas, rodesac rake
tas uSveben dedamiwidan zemoT. Tu mas sakmaod patara siCqare aqvs igi Camovardeba
dedamiwaze. meore mxriv, Tu raketas kritikulze meti siCqare aqvs (daaxloebiT Svidi
mili wamSi), gravitacia aRar iqneba sakmaod Zlieri mis miwaze dasabruneblad da rake
ta mudmivad daSordeba dedamiwidan. samyaros aseTi qceva SeiZleba nawinaswarmetyve
lebi yofiliyo niutonis gravitaciis Teoriis Sesabamisad nebismier dros mecxrame
te, meTvramete an, Tu ginda, meCvidmete saukunis boloSic. magram statikuri samyaros
rwmena imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom man gaZlo meoce saukunis adreul wlebamde. ainStainic
ki, roca 1915 wels qmnida Tavis fardobiTobis zogad Teorias, ise iyo darwmunebuli
samyaros statikurobaSi, rom amis gansaxorcileblad Tavis gantolebaSi Semoitana,
e.w., kosmologiuri konstanta. ainStainma Semoitana axali `antigravitaciuli~ Zala,
romelic, sxva Zalebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar warmoiSoba raRac garkveuli wyarodan,
aramed CaSenebulia sivrcedroSi. igi acxadebda, rom sivrce dros aqvs Tandayoli
li miswrafeba gafarToebisaken da es imisTvis aris, rom moaxdinos samyaros materiis
mizidvis tendenciis ganeitraleba, rac iwvevs samyaros statikurobas. rogorc Cans,
am dros erTad erT adamians surda zogadi relativizmis Tavdapirveli Tvisebebis
SenarCuneba, da rodesac ainStaini da sxva fizikosebi eZebdnen zogadi relativizmi
dan gamomdinare arastatikuri samyaros Tavidan acilebis gzebs, rusi fizikosi da
maTematikosi aleqsandre fridmani amis magivrad cdilobda am movlenis axsnas.
fridmanma samyaros Sesaxeb ori Zalian martivi daSveba gaakeTa: samyaro yvela
mimarTulebiT identurad gamoiyureba da es ZalaSi rCeba, Tu davakvirdebiT samyaros
nebismieri sxva wertilidan. marto am or daSvebaze dayrdnobiT, fridmanma aCvena, rom
samyaros statikuroba ar aris mosalodneli.
daSveba, rom samyaro yvela mimarTulebiT erTnairad gamoiyureba sinamdvileSi
marTali ar aris. magaliTad, rogorc vnaxeT, Cveni galaqtikis varskvlavebi adgenen
gansazRvrul jgufs, romelsac irmis naxtomi hqvia. magram, Tu SevxedavT sxva galaq
tikebs, maTi ricxvi yvela mimarTulebiT daaxloebiT erTnairi iqneba. amgvarad, sa
myaro ar aris erTnairi yvela mimarTulebiT, Tumca galaqtikebs Soris manZilze didi
masStabebisaTvis mciremasStabiani gansxvavebebis ugulebelyofiT es miaxloeba swo
ri iqneba. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi es msjeloba kargi dasabuTeba iyo fridmanis miax
loebisaTvis da, rogorc fiqrobdnen, iZleoda realuri samyaros uxeSi miaxloebas.
magram Semdgomma bednierma aRmoCenam daasabuTa, rom, faqtobrivad, fridmanis miax
loeba sakmaod zustad aRwers Cvens samyaros.
833
drois mokle istoria
1965 wels ori amerikeli fizikosi: arno penziasi da robert vilsoni, niu jersis
belis satelefono laboratoriaSi cdinen metad mgrZnobiare mikrotalRovan deteq
tors (mikrotalRebi hgavs sinaTlis talRebs, magram maTi sixSireebi wamSi mxolod
aTeuli aTasi milioni talRis rigisaa). penziasi da vilsoni Zalian Sewuxdnen, roca
aRmoaCines, rom maTi deteqtori afiqsirebda met xmaurs, vidre isini amas moelodnen.
xmauri ar modioda raRac garkveuli mimarTulebidan. jer maT aRmoaCines frinvele
biT gamowveuli damaxinjebebi, Semdeg sxva SesaZlo darRvevebi da male moaSores isi
ni Tavidan. maT icodnen, rom yvela xmauri mosuli atmosferodan ufro Zlieria, Tu
deteqtori ar aris mimarTulia vertikalurad zeviT, maSin rodesac vertikalurad
zeviT mimarTuli teleskopisTvis xmauri mcirdeba. amis mizezi is, rom maSin, rode
sac xdeba maTi deteqtireba horizontTan axlos, sinaTlis sxivebi gadian atmosferos
gacilebiT farTo Sreebs, vidre roca isini miiRebian pirdapir zemodan. zemonaxseneb
cdaSi ki damatebiTi xmauri erTnairi iyo ra mimarTulebiTac ar unda moetrialebi
naT deteqtori, ase rom, es xmauri unda mosuliyo atmosferos garedan. igi erTnairi
iyo dRisiT da RamiT, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi, imisgan damoukideblad, rom dedamiwa
brunavda Tavisi RerZisa da mzis garSemo es uCvenebda, rom gamosxiveba modioda mzis
sistemis garedan da galaqtikis garedanac ki, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, is unda
Secvliliyo dedamiwis adgilmdebareobis SecvlasTan erTad. faqtobrivad Cven vi ciT,
rom radiacia Cvenamde aRwevs mTeli dakvirvebadi samyarodan da, Sesabamisad, samyaro
yvela mimarTulebiT erTnairi unda iyos didmasStabiani skaliT. axla cnobilia, rom
nebismieri mimarTulebiT xmauri erTnairia da SeiZleb icvlebodes mxolod erTi
meaTiaTasediT _ amgvarad, penziasma da vilsonma maTTvis moulodnelad aRmoaCines
fridmanis pirveli daSvebis sakmaod zusti dasabuTeba.
daaxloebiT imave dros orma amerikelma fizikosma axlomdebare prinstonis uni
versitetidan _ bob dikma da jim piblsma _ gamoiCines interesi mikrotalRebis
mimarT. isini muSaobdnen giorgi gamovis (erT dros aleqsandre fridmanis mowafis)
winadadebaze, rom adreuli samyaro iyo Zalian cxeli da Zalian mkvrivi, gavarvare
buli siTeTremde. diki da piblsi Tvlidnen, rom SesaZlebelia am varvarebis dakvirve
ba amJamadac, radgan sinaTle samyaros Zlier daSorebuli nawilebidan mxolod axla
moaRwevs Cvenamde. magram samyaros gafarToebis gamo am sinaTles iseTi didi wiTeli
wanacvleba eqneba, rom Cven mas davinaxavT rogorc mikrotalRovan gamosxivebas. diki
da piblsi apirebdnen am radiaciis dakvirvebas, rodesac penziasma da vilsonma gaiges
maTi samuSaos Sesaxeb da mixvdnen, rom maT ukve aRmoaCines es gamosxiveba. amis gamo
penziasma da vilsonma 1978 wels nobelis premia daimsaxures (rac cota usamarTlod
Cans dikisa da piblsis mimarT, araferi rom ar vTqvaT gamovis Sesaxeb!).
erTi SexedviT, yvelaferi es metyvelebs imaze, rom samyaro yvela mimarTulebiT
erTnairi Cans, radgan Cven mas vakvirdebiT samyaros metad specifikuri wertilidan.
834
stefan houkingi
kerZod, SeiZleba mogveCve
nos, rom radgan yvela galaq
tika gagvirbis, Cven unda
sam yaros centrSi viyoT
moTavsebulebi. Tumca ar
sebobs alternatiuli axs
nac: samyaro erTnairi Cans,
agreTve, yvela sxva galaq
tikidanac. es, rogorc vxe
davT, fridmanis meore daSve
baa. ar arsebobs, mecnieruli
mtkicebuleba am daSvebis
sawinaaRmdegod an mxarda
saWerad. Cven gvjera amisa gamomdinare Cveni Tavmdablobidan: metad gansacvifrebeli
iqneboda, rom samyaro Cvengan erTnairi Candes yvela mimarTulebiT, xolo sxva wer
tilebidan ase ar yofiliyo! fridmanis modelSi yvela galaqtika erTmaneTs gaur
bis. mdgomareoba iseTivea, rogorc buStis zedapirze daxatuli laqebis SemTxve vaSi.
rodesac buSti ibereba, manZili yovel or laqas Soris izrdeba, da ar arsebobs laqa,
romelzedac SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom swored is aris gafarToebis centri. ufro metic,
rac ufro Sors arian laqebi erTmaneTisagan, miT ufro swrafad Sordebian isini erTm
aneTs. analogiurad, fridmanis modelSi siCqare, romliTac ori galaqtika erTmaneTs
Sordeba, maT Soris manZilis proporciulia. amgvarad, amis safuZvelze galaqtikis
wiTeli wanacvleba pirdapir proporciulia Cvengan am galaqtikamde manZilisa, zus
tad ise, rogorc es hablma aRmoaCina. miuxedavad misi modelis warmatebisa da hablis
dakvirvebis winaswarmetyvelebisa, fridmanis Sroma, praqtikulad, ar iyo cnobili
dasavleTSi, sanam 1935 wels aseTive modeli ar iyo aRmoCenili amerikeli fizikosis
hovard robertsonisa da britaneli maTematikosis artur volkeris mier, hablis mier
samyaros erTgvarovani gafarToebis aRmoCenis sapasuxod.
marTalia, fridmanma ipova mxolod erTi, magram, sinamdvileSi, arsebobs sami gansx
vavebuli modeli, romelic akmayofilebs fridmanis or fundamentur daSvebas. pirvel
maTganSi (romelic aRmoCenili iyo fridmanis mier) samyaro sakmaod nela farTovdeba
da gravitaciul mizidvas sxvadasxva galaqtikebs Soris SeuZlia Seanelos gafarToe
ba da, sabolood, gaaCeros igi. maSin galaqtikebi daiwyeben moZraobas erTmaneTisaken
da samyaro SeikumSeba. nax. 3.2 gviCvenebs rogor icvleba manZili or mezobel galaqti
kas Soris drois mixedviT. igi iwyeba nulidan, izrdeba maqsimumamde da, Semdeg, kvlav
nulamde mcirdeba. meore tipis amonaxsnSi samyaro ise Cqara farTovdeba, rom gravi
nax. 3.2
835
drois mokle istoria
taciul mizidulobas arasodes
SeuZlia misi gaCereba, Tumca igi
mas cotaTi Seamcirebs. nax. 3.3
gviCvenebs manZilis cvlilebas
mezobel galaqtikebs Soris am
mo delSi. manZili nulidan iwyeba
da, sabolood, galaqtikebi Sor
debian erTmaneTs mudmivi siC
qariT. bolos, arsebobs mesame
tipis amoxsna, romelSic samyaro
farTovdeba iseTi siCqariT,
ro melic xels uSlis mis xela
xal kolafss. am saxis daSoreba
naCvenebia nax. 3.4ze, sadac manZili iwyeba nolidan da izrdeba yovelTvis. amasTan,
siCqare, roliTac galaqtikebi Sordebian erTmaneTs, sul ufro da ufro mcirdeba,
magram nolis toli arasdros xdeba.
fridmanis pirveli modelis SesaniSnavi Tvisebaa, rom masSi samyaro ar aris sivr
culad usasrulo, magram sivrces ara aqvs sazRvari. gravitacia imdenad Zlieria,
rom sivrce Caxveulia Tavis TavSi ise, rogorc dedamiwis zedapiri. Tu vinme gan
axorcielebs moZraobas garkveuli mimarTulebiT dedamiwis zedapirze, igi veras
dros miaRwevs gadaulaxav bariers an kides sazRvarze, aramed dabrundeba iq, saidan
ac daiwyo mogzauroba. fridmanis pirvel modelSi situacia amis magvaria, magram es
SemTxveva samganzomilebiania dedamiwis organzomilebiani SemTxvevisagan gansxvave
biT. meoTxe droiTi ganzomilebac usasruloa, magram igi wrfis magvaria, romelsac
ori bolo anu sazRvari aqvs _ dasawyisi da dasasruli. SemdegSi vnaxavT, rom far
dobiTobis zogadi Teoriis Serwyma qvanturi meqanikis ganuzRvrelobis principTan
SesaZleblobas iZ leva droca da sivrcec gavxadoT sasruli yovelgvari boloebisa
da sazRvrebis gareSe.
idea, rom SesaZlebelia Semouaro samyaros da daasrulo mogzauroba iq, sadac
daiwye, mSvenieri mecnieruli beletristikisTvis, magram mas araviTari praqtikuli
gamoyeneba ara aqvs, radgan SeiZleba Cveneba, rom samyaro SeikumSeba nulovan zomamde
iqamde, sanam mogzauroba dasruldeba. saWiroa sinaTlis siCqareze meti siCqariT moZ
raoba, rom moeswros samyaros garSemovla sanam samyaros dasasruli moxdeba _ es ki
SeuZlebelia!
fridmanis pirveli tipis modelSi, romelSic samyaro farTovdeba da kolafsirde
ba, sivrce gamrudebulia da Caketilia dedamiwis zedapiris msgavsad. amgvarad, mas sas
ruli ganvrcoba aqvs. meore tipis modelSi, romelic yovelTvis farTovdeba, sivrce
nax. 3.3
836
stefan houkingi
sxvagvarad aris gamrudebuli
da mas unagiris forma aqvs.
amgvarad, am SemTxvevaSi sivrce
usasruloa. bolos, mesame sax
is fridmanis modelSi gafar
Toebis kritikuli siswrafiT,
sivrce brtyelia (da, e.i. usas
rulo).
ismis sakiTxi, fridmanis
ro meli modeli aRwers sinamd
vileSi Cvens samyaros? samyaro
SeaCerebs Tavis gafaraToebas
da daiwyebs SekumSvas, Tu mu
dam gaagrZelebs gafarToebas? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa vicodeT ga
farToebis dRevandeli siCqare da misi dRevandeli saSualo simkvrive. Tu simkvrive
naklebia garkveul kritikul mniSvnelobaze gafarToebis siCqarez e damokidebule
biT, gravitaciuli Zala susti iqneba imisTvis, rom SeaCeros gafarToeba. Tu simkvr
ive metia am kritikul zRvarze, ris gamoc gravitacia gaaCerebs gafarToebas momavlis
raRac momentSi da daiwyeba samyaros SekumSva (kolafsi).
gafarToebis axlandeli siswrafe SeiZleba ganisazRvros dopleris efeqtis ga
moye nebiT im siCqareebis gazomviT, romliTac sxva galaqtikebi Sordebian Cvensas.
amis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia didi sizustiT. cxadia, galaqtikebamde manZilebi ar
aris kargad cnobili, radgan maTi gazomva SesaZlebelia arapirdapiri gziT. ase, rom
yvelaferi rac Cven viciT aris is, rom samyaro farTovdeba 5dan 10 procentamde
yovel aTas milion weliwadSi. samwuxarod Cveni codna samyaros simkvrivis Sesaxeb
gaci lebiT naklebia. Tu SevkribavT Cveni da sxva galaqtikebis yvela xiluli varskv
lavis masebs, miRebuli simkvrive iqneba im masis erTi meaTasedi, romelic saWiroa
samyaros gaCerebisaTvis gafarToebis umciresi siswrafis SemTxvevaSic ki. Cveni
galaqtikac da sxva galaqitkebic, ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba Seicavdnen `bneli materiis~
did raodenobas, romlis pirdapiri danaxva SeuZlebelia, magram romlis arseboba
mJRavndeba maTi gravitaciuli gav lenis gamo varskvlavTa orbitebze galaqtikebSi.
amis garda, nanaxia galaqtikebis gaerTianebebi (klasterebi) da SesaZlebelia
daskvnis gamotana galaqtikebs Soris arsebul bnel materiis Sesaxebac, romelic
gavlenas axdens klasterSi galaqtikebis moZraobaze. Tu davamatebT am bnel masebs,
miviRebT SeCerebisTvis saWiro simkvrivis mxolod erT meaTeds. Tumca SeuZlebelia
imis gamoricxva, rom samyaroSi arsebobs Tanabrad ganawilebuli materiis sxva
nax. 3.4
837
drois mokle istoria
saxeebic, romlebic jer ar aris dafiqsirebuli da rom am masas SeuZlia miiyvanos
simkvrive samyaros gafarToebis SemaCerebel kri tikul mniSvnelobamde. Tanamedrove
mdgomareoba, Sesabamisad, gulisxmobs, rom sam yaro gafarTovdeba mudam, magram
erTaderTi, rac SegviZlia dabejiTebiT vTqvaT, Tu samyaro SekumSvas daiwyebs, iqamde
gaivlis sul cota aTi aTasi milioni weli, ase, rom iqamde samyaro gafarToebas
gaagrZelebs. aman sulac ar unda Segvawuxos: im droisTvis, Tu ar movaxdineT mzis
sistemis gareTa sivrcis kolonizacias, adamianTa modgma didi xani ukve aRar iarsebebs
mzis Caqrobis gamo!
fridmanis yvela amonaxsnis saerTo Tvisebaa, rom warsulis raRac momentSi (aTi
oci aTasi milioni wlis winaT) manZili or mezobel galaqtikas Soris nolis toli iyo.
im dros, romelsac did afeTqebas veZaxiT, samyaros simkvrive da sivrcedrois sim
rude unda usasrulod didi yofiliyo. radgan maTematikosebi ver operireben usas
rulo ricxvebiT, es niSnavs, rom fardobiTobis zogadi Teoria (romelzedac dafuZne
bulia fridmanis amonaxsnebi) winswarmetyvelebs iseT wertils, romelSic Teoria ar
muSaobs. aseTi wertili imis magaliTia, rasac maTematikosebi singularobas uwodeben.
faqtobrivad, yvela Cveni Teoria agebulia im mosazrebaze, rom sivrcedro gluvia
da TiTqmis brtyeli, ase rom, isini ar muSaoben didi afeTqebis singularobaSi, sadac
sivrce drois simrude usasrulod didia. es niSnavs, rom, Tu ki raime movlena moxda
didi afeTqebis win, SeuZlebelia misi gamoyeneba imis asaxsnelad, ra unda momxdariyo
SemdgomSi, radgan didi afeTqebis dros irRveva mizezobrivi kavSiri. Sesabamisad, Tu
viciT is, rac moxda didi afeTqebis Semdeg, SeuZlebelia imis gansazRvra, ra moxda
imis win. amgvarad, movlenebs didi afeTqebis win araviTari gavlena ara aqvT movle
nebze mas Semdeg, amitom isini ar Seadgenen mecnieruli modelis nawils. am mizeziT
es movlenebi unda amoviRoT modelidan da vTqvaT, rom dro daiwyo didi afeTqebis
momentidan.
bevrs ar moswons azri drois dasawyisis Sesaxeb, radgan mas zebunebrivi Zalis
Carevis elferi dahkravs (kaTolikuri eklesia, Tavis mxriv, CaeWida didi afeTqebis
models da 1951 wels igi oficialurad gamoacxada bibliasTan SesabamisobaSi myof
Teoriad). iyo, cxadia, didi afeTqebis Tavidan acilebis bevri cda. daSveba, romelmac
didi mxardaWera moipova, cnobilia mdgradi statikuri Teoriis saxelwodebiT. igi
1948 wels SemoTavazebuli iyo nacistebisgan okupirebuli avstriidan ltolvili
ori mecnieris herman bondisa da Tomas goldis mier, britanel fred hoilTan TanamS
romlobaSi. es mecnierebi omis periodSi muSaobdnen radarebis daxvewaze. mdgradi sa
tatikuri Teoriis idea imaSi mdgomareobda, rom, roca yvela galaqtika Sordeba erT
maneTs, warmoSobil Tavisufal sivrceSi ganuwyvetliv warmoiSoba axali galaqtikebi
materiidan, romelic aseve ganuwyvetliv warmoiSoba. samyaro amis gamo yovelTvis
838
stefan houkingi
erTnairad gamoiyureba sivrcis nebismieri wertilidan. mdgradi statikuri Teoria
moiTxovs zogadi relativizmis modifikacias materiis mudmivi Seqmnis gasaTval
iswineblad, magram materiis warmoSobis siswrafe iseTi dabali iyo (daaxloebiT erTi
nawilaki kubur kilometrze weliwadSi), rom igi ar ewinaaRmdegeboda eqperiments.
Teoria, pirvel TavSi moyvanili kriteriumebis CarCoebSi, warmoadgens karg Teorias:
igi martivia da winaswarmetyvelebs movlenebs, romelTa Semowmeba SesaZlebelia eqs
perimentze. erTerTi aseTi movlena is aris, rom samyaroSi galaqtikebis da msgavsi
obieqtebis ricxvi sivrcis gamoyofil moculobaSi erTnairi unda iyos ra mimarTule
biTac an ra drosac ar unda vakvirdebodeT mas. gvian 50ian da adreul 60ian wlebSi
kembrijSi astronomebis jgufma martin railis xelmZRvanelobiT (raili omis dros
muSaobda bondisTan, goldTan da hoilTan erTad radarebze) gaakeTa radiotalRebis
wyaroebis mimoxilva. am jgufma aCvena, rom am wyaroTa umetesoba Cveni galaqtikis ga
reT mdebareobs (cxadia, bevri maTgani sxva galaqtikebSi mdebareobs) da, agreTve, rom
samyaaroSi gacilebiT meti susti wyaroa, vidre Zlieri. maTi interpretaciiT susti
wyaroebi Sors mdebareoben, xolo Zlierebi CvenTan axlos. amis gamo gamovida, rom
wya roebis raodenoba axlo sivrceSi naklebia, vidre Cvengan daSorebulSi. es ki niS
navda, rom Cven im sivrcis centrSi varT, sadac wyaroebi ufro iSviaTia, vidre sxva
gan. Sesabamisad, es niSnavda, rom wyaroebi warsulSi ufro mravalricxvovani iyo,
vidre amJamad. Sedegi ewinaaRmdegeba mdgrad statikur Teorias. ufro metic, mikro
talRovani gamosxivebis aRmoCena penziasisa da vilsonis mier 1965 wels miuTiTebs,
rom samya ro warsulSi ufro mkvrivi iyo vidre dRes. amitom mdgrad statikur Teo
riaze uari iTqva.
didi afeTqebisa da masTan drois dasawyisis Tavidan acilebis meore cda gaakeTes
rusma mecnierebma evgeni livSicma da isaak xalatnikovma 1963 wels. maTi mosazrebiT
didi afeTqeba aris mxolod da mxolod fridmanis modelis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba,
rac, amasTan, warmoadgens realuri samyaros mxolod garkveul miaxloebas. SesaZle
belia, rom, realuri samyaros miaxloebiT aRmweri yvela modelidan, mxolod frid
manis modelebi Seicavs didi afeTqebis singularobas. fridmanis modelebSi galaq
tikebi erTmaneTs Sordebian zustad swori xazis gaswvriv, amitom gasakviri ar aris,
rom warsulis raRac momentSi isini yvelani Tavs erT wertilSi iyridnen. realur
samyaroSi, sinamdvileSi, galaqtikebi pirdapir ki ar Sordebian erTmaneTs, aramed
maT aqvT mcire gverdiTi siCqareebic. amitom ar aris saWiro, rom isini odesRac yofi
liyvnen Tavmoyrili zustad erT wertilSi, galaqtikebi, ubralod, axlos iqnebodnen
erTmaneTTan. SesaZlebelia, rom, amJamindeli gafarToeba didi afeTqebis Sedegi ki ar
aris, aramed, ubralod, wina SekumSvis Semdgomi fazaa. samyaros SekumSvisas nawilake
839
drois mokle istoria
bi masSi Sejaxebis magivrad Cauvlian erTmaneTs da Semdeg daiwyeben erTmaneTisgan
daSorebas, rasac dRes vakvirdebiT. am SemTxvevaSi rogor SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom
samyaro didi afeTqebiT daiwyo? livSicma da xalatnikovma Seiswavles samyaros mode
lebi, romlebic miaxloebiT hgavdnen fridmanis modelebs, magram gaiTvaliswines
araregularobebi da galaqtikebis qaosuri siCqareebi realur samyaroSi. maT aCvenes,
rom aseTi modelebi SeiZleba daiwyos didi afeTqebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom galaq
tikebi erTmaneTs ar Sordebian wrfivad da acxadebdnen, rom es SesaZlebelia mxolod
zogierT gansakuTrebul modelSi, sadac galaqtikebi swori xazis gaswvriv moZrao
ben. maTi mtkicebiT, radgan arsebobs usasrulod meti fridmanis msgavsi modelebi
didi afeTqebis singularobis gareSe, vidre modelebi am singularobiT, SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom didi afeTqeba sinamdvileSi ar arsebobda. mogvianebiT, maT gaac
nobieres, rom arsebobs singularobis mqone fridmanis msgavsi modelebis gacilebiT
meti raodenoba, romlebSic galaqtikebis moZraoba SezRuduli ar aris. amitom 1970
wels maT uari Tqves Tavis modelze.
livSicisa da xalatnikovis Sroma imiT aris RirsSesaniSnavi, radgan man aCvena, rom
samyaros SeiZleba hqondes singularoba, didi afeTqeba, Tu fardobiTobis zogadi
Teoria sworia. cxadia, man ver gadawyvita ZiriTadi sakiTxi, amtkicebs Tu ara zogadi
relativizmi, rom samyaros unda hqonoda didi afeTqeba da drois dasawyisi? pasuxi am
kiTxvaze miviReT sul sxva miaxlebidan, romelic Semoitana britanelma maTematikos
ma da fizikosma rojer penrouzma 1965 wels. zogad relativizmSi sinaTlis konusis
yofaqcevisa da im faqtis gamoyenebiT, rom gravitacias mxolod miziduloba axasi
aTebs, man aCvena, rom Tavisi gravitaciis ZaliT SekumSvis dros varskvlavi CaiWireba
iseT areSi, romlis zedapiri SeiZleba Semcirdes nulamde. radgan am aris zedapiri
nulamde ikumSeba, igive unda mouvides mis moculobasac. varskvlavis nivTiereba Sei
kumSeba nulovan moculobamde, amitom materiis simkvrive da sivrcedrois simrude
usasrulo gaxdeba. sxva sityvebiT, arsebobs singularoba sivrcedrois areSi, ro
melic Savi xvrelis saxeliT aris cnobili.
erTi SexedviT, penrouzis Sedegi mxolod varskvlavebisaTvis gamoiyeneba da mas
ara aqvs kavSiri kiTxvasTan hqonda Tu ara mTlian samyaros didi afeTqeba warsul
Si? im dros, rodesac penrouzma Tavisis Teorema Camoayaliba, me doqtoranturis
studenti viyavi da gamwarebuli veZebdi Temas Cemi disertaciisTvis. ori wliT adre
damisves gafantuli sklerozis diagnozi, romelic ufro mamoZravebeli neironebis
avadmyofobiT aris cnobili da gamagebines, rom vicocxleb erTi an ori weliwadi. am
mdgomareobaSi disertaciaze muSaobis didi survili ar unda mqonoda – ar velodi,
rom amden xans vicocxlebdi. magram gaiara orma welma, Cemi mdgomareoba ki ar gaua
840
stefan houkingi
resebula. sinamdvileSi, saqmeebi sakmaod kargad mimdioda da me daviniSne SesaniSnav
gogonasTan, jein vaildTan. dasaqorwineblad mWirdeboda samuSao, xolo samuSaos
misaRebad ki Ph.D-is miReba iyo saWiro.
1965 wels wavikiTxe penrouzis Teoremis Sesaxeb, romelic amtkicebda, rom nebi
smieri sxeuli, romelic ganicdis kolafss, singularobas unda qmnides. me maSinve
mivxvdi, rom Tu penrouzis TeoremaSi dros SevabrunebT ise, rom kolafsi gadaiqces
gafarToebad, misi Teoriis pirobebi Sesrulebuli iqneba, rac didi masStabiT frid
manis modelSi SeiZleba gadavides. penrouzis Teoremam aCvena, rom yvela varskvlavi,
romelic kolafss ganicdis, unda dasruldes singularobiT. drois Sebrunebis saSu
alebiT naCvenebia, rom fridmanis magvari nebismieri modeli unda daiwyos singularo
biT. teqnikuri mizezebis gamo penrouzis Teorema moiTxovs, rom samyaro sivrculad
usasrulo iyos. ase, rom me SevZeli am faqtis gamoyeneba imis dasamtkiceblad, rom
singulaaroba arsebobs mxolod Tu samyaro ise swrafad farTovdeba, rom Semdgom ko
lafss adgili ar eqneba (radgan mxolod fridmanis aseTi modelebi aris sivrculad
usasrulo).
Semdgom ramdenime weliwadSi me ganvaviTare axali maTematikuri teqnika aseTi
teqnikuri pirobebis gamosaricxad Teoremidan, ramac daamtkica, rom singularoba
arsebobs. finaluri Sedegi Camoyalibda penrouzisa da Cems SromaSi 1970 wels, ramac
sabolood daamtkica, rom Tu zogadi relativizmi samarTliania da samyaro imden ma
terias Seicavs, rasac dRes vakvirdebiT, didi afeTqebis singularoba unda arsebob
des. Cvens naSroms didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda, gansakuTrebiT rusebisgan maTi mec
nieruli determinizmis marqsistuli rwmenis gamo da nawilobriv im pirebisgan, vinc
grZnobda, rom singularoba autanelia da afuWebs ainStainis Teoriis silamazes. amis
miuxedavad ar arsebobda maTematikuri argumentebi Cveni Teoriis winaaRmdeg da, sa
bolood, Cveni naSromi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli iqna da dRes TiTqmis yvela Tvlis,
rom samyaro didi afeTqebis singularobiT daiwyo. am situaciaSi yvelaze sasacilo
is aris, rom me Sevicvale azri da axla vcdilob davarwmuno sxva fizikosebi, rom sam
yaros dasawyisSi, sinamdvileSi, araviTari didi afeTqeba ar arsebobda. rogorc amas
qveviT davinaxavT, igi qreba Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qvantur efeqtebs.
am TavSi vnaxeT, rogor Seicvala aTaswleulebiT Camoyalibebuli adamianis war
modgena Cveni samyaros Sesaxeb naxevar saukuneze nakleb droSi. hablis aRmoCena sam
yaros gafarToebis Sesaxeb da Cveni sakuTari planetis samyaroSi yovlad umniSvnelo
rolis gacnobiereba iyo mxolod dasawyisi. rac ufro meti eqsperimentuli da Teori
uli faqtebi grovdeboda, ufro da ufro naTeli xdeboda, rom samyaros aqvs dasawyisi
droSi, sanam 1970 wels es penrouzisa da Cems mier ar damtkicda ainStainis fardo
841
drois mokle istoria
biTobis zogadi Teoriis safuZvelze. am mtkicebam aCvena, rom zogadi relativizmi
arasruli Teoriaa: mas ar SeuZlia Tqma, rogor daiwyo samyaro, radgan igi winaswarm
etyvelebs, rom yvela fizikuri Teoria, misi CaTvliT, marcxs ganicdis samyaros da
sawyisSi. miuxedavad amisa, zogadi relativizmi acxadebs pretenzias mxolod imaze,
rom igi nawilobrivi Teoriaa, xolo rogorc es singularobis Teoremam aCvena sa
myaros dasawyisSi unda yofiliyo iseTi momenti, rodesac samyaro imdenad patara
iyo, rom misi ganxilvisas SeuZlebeli xdeba mcire masStabiani efeqtebis ugulebe
lyofa, romelsac swavlobs meoce saukunis meore didi nawilobrivi Teoria _ qvan
turi meqanika. 70iani wlebis dasawyisSi Cven iZulebuli gavxdiT Semogvebrunebina
Cveni kvlevebi gansakuTrebulad didis Teoriidan gansakuTrebulad mciris Teori
isaken. es Teoria, qvanturi meqanika, aRwerili iqneba SemdgomSi, sanam SevecdebiT am
ori nawilobrivi Teo riis SeerTebas gravitaciis erTian qvantur TeoriaSi.
* * *
842
CanawerebisaTvis
843
CanawerebisaTvis
844
CanawerebisaTvis
845
CanawerebisaTvis
846
CanawerebisaTvis
847
CanawerebisaTvis
848
CanawerebisaTvis