8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
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a
UNIVSC
Calicut U
Icf ]T\w
yImetIcf
Complementary
Course for
II SEMESTER
BA MALAYALAM
(CUCBCSS)
(2014 Admission)
RSITY OF CALIOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIO
iversity P.O. Malappuram, Kerala, India
1006
UT N
673 635
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
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School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 2
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
STUDY MATERIAL
II Semester
Complementary Course for
BA – MALAYALAM
tIcf ]T\wþa[yImetIcfwX¿mdm¡nbXv
A\q]v BâWnAkn. s{]m^kÀaebmfw hn`mKwae_mÀ {InkvXy³ tImtfPv tImgnt¡mSvLayout: Computer Section, SDE
©
Reserved
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
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School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 3
tamUyqÄ þ1
hnhn[ aX§Ä þ CÉmw, {InkvXpaXwþ{ioi¦c\pw AssZzXhpwþ
_p²þssP\þaX§fpsS XIÀ¨þ {_mÒWm[n]Xyw.
tamUyqÄ þ2
\mSphmgnIfpsS DbÀ¨bpw hfÀ¨bpwþtIme¯p\mSvþsIm¨nþthWmSv þ tImgn
t¡mSv, Adbv¡Â cmPhwi§Ä, IqSnbm«w, IYIfn, XpÅÂþ
`àn{]Øm\wþsNdptÈcnþFgp¯Ñ³þ]q´m\wþAd_naebmfwþaplnbp±o³ame þ
Ipªmbn³ apkveymÀ.tamUyqÄ þ3
]m«pw aWn{] hmfhpw, tIc fob t£{XIeI fpsS BhnÀ`mhw, Iq¯v.
tamUyqÄ þ4
PmXn hyhØbpw tIcfkaqlhpwþa®mt¸Sn, ]pet¸SnþAbn¯wþ
Ifcn, A¦w, s]mbv̄ vþhS¡³ ]m«pIÄþ DÕhmtLmj§ÄþHmWwþhnjp
amam¦wþtchXn ]«¯m\w.
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School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 4
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
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School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 5
tamUyqÄ þ1
I¨hS¯n\p h¶htcmsSm¸w {]Ncn¨Xpw a\x]qÀÆambn {]Ncn¸n¨Xpamb aX§Ä tIcf¯n BZyImew apXte thtcmSnbncp¶p. ChnsSbpÅ
cmPm¡·mÀ ]peÀ¯nt¸m¶ aXklnjvWpXbpw hnhn[ aX§fpsS {]Nmc¯n\v B¡w Iq«nbn«p-v. BbXn\mÂXs¶ _p²aXw, ssP\aXw, {InkvXpaXw, blqZaXw,CÉmwaXw XpS§nb aX§Ä AXnsâ DÛhImew apXÂXs¶ tIcf¯n {]Ncn¨p.
CÉmwaXw
Ggmw \qäm-nsâ BZy]mZ¯nÂ, Atd_ybn {]hmNI\mb apl½Zv Xsât{ijvTamb ktµiw P\§Ä¡p \ÂIns¡m-ncp¶ Ime¯pXs¶ hym]mcmÀ°wZ£ntW´ybpsS ]Snªmtd Xoc¯v F¯nbncp¶ Ad_nIÄ AXnhnsS F¯n¨pF¶v ae_mÀ am\zen temK³ Nq-n¡mWn¡p¶p. Cu Ad_nIÄ \m«pImcmbkv{XoIsf hnhmlw sNbvXv ae_mÀ Xoc§fn IpSn]mÀ¡pIbpw AXphgn
am¸nfamcpsS Hcp k¦ckapZmb¯n\v ASn¯d ]mIpIbpw sNbvXXmbn _p¡m\³\nco£n¡p¶p-v. HSphnes¯ tNcN{IhÀ¯nbmb tNcam³ s]cpamÄ CÉmw aXwkzoIcn¨v a¡bnte¡v t]msb¶pw AXns\XpSÀ¶mWv CÉmw aXw tIcf¯nÂ{]Ncn¨sX¶pw Hcp sFXnlyw \nehnep-v. CÉmw aXw {]Ncņ n¡m³ amenIv C_v³Zo\mcpw IpSpw_hpw tIcf¯n hcnIbp-msb¶papÅ IYbpw {]NmcW¯nep-v.AhÀ BZys¯ apÉow]Ån sImSp§Ãqcn Øm]n¨p. AXv tNcam³ PpamakvPnZv F¶ t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶p. XpSÀ¶v sImÃw, amSmbn, ImkÀtImSv,{ioIWvT]pcw, [À½]«Ww, ]´emb\n, Nmenbw F¶nhnS§fn ]ÅnIÄ Øm]n¨p.
tIcf¯nse cmPm¡·mÀ A\phÀ¯n¨ aXklnjvWpX apÉow kapZmb¯nsâ {]m_ey¯n\pw {]Nmc¯n\pw klmbIambn. tImgnt¡ms« kmaqXncnamÀC¯c¯n {]m[m\yw AÀln¡p¶p. kmaqXncnbpsS \mhnI¸SbmfnIÄ apÉo§fmbncp¶p. AXpt]mse amam¦ n̄\v kmaqXncn \ne]mSp Xdbn Fgps¶Åpt¼mÄIqsS \n¡m\pÅ AhImiw D-mbncp¶Xv tImgnt¡ms« tImbbv¡mbncp¶p.
]Xn\mdmw iXI¯nsâ Bcw`w apX ]mÝmXyiànIfpsS hcthmsSapÉo§Ä¡v ]eXc¯nepÅ IjvS\jvS§fpw A\p`hnt¡-nh¶p. Ime{ItaWkap{ZhmWnPy n̄ Ad_nIÄ¡p-mbncp¶ B[n]Xyw \jvSambn. F¶mÂsslZcmenbpsSbpw Sn¸phnsâbpw Ime¯v ZpcnX§Ä¡v Ipds¨mcp Bizmkap-mbn.F¶m ae_mÀ Iem]hpw {_n«ojpImcpsS at\m`mhhpw apÉo§fpsS ZpcnXwhÀ²n¸n p̈. ]n¶oSv kapZmb¯nsâ km¼¯nIþ kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob ]ptcmKXn
e£yam¡nbpÅ \nch[n {]Øm\§fpsSbpw kwLS\IfpsSbpw {]hÀ¯\^eambnapÉowkapZmbw ]ptcmKXnbpsS ]mXbn F¯s¸«p.
{InkvXpaXw
{InkvXpaXw bqtdm¸n HutZymKnIambn AwKoIcn¡s¸SpItbm tdmanseaXambn {]XnjvT t\SpItbm sN¿p¶Xn\p aq¶p ]Xnäm-pap¼v F.Un. H¶mw iXI¯n¯s¶ tIcf¯n {]Ncn ņ¡s¸«p. {InkvXpinjy\mb skâv.tXmakv F.Un.52þ sImSp§Ãqcn h¶psh¶pw {_mÒWcS¡apÅhsc aX]cnhÀ¯\wsN¿n¨psh¶pw IW¡m¡p¶p. amenb¦c, ]menbqÀ, tIm«¡mhv, sIm¡awKew,sImÃw, \ncWw, \nebv¡Â F¶nhnS§fnembn Ggp ]ÅnIÄ Øm]n̈ psh¶pamWv
sFXnlyw. F¶m Ncn{XImc·mÀ _lp`qcn]£hpw Cu sFXnlywAwKoIcn¡p¶nÃ.
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
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School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 6
F.Un. 68þ sImSp§Ãqcn h¶ PqX·mcpsS hnhc§fn sImSp§Ãqcnse
ss{IkvXh kapZmbs¯¡pdn¨v ]cmaÀin¡p¶p-v. F.Un. c-mw \qäm-n tIcfwkµÀin¨ AeIvkm³{Unb³ hnZymebm²y£\mb ]m´tb\kv A¶v tIcf¯nÂ
{]_eamb Hcp {InkvXy³ kapZmbs¯ I-Xmbn {]kvXmhn¨n«p-v. G.Un. 325þÂ\nknbmbn h¨pIqSnb kmÀhtZiob ss{IkvXh kt½f\¯n C´ybpsS
sa{Xmt]meo¯bpw ]s¦Sp̄ ncp¶p. G.Un. 345 Im\mbn sXm½³ F¶I¨hS{]amWnbpsS t\XrXz¯n 400 {InkvXym\nIfS§nb Hcp kwLw kndnb¡mÀ
tIcf¯nse¯n. AhcpsS ]n³KmanIsf Iv\m\mb {InkvXym\nIÄ F¶p
hnfn¨phcp¶p.
ChnsSsb¯nb {InkvXym\nIÄ hmWnPycwK¯v {]mamWyw t\SpIbpw
cmPm¡·mcpambpÅ kulrZ¯nsâ ^eambn Ht«sd B\pIqey§fpwhntijm[nImc§fpw ssI¸äpIbpw sNbvXp. c-mw tNckm{amPyIme¯v
ØmWpchn N{IhÀ¯nbpsS `cWkab¯v thWm«nse A¿\SnIÄ XncphSnIÄ Na¨ Xcnkm¸Ån sNt¸mSv, sImÃs¯ {InkvXym\nIÄ¡v H«\h[n AhImi§Ä
\ÂIns¡m-v D-mbXmWv. 13þmw \qäm-nse hoccmLh]«bw A\pkcn v̈ hoccmLh N{IhÀ¯n atlmZb]pcs¯ CchntImÀ¯³ F¶
{InkvXy³ hym]mcn¡v Ht«sd Øm\am\§Ä¡p ]pdsa aWn{Kmaw F¶ aWnIv
kwL¯nsâ \mbI]Zhnbpw A\phZn̈ psImSp̄ ncp¶Xmbn ImWmw.
kpdnbm\n `mjbnepÅ IpÀºm\bmWv tIcfob {InkvXym\nIÄ¡n
Sbn BZyImew apXte {]Nmc¯nencp¶Xv. BbXn\m tIcf¯nse BZys¯{InkvXym\nIsf kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIÄ F¶p hnfn¨pt]m¶p. BZyIme¯v
t]Àjy³ ss{IkvXh k`bpsS Bßob t\XrXz¯nembncp¶p tIcf ss{IkvXhk`.BbXn\mÂXs¶ AhcpsS Bcm[\m`mjbmb kpdnbm\n ChnsS
Bcm[\m`mjbmbn {]Ncn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. F¶m a[yIme v̄ sImÃs¯¯nbe¯o³ {InkvXy³ anj\dnamÀ tIcf¯n Bcm[\bv¡v BZyambn e¯o³ `mj
\S¸nem¡n. t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS hchpw 1599þ D-mb DZbwt]cqÀ kp\ltZmkpw
tIcfk`sb e¯o³ k`bm¡p¶Xn {][m\ ]¦phln̈ p. XpSÀ¶v tIcf¯nse{InkvXym\nIfpsS Hcp hn`mKw t]m¸nsâ A[nImc¯n³ Iognembn. F¶mÂ
adphn`mKw X§fpsS kpdnbm\n ]mc¼cy¯n Dd¨p\n¡m³ Xocpam\n¨p. 1653Â
a«mt©cnbn \S¶ Iq\³ IpcnipkXyw CXnsâ ]cnWXnbmWv.
19þmw iXI¯nsâ Bcw`¯n Cw¥ojpImÀ tIcf¯n {]XnjvTt\SnbtXmSpIqSn sX¡³ tIcf¯n FÂ.Fw.Fkpw. a²ytIcf¯nÂ
kn.Fw.Fkv.Dw hS¡³ tIcf¯n _n.C.Fw.Fkv.Dw anjWdn {]hÀ¯\w \S¯n.ChcpsS {]hÀ¯\^eambn cq]w sIm- k` kzmX{´ym\´cw kn.Fkv.sF. k`
F¶ t]cnednbs¸«p. anj\dnamcpsS {]hÀ¯\^eambn tIcfob kpdnbm\n
{InkvXym\nIÄ¡nSbn \n¶v ]ptcmKa\mib¡mÀ thÀ]ncnªp. X§fpsS]mc¼cyw ssIhnSmsX amä§sf DÄs¡m-v AhÀ cq]w sImSp¯ k`bmWv
amÀt¯mam k`. XpSÀ¶t§m«v ]ehn[ ImcW§
fm AkwJyw ss{IkvXh k`IÄ D-mbn«p-v. tIcf¯nsâ kmaqlnI,
km¼¯nI cwK¯pam{Xaà kmwkvImcnI taJebnepw ss{IkvXhÀ ap{Z]Xn¸n¨Xnsâ DZmlcW§fmWv amÀKw Ifnbpw Nhn«p\mSIhpw.
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School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 7
{io i¦c\pw AssZzXhpw
`mcXob ZmÀi\nI ]mc¼cy¯nsâ kapPzeamXrIbpw thZm´ ]²XnbpsS
]camNmcy\pambncp¶p {ioi¦c³. At±l¯nsâ PohnXImew F.Un. 788þ820
BsW¶p IW¡m¡p¶p. ImeSnbn P\n¨ At±lw \ÀaZm Xocs¯¯nKuU]mZcpsS injy\mb tKmhnµ]mZsc Kpcphmbn hcn¨p. At±l¯n \n¶v
A[ymßhntZym]tZiw {Kln¨ i¦c³ Iminbnse¯n. {_Òkq{Xw, D]\nj¯p¡Ä,
`KhXvKoX F¶nhbv¡p `mjysagpXn. kpZoÀLamb hmZ{]XnhmZ§Ä¡mbn `mcXw
apgph\pw Npän k©cn¨p. ZnKznPb¯n\nSbv¡vv sX¡v irwtKcnbn imcZm]oThpw,Ing¡v ]pcnbn tKmhÀ[\]oThpw, ]Snªmdp ZzmcIbn Imfo]oThpw, hS¡v
_Zco\mYn tPymXnÀ]oThpw, Im©o]pc¯v ImatImSn]oThpw Øm]n¨p. XpSÀ¶v
kÀÆÚ]oTw Ibdn.
i¦csâ IrXnIfn hnthINqUmaWn, kuµcyelcn, inhm\µelcn F¶nh
IqSmsX lnµpaX¯nse {]Øm\{Xb§Ä F¶p hntijn¸n¡p¶ {_Òkq{X`mjyw,D]\njZv `mjyw, `KhXv KoXm`mjyw F¶nhbpw DÄs¸Sp¶p. ]ß]mZÀ, kptcizc³,
lkvXmaeI³, tXmSI³ F¶nhÀ i¦cmNmcycpsS injyKW¯nse {][m\nIfmWv.
bpàncmlnXy¯nÂs]«pt]mb lnµpaXs¯ AXnÂ\n¶p tamNn¸n¡p
Ibpw AssZzXthZm´ ]²XnbpsS {]mamWnIX Dd¸n¨psImSp¡pIbpw sNbvXp
F¶XmWv i¦cmNmcycpsS Gähpw {][m\ kw`mh\. aoamwkIÀ, kmwJoÀ, imàÀ,Im]menIÀ, ssP\À, _u²À XpS§n `mcX¯nep-mbncp¶ kakvXaXhmZnIsfbpw
i¦mcmNmcyÀ hmZ{]XnhmZ¯n tXm¸n̈ p.
“{_ÒkXyw PK·nYy
Pothm {_ssÒh\m]c:” þ
F¶XmWv i¦cZÀi\¯nsâ ]caamb s]mcpÄ. \ne\n¶ncp¶ IÀ½`àn amÀ¤¯n\v
]Icambn AssZzXZÀi\w Bhnjv¡cn¨p. D]\nj¯p¡fpsS ]ctam¶X ]Zhn
Øm]ns¨Sp¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
Bkv XnI aX¯nsâ c£bv ¡pw sI«pd¸n\pw th-n `mcX n̄sâ \mep
Zn¡pIfnembn k¶ymknaT§Ä Øm]n¨p. CXneqsS At±lw GI`mcX
k¦ev]w hn`mh\w sNbvXp. CXv ]n¶oSv tZiob sFIy¯n\v KpWIcambn `hn¨p.
A\pjvTm\]camb t£{Xmcm[\m k{¼Zmbw ]cnjvIcn¡p¶ Imcy¯nepw At±lw Xsâ {i² ]Xn¸n¨p. C{]Imcw lnµpaX¯nsâ {]XnjvTm\w
icnbmb hn[¯n \nÀÆln¡s¸«Xv i¦cmNmcycpsS {]bXv\^eambmWv.
_p²aXw
AtimIsâ `cWImeamb _n.kn. aq¶mw iXI¯n¯s¶ _p²aXw
tIcf¯n F¯nbXmbn IW¡m¡mw. tIcf¯nse _p²aXs¯¸än Adnhp Xcp¶
Gähpw {]mNo\amb tcJ AtimIsâ c-mw \¼À imk\w F¶dnbs¸Sp¶KnÀWmÀ imk\amWv. AXn tIcf]p{X (tIcfw) n̄ a\pjyÀ¡pw arK§Ä¡pw
th-n BXpcmeb§Ä \nÀ½n¨Xmbn ]dªncn¡p¶p. _p² tZhmeb§sf ‘]Ån’
F¶mWp hyhlcn¨ncp¶Xv . Nne¸XnImcw FgpXnb Cft¦mhSnIÄ Hcp _p²
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School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 8
k¶ymknbmbncp¶p. _p²aXX¯z§sfbpw AXnsâ alXzs¯bpw {]IoÀ¯n¡p¶
ImhyamWv ‘aWntaJe’. ‘AactImiw’ F¶ kwkvIrX tImi{KÙ¯nsâ
IÀ¯mhmb Aacknwl³ _p²aX¡mc\mbncp¶p. tIcf IS¯oc¯p
{ioaqehmksa¶ t]cn `mcXsa§pw {]kn²amb Hcp _p² hnlmcap-mbncp¶p.CXp ISÂt£m` n̄Âs¸«p \in¨pt]mbn. Abv cmPmhmb hn{IamZnXyhcKpWsâ]menbw imk\w C¡mcy¯n hyàamb sXfnhv \ÂIp¶p-v. D¯ctIcf¯nepw
_p²aXw {]Nmc¯nencp¶p. hf]«W¯n\Sp¯pÅ ]Ån¡p¶nepw
Ggnaebv¡Sp¯pÅ amSmbnbnepw _p²hnlmc§fp-mbncp¶p F¶Xn\v
k©mcnIfpsS Ipdn¸pIÄ km£yw \n¡p¶p.
{]Jym]nX e£y§fn \n¶v hyXnNen¡m³ XpS§nbXnsâbpw
i¦cmNmcycpsS t\XrXz¯n lnµpaXw DbnÀs¯gpt¶äXnsâbpw ^eambn_p²aXw £tbm·pJambn. ]{´-mw iXIambt¸mtg¡pw _p²aXw
\mamhtijamIp¶XmWv ImWm\mhpI. F¶m tIcf¯nsâ kmwkvImcnI`qanIbn _p²aX¯nsâ kw`mh\IÄ hfsc hepXmWv. t£t{XmÕh
hpambn _Ôs¸« sI«pImgvNIfpw ctYmÕh§fpw B\sbgp¶Å¯pIfpw
_p²aXhpambn _Ôs¸«ncn¡p¶p. amthen¡c, sN«n¡pf§c, \oewt]cqÀ
`mK§fnepÅ sI«pImgvNIÄ CXn\p sXfnhmWv. imkvXmhv AYhm A¿¸³
lnµptZh\m¡s¸« _p²\msW¶pw i_cnaebnse A¿¸t£{X¯nte¡pÅ XoÀ°mS\¯n _p²aXmNmc§fmWv ap¶n«p \n¡p¶sX¶pw ]ÞnX·mÀ
A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p-v. imkvXmt£{X§Ä _p²hnlmc§fptSXpt]mse h\m´À`mK
¯mWv ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv F¶pÅXpw imkvXmhn{Kl¯n\pw _p²hn{Kl¯n\pw
X½n Ccp¸nepw, cq]¯nepw kmayaps-¶pÅXpw {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶hkvXpXIfmWv. tIcf¯n {]_eamb \mKmcm[\bpsS Bcw`hpw _p²aX n̄Â
\n¶mWv. _p²aX n̄sâ kzm[o\ iàn {]ISamIp¶ {]_eamb Hcp taJebmWv
BbpÀthZNnInÕ. _u²]ÞnX\mb hmKv`Ssâ ‘AjvTmwKlrZbw’ F¶
BbpÀthZ {KÙ¯n\v tIcf¯nepÅ {]Nmcw CXn\p sXfnhmWv. Xncphngm
inht£{X n̄epw XIgn imkvXmt£{X n̄epw \ÂInhcp¶ NnInÕ
_p²hnlmc§Ä \S¯nh¶ BXpc ip{iqjbpsS XpSÀ¨bmbncn¡Ww._p²k¶ymknamÀ _p² hnlmc§tfmSp tNÀ¶v ]mTimeIÄ Øm]n¨p. ]n¶oSv
lnµpaXw Cu k{¼Zmbw A\pIcn¡pIbmWv D-mbXv. ]mÀ°nh]pcwimebpw
Im´fqÀ imebpsaÃmw DÛhn¡p¶Xv Cusbmcp ]Ým¯e¯nemWv.
tIcfkwkvImc¯n _p²aXw sNep n̄b kzm[o\ iàn kam\X
IfnÃmsX C¶pw \ne\n¡p¶p.
ssP\aXw
ssP\aXw tIcf¯n {]thin¨Xv _n.kn. aq¶mw iXI¯n
embncn¡msa¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶p. aucyN{IhÀ¯nbmb N{µKp]vX aucy\pw `{Z_mlp
F¶ ssP\ k¶ymknbpw {imhWs_ÂtKmfbn h¶ncp¶p F¶v A\pam\n¡p¶p.CtX XpSÀ¶mWv tIcfapÄs¸sSbpÅ Z£ntW´y³ kwØm\§fn ssP\aXw
{]Ncn¨Xv. ChcpsS A\pbmbnIÄ aX{]NcW¯nsâ t\XrXzw GsäSp¡pIbmbncp¶p.`cWm[nImcnIfpsS t{]mÕml\w AhcpsS DZyas¯ Ffp¸apÅXm¡n amän. Bbv
cmPmhmb hn{IamZnXyhcKpW³ Xncp¨mcW¯v ssP\aX tI{µ¯nte¡v Ht«sd
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School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 9
hkvXp¡Ä Zm\w sN¿p¶Xns\ ]cmaÀin¡p¶ imk\w CXn\p sXfnhmWv.
Nne¸XnImc IÀ¯mhmb Cft¦mASnIÄ ssP\aX¡mc\mbncp¶p. At±l¯nsâBØm\amb Xr¡WmaXneIw ssP\ tI{µsa¶ \nebn {]kn²n t\Sn.
{]mNo\ tIcf n̄ \ne\n¶ncp¶ ]essP\t£{X§fpw ]n¡me¯v lnµpt£{X§fmbn ]cnWan n̈«p-v. Ccn§me¡pSbnse IqSÂamWnIy t£{Xw Hcp
Ime v̄ ssP\ t£{Xambncp¶p F¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶p. `ctXizc³ F¶ ZnKw_c
ssP\\mWv ]n¶oSv `cX\m¡s¸«Xv F¶mWv ]ÞnXaXw. s]cp¼mhqcn\Sp¯v IÃnÂF¶ Øes¯ Kplm\nÀ½nXamb ssP\ t£{Xw C¶v `KhXn t£{Xambn
¡cpXnhcp¶p. t£{X¯n ]mÀiz\mYsâbpw almhocXoÀ°¦csâbpw ]XvamhXo
tZhnbptSbpw {]XnaIÄ ImWmw. Hcp Ime v̄ CXv ssP\ t£{Xambncp¶p F¶
\nKa\¯ntes¡¯p¶Xn\v Cu sXfnhpIÄ Dt]mZv_eI§fmWv. I\ymIpamcnbnseXncp¨mcW¯p `KhXnt£{Xhpw ]-v ssP\aX tI{µambncp¶p F¶v a\knem¡mw.
]mÀiz\mYsâbpw ]ßmhXo tZhnbpsSbpw almhoctâbpw {]XnaIÄ Ct¸mgpwAhnsS ImWmw. \mKÀtImhnense \mKcmPmt£{Xw 16þmw iXIw hsc ssP\
t£{Xambncp¶p. thWm«pcmPmhmb `qXehoc DZbamÀ¯mÞ³ Cu t£{X¯n\v hkvXphIIÄ Zm\w sNbvXXn\v sXfnhp-v. hb\m«nse am\´hmSn, kp¯m³
_t¯cn, FSbv¡Â F¶o {]tZi§Ä ssP\ tI{µ§fmbncp¶Xmbn hneyw temK³
ae_mÀ am\zen ]dbp¶p-v. ]me¡mSv SuWnepÅ ssP\taSv ssP\cpsS Hcp{][m\ tI{µambncp¶p.
ae_mdnse t£{X§fpsSbpw apÉow ]ÅnIfpsSbpw hmkvXpinev]¯n ssP\aX kwkvImc¯nsâ Nne ASbmf§Ä ZÀin¡mw. F.Un. 8þmw
iXI¯n ssihþsshjvWhaX§Ä iàn {]m]n¨tXmSpIqSn tIcf¯nÂssP\aXw £bn¡m³ XpS§n. F¦nepw 16þmw \qäm-phsc AXp \ne\n¡p
Ibpw B \qämt-msS \mamhtijamhpIbpamWv D-mbXv.
{_mÒWm[n]Xyw
sshZnI {_mÒWÀ tIcf¯nse¯nbXv F.Un. 8þmw iXI¯nsâ
BZyhÀj§fn Xpfp\m«n \n¶v IS¯ocw hgnbmsW¶v hneyw temK³
A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p-v. F¶m _n.kn.bn Xs¶ sXt¡ C´ybn Bcym[n\nthiw
Bcw`n¨p Ignªncp¶p. {InkvXphÀj¯nsâ BZyiXI§fn Bcy·mcpsSkzm[o\iàn tIcfob kmaqlyPohnX¯n {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶p F¶Xn\v
kwLkmlnXy¯n sXfnhpIfpap-v. tNccmPm¡·mcpsS t\XrXz¯nÂ
{_mÒW]ptcmlnX·mÀ thZhn[n{]ImcapÅ bmKm[n IÀ½§Ä A\pjvTn¨ncp¶p.H¶mw tNc km{amPy¯nsâ XIÀ¨bv¡ptijw tIcf¯n Bcym[n\nthiw
XzcnXs¸«p. F.Un. 8þmw iXI¯n shfnbn \n¶v Hcp henb kwLw {_mÒWÀ
h¶ptNcpIbpw t\ct¯Xs¶ ChnsSbp-mbncp¶ {_mÒWyiàn¡v Icp¯phÀ²n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ChtcmsSm¸ap-mbncp¶ `S·mÀ ChnSs¯ _p²k¶ymkn
amcpambn hmZ{]XnhmZ¯nteÀs¸SpIbpw Ahsc ]cmPbs¸Sp¯n {_mÒWy¯nsâ
{]mamWyw Øm]n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. `àn{]Øm\hpw i¦mcmNmcycpsS ZnKvhnPbhpwBcyh¡cWw AXnsâ ]qÀ®Xbnse¯n¨p.
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
10/27
School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 10
C¯cw {]hÀ¯\§fpsS ^eambn tIcfobþkmaqlnI kwhn[m
\¯n amä§Ä D-mbn. IÀ¡iaÃmXncp¶ PmXn hyhØ {_mÒWm[n\nthiw \o¡pt]m¡nÃm¯Xm¡n ōÀ¯p. tIhew {ZmhnU \mSphmgnIfm
bncp¶ ChnSps¯ `cWm[nImcnIsf £{Xnb hÀ¤ambn DbÀ¯pIbpw ]W¡mcmbI¨hS¡msc hWnIÀ hn`mKam¡n amäpIbpw sN¿pI hgn NmXpÀhÀWy¯nsâ
{]amW§Ä kaqlKm{X¯n _p²n]qÀÆw XncpInIbäpIbmWv sNbvXXv.kwLIme¯nsâ Ahkm\amIpt¼mÄ {_mÒWkwc£Ww cmPm¡·mcpsS
al¯mb [À½ambn amdp¶Xp ImWmw. kwLIme¯nsâ ]pÀÆL«¯nÂ
kapZmb¯nsâ D¶X]Zhnembncp¶ ]mW³, thSÀ, IpdhÀ XpS§nb A[zm\n¡p¶hÀ¤¡mÀ Xmgv¶ hǹ mKambn (IotgmÀ) amän \nÀ¯s¸«p. imcocnIm[zm\w
BhiyapÅ {]hr¯nIfn GÀs¸«ncp¶hsc kaql¯nsâ Gähpw Xmgv¶
]SnbnepÅhcmbn«mWv KWn¨ncp¶Xv.
NmXpÀhÀ®y¯n Gähpw Xmsgbmbnt¸mbhÀ¡pw kv{XoIÄ¡pwhnZym`ymkw \njn²ambncp¶p. P\§fpsS `£Wioe§fnepw hyXnbm\w hcp n̄.
amwkw `£n¡p¶Xv kmaqlnIamb Hc]IÀjambn Iev ]n p̈. HcmfpsS kmaqlyamb]Zhn \nÀ®bn¡s¸SpI AbmfpsS sXmgnensâ ASnØm\¯n
embncn¡pw F¶ \ne kwPmXambn. BcyaX {]NmcIÀ _p²þssP\ aX§sf
FXnÀ¯p. _p² hnlmc§fpw _p² hn{Kl§fpw XIÀ¡s¸«p. lnµpaXw{]Ncņ n¡m³ AkwJyw t£{X§Ä \nÀ½n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ]e _p²
hnlmc§fpw sslµh Bcm[\meb§fmbn amdn. BtcyXcamb tZhXIfpw
BNmc§fpw {]ikvXnbpsSbpw {]Nmc¯nsâbpw am\ZÞ§Ä sh¨psIm-v
Bcyh¡cW¯n\v hnt[bambn. sImässh F¶ {ZmhnUtZhX `KhXn BIp¶Xpwimkv Xmhv lcnlc]p{X³ BIp¶Xpw Cusbmcp ]Ým¯e¯nemWv .
C{]Imcw Bcy·mÀ {ZmhnU P\Xsb lnµpaX¯n ebn¸n¨Xv Hcpkmbp[m{IaWw sIm-mbncp¶nÃ. adn¨v kmaqlnI eb\¯nsâbpw kmwkv
ImcntImZv{KY\¯nsâbpw {Iam\pKXamb {]{InbbneqsSbmbncp¶p.
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
11/27
School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 11
samUyqÄ þ2
\mSphmgnIfpsS Dbˬbpw hfˬbpw
kwLIme¯n\p tijw Ncn{Xs¯ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw ‘\o- cm{Xn’
bmbmWv Ncn{XImc·mÀ IcpXp¶Xv ’. Bdv, Ggv, F«v \qäm-pIfnse tIcf¯nsâ
Ncn{Xw AÚmXambn XpScp¶p. NmeqIyÀ, ]ÃhÀ, ]mÞy³, cmjv{SIqSÀ F¶nhÀ
tIcfs¯ B{Ian¨Xmbn AhcpsS tcJIfn AhImis¸Sp¶p-v. F.Un. 9 apX 11hscbpÅ \qäm-pIÄ c-mw tNckm{amPyambn IcpXs¸Sp¶p. F.Un. 800mw
Bt-msS IpetiJc hÀ½bpsS t\XrXz n̄ ]p\xØm]nXamb tNciàn
cmahÀ½ IpetiJc\nse¯p¶tXmsS Ahkm\n¡p¶XmbmWv ImWpI. `mkvIc
chnhÀ½ H¶masâ Ime v̄ XpS§nb tNcþtNmfbp²w Hcp \qämt-mfw \o-p
\n¶Xmbn Ncn{XImc·mÀ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. CXv ‘\qäm-pbp²w’ F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p.
`mkvIchnhÀ½ c-ma³, cmPknwl³, `mkvIcchnhÀ½ aq¶ma³, cmahÀ½
IpetiJc³, hoctIcf³ F¶nhÀ C¡me¯v `cWkmcYyw GsäSp¯cmPm¡·mcmWv. tNmf·mcpsS \nc´camb B{IaWw tNc iànsb
£oWn¸n¡pIbpw BXy´nIambn IpetiJc km{amPy n̄sâ ssiYney¯n\p
hgnshbv¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Cusbmcp ]Ým¯e¯nemWv tIcf¯nse
\mSphmgnIfpsS DbÀ¨bpw hfÀ¨bpw AXnsâ ]mcay¯nse¯p¶Xv. CXv tIcfNcn{X¯nse ]pXnsbmcp A[ymbs¯Ipdn¡p¶p. Cu kabw thWmSv Hcp
kzX{´cmPy¯nsâ ]Zhn t\Sn. s\Snbncn¸v, s]cp¼S¸v, tIme¯p\mSv, Adbv¡Â
cmPhwi§fpsS DÛhw Cu ZimkÔn¡p tijw kw`hn¡p¶ H¶mWv. CXpIqSmsXsX¡v FfbS¯p kzcq]w sXm«v hS¡v Ip¼fhsc sNdpInS \m«pcmPy§fpw
DbÀ¶ph¶p. Bän§Â, ImbwIpfw, ]´fw, sX¡pwIqÀ, hS¡pwIqÀ, ]qªmÀ,
CS¸Ån, sImSp§ÃqÀ, hÅph\mSv, ]me¡mSv, IS¯\mSv, \oteizcw F¶n§s\
H«\h[n \m«pcmPy§Ä CXn\nSbn \ne\n¶ncp¶p.
tIme¯p\mSv
tIme¯p\mSnsâ DÛhw AÚmXamWv. kwLImew AYhm H¶mw
tNckm{amPyIme¯v Ggnae BØm\am¡n `cn¨ncp¶ Hcp cmPhwi¯nsâ
Iognembncp¶p B {]tZiw. c-mw tNckm{amPyIme¯v hSt¡ ae_mdnse
{]tZi§Ä IpetiJc·mcpsS B[n]Xy¯n³ Iognepambncp¶p. aqjIcmPywF¶mWv tIme¯p\mSv Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. AXpesâ aqjIhwiw kwkvIrX
almImhyw 12þmw iXI¯nsâ Bcw`w hscbpÅ aqjIcmPyNcn{XamWv {]Xn]mZn¡p¶Xv. ]Xn\memw iXIw apX Cu \mSv tIme¯p\mSv F¶dnbs¸«p.
]Xnaq¶mw iXI¯ns\mSphn tIcfw kµÀin¨ amÀt¡m
t]mtfm FgpXnb k©mc hnhcW§fnemWv tIme¯ncnamcpsS cmPys¯¡p
dn¨v BZys¯ kXykÔamb ]cmaÀiw ImWp¶Xv. GencmPyw tIme¯p\mSmsW¶Xn kwibanÃ. tIme¯p\m«pcmPyw ]camh[n hS¡v t\{XmhXn \Zn
apXÂ sX¡v tImc¸pg hscbpw Ing¡v IpSIpae sXm«v ]Snªmdv Ad_n¡SÂ
hscbpw hym]n¨ncp¶p. tIme¯p\mSphmW {]kn² cmPmhmWv cmLh³.
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
12/27
School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 12
Ip¼f, \oteizcw, tIm«bw, IS¯\mSv, F¶nh tIme p̄\m«nÂs¸«
\mSpIfmWv ’. cmPIpSpw_¯nse Gähpw {]mbapÅ ]pcpjmwKamWv tIme¯ncn F¶
Øm\t¸tcmSpIqSn cmPyw `cn¨ncp¶Xv. sXm«Sp¯ Cfapd¡mÀ sXs¡fwIqÀ,
hSs¡fwIqÀ, \memwIqÀ, A©mwIqÀ F¶o t]cpIfn Adnbs¸«pt]m¶p.sXs¡fwIqÀ Bbncp¶p ASp¯ cmPyhImin. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ tIcf¯nÂhcpt¼mÄ tIme¯ncn tImgnt¡ms« kmaqXncnbpsS kzm[o\iànbn AaÀ¶ncp¶p.
hmWnPy cmjv{Sob cwK§fn AhÀ _²i{Xp¡fpambncp¶p.
tIme¯p\mSv kmwkvImcnIambn Gsd ap¶n«p\n¶ncp¶p. `mKhX¯n\v
‘IrjvW]Zn’sb¶ hymJym\sagpXnb cmLhm\µ³ tIme¯p\m«pcmPmhmbncp¶
cmLhsâ kZky\mbncp¶p. AtamL cmLhw N¼phnsâ IÀ¯mhmb ZnhmIc\pwCt±l¯nsâ BØm\Ihnbmbncp¶p. bp[njvTnc hnPb¯n\v ]ZmÀ°Nn´\sa¶
hymJym\w cNn¨ cmLh³, {ioIrjvW hnPbsa¶ kwkvIrX Imhy¯nsâ
IÀ¯mhmb i¦c³ F¶nhÀ {]kn²cmWv. CfapdcmPmhmb cmahÀ½bmWv
`mcXkw{Klw almImhy¯nsâbpw N{µnIm Ipem]oTw \mSI¯nsâbpw IÀ¯mhv.IrjvWKmYmImcsâ ]pckvIÀ¯mhmb DZbhÀ½³ tIme¯ncnbpw Cu hwi¯nsâ
biÊmWv.
sIm¨n (s]cp¼S v̧ kzcq]w)
IpetiJc·mcpsS AkvXa\¯n\ptijw DSseSp¯ kzcq]amWv s]cp¼S¸v.
tNcam³ s]cpamfpsS ktlmZcnbn s]cp¼S¸v \¼qXncn¡p P\n¨ aq̄ ]p{Xsâ
A[o\Xbn h¶ {]tZiamWv sIm¨n F¶mWv 1901þse sIm¨n³ tÌäv sk³kkv
dnt¸mÀ«n ]dbp¶Xv. ‘s]cp¼S¸v ’ KwKm[c hoctIcf Xrt¡mhn A[nImcn’F¶mWv sIm n̈ cmPm¡·mcpsS ]qÀ®amb Øm\t¸cv. s]cp¼S v̧ cmPhwi n̄sâ
BØm\w BZyIme¯v atlmZb]pc¯pXs¶bmbncp¶psh¶mWv IW¡m¡p¶Xv.
IpetiJc·mÀ¡ptijw amam¦ atlmÕhw BtLmjn¡pIbpw AXn A[y£whln¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶Xv s]cp¼S¸v cmPm¡·mcmWv. hoccmLh ]«b¯nsâ
inev]n hoccmLh N{IhÀ¯n s]cp¼S¸p cmPmhmbncp¶p. imk\ Imew F.Un. 1225
BsW¶mWv IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶Xv . ]n¶oSv s]cp¼S¸ns\¡pdn¨pÅ hnhc§Ä
e`n¡p¶Xv t]mÀ¨pKokv BKa\t¯msSbmWv.
F.Un. 1341  s]cnbmänep-mb shÅs¸m¡s¯XpSÀ¶v sImSp§ÃqÀ AgnASªpt]mhpIbpw sIm¨n Agn Xpd¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. ssh¸n³ Zzo]v DbÀ¶ph¶Xpw C¡me¯mWv. GXm-v Cu kw`h n̄\p tijw s]cp¼S¸p cmPm¡·mÀsIm¨nbnte¡v XeØm\w amän. ]Xn\©mw \qäm-n s]cp¼S¸p kzcq]¯nÂD-mb aq¯Xmhgn CfbXmhgn XÀ¡w kmaqXncnbpsS B{IaWe£y§Ä¡v IqSpX klmbIambn¯oÀ¶p. `cWm[nImcw ssI¡em¡phm³ aq¯XmhgnkmaqXncnbpsS klmbw A`yÀ°n¨p. XpSÀ¶v ]cam[nImcw ]Wbs¸Sp¯nkmaqXncnbpsS klmbt¯msS `cW¯ntedn. ]Xn\mdmw \qäm-nÂt]mÀ¨pKokpImcpw XpSÀ¶v U p̈ImcpamWv sIm¨nbpsS A ǹhr²nbv¡v ASn¯d]mInbXv. kmaqXncnbpambpÅ bp²¯n sIm¨n¡v t]mÀ¨pKokv klmbw
e`n̈ ncp¶p. CXns\ XpSÀ¶mWv C´ybn¯s¶ BZyambn bqtdm]y·mÀ \nÀ½n¨tIm«bmb am\phÂtIm« t]mÀ p̈KokpImÀ sIm¨n cmPmhnsâ A\phmZt¯msS]Wnbp¶Xv. t]mÀ¨pKokv ImeL«¯nse Gähpw {]kn²\mb cmPmhv
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
13/27
School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 13
hoctIcfhÀ½bpsS ]n³Kmanbmbncp¶ tIihcmahÀ½bmbncp¶p. a«mt©cnbnsePqX¸Ån C¡me¯mWv \nÀ½n¡s¸«n«pÅXv. 1658þ sImÃw, sImSp§ÃqÀ, sIm n̈,]pd¡mSv, I®qÀ F¶o {]tZi§Ä t]mÀ¨pKokpImcn \n¶v U¨pImÀ ]nSns¨Sp p̄.sIm¨n cmPys¯ {][m\a{´namcmbncp¶p ]menb¯¨·mÀ. U¨v ta[mhnXz¯nsâBZyL«¯n ]menb¯¨\p-mbncp¶ {]mamWyw A\ntj[yambncp¶p. U¨pImeL«¯nse Gähpw {]ikvX\mb cmPmhv 1701 apX 1721 hsc `cWw \S n̄bcmahÀ½bmbncp¶p. 1775 apX 1790 hsc cmPyw `cn¨ cmahÀa cmPmhnsâ Ime¯mWv
sslZcpsS B{IaWap-mbXv. XpSÀ¶v A[nImc¯ntednbXv ‘ià³ X¼pcm³’F¶ t]cn {]kn²\mb cmahÀ½bmbncp¶p. At±lw CuÌn´ym I¼\nbpambn[mcWbnteÀs¸«p. cmPys¯ {]`p¡·mcpsS A[nImcw AaÀ¨ sNbvXv cmPm[nImcw{]_eam¡phm³ At±lw ]cn{ian¨p. {_n«ojv dknUâmbncp¶ tIWÂsa¡msfbpsS _w¥mhv B{IaWhpambn _Ôs¸«v ]menb¯¨s\ \mSpIS n̄.AtXmsS ]menb¯¨·mcpsS a{´nØm\hpw Ahkm\n¨p. 1949 cmahÀ½
]co£n¯pX¼pcm³ cmPmhmbncn¡pt¼mÄ XncphnXmwIqdpambpÅ kwtbmP\s¯A\pIqen¨Xnsâ ^eambn XncpþsIm¨n tÌäv \nehn h¶p.
thWmSv
IpetiJc km{amPy n̄sâ AkvXa\t¯msS 12 þmw iXIt¯mSpIqSn{]_eamb cmPyamWv thWmSv. tNckm{amPy¯nsâ Gähpw sX¡v ØnXnsNbvXncp¶ Cu \mSns\¡pdn¨v kwLkmlnXy¯n ]cmaÀianÃ. Ncn{XtcJIfpsSASnØm\¯n thWm«nse BZys¯ `cWm[nImcn A¿\SnIÄ XncphSnIÄ BWv.(F.Un. 849þXcnkm¸Ån tNt¸Sv). Hcp kzX{´cmPysa¶ \nebn thWm«nsâ Ncn{XwBcw`n¡p¶Xv cmahÀ½ IpetiJcsâ Ime¯mWv. tImXhÀ½, hoctIcfhÀ½,hocchnhÀ½, BZnXyhÀ½, DZbamÀ¯mÞhÀ½, chn tIcfhÀ½, ]ß\m`³amÀ¯mÞ hÀ½, Pbknwl³, chnhÀ½ IpetiJc³, hocDZbamÀ¯mÞhÀ½,Cchn, Cchn hÀ½, BZnXyhÀ½ kÀÆmwK\mY³, tNc DZb amÀ¯mÞhÀ½,chnhÀ½, `qXe hoc DZb amÀ¯mÞhÀ½, {io hoc tIcfhÀ½, D®nt¡cfhÀ½,chnhÀ½, Dab½ dmWn, tIm«bw tIcfhÀ½, chnhÀ½, BZnXyhÀ½, cmahÀ½F¶nhÀ XpSÀ¶p h¶ cmPm¡·mcmWv. cmahÀ½bv¡ptijw XncphnXmwIqdnsâ`cWw GsäSp¯Xv B[p\nI XncphnXmwIqdnsâ Øm]I³ F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ A\ngwXncp\mÄ amÀ¯mÞhÀ½bmWv.
]ß\m`kzman t£{X n̄sâ ]p\À\nÀ½mWw \S¶Xpw ipNo{µ¯n\v
‘hoctIcf NXpÀthZnawKew’ F¶v \maIcWw sNbvXXpw hoctIcf hÀ½bpsSIme¯mWv. I-nbqÀ, aWen¡c F¶o imk\§fn chn tIcfhÀ½sb¡pdn¨v ]cmaÀiap-v. ]ß\m`amÀ¯mÞhÀ½bpsS Ime¯mWv thWmSn\pta ]mÞym[n
]Xyw D-mIp¶Xv. sImà n̄\pw kao]{]tZi§Ä¡pw ‘Pbknwl\mSv ’ AYhm
‘tZin§\mSv ’ F¶ t]cp-mbXv Pbknwlsâ Ime¯mWv. thWm«Nâ a¡¯mb
a\pkcn̈ v `cWm[nIcmtaä Ahkm\ cmPmhmWv ‘kw{Kma[oc³’ F¶ _ncpZapÅchnhÀ½ IpetiJc³ (1299þ 1314). ]mÞy `cW n̄embncp¶ thWmSnsâ {]tZi§fn Ct±lw B[n]Xyw Dd¸n¨p. 1312þ Ct±lw Z£ntW´ybpsS N{IhÀ¯nbmbn
A`ntjIw \S¯n. sImÃw ]«Whpw, XpdapJhpw ]cnjvIcn¡p¶Xpw C¡me¯mWv.
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
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School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 14
thWm«n acpa¡¯mba\pkcn¨v A[nImc¯ntednb BZys¯ cmPmhmWv
hocDZb amÀ¯mÞhÀ½. D®p\oen ktµi n̄se ktµihmlI\mWv CchnCchnhÀ½bpsS A\pP³ Cchn BZnXyhÀ½. Ihnbpw ]ÞnX\pw
bp²hoc\pambncp¶ BZnXyhÀ½ kÀÆmwK\mYs\bmWv D®p\oen ktµi n̄Âkw{Kma[oc³ (bp²hoc³) F¶pw kÀÆmwK\mY³ (kÀÆhnZymhnN£W³) F¶pw
hmgv̄ p¶Xv. thWmSnsâ Ncn{X¯nse Gähpw \o- `cWImew tNcDZbamÀ¯mÞhÀ½bpsSXmbncp¶p. Cu kabw thWmSnsâ AXnÀ n̄IÄ
Xncps\Âthen {]tZi§fnte¡pw hym]n¨p. ‘eoemXneIw’ cNn¡s¸«Xv
At±l¯nsâ Ime¯mWv.
{io ]ß\m`kzman t£{X¯nse tbmK¡mcpw cmPmhnsâ BfpIfpw X½nÂ
\nc´cw {]iv \§Ä D-mhpI ]Xnhmbncp¶p. ]nÅamcpw tbmK¡mcpw ]et¸mgpwcmPm[nImc¯n\p Xs¶ `ojWnbmbn `hn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. F¶m ChcpsS
A[nImc§sf \nb{´n¡m³ chnhÀ½ (1484þ1512) {ian¨p. t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpambpÅ_Ôw Bcw`n¡p¶Xpw C¡me¯mWv. `qXe hoc DZb amÀ¯mÞhÀ½bpsS
Ime¯v hnPb\KchpambpÅ bp²w D-mhpIbpw AhcpsS taÂt¡mbva
AwKoIcnt¡-n hcnIbpw sNbvXp. F¶m D®nt¡cfhÀ½bpsS Ime¯v thWmSv
Cu B[n]Xy`mcw X«ns¯dn¸n¨p. a[pcbnse Xncpae\mbn¡sâ \©n\mSm{IaWw
D-mIp¶Xv chnhÀ½ (1611þ63) bpsS Ime¯mWv. Cchn¡p«n¸nÅ a[pcssk\yt¯mSv s]mcpXn hocNcaw {]m]n¨p. apKÄ kÀZmÀ F¶ kmlknI\mb apÉoansâ (apIne³
]S) thWmSm{IaWw D-mIp¶Xv Dab½ dmWnbpsS Ime¯mWv. Cu bp²¯nÂ
dmWn¡v tIm«bw tIcfhÀ½bpsS klmbw e`n¡pIbpw dmWn At±ls¯
Zs¯Sp¡pIIbpw; CcWnbn cmPIpamc³ ]Zhn \ÂIpIbpw sNbvXp. ]pet¸Sn,a®mt¸Sn F¶ {]mNo\mNmcw \ntcm[n̈ Xv Ct±lamWv.
BZnXyhÀ½bpsS Ime¯v tbmK¡mcpw ]nÅamcpw cmPmhns\Xnsc
KpcpXcamb \o¡§Ä \S¯n. cmPy¯v Ac£nXmhØ Act§dn. \m«pIm
cpsS A©psX§ptIm« B{IaWhpw C¡me¯mWv D-mIp¶Xv. ]n¶oSph¶
cmahÀ½bpsS Ime¯v cmPm[nImcw XIÀ¶p. Cw¥ojv CuÌn´ym I¼\nbpw thWmSpcmPmhpw DS¼Snbn H¸ph¨p. tbmK¡mÀ¡pw ]nÅamÀ¡pw FXncmb \o¡§fnÂ
cmPmhnsâ \ne iàns¸Sp¯m\mbn Cw¥ojpImcpsS klmbw tXSn. XpSÀ¶v
`cW¯ntednb amÀ¯mÞhÀ½bmWvþthWm«n cmPm[nImcw ]p\xØm]n¨Xpw
]nÅamcpsSbpw tbmK¡mcpsSbpw `ojWn, ]qÀ®ambpw Hgnhm¡nbXpw, XpSÀ¶v kpØncamb `cWt¯msS cmPyw hn]peoIcn¡p¶Xpw.
tImgnt¡mSv (s\Snbncn¸v kzcq]w)
tIctfmÂ]¯nbnse sFXnlyw A\pkcn¨v Ahkm\s¯ s]cpamÄ tIcfw]Ip p̄ kvt\lnX·mÀ¡pw _Ôp¡Ä¡pw \ÂInbn«v a¡¯pt]mbn F¶pw
s\Snbncn¸nse amWnIys\¶pw hn¡cs\¶pw t]cpÅ GdmSn ktlmZc·mÀ¡v sNdnb
tZihpw Xsâ ‘HSnªhmfpw’, ‘DSª iwJpw’ tImSp¯n«v ‘N¯pw sIm¶pw
IogS¡nbpw’ N{IhÀ¯nbmbn ae\mSS¡n hmgpI F¶Xv D]tZin¨psh¶pamWv
hnizkn¡p¶Xv.
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
15/27
School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 15
]Xnaq¶mw iXIwhsc tImgnt¡mSv Hcp anI¨ XpdapJhpw kpiàamb Hcp
cmPy¯nsâ BØm\hpambncp¶nÃ. IpetiJc km{amPy¯nsâ ]X\¯n\ptijwtImgnt¡mSpw kao]{]tZi§fpw t]mf\mSnsâ `mKambn
cp¶p. Gd\ms« s\Snbncn¸nse GdmSnIÄ ISente¡v Hcp {]thiamÀ¤wI-p]nSn¡m\pw kap{ZhmWnPy¯n t\cn«v ]s¦Sp¡m\pw Nne ]²XnIÄ
Bkq{XWw sNbvXp. GdmSnbpw t]mÀfmXncnbpw X½nepÅ bp²w HSphn Iemin¨Xv GdmSnIfpsS hnPb¯nembncp¶p. t]mf\mSp ]nSn¨S¡nbtXmsS GdmSnIÄ AhcpsS
BØm\w s\Snbncn¸n \n¶pw tImgnt¡mt«¡p amän. thfm]pcw F¶ Øe¯v
tIm«bpw sIm«mchpw \nÀ½n¨p. tImbnÂ+tIm« tImbnÂt¡m« tImgnt¡mSv.
]Xn\memw iXIw apXÂ tImgnt¡mSv tIcf¯nsâ cmjv{Sob Imcy§fnÂ
]cnKW\obamb Hcp iànbmbn DbÀ¶p h¶p. tIcf¯nse Gähpw anI¨
XpdapJambncp¶p tImgnt¡mSv. IpcpapfIv, Gew, XpWn¯c§Ä F¶nh IbäpaXn
sNbvXp t]m¶p. tImgnt¡mSv Hcp kzX{́ XpdapJambncp¶p. Ad_nIfpwNo\¡mcpamWv hntZi hmWnPy¯n ap¼·mcmbncp¶Xv.
Ip¶et¡m\mXncn, ssiem_v[oizc³, ]q´pdt¡m³, GÀfmXncn,s\Snbncn¸paq¸³ F¶n§s\ ]e t]cpIfnemWv tImgnt¡mSnsâ `cWm[nIm
cnbmbncp¶ kmaqXncn Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. cmPmhv tkzÑm[nImcnbmbncp¶p. F¶mÂ
]c¼cmKXamb \nba§sfbpw a{´namcpsS D]tZi§sfbpw cmPmhv BZcn¡
Wambncp¶p. `cWw kpKaam¡p¶Xn\mbn At±l n̄\v ‘kÀÆm[nImcy¡mÀ’ Bb
\mev {][m\ a{´namcpw D-mbncp¶p. {][m\ a{́ namcn ap¼³ a§m«¨³
Bbncp¶p. Bbp[mNmcy·mÀ [Àt½m¯p ]Wn¡À Bbncp¶p. cmPyw ]e\mSpIfmbn
hǹ Pn n̈cp¶p. \mSphmgnIÄ Xeapdbmbn \mSnsâ `cWImcy§Ä t\m¡nh¶p.bp²Ime v̄ ChÀ ]SbmfnIsf Ab¨psImSp n̄cp¶p. `Þmcw hI \nIpXn]ncnhv
Imcy¡mc·mcpw IW¡v kaÀ¸Ww sIm«mcw tat\m¡nIfpw \S¯nh¶p.
kpiàamb ssk\yw kmaqXncn¡v D-mbncp¶p. IfcnbneqsS ]cnioe\w
]qÀ¯nbm¡p¶ bphm¡sf \mSphmgn {]mtZinI ssk\y¯n AwKam¡nbncp¶p.
AXn\p sXfnhmbn hmÄ k½m\n¡pambncp¶p. \mSphmgnbpsS A ǹaXwt]mse
bp²¯n tNÀ¶p ]Ssh«m³ ISs¸«hcmWv ChÀ. \Kc n̄ ‘Xes¨t¶mÀ’F¶
tk\m\mbI·mcpsS t\XrXz¯n Øncw ssk\yw D-mbncp¶p. kmaqXncnbpsS
IpXnc¸S ‘IpXnch«¯p \mbcpsS taÂt\m« n̄epambncp¶p. I¸Â]Sbv ¡v t\XrXzw\ÂInbncp¶Xv am¸nfamcmb Ipªmenacbv¡m·mcmbncp¶p.
\oXn \nÀÆlW¯nsâ ]cam[nImcn cmPmhv Xs¶bmbncp¶p. hyhlmcw
BÀ¡pw kuP\yambncp¶p. {Inan\ Ipä§Ä¡v {]mIrXin£bmWv
\S¸nem¡nbncp¶Xv. C¯cw in£IfnÂ\n¶v {_mÒWsc Hgnhm¡nbncp¶p.
kmwkvImcnI cwK¯pw Gsd ]ptcmKXn ssIhcn¨ncp¶p tImgnt¡mSv.tImgnt¡mSv \Kcw IhnIfpsSbpw ]ÞnXcpsSbpw kt¦Xambncp¶p. kmaqXncnbpsS
kZÊns\ ‘]Xns\«c¡hnIÄ’ F¶ ]Xns\«v cmPIhnIfpsS hnZypXvkZÊv Ae¦cn¨ncp¶p. D±Þimkv{XnIÄ, ]¿qÀ `«XncnamÀ, Im¡tÈcn `«Xncn, tN¶mkv \mcmbW³ \¼qXncn, ]p\w \¼qXncn XpS§nb {]apJÀ CXn DÄs¸«ncp¶p.
kmaqXncnbmb am\hn{Ia\mWv A\ÀLcmLh¯n\v ‘hn{Iaobw’ hymJym\w cNn¨Xv.
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
16/27
School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 16
{]kn²amb ‘tchXn ]«¯m\hpw’ \S¶ncp¶Xv kmaqXncnbpsS kZÊnembncp¶p.Xpemamk¯nse tchXo \£{X¯n tImgnt¡ms« Xfnbn t£{X¯nÂsh¨v kmaqXncnbpsS kwc£W¯nemWv CXv \S¶p h¶ncp¶Xv. kmaqXncnbmb
am\thZ\mWv ‘IrjvW\m«w’Nn«s¸Sp¯nbXv.
{ioIrjvWsâ PohnXIY F«p ImÞ§fnembn hn`Pn¨v kwkvIr
X¯n cNn¨ ‘IrjvWKoXn’ F¶ ImhyamWv CXn\mbn D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. IYIfncq]m´cs¸Sp¯p¶Xn IrjvW\m«w hln¨ ]¦v AZznXobamWv.
Adbv¡Â cmPhwiw
tIcf¯nse GI apÉow cPmhwiamWv Adbv¡Â cmPhwiw. AXnsâDÛhs¯¡pdn v̈ ]eIYIfpap-v. tNcam³ s]cpamfnt\msSm¸w At±l¯nsâktlmZcnbmb {iotZhnbpw aXwamdnbncp¶p. {iotZhnbpsS aI³ alm_en aXwamdna½menbmbn. Ct±lamWv hwiØm]I³ Adbv¡Â cmPm¡·msc a½men¡nSmhv F¶v hntijņ n¡mdp-v. an\nt¡mbnsb e£Zzo]n \n¶v thÀXncn¡p¶ `mKwa½men¨m F¶mWdnbs¸Sp¶Xv. hneyw temK³ ae_mÀ am\zen ]dbp¶Xv C{]ImcamWv, tIme n̄cnbpsS a{´nbmbncp¶ Acb³ Ipf§fc \mbÀ tIme n̄cncmÚnsb hnhmlw Ign¡pIbpw aXw amdpIbpw sNbvXp. ChcmWs{X Adbv¡Â
hwiØm]IÀ, Bcy³ Ipf§c Acb³ Ipf§fc Adbv¡Â. AXn\psXfnhmbn At±lw Nq-n¡mWn¡p¶ Nne Imcy§fp-v. Adbv¡Â cmPmhv acn¨m ih¡¨ \ÂIpI tIme¯ncnbmWv. Adbv¡Â cmPmhnsâ IncoS[mcWthfbn B\¨ab§fpw tIme¯ncnbn \n¶mWv.
Adbv¡ensâ BZy BØm\w ‘[À½Sw’ F¶ [À½ ]«W¯nembncp¶p.]n¶oSXv I®qcnte¡v amän. `cWm[nImcnbmIp¶ hyàn ]pcpj\msW¦nÂ
‘BencmPm’ F¶pw kv{Xo BsW¦n ‘Adbv¡Â _ohn’ F¶pamWv Adnbs¸SpI.ChÀ acpa¡¯mbnIÄ Bbncp¶p. cmPhwi¯nse aq¯bmsf taemhv F¶pw CfbBsf Cfbmhv F¶pamWv hnfn¡pI. Jpdm³ BZyambn Ad_naebmf¯nÂ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯nbXv Adbv¡se Hcp CfbmhmWv. 1770 apX 1849 hsc `cn¨ Pq\p½_ohn F¶ cmÚnbmWv Gähpa[nIw Imew Adbv¡Â hmW `cWm[nImcn.hntZinIÄ Adbv¡Â cmPm¡·msc kp¯m\p _lÀ (kap{Z cmPmhv) F¶phnfn̈ p. sslZcmen, Sn¸pkp¯m³ F¶nhcpambn Adbv¡en\v \à _ÔamWv D-mbncp¶Xv. sslZcmen e£Zzo]pw amenZzo]pw Adbv¡Â cmPmhns\
Gev]n¨ncp¶p. Adbv¡Â 1780þ Sn¸phpambn Icmdn GÀs¸«p. AX\pkcn v̈ Cw¥ojpImÀs¡Xnsc Adbv¡Â Sn p̧hns\ klmbn¡pw. ]s£, 1790þÂ{_n«ojpImÀ I®qÀ tIm« ]nSn¨S¡n. 1911 Bbt¸mtg¡pw Adbv¡Â cmP]ZhnXs¶CÃmXmbn. 1921se Jnem^ v̄ hn¹hw ]ScmsX XSbp¶Xn {][m\ ]¦phln p̈Adbv¡Â IpSpw_w.
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
17/27
School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 17
samUyqÄþ3
BZyIme aebmf kmlnXy¯nsâ {]_eamb c-v hn`mK§fmWv ]m«pw
aWn{]hmfhpw. aWn{]hmfw ss{XhÀWnIcpsS `mjbnemWv. F¶m ]m«v
km[mcW¡mcpsS `mjbnepw. hnjbkzoIcW n̄Â aWn{]hmfw Iev]nX
hnjb§fpw ]m«v CXnlmk]pcmWmZnIfmb hnjb§fpamWv sXcsªSp¯ncn¡p¶Xv.
]m«v
]Xn\memw \qäm-n hncNnXamb eoemXneIw F¶ aWn{]hmf e£W
kwkvIrX {KÙ¯n ]m«ns\ C{]Imcw \nÀÆNn n̈cp¶p.
“ {ZmhnU kwLmXm£c \n_²þ
saXpI tam\ hr¯hntijbpàw ]m«v ”
BbXv ]m«v Xangv A£camebnse A£c§ÄsIm-v cNn¨Xmbncn¡Ww. AXnÂ
FXpI, tam\ F¶o {]mk§Ä D-mbncn¡Ww. aebmf n̄se ZznXobm£c
{]mk¯n\p kam\amWv FXpI. Hmtcm ]mZ¯ntebpw ]qÀtÆm¯c `mK§fnse BZyA£c§Ä tbmPn¨phcp¶XmWv tam\. {ZmhnU hr¯§fmbncn¡Ww
ImhycN\bv¡v D]tbmKnt¡-Xv. AYhm kwkvIrX ]Z§Ä D]tbmKnt¡-n
h¶m Ah XÛh§fm¡n D]tbmKn¡Ww (DZmþ {iocma³ þ Nocma³).
]m«pkmlnXy¯nÂs¸« apJyIrXnIfmWv cmaNcnXw, Xncp\ngÂame, cmaIYm¸m«v,`mcXw]m«v, ]¿¶qÀ]m«v, I®È IrXnIÄ, IrjvWKmY F¶nh. BZyIme ]m«p
kmlnXy¯n ta¸dª e£Ww ]qÀ®ambn ]men¡s¸«ncps¶¦n ]n¶oSpÅIrXnIfn AXn\v Abhp hcp¶Xv ImWm³ km[n¡pw.
aWn{]hmfw
“`mjm kwkvIrXtbmtKm aWn{]hmfw” F¶mWv eoemXneIImc³
aWn{]hmf¯n\v \ÂIp¶ e£Ww. aWnbmIp¶ aebmf ]Z§fpw ]hngam
Ip¶ kwkvIrX]Z§fpw kaRv Pkambn kt½fn¡pt¼mgp-mIp¶ `mjbmWv aWn{]hmfw.
“
XangvaWn kwkIrX ]hngwtIm¡ntâ³ hr¯am\ sN¶qt·Â ”
F¶pw eoemXneIImc³ ]dbp¶p. amWnIyhpw ]hnghpw sN¶qent·Â tImÀ¯mÂ
Xncn¨dnbm\mhm¯ hn[w Hcpt]mse Ccn¡p¶amXncnbmbncn¡Ww `mjm]Z§fp
sSbpw kwkvIrX]Z§fpsSbpw tNÀ¨ F¶v CXneqsS kqNn¸n¡p¶p. eoemXneIImc³ aWn{]hmfs¯ H¼Xmbn hn`Pn¡p¶p. D¯aw, D¯aIev]w, a[yaw,
a[yaIev]w, A[aw F¶o hn`mK§fnembmWXv. `mjbv¡pw (aebmfw) ck¯n\pw
{]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶ aWn{]hmfw D¯ahpw, `mjbpw ckhpw Ipdhmbn¡mWp¶aWn{]hmfw A[ahpw BIp¶p. `mjbv¡v {]m[m\yhpw ck¯n\pw hmNymÀ°¯n\pw
Xpey {]m[m\yhpapÅXv, ckw {][m\ambpw `mjbpw kwkvIrXhpw Xpeyambpwhcp¶Xv F¶n§s\ D¯a Iev]w c-phn[w. `mjm kwkvIrX]Z§Ä¡pw ckhmNy
§Ä¡pw Xpey{]m[m\yapÅXv a[yaw. `mjbpw kwkvIrXhpw kaambpw
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
18/27
School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 18
ckt¯¡mÄ hmNyw {][m\ambpw ImWp¶Xv, hmNymÀ°¯n\pw ck¯n\pw Xpey
{]m[m\yhpw `mjtb¡mÄ kwkvIrX¯n\v {]m[m\yhpw DÅXv, `mj Gdnbpw ckwIpdªpw Ccn¡p¶Xv, ckw {][m\ambpw `mj Ipdhmbpw F¶n§s\ a[yaIev]w
\mephn[w.kaql¯n DbÀ¶ t{iWnbn hncmPn¨ncp¶hcmbncp¶p aWn{]hmf
IrXnIfpsS cNbnXm¡Ä F¶Xn\mÂXs¶ Ah ]m«p kmlnXy¯nsâ hnjb
kzoIcW¯nÂ\n¶p `n¶ambn kv{Xo icochÀ®\IÄ¡pw kwt`mKirwKmc n̄\pw {]m[m\yw \ÂIn. D®nbmSn, D®nb n̈, D®n n̈cptXhn NcnX§Ä
CXn\p km£yw \n¡p¶p. aWn{]hmf kmlnXy¯nse {]_eamb Nne
hn`mK§fmWv N¼p¡fpw ktµiImhy§fpw.
‘ KZy]ZymßIw Imhyw
N¼qcoXyZn[obtX ’ þ F¶mWv N¼phnsâ e£Ww
sshinIX{´w apX Nt{µmÕhw hscbpÅ BZyIme aWn{]hmfIrXnIfn aWn{]hmf e£W§Ä ]qÀ®ambn ImWm³ km[n¡psa¦nepw
]n¶oSpÅ IrXnIfn Ah ]qÀ®ambpw ]men¨v ImWp¶nÃ. `mjbnepw
hnjbkzoIcW¯nepw Ah Nne hyXnbm\§Ä ImWn¡p¶p-v. ]m«p`mj
bnepw aWn{]hmf¯nepw Ime{ItaW hyhØIÄ¡p-mb Cu AbhmWv ]n¶oSv Fgp¯Ñ\n AhbpsS icnbmb kwtbmK¯n\v hgnsXfnbn¨Xpw aebmf `mj
Icp¯päXmbn Xocp¶Xn\v ImcWambn¯oÀ¶Xpw.
tIcfob t£{XIeIfpsS BhnÀ`mhw
Bcym[n\nthit¯msS ]pXnsbmcp {Ia¯nte¡v hgnamdnbncp¶p tIcf¯nsâkmaqlnI km¼¯nI cmjv{Sob kmwkvImcnI aXtaJe. Bcy{ZmhnU
ka\zb¯nsâ Awi§Ä Cu ImeL«¯nsâ {]tXyIXbmWv. BbXn\mÂXs¶
sImÃhÀj n̄sâ (F.Un. 825) BZy iXI§Ä tIcf¯nsâ ‘kphÀ®Imew’ F¶p
hntijn ņ¡s¸«p. tIcf¯nse {][m\ t£{X§fpsSsbÃmw \nÀ½mWImew
IqSnbmWnXv. Ah tIhew Bcm[\meb§Ä am{Xambncp¶nÃ. {]XypZ hnZymtI{µhpw
IemtI{µhpsaÃmambncp¶p. inev]Ie, Nn{XIe, kwKoXw, \r¯w, \mSyw F¶otaJeIfnseÃmw h³ IpXn¸v C¡me¯p-mbn. Iq¯v, IqSnbm«w apXemb ]pXnb
Iemcq]§Ä cq]w sImÅp¶Xpw C¡me¯mWv. aäv ]pXnb Iemcq]§fpsSDcphs¸Sen\p ImcWamIp¶Xn\pw C¡me¯p-mb Iq¯v, IpSnbm«w apXemb
Iemcq]§Ä¡p Ignªp.
Iq¯v
`Kh¡Y hÀ®n¡p¶ GIm`n\b{][m\amb ZriyIem {]IS\amWv Iq¯v.
NmIymÀ hn`mKamWv Iq¯v AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶Xv. AhXcWthZn t£{X§tfmS\p
_Ôn¨pÅ Iq¯¼e§fmbncp¶p. Iq¯n\v ‘\r¯w’ F¶v AÀ°ap-v. ‘IpZv ’ F¶
kwkvIrX [mXphn \n¶pw \njv]¶amb ‘IpÀZ\w’ F¶ hm¡n \n¶mWv CXnsâ
DÛhw. ]pcmWIYIÄ ckIcambn hniZoIcn̈ v P\§Ä¡v Adnhp \ÂIpIbmWv sNbvXpt]m¶ncp¶Xv. CXnt\mSpIqsS AwKNe\hpw `mhm`n\bhpw H¶n¨p
tNcp¶p-v. NmIymÀ Iq v̄ ]dbpt¼mÄ \¼ymÀ angmhpsIm«pw, \§ymÀ
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
19/27
School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 19
Ipgn̄ mfhpw. kwkvIrX {]_Ôw sNmÃn, IY at\m[À½§Ä tNÀ v̄ ^enX
]qÀ®ambn hnkvXcn¨p \S¯p¶ Iq¯v kmaqlnI hnaÀi\w IqSn \nÀÆln̈ phcp¶p.ss\animcWy¯n kqX³EjnIÄ¡p ]pcmWIY ]dªpsImSp¡p¶p F¶XmWv
Iq¯n\p ]n¶nse k¦ev]w.IqSnbm«w
kwkvIrX\mSI§fpsS tIcfobmhXcWamWv IqSnbm«w. Iq¯¼e§fnemWv CXv \S¯nbncp¶Xv. NmIym·mcpw \§ym·mcpw BWv IqSnbm«w
AhXcn¸n¡pI. kv{Xothjw \§ym·mcmWv. angmhv sIm«pI \¼ymcpw
\mSyimkv{XamWv IqSnbm« n̄se \mSy¯nsâ ]n³_ew. lkvXe£WZo]nIbnse Ccp]¯n\mev ap{ZIfmWv ASnØm\w. efnXamb cwKkÖoIc
WamWv DÅXv. ] ,̈ ]gp¡ F¶o c-p hn[¯nemWv \mbIthjw. hnZqjI\v
Iq¯nse NmIymÀ thjw Xs¶bmWv. kv{Xothjw ]gp¡bmWv. aq¶phn[w A`n\mb
{]IcW§fmWv IqSnbm«¯nepÅXv. ]Xnªm«w, CfInbm«w, Ccp¶m«w F¶nh.\mbnIm\mbI·mÀ sNmÃp¶ {]mIrX kwkvIrXtÇmI§Ä¡v aebmf kwkvIrX
tÇmI§Ä sNmÃn hnZqjI³ hyJym\n¡pw. hnt\mZw, h©\w, Ai\w, cmPtkh
F¶nhbmWv IqSnbm«¯nse ]pcpjmÀ°§Ä. F.Un. F«mw \qäm-n Pohn¨ncp¶
IpetiJchÀ½bmWv IqSnbm«¯nsâ D]ÚmXmhmbn IcpXp¶Xv. At±lhpwkNnh\mb tXme\pw IqSnbmWt{X IqSnbm«w Nn«s¸Sp¯nbXv.
IYIfn
tIcf¯nsâ X\Xp ZriyIemcq]amWv IYIfn. CXv \r¯m`n\b {][m\amWv.
AXmbXv ]ZmÀ°m`n\bamWv CXn \S¡p¶Xv. NXpÀhn[m`n\b§fn (BwKnIw, hmNnIw, kmXznIw, Blmcyw) hmNnI¯n\v IYIfnbnÂ
Øm\anÃ. hmNnIm`n\b¯n\p]Icw kwKoXamWv. ap{Zss¡, hmZy§Ä, thj§Ä,
kwKoXw, cwKNS§pIÄ F¶o LSI§Ä H¯ptNÀ¶mte IYIfn ]qÀ®amIq.ap{ZsIm-mWv IYIfnbnse BwKnIm`n\bw \nÀÆln¡p¶Xv. lkvXe£WZo]nI
F¶ \mSyimkv{X{KÙamWv ap{Zm ǹ\b n̄ IYIfn \S·mÀ¡v Ahew_w. sN-,
ip²a±fw, Ce¯mfw, tN§ne F¶o \mephmZy§Ä thWw IYIfn¡v. ]¨, an\p¡v,
I¯n, XmSn, Icn F¶nhbmWv {][m\ thj§Ä. [otcmZm¯cmb cmPm¡·mÀ¡pwkmXznI hǹ mK¯nÂs¸Sp¶ CXc \mbI·mÀ¡pw ]¨. {_mÒWÀ¡pw, ap\namÀ¡pw
kv{XoIÄ¡pw an\p¡pthjw. cmPkhn`mK¯nÂs]Sp¶XmWv I¯n, XmSn F¶nh.Xmak{]IrXnIfmb ZpjvSIYm]m{X§Ä¡v Icnthjw. tkm]m\ kwKoXcoXnbmWv IYIfnbn kzoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. {][m\ ]m«pImcs\ s]m¶m\nsb¶pw
IqsS¸mSp¶bmsf in¦nSn F¶pw ]dbp¶p. tIfn, Ac§ptIfn, tXmSbw,
hµ\tÇmIw, ]pd¸mSv, aRvPpXc (taf¸Zw) F¶nhbmWv cwKNS§pIÄ.
taf¸Z¯n\ptijw IYIfn Bcw`n¡p¶p. IhnhmIyamb tÇmIw sNmÃp¶tXmSpIqSnIYm]m{Xw cwK p̄ {]Xy£s¸Sp¶p. IYIfnbn tÇmI§Ä IhnhmIyamWv;
]Z§Ä IYm]m{XhmIyhpw ]ndIn tIÄ¡p¶ ]m«nsâ ]Zw {]XnbpÅ AÀ°w
ssIap{ZIÄ sIm-pw `mhkv^pcW§ÄsIm-pw A`n\bn¡p¶XmWv sNmÃnbm«w.
at\m[À½w BSp¶Xn\v CfInbm«w F¶p ]dbp¶p. cma\m«w ]cnjvIcn¨mWv IYIfnD-mbXv. IYIfnbpsS kmlnXyamWv B«¡Y. I¹n§mS³, Nn«, IÃphgnNn«,
sX¡³, hS¡³ F¶n§s\ ]e hn`P\§Ä AhXcW¯nep-v.
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
20/27
School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 20
XpÅÂ
km[mcW P\§sf BIÀjn¡p¶ Hcp ZriyIemcq]amWv XpÅÂ.
NmIymcpsS ]cnlmk n̄\v hnt[b\mb \¼ymÀ X¡ adp]Sn \ÂIp¶Xn
\mbn ASp¯ Znhkw Xs¶ ]pXnsbmcp Iemcq]w AhXcn¸n¨psh¶pw AXnÂP\§Ä BIrjvScmbn F¶pamWv XpÅensâ DÛhIY. CXv XnI¨pw Hcp
t£{XIebÃ. Iq v̄, IqSnbm«w, IYIfn, ]SbWn, tIme³
XpÅ F¶n§s\bpÅ Iemcq]§fn \n¶pÅ Awi§sfÃmw \¼ymÀ
XpÅen\pth-n kzoIcn¨p. XpÅ aq¶v hn[ap-vþ]db³, ioX¦³, Hm«³XpÅÂAhXcn¸n¡m³ XpÅ¡mc\pw, a±f¡mc\pw, Xmf¡mc\pw BhiyamWv. XpÅÂ
kmlnXys¯ XpÅ¡YIÄ F¶p]dbp¶p. \¼ymÀ Xs¶bmWv XpÅ¡YIÄ
cNn̈ ncp¶Xv. XcwKnWnbmWv Hm«³ XpÅense {][m\ hr¯w. ImIfn, tII,IfIm©n F¶o hr¯§sfÃmw CXn ImWmw. ]db³, ioX¦³ F¶nhtb¡mÄ
apdp¡w IqSpXemWv Hm«³ XpÅen\v. thjhn[m\¯nepw aq¶p XpÅepIfpwhyXymks¸«ncn¡p¶p. ]pebcpsS CSbnepÅ Nne \r¯§fpsS ]cnjvIrX cq]amWv
ioX¦³ XpÅÂ. ]db³ XpÅ ]dbcpsS hnt\mZ¯nsâ ]cnjvIrX cq]ambnIcpXs¸Sp¶p. _mt[m¨mS\ n̄\mbn the·mÀ \S p̄¶ A\pjvTm\¯nsâ
]cnjvIrXcq]amWv Hm«³ XpÅÂ F¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p.
CXnlmk ]pcmWIYIÄ tIcfob ]cnkc¯n BhnjvIcn¨psIm-v
kmaqlnI hnaÀi\w \S¯pI F¶Xmbncp¶p \¼ymcpsS Dt±iyw. AXn¶mbn
At±lw ]gs©mÃpIfpsSbpw temtImànIfpsSbpw klmbw tXSn. CXmWv \¼ymscP\Iob Ihnbm¡nXoÀ¯Xv. At±l¯nsâ XpÅ¡hnXIÄ ssIcfnbpsS
s]m«n¨ncnbmbn IcpXp¶Xn\pw ImcWw CXpXs¶.
`àn{]Øm\w
`mcX¯nepS\ofw BªSn¨ `àn{]Øm\¯nsâ Imäv tIcf¯nepwF¯mXncp¶nÃ. lnµpaX \hoIcWhpw Iq« n̄ \S¶ncp¶p. tIcf¯n c-mw
tNc km{amPy¯nse IpetiJcN{IhÀ¯namcpsS Ime¯v lnµpaXw h¼n¨ hfÀ¨
t\Sn. H³]Xmw \qäm-n IpetiJc BgvhmÀ, tNcam³ s]cpamÄ \mb\mÀ,
hnd·n- \mb\mÀ F¶nhcpsS B`napJy¯n `àn{]Øm\w BhnÀ`hn p̈.`àn{]Øm\¯nsâ D]ÚmXm¡fmb kn²·mÀ, hnjvWp, inh³þXpS§nb
sslµh tZh·mcpsSbpw tZhnamcpsSbpw Bcm[\bv¡v {]Nmcw t\Sns¡mSp¯p.BtcyXcamb tZhXIsfbpw BNmc§sfbpw lnµpaXw kz´am¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
“sImässh” F¶ {ZmhnU tZhX ZpÀ¤, Imfn, `KhXn F¶o t]cpIfn sslµh
tZh·mcpsS AWnIfn kzoIcn¡s¸«p, P\kmam\yw Bcm[n¨pt]m¶ imkvXmhns\
{_mÒWÀ lcnlc]p{X³ F¶ t]cn lnµp tZh\m¡n. lnµpaX¯nsessihþsshjvWh hǹ mK§sfbpw _p²aX n̄ \n¶pw ]pXpXmbn
lnµpaX¯nte¡p h¶htcbpw Hcpt]mse BIÀjn¡phm\mWv AhÀ Cu ]pXnb
tZhs\ C§s\ hmÀs¯Sp¯Xv. lnµpaX ]cnjvIcW¯n\pth-nbpÅ
i¦cmNmcycpsS {]hÀ¯\§Ä kwkvIrX¯nembncp¶XpsIm-v AI¶p \n¶ncp¶
P\kmam\ys¯ BIÀjn¡p¶Xn\v sslµh kn²·mcpsS `P\IÄ¡v Ignªp.AhÀ PmXn hyhØsb AhKWn¨p. `ànbpsS ]mcay¯n Cuizc\v apgph\mbn
kaÀ¸n¡p¶ coXnbmbncp¶p AXv. AXv P\kmam\ys¯ BIÀjn¨p.
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
21/27
School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 21
`àntbmK n̄\p ]ca {]m[m\yw \ÂIns¡m-v IS¶ph¶ c-v IhnIfmbncp¶p
Fgp¯Ñ\pw, ]q´m\hpw. Fgp¯Ñsâ A²ymß cmambWhpw ]q´m\¯nsâÚm\¸m\bpw Cu coXnbn {]kn²§fmWv. X§fpsS Imhy§fneqsS km[mcW
P\§sf Cuizcm`napJyapÅhcm¡n [mÀ½nIamsbmcp PohnXw sI«n¸Sp¡m³ CuIhnIÄ Ahsc klmbn¨p.
sNdptÈcn
aebmf kmlnXy n̄sâ imeo\Xbv¡v aIptSmZmlcWamb IrjvW
KmYbpsS IÀ¯mhmbmWv sNdptÈcn Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. Ct±lw tIme¯p\m«p
cmPmhmb DZbhÀ½sâ kZky\mbncp¶p. At±l n̄sâ \nÀ_Ô n̄\phg§nbmWv IrjvWKmY cNn¨Xpw. IrjvWKmYmImc³ sNdptÈcnbmsW¶pw AXÃ
]p\w \¼qXncnbmsW¶pw hyXykvX hmZKXnIfp-v. IqSmsX sNdptÈcnbpw ]p\hpw
HcmfmsW¶pw NneÀ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. sNdptÈcn F¶Xv CÃt¸cmWv. IhnbpsS t]cv
i¦cs\t¶m atäm Bbncn¡msa¶p A\pam\n¡p¶p. D¯ctIcfob\mbncp¶p IhnF¶v IrXnbnse `mjbn \n¶v Duln¡mw. ]n¶oSv sNdptÈcn CÃw A\yw
\n¶XmIm\mWv km[yX. IrjvWKmY IqSmsX `mcXKmY Fs¶mcp IrXnIqSn
sNdptÈcnbptSXmbn IcpXnhcp¶p. F¶m kmlnXyKpWw A[nIw CÃm¯
`mcXKmY, IrjvWKmYt]mse D¯aamsbmcp Imhyw cNn¨ BfptSXmbn IcpXm³km[n¡nà F¶v A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶hcpw D-v. kmlnXy ]©m\\sâ A`n{]m
b¯n IhnbpsS PohnXImew sImÃhÀjw 650\pw 750\pw CSbn BIm\mWv
km[yX. Sņ phnsâ ]Stbm«¡me v̄ D¯ctIcf¯nse ]e \¼qXncnKrl§fpsSbpw Iq«¯n sNdptÈcn CÃhpw \mamhtijambn F¶v IcpXp¶Xv
bpànklamIpw. F´mbmepw IrXnbn ImWp¶ irwKmcw, ^enXw, `àn F¶o`mh§Ä \ncq]n¨p t\m¡nbm IrjvWKmYmImc³ Hcp \¼qXncnbmsW¶v
A\pam\n¡mw. {]Xn`bpw hypev]¯nbpw H¯nW§nb A\pKrloX\mbIhnbmbncp¶p sNdptÈcn.
Fgp¯Ñ³
Fgp¯Ñs\ B[p\nI aebmf`mjbpsS ]nXmhmbn IcpXnt¸mcp¶p. Xp©¯v
cmam\pP³ Fgp¯Ñ³ F¶mWv ]qÀ®\maw. N¡me\mbcmsW¶pwFgp¯mim·mcpsS hn`mKamsW¶pw ]dªp hcp¶p. {InkvXphÀjw 1475\pw 1575\pw
CSbnemWv Fgp¯Ñsâ PohnXImesa¶v kmam\yambn A\pam\n¡pw.sh«¯p\m«nemWv At±lw P\n¨Xv. InfnsbsIm-v IY]dbn¡p¶Infn¸m«p{]Øm\¯nsâ D]ÚmXmhmWv At±lw. tIcf¯nse [mÀanIPohnXw
Xmtg¡v Iq¸pIp¯ns¡m-ncp¶ kmlNcy¯nemWv DbÀ¶ [mÀ½nIt_m[hpw
BßobXbpw DÄs¡mÅp¶ IrXnIfpambn Fgp¯Ñ³ cwK{]thiw sNbvXXv. aebmf
`mjbn am{Xaà aebmf¡cbnepw \hoIcW¯nsâ hàmhmbn Fgp¯Ñ³.AXn\mÂXs¶ Fgp¯Ñ³ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXXv hmevaoIn cmambWaÃ;
A²ymßcmambWamWv. A²ymßcmambWw Infn¸m«v, `mcXw Infn¸m«v F¶nhbmWv
Fgp̄ Ñsâ {][m\ IrXnIÄ. `mKhXw, lcn\maIoÀ¯\w, Nń mcXv\w,
D¯ccmambWw, inh]pcmWw, Ccp]¯n\mephr¯w, tZhoamlmßyw F¶oIrXnIfpw Fgp¯ÑtâXmbn¡cpXp¶p.
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
22/27
School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 22
Fgp¯Ñsâ cmambWw ]n¶oSv tIcf¡cbnemsI Hcp kwkvImcambn
hnIkn p̈. km£ccmb P\§Ä cmambW ]mcmbWw \S n̄bpw \nc£cÀ AXv {ihn¨pw ]pXnb kmaqlnI t_m[¯nsâ hàm¡fmbn. A²ymß
cmambW¯neqsS hmÀ¶phoW PohnX amXrIIfpw, PohnX _Ô§fpw km[mcWP\§sf kv]Àin¨p. hn]pe\¯n\pw kwt£]¯n\pw Fgp¯Ñ\pÅ Ignhv
hnfnt¨mXp¶XmWv At±l n̄sâ `mcXw Infn¸m«v. CXv Hcp kzX{´ XÀÖabmWv.ImhyKpWhpw inev] `{ZXbpw Cu IrXn¡v IqSpw DtZzKP\Iamb cwK§Ä
Nn{XoIcn¡phm\pÅ Fgp¯Ñsâ Ignhv CXn {]tXyIw ]cmaÀint¡-XmWv.
]Zkzm[o\hpw A]mcwXs¶.
DZm¯amb [mÀ½nIX, Xo{hamb `àn, {]t_m[\mßIX, am\pjnIX F¶o
khntijXIÄ DÄs¡m- At±l¯n\v AXmhnjvIcn¡m³ ]pXnsbmcp `mjBhiyambncp¶p. AXphsc \ne\n¶ncp¶ ]m«p`mjsbbpw aWn{]hmfs¯bpw
\mS³]m«nse hmsamgnhg¡§sfbpw IrjvWKmYbnse sXfnaebmfs¯bpwDÄs¡m-v tXPÊpw HmPÊpapÅ Hcp aebmfw At±lw cq]Iev]\ sNbvXp.
AXpsIm-pXs¶bmWv ‘]pXpaebm×X³ atlizcm\mbn’ At±ls¯ IcpXp¶Xpw.
]q´m\w
aebmf¯nse `àn {]Øm\¯nsâ Ct§bäs¯ I®nbmWv ]q´m\w.
hypev] n̄sb¡mÄ `ànbmbncp¶p ]q´m\w \¼qXncnbn ap¶n«p\n¶ncp¶Xv.
ta¸ q̄cn \n¶pw ]q´m\w hyXykvX\mIp¶Xpw C¡mcW¯mÂXs¶.
s]cn´Âa®bv¡Sp¯v IogmäqÀ F¶ Øe¯mWv ]q´m\w CÃw ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv.
{InkvXphÀjw 1547\pw 1640\pw at²y Pohn¨ncp¶Xmbn IcpXp¶p. XnIªIrjvW`à\mb At±l¯nsâ {][m\ PohnXcwKw KpcphmbqÀ A¼eambncp¶p.
kwkvIrX {`aw XoscbnÃm¯ ip²aebmf¯n km[mcW¡mÀ¡pt]mepw
a\ÊnemIp¶ coXnbn Kl\§fmb PohnXX¯z§Ä At±lw Bhnjv¡cn¨p.
At±l¯nsâ Gähpw {][m\ IrXnbmWv Úm\¸m\. k´m\tKm]mew, {ioIrjvWIÀ®marXw F¶o IrXnIÄ At±l¯nsâ `àn¡pw IhnXz¯n\pw sXfnhmWv.
Kl\amb thZm´X¯z§fpsS lrZbkv]Àinbmb BhnjvImcw am{XaÃ
Úm\¸m\. AXn A¶s¯ kmaqlnI PohnX¯nsâ PoÀ®X shfns¸Sp¶p.
kv{Xoe¼S·mscbpw Zpcm{KlnIsfbpw Al¦mcnIsfbpsaÃmw CXn ImWmw.
iàamb kmaqlnI hnaÀi\amWv Cu Imhyw. A\]XyXmZpxJw DdªpInS¡p¶ImhyamWv ‘IpamclcWw]m\’ F¶pIqSn t]cpÅ k´m\tKm]mew. IrjvWsâ
_meeoeIfmWv {ioIrjvW IÀ®marX¯nse {]Xn]mZyw. CXpIqSmsX Ht«sdkvtXm{XIrXnIfpw ]q´m\w cNn¨n«p-v.
Ncn{X]cambn ]cntim[n¨m kmlnXys¯ htcWyhn`mKtaÂt¡mbvabn \n¶v tamNn ņ v̈ km[mcWP\§fn F n̄¡m\pÅ ]ptcmKa\
Nn´bpsS km^eyamWv ]q´m\w IhnX.
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
23/27
School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 23
Ad_n aebmfw
am¸nf `mjbpsS Fgp¯pcq]amWv Ad_naebmfw. CXv kwkvIrXhpw aebmfhpwIqSnt¨À¶ aWn{]hmf `mjt]msebpÅ asämcp an{i`mjbmWv. Ad_nbpw aebmfhpw
an{iWw sNbvXv D-m¡nb Ad_naebmf¯n\v X\Xmb en]namebp-v. AXv aebmf¯nsei_vZ§Ä tcJs¸Sp¯m³ ]mI¯n Ad_nen]n ]cnjvIcn¨v D-m¡nbXmWv. GähpwNpcp§nbXv Aªqdp hÀjs¯ Ncn{Xhpw \nch[nþKZy]ZyIrXnIfpw DÅ hn]peamsbmcpkmlnXy k¼ v̄ Ad_n aebmf¯n\p-v. AXnse ]ZyimJbmWv am¸nf¸m«pIÄ.
CuW¯n\v {]m[m\yapÅ am¸nf¸m«pIfn Ad_n aebmf]Z§Ä¡p ]pdta I¶U,kwkvIrXw, Xangv F¶o `mjIfnse ]Z§fpw tNÀ¡p¶p. IqSmsX Ad_naebmf Km\imJI¼n, Igp v̄, hm¡¼n, hmep½Â I¼n F¶n§s\bpÅ {]mk hyhØbnÂ
\nÀ_ÔamWv.
aplnbp±o³ame
am¸nf kmlnXy¯n Gähpw P\IobambXv am¸nf¸m«pIfmWv. Ad_n aebmfhn`mK¯nse ]ZyimJbmWv am¸nf¸m«pIÄ. Hcp P\kaql¯nsâ Ncn{XhpwkmwkvImcnIt\«§fpw {]Xo£m \nÀ`camb PohnXhpw am ņf¸m«pIfn \ndªp\n¶v
Ahsb `mh \nÀ`cam¡p¶p. kwKoXw, {ipXn, am[pcyw, Xmfw, {]mkw, kuµcyk¦ev]w,
`mjbpsS {Kmaimeo\X, emfnXyw XpS§nbh am¸nf¸m«nsâ khntijXIfmWv.am¸nf¸m«pIÄ¡v ame¸m«pIÄ, ]S¸m«pIÄ, sIÊp]m«pIÄ, InÊ]m«pIÄ, I¯p]m«pIÄ,
IÃymW m̧«pIÄ, kÀ¡o«p]m«pIÄ F¶n§s\ ]e D]hn`mK§fpap-v. hnip²·msc
{]IoÀ¯n¡p¶ ]m«pIfmWv ame¸m«pIÄ.
In«nbn«pÅXn Gähpw ]g¡apÅ am¸nf¸m«v aplnbp²o³ amebmWv. aplyp±o³A_vZpÄ JmZÀ Pnem\n F¶ ]pWy ]pcpjsâ A]Zm\§fmWv CXn {]Xn]mZn¡p¶Xv.
aebmf kwkvIrX§Ä tNÀ¶v krjvSn¨ aWn{]hmfwt]mse Ad_n aebmf `mjIÄtNÀ v̄ Hcp k¦c`mj krjvSn¨v AXn {]kvXpX Imhyw cNn¡p¶p F¶v Ihn, IhnXbpsSapJhpcbn {]kvXmhn¡p¶p-v. `ànamÀ¤ ¯nte¡v P\§sf BIÀjn¡m\pÅHcp]m[nbmbn«mWv Jmknapl½Zv CXv cNn¨Xv. ]«nWnbpw, ZpcnXhpw th«bmSp¶
IÀ¡nSI\mfpIfn tIcfob lnµpIpSpw_§fn cmambWw hmbn¡p¶Xpt]mse tIcfobapÉow IpSpw_§fn aplnbp±o³amebpw hmbn¡s¸«p. ssZh¯n\v Gähpw th-s¸«Hcmfpw AÛpXkn²nIfpÅ ]pWy]pcpj\pambmWv Cu ]m«n aplvbp±o³
AhXcn¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xv.
Ipªmbn³ apÉymÀ
am¸nf kmlnXy¯nse BZyIme Fgp¯pImcn {][m\nbmWv Ipªmbn³ apÉymÀ.]Xns\«mw \qäm-n Pohn n̈cp¶ apÉymÀ kmaqXncn¸mSnsâ sIm«mcw hnZqjI\pwX¯zÚm\nbpambncp¶p. a\pjyicocs¯ PohnXkmKc¯n k©cn¡p¶ I¸embn\ncq]Ww sNbvsXgpXnb `mhkpµcamb ImhyamWv I¸¸m«v. a\pjy\mIp¶ Cu I¸Âicnbmb amÀ¤¯neqsS Ncn¡m³ A\nhmcyamb IÀ½m\pjvTm\§Ä Ihn CXnÂ
hnhcn¡p¶p. Cu Imhyw Ipªmbn³ apÉymcpsS cN\mssh`hw, AhXcW NmXpcyw,\À½t_m[w F¶nhbvs¡Ãmw DZmlcWamWv. PohnXamIp¶ I¸Âbm{XbpsS e£ywXs¶
‘tIm\mb\mbs\’ (cmPm[ncmPs\þCuizcs\) ImWpI F¶XmWvþ F¶v Ihn AÀ°
i¦bv¡nSbnÃm¯hn[w ]dbp¶p. \_nXncpta\nbpsS Ncn{Xhpw A\nXckm[mcWamb
kw`h§fpw hnhcn¡p¶ apÉymcpsS ZmÀi\nI {KÙamWv ‘
\qÂaZvlqw’. \½psSBßobtiJc¯n\v \nkvXpeamb kw`mh\ \ÂInb {]Xn`m[\\mWv Ipªmbn³ apÉymÀ.
8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)
24/27
School of Distance Education
tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 24
tamUyqÄ þ4
PmXnhyhØbpw tIcfkaqlhpw
Bcym[n\nthi¯n\ptijw Bcy·mcpw ]qÀÆ\nhmknIfpw Hcpan¨pPohn¡m³ Bcw`n¨tXmsSbmWv C¶pImWp¶ coXnbnepÅ PmXnhyhØbpsS Bcw`w Ipdn¡p¶Xv. hÀWhyXymk¯nemWv CXnsâ XpS¡w.kwLIme v̄ hyXykvX PmXnIÄ \ne\n¶ncp¶psh¦nepw sXmgnÂhn`P\¯n\¸pdt¯¡v AXn\v {]kànbp-mbncp¶nÃ. ]n¶oSv XmWPmXn¡mÀ F¶v ap{ZbSn¡s¸«hcpw A¡me v̄ kmaqlyambn ka·mcmbncp¶p.F¶m {_mÒWm[n\nthiw iàns¸«t¯msS AhØamdn. temI¯v asähnsSbpwImWm¯ coXnbnepÅ AXniàhpw a\pjzXzclnXhpamb PmXnk{¼ZmbwtIcf¯n DSseSp¯p. \oXnbpw \nbahpw CXns\ ASnØm\s¸Sp¯nbpÅXmbncp¶p. khÀWcmb {_mÒWÀ¡v h[in£tbm XShpin£tbm
D-mbncp¶nÃ. F¶m AhÀWÀ¡v tamjW¡pä n̄\pt]mepw h[in£\ÂInbncp¶p. _p²ssP\aX§fpsS £bw lnµpaXs¯ hfÀ¯n. IqSpXembnlnµpaX¯nte¡v h¶ BfpIsf AhÀWcm¡n \nÀ¯p¶Xn\pw sshZnItaÂt¡mbva {i²]peÀ¯n. NmXpÀhÀWyw hyhØm]nXambtXmsS Hcp PmXnbnÂP\n¨hÀ asämcp PmXnbnte¡v amdpI F¶Xv Akm²yambn. IÀ½a\pkcn¨mbncp¶pPmXn hyhØ XpS§nbsX¦nepw ]n¶oSXv P·a\pkcn¨mbn amdn. PmXn¡pÅnsePmXnbpw Abn¯mNmcWhpw Xo-epw sXmSoepsaÃmw tIcf¯nse PmXnhyhØAXnk¦oÀ®hpw XnI¨pw a\pjyXzclnXhpamb H¶m¡n¯oÀ¯p.
a®mt¸Sn, ]pet¸Sn
sX¡³ XncphnXmwIqdn a®mt¸Sn F¶p ]dbp¶XmWv hS¡v ]pet¸Sn F¶p]dªphcp¶Xv. a²yIme¯v tIcf n̄ \ne\n¶ncp¶ Hcp A\mNmcamWnXv.IÀ¡SI amk¯n kÔyIgnªm B¬XpWbnÃm¯ \mbÀ kv{XoIÄ hoSn\pshfnbnend§pIbnÃmbncp¶p. ImcWw hoSn\p ]pd¯psh¨v Xmgv¶ PmXnbnÂs¸«HcmÄ \mbÀ kv{Xosb sXmSpItbm AhfpsS icoc¯n ItÃm, It¼m
FdnªpsImÅn¡pItbm, FhnsSb¦nepw \n¶v ‘It-’ F¶p hnfn¨p ]dbpItbmsNbvXm AhÄ¡v PmXn{`jvSv kw`hn¡pambncp¶p. C§s\bpÅ kv{XoIsfho«nepÅhÀ ]ns¶ kzoIcn¡pambncp¶nÃ. AhÄ a®msâ IqsS s]mbvs¡mÅWw.a®mt¸Snsb¸än B[nImcnIambn BZyw kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv _Àt_mkbmWv. {_o«ojv `cWImew hsc ae_mdn Cu BNmcw \ne\n¶ncp¶p. F¶m thWm«nÂ
cmPmhmb tIm«bw tIcfhÀ½ F¶ D®nt¡cfhÀ½ Hcp hnfw_c¯neqsS CXv \nÀ¯em¡n. XncphnXmwtImSv inemimk\w AXnsâ B[nImcnI tcJbmWv.Abn¯w
‘Aip²w’ F¶ kwkvIrX]Z¯nsâ XÛhamWnXv. sXm«pIqSmbva,Xo-n¡qSmbva F¶p c-pXc n̄ Abn̄ w D-v. DbÀ¶ PmXn¡mcpw Xmgv¶PmXn¡mcpw am{Xaà Xmgv¶ PmXn¡mÀ¡nSbnÂXs¶ `n¶hn`mK¡mÀ X½nepwAbn¯w BNcn¨ncp¶p. tIcf¯n {_mÒWm[n]Xy¯nsâ ^eambn PmXnhyhØ\o¡pt]m¡nÃm¯ coXnbn BbtXmsSbmWv Abn¯mNcWhpw Bcw`n¨Xv.kwLIme¯v PmXnIÄ D-mbncps¶¦nepw Abn¯mNmcWw D-mbncp¶XmbnIcpXp¶nÃ. C´ybn s]mXphmbpw tIcf¯n khntijambpw CXv \ne\n¶ncp¶p.
‘{`m´mebw’ F¶v kzman hnthIm\µ³ hnfn¡¯¡ coXnbn ITn\ambncp¶ptIcf¯nse Abn¯mNcWw. AXn\m¯s¶ tIcf¯nse kmaqlnI ]cnjvIcW
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{]Øm\§fnÂsh¨v Gähpw iàamb H¶mbncp¶p Abnt¯m¨mS\ {]t£m`Ww.almßmKmÔnbpsS t\XrXz n̄epÅ C´y³ \mjW tIm¬{Kkv tZiob{]Øm\¯nsâ `mKambn Abnt¯m¨mS\ {ia§sfbpw I-p. tIcf¯n Cu{]Øm\¯n\v Np¡m³ ]Sn¨Xv N«¼nkzmanIÄ, {io\mcmbWKpcp, Ipamc\mim³XpS§nb kmaqlnI ]cn£vIÀ¯m¡fpw Fkv.F³.Un.]n, F³.Fkv.Fkv XpS§nb
kwLS\Ifpw Bbncp¶p. ‘anXhmZn’ ]{Xm[n]À kn. IrjvW³, Sn.sI. am[h³,a¶¯p ]ß\m`³, sI.]n. tIihtat\m³ sI.tIf¸³ F¶nhÀ Abn¯¯ns\Xncmb kacapJs¯ {][m\ t\Xm¡·mÀ Bbncp¶p. s]mXp\nc¯p IfnÂAhÀ®À¡v \S¡p¶Xn\pw t£{X{]thi\¯n\p th-nbpw \nch[n kac§ÄD-mbn. ssh¡w kXym{Klw, KpcphmbqÀ kXym{Klw, ]menbw kacw F¶nhDZmlcW§fmWv. 1936 \hw_À 12mw Xo¿Xn XncphnXmwIqÀ cmPmhv {ioNn̄ nc
Xncp\mÄ _mecmahÀ½ \S¯nb t£{X{]thi\ hnfw_cw ‘B[p\nI Imes¯
AÛpX’ambn ]pIgv¯s¸«p. C´y kzX{´ambt¸mÄ Abn¯mNcW \nbawaqew
\nÀ¯Â sNbvXp.
Ifcn
tIcf¯n \qänsb«p IfcnIfpw AhntS¡p Ifcn tZhXIsfbpw ]cipcma³
Iev]n¨p F¶v ‘tIctfmÂ]¯n’bn ]dbp¶p-v. a[yIme tIcf¯n bphm¡Ä¡v Bbp[]cnioe\w \ÂInt¸m¶ Øe§fmWv IfcnIÄ. \mb·mcpw, CughcpwBbncp¶p CXn kw_Ôn¨ncp¶ hn`mK§Ä. ChnsS kv{XoIÄ¡pw {]thi\w\ÂInbncp¶p. \mSphmgnIfmbncp¶p `cWw \S¯nbncp¶Xv F¦nepw ssk\ywamS¼namcpsS ssIIfnembncp¶p. bpt²mhkc§fn ssk\yklmbwsN¿p¶Xn\mbn AhÀ \nÀ n̄bncp¶ ssk\yw C¯cw ]cnioe\w Ignªhcmbncp¶p. Hmtcm Ifcnbnepw Atbm[\apdIfn Xg¡hpw ]g¡hpapÅ HcmÄBim\mbn D-mbncn¡pw. Ifcnbmim³, ]Wn¡À, Ipdp¸v, Kpcp¡ÄF¶n§s\bmbncn¡pw Ct±lw Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. IpdphSn, ZÞv, hmÄ, Ip´w, NpcnI,Ddpan F¶o Bbp[§Ä {]tbmKn¡m\pÅ hnZKv² ]cnioe\w IfcnIfnÂ\ÂIs¸«ncp¶p.
\päm-pImew \ne\n¶ tNcþtNmf bp²w tIcf P\Xbnepfhm¡nb cmPykvt\l¯nsâ ^eamWv Ifcn k{¼Zmbw. {_mÒWm[n]Xy¯n\ptijhpw AXv XpSÀ¶p t]mcpIbmWp-mbXv. hS¡³ ]m«pIfn hnIkn¡p¶ ImeL«w IfcnIÄ{]Nmc¯nep-mbncp¶ Imeambncp¶p. D¯ctIcf¯nse IS¯\mSmbncp¶p
IfcnIfpsS {]apJtI{µw.A¦w
tIcf¯nse a²yImeL« n̄se \oXn\ymb kwhn[m\§Ä ssI¿q¡pambn_Ôs¸«mWv \ne\n¶ncp¶Xv. c-v I£nIÄ X½nepÅ A`n{]mbhyXymkwXd¡q«¯nt\m \m«p¡q«¯nt\m Xr]vXnIcambn ]cnlcn¡m³ Ignªnsæn BI£nIÄ A¦wsh«n Imcy¯n\v XoÀ¸p-m¡pIbmWv sNbvXncp¶Xv. I£nIÄXs¶t\cn«v A¦wsh«Wsa¶p-mbncp¶nÃ. AhÀ¡pth-n Bbp[ {]tbmK¯nÂsshZKv²yapÅ tNIh·msc \ntbmKn̈ mepw aXnbmbncp¶p. ]p¯qcw ho«nseBtcma tNIhÀ, aI³ Btcmaep®n, Xt¨mfn amWnt¡m¯p ho«nse HtX\³
A\´ch³ N´p F¶nhÀ {]ikvXcmb tNIh·mÀ Bbncp¶p. A¦s¯¡pdn¨v t\ct¯ \mSphmgnsb Adnbn v̈ ‘\m«pIngn’ sImSp¡Wambncp¶p. A¦¯n\pÅHcp¡§Ä sNbvXncp¶Xv \mSphmgnbmWv.
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School of Distance Education
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s]mbv¯v
A¦¯n \n¶v hyXykvXamb H¶mWv ‘s]mbv¯v ’. c-v hyànItfmtZi§tfm X½nepÅ kzImcy aÕcambncp¶p AXv. BbXn\m¯s¶
s]mbv¯ns\¡pdn v̈ s]mXpP\§Ä¡pw \mSphmgnIÄ¡pw Adnhp \ÂtI-Bhiyap-mbncp¶nÃ. Xt¨mfn HtX\\pw IXncqÀ Icp¡fpw X½n \S¶ s]mbv v̄
{]kn²amWv. ‘IpSn¸I’ ]et¸mgpw s]mbv n̄te¡v \bn¡pItbm s]mbv n̄eqsSAhkm\n¡pItbm sN¿mdp-v. HcmÄ asämcmsf h[n¡pItbm D]{Zhn¡pItbmsNbvXm aÀ±\¯n\ncbmb BfpsS IpSpw_¡mÀ AXv sNbvXhsâ IpSpw_t¯mSv imizXamb sshcw ]peÀ¯nt¸m¶ncp¶p. CXns\bmWv IpSn¸I F¶p ]dbp¶Xv.hS¡³]m«pIfn IpSn¸IbpsS Ncn{X¯n\v F{XthWsa¦nepw DZmlcWw ImWmw.
hS¡³ ]m«pIÄ
aebmf¯nse hocIYmKm\§fn apJybn\amWv hS¡³]m«pIÄ.
A¡mes¯ tIcfob PohnXs¯¡pdn¨pÅ hkvXpXIÄ a\Ênem¡m\pÅHcp]m[nIqSnbmWnXv. Ifcnk{¼Zmbw tIcfob kmaqlyPohnX¯nsâAhn`mPyLSIambncp¶ Hcp ImeL«¯nsâ {]Xn^e\amWv Cu ]m«pIfnÂImWp¶Xv. AXn \ndªncn¡p¶Xv hocNcnX§fmWv. D¯c tIcf¯nseIS¯\mSmWv CXnsâ {]`htI{µw. IqSmsX tIme¯p\mSv, hSIc, \mZm]pcw F¶o{]tZi§fpw Cu hocIYmKm\§fn DÄs¸«ncp¶p. Bbp[ hnZymhnZKv²cmbncp¶Xt¨mfn HtX\s\bpw Btcma tNIhscbpw Ipdn̈ mWv ]e]m«pIfpw.HtX\s\¡pdn¨pÅ ]m«pIÄ Xt¨mfn¸m«pIÄ F¶pw, BtcmaÂt¨IhÀ, D®nbmÀ¨F¶nhsc¡pdn̈ pÅ ]m«pIÄ ]p¯qcw ]m«pIÄ F¶pw Adnbs¸Sp¶p. AÚmXIÀ¯rI§fmb Ch BZyw kamlcn¨Xp t]gvknamIzn³ BWv.
HmWw
tIcf¯nsâ tZiotbmÕhamWv HmWw. Nn§amk¯n A¯w apXÂHmWmtLmjw XpS§p¶p. hnjvWp hma\mhXmc¯nse¯n AkpcN{IhÀ¯nbmb alm_ensb aq¶Sna®v Zm\ambn tNmZn¨psIm-v ]mXmf¯nte¡v Nhn«n¯mgv¯n F¶pw [À½njvT\mb alm_enbv¡v hÀj¯nsemcn¡Â Xsâ {]PIsf ImWm³ hcp¶Xn\pÅ A\phmZw sImSp¯p F¶pamWv HmWs¯¡pdn¨pÅ sFXnlyw. tIcf¯nse Bcym[n\nthi¯nsâ ^eambn{ZmhnUÀ¡p-mb A]Nbs¯¡pdn¡p¶ H¶mbpw hnfshSp¸pambn_Ôs¸Sp¯nbpw ]pXphÀjmtLmjambn kwtbmPn¸n¨pw HmWs¯¡pdn¨v
Nn´n¡mdp-v. am¦pSn acpX\mcpsS ‘a[psscIm©n’bn HmWs¯¡pdn¨v ]cmaÀin¡p¶p-v. tIcf¯n `mkvIcchnhÀ½bpsS Ime¯mWv HmWw Bcw`n¨Xv F¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p. HmWmtLmjhpambn _Ôs¸« khntijamb NS§mWv sIm¨ncmPmhnsâ A¯¨ab tLmjbm{X. Xr¡m¡c t£{X¯nse DÕhImew
IqSnbmWnXv. ‘A¯w ]t¯mWw’ F¶mWv sNmÃv. A¯w apX HmWw hsc]¯pZnhkw hoSpIfn I\yIamÀ hr¯mIrXnbn ]qhnSp¶p. Xp¼bpwap¡pänbpamWv CXn apJyw, XpSÀ¶v Xr¡m¡cb¸s\ {]XnjvTn¡pw, ASt\Zn¡pwIpchbnSpw. XncpthmW\mfn hn`hkar²amb kZy D-mIpw. ssIsIm«n¡fn,]´pIfn, Duªmem«w, hÅwIfn, HmW¯Ãv, ]pen¡fn F¶o hnt\mZ§fpw
HmWt¯mS\p_Ôn¨v \S¶phcp¶p.
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hnjp
hnjp aebmfnIfpsS ]pXphÕcamWv. taSamkw H¶mw Xo¿XnbmWv hnjpBtLmjn¡mdv. At¸mÄ kqcy³ ao\w cminhn«p taSw cminbn IS¡p¶p. A¶v
cm¸IepIÄ¡v XpeyssZÀLyw Bbncn¡pw. cmhW \n{KlkvacWbmWv hnjp F¶pw]dªphcp¶p. CsXmcp ImÀjntImÕhw IqSnbmWv. hnjphn\v IrjnbpsS{]mcw`ambn \new DgpXp¶ NS§mWv hnjp¨m DgÂ. hnjphns\ kw_Ôn̈ pÅBZy]cmaÀiw `mkvIcchnbpsS Xrs¡mSn¯m\w imk\¯n ImWmw.IenhÂkc¯nsâ {]mcw`amWv hnjp F¶p]dbp¶Xv. hnjphnsâ {][m\NS§pIfmWv hnjpss¡\o«hpw, hnjp¡Wnbpw. Hcp Dcpfnbn DW¡ecn\nc¯nAXn IWnshÅcnbpw {KÙhpw sIm¶ q̧hpw \mfntIcapdnbpw hbv¡p¶p. IqSmsX\nehnf¡v, ]gp¡Sbv¡, N¡, hm¡®mSn F¶n§s\ aäp hkvXp¡fpw tNÀ¯v IWns]men¸n¡p¶p. AXncmhnse ho«nse FÃmw AwK§fpw IWn ImWpIbpwXpSÀ¶v kkymZnIsfbpw hfÀ p̄arK§sfbpw IWnImWn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. ]n¶oSv
]S¡w s]m«n¡pw tijw ImcWhÀ IpSpw_¯nse FÃmhÀ¡pwh hnjpssI\o«w\ÂIpw. hÀjw apgph³ \ofp¶ hnjp^ehpw Irjn XpSt§- aplqÀ¯wIpdn¡epw CtXXpSÀ¶v \S¡pw. D¨bv¡v hoSpIfn kZysbmcp¡pw. N¡, am§,shÅcn hn`h§Ä¡v kZybn {]mapJyw D-mbncn¡pw. \mfntIcw sIm n̄bn«Iªnbpw, iÀ¡cbpw ]¨cn \mfntIc¸men Ipdp¡nb hnjp¡«bpwiÀ¡c¸m\nbpw {][m\ hnjp hǹ h§fmWv.
amam¦w
]{´-v hÀj¯nsemcn¡Â `mcX¸pgbpsS Xoc¯v Xncp\mhmbbn sh¨p\S¯nbncp¶ DÕhw. amLaIw BWt{X amam¦w BbXv. _p²sâ P·Zn\mtLmjw
F¶ \nebnemWv NS§pIÄ XpS§nbsX¶v Hc ǹ{]mbap-v. Ipw`tImW¯p\S¶ncp¶ tNmf·mcpsS kv\mt\mÕhamWv tNmf {]Xn\n[nbmb ØmWpchn.Xncp\mhmbbn Bcw`n¨ amam¦w Fs¶mcp ]£hpw D-v. s]cpamÄ Cu AhImiws]cp¼S¸p kzcq]¯n\p \ÂIn. ]n¶oSXv hÅph t¡m\mXncn¡v e`n¨p. XpSÀ¶v BØm\w kmaqXncn ]nSn¨S ¡n. CXmWv Ncn{Xw. AXn\m¯s¶ kmaqXncn \ne]mSpXdbn Fgp¶ Åpt¼mÄ hÅpht¡m\mXncn HgnsI asäÃm tIc fcmPm¡·mcpw ASnas¡mSn sImSp ̄ b¨v kmaqXncnbpsS A[oiXzw AwKoI cn¨ncp¶p.hÅpht¡m\mXncn NmthÀ ]SsbbmWv ]Icw Ab¨ncp¶Xv. AhÀ ]Ssh«nhocarXyp hcn¨ncp¶p. Xsâ {]Xntj[w C¯c¯nemWv hÅpht¡m\mXncn{]ISam¡nbncp¶Xv. amam¦t¯msS FÃm `qanssIamä {]amW§fpw Akm[phmIpw.
]n¶oSv Ah ]pXpt¡-nbncp¶p. Ahkm\s¯ amam¦w \S¶Xv 1766emsW¶v hnizkn¡s¸Sp¶p.
tchXn]«¯m\w
Xpemamk¯nse tchXo\£{X¯n tImgnt¡m«v Xfnbn t£{X¯nÂsh¨v kmaqXncnbpsS kwc£Wbn \S¡p¶ k]vXZn\ hnZypXvkZÊmWv tchXo]«¯m\w. CXn shfnbn \n¶pt]mepw hnZzm·mÀ ]s¦Sp n̄cp¶p.hmZ{]XnhmZ§fn A\nXck[mcWamb ]mÞnXyw {]ISam¡p¶ ]ÞnXhtcWy·mÀ¡p `«Øm\w (]«¯m\w) \ÂInh¶p. F«mwZnhkw kmaqXncnbmWv ]«¯m\hpw ]W¡ngnbpw \ÂInbncp¶Xv. aoamwk, hymIcWw, thZm´w F¶o
hnjb§fnemWv NÀ¨ \S¶ncp¶Xv. CXn tIcf¯nse FÃmw k`maT§fpsSbpw{]Xn\n[nIÄ ]s¦Sp¯ncp¶p. hn[nIÀ¯m¡fn {]apJ³ ]¿¶qÀ a\bv¡se{][m\nbmbncp¶p.