ELITA SMART 6 T H PERIOD
El libro de la gramática
Table of contents
1. ser vs estar2. Nacionalidades 3. All stemchangers 4. Para + para expressions5. IOP+DOP 6. Object pronoun replacement7. Affirmative/ negative words8. Verbs like gustar9. -ísimos(expressing extremes)
Refranes
Soy quien soy. Barriguita llena, corazón contento.
A buena hambre no hay mal pan. No se hacen tortillas sin romper huevos.
Escoba nueva barre bien.A quien madruga Dios le ayuda.Los muertos no hablan ni hacen ruidos.
Ponte las pilas! Escoba nueva barre bien. Mi casa es su casa.
Ser vs. estar
Ser-cómo eres? Description Ocupation Characteristics Time Origin Relationships Estar-cómo estás? Location Condition
Soy somos
eres sois
es son
estoy estamos
estás estáis
está están
nacionalidades
preterite
-ar
-er
-ir
A definite time in the past Has a beginning and/or ending Trigger words
é amos
Aste asteis
ó Aron
í imos
Iste isteis
ió Ieron
í imos
iste isteis
ió ieron
All stemchangers -E-iecerrar to closecomenzar to begindespertarse to wake upempezar to beginentender to understandpensar to think aboutperder to losepreferir to preferquerer to wantrecomendar to
recommend O-uealmorzar to have lunchcontar to countcostar to costdevolver to return (something)dormirse to sleepencontrar to findllover to rainpoder to be able recordar to remember
Acostarse to lay down/ go to bedE-Iconseguir to getrepetir to repeatseguir to followservir to servePedir to ask
Para + para expressions
It is like the endpoint or goal
PurposeTrabaja para ganar dinero.(works in order to earn money)
RecipientEl pastel es para mi madre.(the cake is for my mother)
OpinionLos estudiantes son el futuro para la profesora.(the students are the future accroding to the teacher)
DestinationSalgo para Chile esta noche.(I leave for Chile tonight)
DeadlineEsta tarea es para mañana.(the homework is for tommorow)
StandardEsta es deliciosa para una hamburguesa barata.(this is delicious for a cheap hamburger)
IOP + DOP
Iop to whom or for whomEx. Me compró una rosa a mi.(he brought a rose for me)
DopReceives the action of a verbEx. Los niños muchos libros.(the boys read lots of books)
Me nos
Te Os
le Les
Me nos
Te Os
Lo,la Los,las
Object pronoun placement
Can attach to an infinitveVoy a comerlo can precede a conjugated verbLo voy a comer attach to a gerund/ present progressive *add accent to 3rd syllable to the
last(antepenultima)Estoy comiéndalo Attach to a (affirmative) command!cómelo!!no lo comas!
Affirmative/ negative words
Affirmative Algo: something Alguien: someoneAlguno/a: someCon: with También: alsoSiempre: alwaysTodavía: still,yet Alguien está en el cuarto de baño.Va de pollo con papas fritas.Fue al parque y también a la tienda.
NegativeNada: nothingNadie: no oneNinguno/a: none/not anySin:forTampoco: neither, eitherNunca: neverYa: already , nowNi….ni: neither….norNunca estudio el francés.Nadie estudia el francés.Ni estudia el francés ni el alemán.
Verbs like gustar
costar to costencantar to delightfaltar to be lackingSingular:
Plural:
Other verbs like gustaraburrir to bore fascinar to be fascinating to bastar to be sufficient importar to be important to caer bien (mal) to (not) suit interesar to be interesting to dar asco to be loathsome molestar to be a bother disgustar to hate something parecer to appear to be doler (o:ue) to be painful picar to itch encantar to "love" something quedar to be left over, remain volver (o:ue) loco to be crazy about
Me gusta
Nos gusta
Te gusta Os gusta
Le gusta Les gusta
Me gustan
Nos gustan
Te gustan Os gustan
Le gustan Les gustan
-ísimos(expressing extremes)
Adjectives can express extremes by dropping the final vowel and add the ending -ísimo(a).
It still must agree within the gender, number, and the noun it is describing.
Los postres son buenísimos.(the desserts are really good)
El maestro es malísimo.( the teacher is very bad)
La película es tristísima.( the movie is extremey sad)
IOP+DOP+SE
When you have an IO and DO in the same sentence, the IO comes first.Ellos me los dan.IO: meDO: los
Ella te la vende.IO: teDO: la Indirect Proouns: me,te,le,nos,os,lesDirect Pronouns: me,te,lo,la,nos,os,lo,las
The doer is the reciever.Me lavo:I wash myselfTe lavas: you washSe lava: he washes(himself) she washes(herself) you wash(yourslef) formalNos lavamos: we wash(ourselves)Os laváis: you all wash(yourselves)Se lavan:ellos/ellas-they wash (themselves) ustedes- you all wash(yourselves) formal
Reflexive Verbs
They are used when the subject is also doing the action.Acostarse(ue)AfeitarseBañarseDespertarse(e-ie)Dormirse(o-ue)DucharseLavarseLevantarsePeinarsesecarse
We wake up- nos despertamos
I fall asleep- me duermo
They go to bed- se acuestan
She shower- se ducha
You (informal) comb your hair- te peinas el pelo
Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se
Tú commands(affirmitave+irregulars/negative+irregulars
Regular affirmative commandsUse to give directions or commands.-ara, -er&-ire
Irregular affirmative commands
Negative commandsUse when telling someone what not to do-ares, -er&-iras
Negative irregular commandsTake the YO present form of the verb and replace the –o.
Lavar
To wash Lava la ropa
Wash the clothes
Beber To drink Bebe el limonada
Drink your lemonade
comer
To eat Come el almuerzo
Eat your lunch
Hacer To do Haz la tarea
Do your homework
Poner To put on Pon la mesa Set the table
Ser To be Sé trabajador
Be hardworking
Tener To have Ten el toalla
Have the towel
Decir To say Di algo Say something
Ir To go Ir a la tienda
Go to the store
Salir de To leave from
Sal a casa Leave the house
venir To come Ven conmigo
Come with me
Lavar To wash No laves los platos
Don’t wash the dishes
Hablar
To speak No hables con Mark
Don’t talk with Mark
usar To use No uses mi secador de pelo
Don’t use my hairdryer
decir To tell Yo digo No digas nada Don’t say anything
Hacer To do Yo hago No hagas la cama
Don’t do the bed
Poner To set Yo pongo No pongas la mesa
Don’t set the table
Tener To have
Yo tengo No tengas el dinero
Don’t have the money
venir To come
Yo vengo No vengas a la fiesta
Don’t come to the party
Adverbs
Add the –mente endingBastante:quiteDemasiado:tooMal:badlyMuch: a lotMuy:veryNunca:neverPeor:worsePoco:littleSiempre:always
Irregular adverbs
Form an adverb by using the
preposition con+the singular form of the nounCuidadoso(carefully) cuidadosamente or con cuidadoPerfecto(perfectly) perfectamente or con perfeccíon
Juan trbaja lenta y cuidadosamente.(Juan works slowly and carefully)El autor escribío y fácilmente.(The author wrote quickly and easily)
Mucho
Muy
Mal
bastante
bien
Ya
Tan
demasiado
Nunca
Peor
Poco
siempre
Past particples as adjectives
Drop the –ar ending and put –ado Drop the –er/-ir ending and put ido Make sure the ending matches with the subject of the sentence
Hablar habladoComer comidoVivir vivido
La puerta está cerrada.Los restaurantes están abiertos.
Present progressive+irregulars
the present progressive is formed by combining the verb “to be” with the present participle.
Change –ar verbs into –ando Change –er/-ir verbs into iendo comer comiendoJuan está comiendo.
Hablar hablandoEstoy hablando.
Sometimes you might have to
change the spelling if a word. If two or more vowels are next to each other, you change the ending into –yendo.
Leer leyendoEllas están leyendo la Biblia.
Modal verbs
Modal verbs are helping verbs that is used to express ability, possibility, permission, or obligation. They express the same things as modals but are a combination of helping and the preposition too.
Ir+a+infinitve( to go)
poder+infinitve(to be able to)
Querer+infinitve(to want)
Deber+infinitive(should)
Tener que+infinitve(to have to)
Necesitar+infinitve(to need)
Works Cited
"spanishdictionarygrammer." Spanish Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. <http://www.spanishdict.com/>.
"spanishgrammer." Study Spanish. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. <http://studyspanish.com/>.
Linares, Senora. "Conceptos Gramaticales." 15 Oct. 2015. Lecture.