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<0



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<5



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<7



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<2



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<6



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{yo{ynguë ndughhguuwlhg$H&Wdnodg Gwyo{gl jl pgfwnuo ld`jg wdl ugysl hndgl en lsnodg dghhl houul lhhl òduyllsnodg3

yloyslyg g òa{hgulyg hg lsnodn {ygrnpug {gy òduyohhlyg hg agy`n òduylluug g wpwy{lunrg lhhl

byodungyl gpugydl eghh„Wdnodg Gwyo{gl$

Hl dg`gppnuë en ygfohlyg h„luunrnuë òaagy`nlhg g h„ndugygppg l {yo`wylypn wd wppo en gduylug

uyniwulyng( {yoro`l( nd aoeo g anpwyg enrgypg( wd ndugyrgduo eghho Puluo dgfhn p`lain ndugydlsnodlhn

en agy`n$ Ndugyrgduo `jg rngdg luuwluo uylanug hg eofldg( hl `wn lsnodg pn aldnbgpul dgn òdbyodun

eghhg agy`n {yorgdngdun elhh„gpugyo o nrn enyguug$

Dghh„gp{hn`lsnodg egn {yo{yn òa{nun npunuwsnodlhn hg eofldg ohuyg le wdl bwdsnodg en `lyluugyg

p`lhg prohfodo whugynoyn bwdsnodn3 wdl bwdsnodg gòdoan`l( |wlhg puywagduo en {ohnun`l gòdoan`l(

g wdl bwdsnodg en flyldsnl òduyo n uylff`n nhhg`nun$

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lppohrgyg l uwughl egn {yoewuuoyn dlsnodlhn {gy òduylpulyg h„nhhg`nul nduyoewsnodg dghho Puluo en

{yoeouun nanulun g/o òduylluun$

Dod inpofdl ndohuyg enagdun`lyg `jg n òddn eghho Puluo dod podo {nþ poho òddn dlsnodlhn al

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Gwyo{gl gppl {wù `nyòhlyg hnigylagdug nd uwuuo nh ugyynuoyno eghh&Wdnodg$

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boyalhnuë en na{oyulsnodg g ynpòppn n elsn eofldlhn$

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lh 0; fnwfdo 9;;5$ Ulhn ygfohlagdun {ygrgeodo wd ndugyrgduo eghh„Lwuoynuë Eofldlhg( e„wff`no g pw

npuldsl en {lyug( enyguuo l iho``lyg hg agy`n dgh aoagduo eghhl hoyo gduylul dgh ugyynuoyno eghhl

@oawdnuë Gwyo{gl$

L hnrghho dlsnodlhg( ohuyg lhhg enp{opnsnodn en yg`g{nagduo eghhl doyalunrl òawdnulynl en

lyaodnsslsnodg( pn pgfdlhldo lh`wdn ndugyrgdun doyalunrn3! Dgh pguuoyg lfynòho puluo nduyoeouuo dgh 9;;5 wd aly`jno ‘Aleg nd Nulh~ ‑ l uwughl eghhg agy`n

ndugfylhagdug {yoeouug pwh ugyynuoyno nulhnldo$ H„wpo nhhg`nuo en ulhg aly`jno {gdlhagdug

pldsnodluo ln pgdpn egh Hniyo Pgòdeo( Unuoho RNN( @l{o NN( egh @oen`g [gdlhg$ [gy h„nyyoflsnodg

eghhg {gdg l``gppoyng pn l{{hn`l h„Lyu$ 7<: egh @oen`g [gdlhg$ G„ pulul ndohuyg {ygrnpul h„npunuwsnodg

{ygppo fhn wff`n eghh„Npunuwuo {gy nh @oaagy`no òd h„Gpugyo o {ygppo fhn wff`n eghhg yl{{ygpgduldsg

en{hoalun`jg g òdpohlyn en wff`n en òdpwhgdsl {gy hl uwughl egh aly`jno ‘Aleg nd Nulh~ ‑

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òduylpuo lhhl enwpnodg ughgalun`l liwpnrl en o{gyg `ndgaluofyl`jg ge lppnanhlug( uyl hg {nþpgrgyg nd Gwyo{l$ Gppl lyynrl ndbluun l oh{nyg od pldsnodn laandnpuylunrg ld`jg n pndfohn wugdun(

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! @od nh E$Hfp$ <; bgiiylno 9;;7( d$ 0; ! puluo rlyluo nh ‘@oen`g eghhl {yo{ynguë ndewpuynlhg‑$ Pn

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ndewpuynlhg ge nd {lyunòhlyg |wghhg òd`gydgdun iygrguun {gy ndrgdsnodn( aoeghhn en wunhnuë( enpgfdn

g aoeghhn( dworg rlynguë rgfgulhn( uo{ofylg egn {yoeouun l pganòdewuuoyn( aly`jn e„na{ygpl

ge lhuyn pgfdn enpundunrn( nden`lsnodn fgofyl`jg( egdoandlsnodn en oynfndg( ndboyalsnodn lsngdelhn

ynpgyrlug$

Nddg( pw p`lhl aodenlhg wdl eghhg rng nduyl{ygpg {gy hl houul lhhl òduyllsnodg |wghhl

eghh&npunuwsnodg {gynoen`l en òdfygppn pw ulhg ugal( òd h&oinguunro en ldlhnsslyg hg dworg aoelhnuë

enyguug l anfhnoylyg hl òo{gylsnodg g hl òoyendlsnodg l hnrghho ndugydlsnodlhg( dod`jî( {gy

ndenrnewlyg hg pohwsnodn {nþ gff`l`n dghhl houul lhhl òduyllsnodg ge lhhl {nylugynl dgh òaagy`no

ndugydlsnodlhg$

Pw |wgpuo byodug( hg ndnsnlunrg {nþ na{oyuldun podo pulun uyg odfygppn *Fndgryl 9;;6( Hnodg 9;;7(

Iywzghhgp 9;;5. oyfldnsslun el VN[O( Ndugy{oh g h„Oyfldnsslsnodg Aodenlhg eghhg Eofldg *OAE.(

nd òo{gylsnodg òd lhuyg oyfldnsslsnodn$

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P`jgal en pndugpn eghhg doyalunrg oawdnulyng {nþ yg`gdun nd alugynl en houul lhhl oduyllsnodg<;

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E$H <0 bgiiylno 9;;2 d$<<:Luuwlsnodg eghhl Enyguunrl gwyo{gl yghlunrl lh Enynuuo eghh„Lwuoygen wd„o{gyl e„lyug pwhhg pw``gppnrg rgdenug

E$H <; bgiiylno 9;;7 d$0; @oen`g pwhhl [yo{ynguë Ndewpuynlhg

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egh 99 hwfhno 9;;0pop{guulug en rnohlyg ulhwdn enynuun en {yo{ynguë ndenrnewlhg g lhhganpwyg el leouulyg dgn odbyodun en agy`n jg rnohldo ulhn enynuun

<;$ Nd3 vvv$gwyo{lyh$gwyo{l$gw

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lffnoydlagduo egh |wleyo hgfnphlunro g pldsnodluoyno al ld`jg wd ndugyrgduo en gff`l`n {ohnun`jg

en pg`wynu~ `jg eorygiigyo gppgyg l{{hn`lug nd rnl {ygrgdunrl$

Rl {gyù {yg`npluo `jg ynp{guuo lhh„gff`l`nl en |wlhpnrofhnl ndugyrgduo dod {wù gppgyg

pouuorlhwuluo wd {yoihgal en enpluugdsnodg {yo{yno en |wghhn `jg eorygiigyo gppgyg n poffguun

elddgffnlun( oppnl( na{ygpg g òdpwaluoyn$

[gy |wlduo ynfwlyel hg na{ygpg liilpuldsl enwpo wd luugffnlagduo `jg ugdeg l

pouuorlhwulyg nh ynp`jno nanulsnodg( hnanuldeopn le lfnyg dod fnë nd rnl {ygrgdunrl {gy lyfndlyg nhbgdoagdo igdpè l {opugynoyn {gy òdugdgyg hg òdpgfwgdsg elddopg pwhhl {yo{ynl naalfndg g

ylppn`wylyg uga{oyldglagdug( nh {nþ eghhg rohug pwhhl p`nl gaounrl en |wlh`jg fyoppo pg|wgpuyo( n

{yo{yn {ougdsnlhn `hngdun$

Lhuyguulduo ynhgrldug nh {yoihgal en wdl p`lypl {ygpl en òp`ngdsl egh bgdoagdo el {lyug egn

`nuulendn( {nþ ndugygpplun le l`|wnpulyg l ilppo {ygsso {yoeouun enrgdwun egn rgyn g {yo{yn )puluwp

p~aioh ) `jg l agenulyg pwhhg òdpgfwgdsg ndenyguug eghhg {yo{yng lsnodn$

Ald`l( no( dgn odpwaluoyn |wghhl whuwyl eghhl houul lhhl oduyllsnodg jg pohl {ouygiig blyhn

egpnpugyg elhh&l`|wnpulyg {yoeouun en ndewiinl {yorgdngdsl pgiigdg )aly`lun)$Pw |wgpuo byodug enrgdul {ynoynulynl wdl boyug `la{lfdl en ndboyalsnodg g pgdpninhnsslsnodg

{gy enodegyg wdl alffnoyg òdop`gdsl egh bgdoagdo g eghhg pwg òdpgfwgdsg$ ê aohuo

na{oyuldug `jg {lppn wd agpplffno enwpo pwh bluuo `jg hl òduyllsnodg( {ynal en gppgyg

ug`dn`lagdug wd ygluo( wd `ynandg( wd `ynandg en un{o gòdoanò( òd boyunppnag òdpgfwgdsg

en oyendg po`nlhg$

Na{oyuldun {lppn lrldun egrodo gppgyg bluun ld`jg dghh„laingdug {ohnunò eorg pn doul ldòyl wd

luugffnlagduo p{gppo uohhgyldug rgypo |wgpuo bgdoagdo òdrndun egh bluuo `jg hl òduyllsnodg

{nwuuopuo `jg aguugyg nd {gynòho h&gpnpugdsl pwh agy`luo en na{ygpg òpunuwgdun hl boysl uylndldug

eghhl dopuyl gòdoanl( oyl {oppninhnuë en hlroyo l `jn |wounenldlagdug rnrg ln alyfndn eghhl

po`nguë$

Al dodopuldug wd |wleyo fgdgylhg nd wn pn ygfnpuyl wd {yoihgal en enpluugdsnodg liilpuldsl

enwpl uyl hg {ynd`n{lhn rnuunag egh bgdoagdo( liilpuldsl yn``l hl hguugyluwyl pwhhg gp{gyngdsg en

{ohn`~ en òduylpuo eghhl òduyllsnodg$

Lh`wdg ynp{opug l |wgpuo {yoihgal rgdfodo elhhg lppo`nlsnodn ldunòduyllsnodg `jg prohfodo

wdl òdundwl luunrnuë en ndboyalsnodg g pgdpninhnsslsnodg pwhhl hgfnphlsnodg dlsnodlhg g

ndugydlsnodlhg pw aly`jn g iygrguun g pwhhg nddorlsnodn ug`dn`jg {gy enbgdegypn elhhl òduyllsnodg$

5$ Hg {ohnun`jg en {ygrgdsnodg g òduylpuo

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Dghhl pugppl enygsnodg rl hl eg`npnodg eghh„N@G en ghlioylyg wd rlegag`wa {gy hg na{ygpg l `wnpwffgynp`g oag {ynao {lppo hl ygfnpuylsnodg egh aly`jno o iygrguuo dgn {lgpn ynugdwun en ndugygppg

òaagy`nlhg$ Ndohuyg( pga{yg h„Npunuwuo( òdpl{grohg eghh„na{oyuldsl en `yglyg wd `ldlhg ndugyluunro

òd h&gpugydo( jl {ygenp{opuo wd pgyrnsno en dwagyo rgyeg {gy yn`grgyg pgfdlhlsnodn *pnl eln

òdpwaluoyn `jg eln ynrgdenuoyn. pw grgduwlhn ldoalhng egn {yo{yn {yoeouun o pgyrnsn$

En dworo nd lainuo N@G g òd dlhnuë ndboyalunrg podo pulun npunuwnun egn egpm dgn [lgpn òd wdl

alffnoy {yoewsnodg en igdn òduylluun( orrgyo egfhn wff`n òd nh òa{nuo en lppnpugyg hg na{ygpg

dghhl ygfnpuylsnodg egn aly`jn g egn iygrguun$ Lffelun l bwdsnodlyn {wiihn`n òd gp{gyngdsl nd alugynl

en {yo{ynguë ndewpuynlhg( ulhn puywuuwyg( o{gyldun {ygppo h&wff`no N@G( jlddo nh òa{nuo en boydnygndboyalsnodn en {ynao oyngdulagduo pwh pnpugal en {yo{ynguë ndughhguuwlhg g pwh pwo bwdsnodlagduo

dgh [lgpg odpnegyluo g en aodnuoylyg od luugdsnodg nh agy`luo od ynbgynagduo ln {yoihgan eghhl

òduyllsnodg$ N [lgpn `jg op{nuldo |wgpun wff`n podo3 @ndl( Ulnvld( Ndenl( Ywppnl( @oygl( Lylinl

Plwenul( Uwy jnl( WPL( Iylpnhg$

Pwh {nldo egfhn l`òyen inhlugylhn ynòyenlao ld`jg |wghho nd alugynl en {yo{ynguë ndughhguuwlhg

òd hl @ndl( yaluo h„: fnwfdo egh 9;;2( nh @oanuluo Nulho!Byld`gpg Ldunòduyllsnodg( nh {yofylaal

en oo{gylsnodg inhlugylhg od ho Wdnuge Pulugp [lugdu lde Uylegalym Off`g *WP[UO.$

Pga{yg nd |wgpuo lainuo( en {lyunòhlyg ndugygppg ld`jg nh {youoòhho en ndugpl {gy hl uwughleghhl {yo{ynguë ndughhguuwlhg pnfhluo nh <>!;>!9;;2 uyl hl Bgegylsnodg Pan!Lun g nh @odpnfhno dlsnodlhg

eghhl @ndl {gy nh pguuoyg ugppnhg!liinfhnlagduo *@dul`.$ Grgduwlhn òduyorgypng nd alugynl en {yo{ynguë

ndughhguuwlhg( pgòdeo h„ndugpl( plylddo fgpunug elhh„Nulh~!@jndl iwpndgpp agenlunod @gdugy *@gduyo

en @od`nhnlsnodg @oaagy`nlhg Nulho!@ndgpg.( luunro {ygppo hl @lagyl Lyinuylhg Dlsnodlhg g

Ndugydlsnodlhg en Anhldo *{gy hl {lyug nulhnldl. g {ygppo nh Agenlunod @gdugy egh @jndl @owd`nh boy

ujg {yoaounod ob ndugydlunodlh uyleg en [g`jndo *{gy hl {lyug `ndgpg.$

Ld`jg pwh byodug egn iygrguun hg ndnsnlunrg podo aohug$ @„ nh {yofguuo `jg rgeg hl @lagyl en

@oaagy`no en Anhldo( nd {lylhhgho òd lhuyg @lagyg( ndpngag lhh„Wff`no Nulhnldo Iygrguun g Aly`jn(

Ndbo`lagyg g wd {ldgh en puwen {yobgppnodlhn( òd h„oinguunro en p{gynagdulyg hg {yo`gewyg {gy nh

eg{opnuo nd rnl ughgalun`l en aly`jn g iygrguun dlsnodlhn$ Ulhg p{gynagdulsnodg jl hl dlhnuë en

rgyn`lyg nh bwdsnodlagduo eghhg {yo`gewyg ug`dn`jg en eg{opnuo g nh òyyguuo uylpbgynagduo egn elun

byl n enrgypn poffguun ndugygpplun$

Hl [yornd`nl en Anhldo jl p{gynagduluo ld`jg wd lsnodg en nd`gdunro lhhl iygrguulsnodg gwyo{gl

g ndugydlsnodlhn luuylrgypo wd òduyniwuo egh 7;' egn òpun$

Ndohuyg( h„Wff`no Nulhnldo Iygrguun g Aly`jn *WNIA. pul egdgdeo nh ygfohlagduo gpg`wunro {gy nh

òen`g en {yo{ynguë ndewpuynlhg( l pgfwnuo egh eg`yguo hgfnphlunro `jg yguun`l nh agegpnao g `jg

òa{ygdeg hl ynluuyniwsnodg eghhl unuohlynuë egn iygrguun jg p`luwynpòdo elhhl yn`gy`l lhhg wdnrgypnuë(

99



hl ewylul eghhl {yougsnodg egh enynuuo e„lwuoyg dgh `lpo en `wawho {gy nh egpnfd( g hl ygnduyoewsnodgegh ynuo oyendlyno( pga{hn`luo g pdghhnuo$

[gy yloyslyg g yn|wlhn`lyg n iygrguun dlsnodlhn pn lffelul lhh„Wff`no Gwyo{go egn Iygrguun *OGI.

hl yn`gy`l en dornuë pwhhg ndrgdsnodn dlsnodlhn$ Nh uga{o punaluo {gy hl yglhnsslsnodg en |wgpuo

{yofguuo en <: agpn( òd wd òpuo {ygrnpuo en <: anhnodn$ Lhh„OGI pn ynrohfodo fnë hl Byld`nl g lhuyn

|wluuyo {lgpn gwyo{gn$ Lh oduga{o( nd oypo wd {yofylaal uyngddlhg en yloyslagduo eghh„WNIA(

egh rlhoyg en > anhnodn$

Dghhl hofn`l eghhl òo{gylsnodg ndugynpunuwsnodlhg dghh„ouuoiyg 9;;7 pulul yalul wdl

òdrgdsnodg uyl nh Andnpuyo eghhg Luunrnuë [yoewuunrg g hl Fwlyenl en Bndldsl {gy hl houul lhhlòduyllsnodg$ Hl @odrgdsnodg( dghh&lainuo eghhg ndnsnlunrg {gy wdl {nþ gff`l`g uwughl egn

òdpwaluoyn( ndugdeg yglhnsslyg wdl {nþ ndugdpl òhhlioylsnodg nd rlyn `la{n en ndugygppg òawdg

g jl uyl n pwon {ynd`n{lhn oinguunrn( ohuyg lhhl houul lhhl òduyllsnodg( hl pn`wygssl egn {yoeouun$

H„l`òyeo pn {odg dgh pohò eghhg enp{opnsnodn hgfnphlunrg jg lppgfdldo lhhl Fwlyenl en Bndldsl

òa{nun en {ygrgdsnodg( yn`gy`l g yg{ygppnodg eghhg rnohlsnodn nd alugynl en enynuun e„lwuoyg( mdov!

jov( iygrguun( aly`jn g lhuyn enynuun en {ynrlunrl ndewpuynlhg g `jg {ygrgeodo boyag en ohhlioylsnodg

eghhg Bnlaag Fnlhhg òd oyfldn npunuwsnodlhn( Lwuoynuë nden{gdegdun ge Gdun en {wiihnò ndugygppg

`jg dg bl``nldo yn`jngpul$ [gy wdl {nþ nd`npnrl lsnodg en òduylpuo egh bgdoagdo( hl Fwlyenl enBndldsl jl npunuwnuo nh Dw`hgo P{g`nlhg Uwughl Agy`lun( lh wn ndugydo o{gyl( od oa{gugdsl p{g`n`l(

nh Fyw{{o Aly`jn( Iygrguun g [yo{ynguë$

[gy yloyslyg h„lsnodg òduyo hl òduyllsnodg ohuyg le ndugpg en òo{gylsnodg uyl rlyn gdun

npunuwsnodlhn( dgh 9;;7 puluo npunuwnuo h„Lhuo @oaanpplyno {gy hl Houul lhhl @oduyllsnodg( òd n

pgfwgdun oinguunrn<<3

‐ uwughlyg hl yn`gy`l p`ngdun`l g h„nddorlsnodg ug`dohofn`l( pnl lhh„ndugydo `jg lhh„gpugydo egh

ugyynuoyno dlsnodlhg

‐ aodnuoylyg hg doyag rnfgdun {gy {yo{oyyg( org o`òyyl( puywagdun doyalunrn {nþ legfwlun lhhl

{ygrgdsnodg eghhl òduyllsnodg g eghhl {nylugynl

‐ anfhnoylyg hl uwughl iygrguulhg eghhg na{ygpg

‐ òhhlioylyg òd hg na{ygpg dghhl ynhgrlsnodg g aodnuoylffno en bgdoagdn nhhg`nun$

Wd gpga{no na{oyuldug en lppo`nlsnodnpao `jg rl dghhl enygsnodg en wdl òhhlioylsnodg uyl

uwuun fhn luuoyn ndugygpplun NDEN@LA( npunuwuo en `gduyo aly`l {gy hl houul lhhl òduyllsnodg( bodeluo

dgh <>:6$ Blddo {lyug en |wgpul lppo`nlsnodg na{ygpg en {yoewsnodn( |wghhg eghhl enpuyniwsnodg(

lppo`nlsnodn en `lugfoynl( do lfhn puwen hgflhn iygrguuwlhn$ @n podo òag po`n hg uyg fylden

òdbgegylsnodn eghh„ndewpuynl g egh òaagy`no$

<<$ Ulhg gp{gyngdsl dod ê pulul

ynddorlul ge ê òd`hwpl

dgh 9;;: od nh eg`yguo hgffg

<<9/9;;:

90



Pwh {nldo eghhl òo{gylsnodg( hl @oaanppnodg WG aguug nd grnegdsl `jg hl enbgpl eghh&gòdoanlgwyo{gl( eghhl plhwug g eghhl pn`wygssl egn `nuulendn( {ouyë {yopgfwnyg nd aoeo gff`l`g poho òd nh

òduyniwuo òdfnwduo en uwuun n [lgpn agaiyn$ Wd {nhlpuyo eghhl houul lhhl òduyllsnodg enrgdul

|wnden hl òo{gylsnodg g òhhlioylsnodg uyl hg rlyng oyfldnsslsnodn ndugydlsnodlhn {wiihn`jg g

{ynrlug òndrohug nd |wgpul houul$ Pw |wgpuo byodug enrgdul wdl {ynoynuë lfnyg dghhl enygsnodg eghhl

òdenrnpodg eghhg ndboyalsnodn uyl boysg eghh„oyendg( eofldg( {yo`wyg g n enrgypn poffguun en

yl{{ygpgduldsl$

Nd |wgpuo lainuo gpnpuodo eghhg iwodg {ylppn `jg podo enrgdulug wdo puywagduo |wounenldo

dghhl houul lhhl òduyllsnodg$ Wdl en |wgpug nh {yofguuo Blhpul eghhg lfgdsng eghhg eofldg `jgjl òag oinguunro |wghho en `yglyg( luuylrgypo h„wunhnsso en ug`dohofng vgi( wdl ild`l elun {gy lrgyg

wd naagenluo ynpòduyo egn {yoeouun òduylluun$ Fylsng l |wgpuo {yofguuo( n bwdsnodlyn eofldlhn

{oppodo ndugyyoflyg hl ild`l elun ouugdgdeo ynp{opug nd uga{o yglhg g dgh `lpo en ewiino `ny`l

h„lwugdun`nuë egh {yoeouuo {oppodo lrrlhgypn egn ug`dn`n eghhg lppo`nlsnodn en `lugfoynl$

Rlddo pgfdlhlun ld`jg na{oyuldun ndugyrgdun pwh byodug pldsnodluoyno$ L |wgpuo ynfwlyeo puluo

l{{yorluo wd {yorrgenagduo `jg {ygrgeg `jg hg agy`n iho``lug lhhg eofldg òduylluug rgyylddo

enyguulagdug enpuywuug( {ynal ldòyl eghhl eg`npnodg en wd alfnpuyluo( oag lrrngdg luuwlhagdug$

Ndohuyg( òd nh Eg`yguo Hgffg pwhhl òa{gununrnuë *eh d$07/;7. pulul eylpun`lagdug nddlhslul hlpldsnodg {gy `jn aguug nd òaagy`no {yoeouun òd pgfdn ndflddgrohn$ Pgfdn `jg {oppodo uylyyg nd

gyyoyg nh odpwaluoyg pwhh&oynfndg( hl {yorgdngdsl g hl |wlhnuë eghh&o{gyl3 h&Lyunòho d$ 7<6 egh @oen`g

[gdlhg rngdg òpè aoen`luo dgh pwo l{{lyluo {wdnunro( hlp`nldeo ndlhugylul hl {gdl en wd lddo en

yg`hwpnodg( al ghgrldeo el <$;09 l 9;$;;; gwyo hl awhul {ygrnpul$ Hl puyguul ynfwlyel ld`jg fhn

l`|wnygdun en agy`g òduylluul$ Nd |wgpuo `lpo( hl pldsnodg wdn`lagdug en dluwyl laandnpuylunrl

g {wù ylffnwdfgyg wd alppnao en <;$;;; gwyo$ Hl pugppl pldsnodg {ygrnpul {gy h&l`|wnygdug rl {on

l òh{nyg ld`jg `jn( pgdsl wdl {ygrgdunrl rgyn`l pwhhl {yorgdngdsl( lppwag nh ywoho en

ndugyagenlyno$

Nd lainuo gwyo{go( puluo {ygpgduluo wd {nldo en ndugyrgdun `jg pn ndugfyldo lhhg ndnsnlunrg

oynssodulhn dgn pguuoyn eghhl fnwpunsnl g egfhn llyn ndugydn$ Dgh agynuo( lh`wdg hgrg pw `wn h„WG {yo{odg

en lfnyg podo<93

!boyalsnodg òdfnwdul byl hg rlyng lfgdsng g n rlyn lfgdun eofldlhn( pnl en alyg `jg en ugyyl `jg

en lynl

! boyalsnodg egh {gypodlhg eghh„ndewpuynl pwn yg|wnpnpun en hgffg( {ohnsnl( uylendf puldelye g

eofldg

! vgipnug ldun{nylugynl

! l`òyen òd lsngdeg en uylp{oyuo ndugydlsnodlhg {gy pgfdlhlyg {lyunug en agy`g pop{guul$

<9$ ‘Agaoyldewa

ob wdegypuldendf

od o!o{gylunod nd ujg ghe

ob egugùnod( iguvggd ndewpuy~

gdboy`gagdu ioeng lde {wihn`

lfgd`ngp‑ l wyl eghh„Wff`no

Ndugydlsnodlhg

pwhh„Ndrgpunflsnodg g hl Uwughl

eghhl [yo{ynguë Ndughhguuwlhg(;7/9;;6

95



Wd lhuyo ynageno bodelagdulhg {gy iluugyg pwh uga{o n oduylluuoyn |wghho en l{ynyg wd ldlhgen enyguuo oduluuo od hg pugppg lsngdeg unuohlyn egn aly`jn jg( lrgdeo wdl al{{luwyl egn {yo{yn

òhhlioyluoyn( ld`jg pg ndenyguun( {oppodo flyldunyg nd uga{o yglhg hl iwodl bgeg o agdo eghhl enuul

òaanuugdug$

L |wgpuo {yo{opnuo rl ynòyelul hl dg`gppnuë en {oyyg ynageno lhhl hl`wdopl enp`n{hndl yghlunrl lhhl

ygfohlsnodg egh òduougysnpao$ [on`jî nh òduyluuo `jg ygfohl hl pwi!boydnuwyl hl òpneeguul

hlroylsnodg {gy oduo( nh ugysnpul( dod {wù gppgyg odpnegyluo hn`gdsnlulyno egh aly`jno g oag ulhg

dod ugdwuo le lrgyg {ygppo en pî lh`wdl hn`gdsl le gppo yghlunrl gppgdeo òduyluuwlhagdug

oiihnfluo pohulduo l boydnyg |wlduo yn`jngpuo elh òaanuugdug$ Nd pgeg en òduyohho( |wnden( nòa{nl`gdun na{ygdenuoyn {ygpulunpn le l`òfhngyg òaanppnodn pop{guug dod en yleo pn uynd`gyldo

enguyo hl iwodl bgeg eghhl {ygpwdsnodg egh {oppgppo eghhl hn`gdsl )eg |wo) el {lyug egh hoyo hngdug$

@gyuo( {gy orrnlyg l pnanhn ndòdrgdngdun plygiig o{{oyuwdo `jg hg na{ygpg fwnel egn pnpugan

eg`gduylun gguuwndo wd òpuldug aodnuoylffno egh {yo`gppo {yoewuunro odeg lrgyg wdl al{{l

lffnoydlul egn rlyn o{gyluoyn gòdoan`n uyl n |wlhn podo pweenrnpg hg enrgypg blpn egh {yo`gppo pugppo$

Blyg `nù( {gyù( gpuygalagdug òa{hgppo {on`jî hg na{ygpg podo pga{yg {nþ oyngdulug le

luuwlyg wdl {ohnun`l oaagy`nlhg rohul l ynpohrgyg hl p`ghul egh )almg oy iw~ ) l blroyg eghhl pgòdel

o{snodg òd h&wunhnsso en wd dwagyo `ygp`gdug en {yoewuuoyn ugysnpun `jg( l hoyo rohul( {gy hg pugppgylfnodn( pn lrrlhfodo en pwi!ugysnpun g òpuoyo en pwi!pwi!ugysnpun$

El |wlduo eguuo pn {wù bl`nhagdug òa{ygdegyg òag n rldulffn( nd ugyandn en gppninhnuë( egn

pnpugan eg`gduylun òa{oyundo( |wlhg ndgrnulinhg òduyo{lyunul( hl {gyenul en òduyohho el {lyug eghhg

na{ygpg fwnel pw uwuug hg lhuyg `jg hlroyldo {gy hoyo òduo l{ygdeo {gynòhoplagdug nh pnpugal l

poffguun dod hgfnuunalun lhhl {yoewsnodg$

\wgpun whunan( nd `lpo en òduyohho el {lyug eghhg Boysg en [ohnsnl( l{{youuldeo eghhg enffòhuë

`jg fhn oyfldn l``gyuluoyn ndgrnulinhagdug ndòduyldo dgh ynòpuywnyg h&ndugyo pnpugal( jlddo uwuuo

nh uga{o {gy o``whulyg grgduwlhn )òy{n en ygluo) jg( dghh&naagenlugssl( ald`ldeo pn`wyn ynpòduyn

{yoiluoyn( dod {oppninhg pouuylyyg lhhl enp{odninhnuë eghhl {lyug$

H&ldlhnpn egn ag``ldnpan o{gylunrn egh )òwdugybgnundf) grnegdsnl( {gy`nù( òag {gy flyldunyg

uga{gpunrnuë ge nd`npnrnuë lhh&lsnodg yg{ygppnrl eghhl [ohnsnl Fnwensnlynl o`òyyg jg pnldo ynp{guulug

ewg òdensnodn3

! o{gylyg nd aldngyl òoyendlul òd fhn oyfldnpan dlsnodlhn {yg{opun lhhl houul lhhl

òduyllsnodg nd |wlduo poho òd h&lwpnhno en |wgpun whunan pn yngp`g l pl{gyg( nd uga{o yglhg( pg

wd eluo na{ygdenuoyg!ugysnpul ynòdew`ninhg dghh&lainuo en wdo egn pnpugan {ynal `nulun g |wnden

òdop`nwuo {ygppo hl yghlunrl na{ygpl fwnel unuohlyg egh aly`jno

! ygdegyg enp{odninhn eghhg ynpoypg waldg nd fyleo en {ougy lffld`lyg fhn oyfldn en {ohnsnl

97



fnwensnlynl p{g`nlhnsslun pouuo nh {yoho ug`dohofnò g agy`gohofnò lffd`jî( |wgpun whunan({oppldo lfnyg òd {leyodldsl nd pguuoyn ndewpuynlhn( |wlhn |wghhn eghhl hlroylsnodg en `l{n en

liinfhnlagduo o en {ghhguugynl en lhul aoel( nd wn hl odop`gdsl egn {yo`gppn {yoewuunrn g eghhg

`lyluugynpun`jg egn {yoeouun *lp{guuo( |wlhnuë( {ygsso( gp`hwpnrnuë eghhl {yoewsnodg nd egugyandlug

sodg. ndenp{gdplinhg {gy ndenynsslyg o{{oyuwdlagdug n òduyohhn$

92



7$< Pguug ugan {gy h„ldunòduyllsnodg

@opl3 |wlh`jg egdnsnodg

Yghlunrlagdug lhh„offguuo en |wgpuo hlroyo eoiinlao ynòyelyg n uyg òd`guun doyalhagdug wplun

{gy `jnlynyg n ugyandn eghhl |wgpunodg3

• @oduyllsnodg * g |wnden ldun oduyllsnodg.3 rngdg òdpnegylul hl yn{yoewsnodg en wd igdg nd

aldngyl ulhagdug bgeghg el ndflddlyg ld`jg h„gp{gyuo$ H„ldunòduyllsnodg |wnden h„ndpngag en

ug`dn`jg g puywagdun `jg ygdeodo pga{yg {nþ enff`nhg o( lh hnanug( na{oppninhg |wgpul yn{yoewsnodg• Uyl`mndf o uyl``nlagduo3 h„ndpngag en aguoen g puywagdun `jg flyldunpòdo h„èdenrnewlsnodg(

h„ndboyalsnodg en wdnro`nuë egh igdg pnò {gy nh {gynoeo {ygpo nd gplag( `jg {ouygiig gppgyg

h„ndugyl rnul eghh„offguuo

• [nylugynl3 hl yn{yoewsnodg en wd igdg nd aldngyl fyoppohldl ulhg `no el dod ndflddlyg

h„l`|wnygdug jg |wnden òdpl{grohg en dod enp{oyyg en wd igdg ‘oynfndlhg‑$

@od |wgpug egdnsnodg dg ynpwhul `jg nh uyl`mndf {wù flyldunyg h„ldunòduyllsnodg al l òpuo

en wdl dougrohg òa{hgppnuë bwdsnodlhg nd {lyunòhlyg pg pn rwohg pgfwnyg nh igdg {gy uwuul hl pwl rnuldo lhho palhunagduo$

H„ldunòduyllsnodg pgdsl uyl`mndf( e„lhuyo `lduo( dod {ouyë aln flyldunyg h„lppohwul `gyugssl

eghh„oynfndlhnuë nd |wlduo {ouyë pga{yg gpnpugyg wdl ò{nl {gybguul g |wnden ndenpundfwninhg( nh

{yoihgal enrgdul |wnden |wlduo enff`nhg g |wlduo òpul `yglyg hl ò{nl$

[gy`jî3 N rldulffn {gy hg lygg bwdsnodlhn eghh„lsngdel

El wd {wduo en rnpul en wunhnsso bwdsnodlhg hl dg`gppnuë en ynòdop`nagduo egh {yoeouuo luungdg lhhg

lygg en3

• Ynòdop`nagduo òaagy`nlhg3 no hl poeenpblsnodg egh inpofdo ‘Alphovnldo‑ en l{{lyugdgdsl

lh fyw{{o( en l``guulsnodg$ \wgpuo lp{guuo aohuo `ygp`nwuo dgfhn whunan uga{n luuylrgypo nh

òd`guuo en ‘iylde‑ g ho punhg en rnul lppo`nluo$ H„gpnpugdsl en wd pnaioho `gyun`l hl anl p`ghul g

|wlhn`l( nd wd `gyuo pgdpo( h„l``guulsnodg egn rlhoyn pouundugpn

• [yo{ynguë hgflhg3 hl populdsl pnanhg l |wghhl egh {wduo {yg`gegdug( hl engygdsl pul dgh hnrghho

en {yg`npnodg yn`jngpul3 dgh `lpo {yg`gegdug hl uohhgyldsl wd {lylaguyo ghlpunò egdnuo

elhh„lsngdel {yoewuuyn`g *|wlduo oduyohho jo nd laino en |wlduo opul.( nd |wgpu„lygl nh oduyohho

egrg gppgyg |wlpn lppohwuo lhuynagdun dod jl rlhoyg fnwensnlyno

7$ N pnpugan ldunòduyllsnodg enp{odninhn pwh agy`luo3 uyl``nlinhnuë

g ynòdop`nagduo egh {yoeouuo

96



• Hofnpun`l ndugydl3 `no hl {oppninhnuë en òduyohhlyg hl aornagdulsnodg( ndrgdulyno g òduyohholrldslagduo eghhl {yoewsnodg( ghnandlyg |wnden ld`jg grgduwlhn poryl{{yoewsnodn el {lyug en

ugysn lwuoynsslun

• Hofnpun`l gpugydl3 ynfwlyel {yo`gppn |wlhn hl {ygssluwyl {ygppo n {wdun rgdenul( nh oduyohho eghhl

aornagdulsnodg pn`l gpugydl lhhl pgeg {yoewuunrl g |wnden ld`jg hl hnanulsnodg egh agy`luo

{lylhhgho o en p`lain dod lwuoynsslun

• Pn`wygssl3 oyaln ld`jg nd gyun pguuoyn eghh„liinfhnlagduo gpnpug hl dg`gppnuë en legfwlagduo lhhg

hgffn pwhhl ygp{odplinhnuë offguunrl òd {lyunòhlyg ynbgynagduo lhh„liinfhnlagduo el hlroyo o {gy

ilaindn= hl odop`gdsl egh {yo`gppo {yoewuunro g hofnpunò {gyaguug nh oduyohho eghhg ygp{odplinhnuë$Hg {ynag ewg lygg podo un{n`lagdug h„lygl en l{{hn`lsnodg egn pnpugan en ldunòduyllsnodg

agduyg hg whunag uyg podo h„lygl en l{{hn`lsnodg egn pnpugan en uyl`mndf$

@jn3 N poffguun ndugygpplun

Podo ndugygpplun lhhl ynòdop`ninhnuë `gyul egh {yoeouuo uwuun n poffguun gòdoan`n òndrohun dgh

{yo`gppo en {yoewsnodg!rgdenul!òdpwao( nd yghlsnodg lh hoyo inpofdo en gguuwlyg eghhg p`ghug( pnl

ynfwlyeo lhh„wunhnsso egh {yoeouuo *òa{ygdpnodg o{gylunrl. pnl nd fgdgylhg ynfwlyeo lh enynuuo enòdop`gdsl *òa{ygdpnodg gun`l.$

\wgpun poffguun podo3

• H„lsngdel egugduyn`g egh aly`jno jg egdnp`g nh hnrghho en òdop`gdsl/pn`wygssl inhld`nldeo

òpun g igdg`n eghh„o{gylsnodg

• H„lsngdel {yoewuuyn`g *nden{gdegdugagdug elhhl pwl {opnsnodg en {yoewuuoyg nd {yo{yno(

òaanuugdug( o {yoewuuoyg {gy òduo ugysn. nd |wlduo ugdwul l oyfldnsslyg n {yo{yn {yo`gppn nd

bwdsnodg eghhg enyguunrg yn`grwug

• Hg po`nguë en uylp{oyuo g hofnpun l `jg egrodo flyldunyg h„ndugfynuë eghhl hngyl enpuyniwunrl

na{gegdeo aldoanppnodn

• N dgfosnldun dgh ew{hn`g ywoho en wugdun egn {yo`gppn l aodug g en flyldun dgn òdbyodun egn

`hngdun dlhn

• N `hngdun nd |wlduo wugdun {lfldun en wd pgyrnsno

• Nh aodeo gpugydo *òdugpuo. dghhg gdunuë egfhn wff`n hgflhn *{yoihgan en {yo{ynguë g {ynrl`~. g

hg po`nguë en òawdn`lsnodg {gy h„wunhnsso egh pnaioho òag puywagduo en lffygflsnodg$

El nù ynpwhul grnegdug jg luuoyn enrgypn gduyldo nd {yo`gppn enrgypn g dod uwuug hg oaindlsnodn

wugdug!{yo`gppo jlddo wd pgdpo$

9:



Eorg3 òddoulsnodn fgofyl`jg eghh„ndboyalsnodg pwh {yoeouuo

Enrnenlao fhn lp{guun fgofyl`n eghhl fgpunodg eghh„ndboyalsnodg nd3

• Hwofo en dlp`nul eghh„ndboyalsnodg `jg doyalhagdug ònd`neg òd hl ho`lsnodg nd `wn dlp`g

nh {yoeouuo ndugpo òag igdg pnò

• Hwofo en wunhnsso( l pwl rohul pweenrnpo nd3

! [yoewsnodg3 un{n`lagdug nd |wgpu„lygl liinlao pnl hl {yoihgalun`l eghh„ndpgynagduo eghho

puywagduo ndboyalunro *gun`jguul( ulf( g` $. `jg eghh„wunhnsso ln dn hofnpun`n ndugydn

! Uylp{oyuo3 nd |wgpu„lygl h„ndboyalsnodg rngdg un{n`lagdug aldugdwul g wunhnsslul pw hlyfl p`lhl

! Rgdenug3 |wn h„ndboyalsnodg {ygdeg nh pwo rlhoyg alffnoyg {gy`jî flyldunp`g h„wugdug dlhg(nd wd `gyuo pgdpo ho pò{o {ynd`n{lhg eghh„ndugyo {yo`gppo

• @odugpuo po`nlhg *pn`wygssl/hgflhg.3 |wn un{n`lagdug pn uyluul en fgpunyg hg g``gsnodn dod

egpnegylug al jg gpnpuodo$

Dghhl po`nguë luuwlhg orrno `jg dod gpnpuodo hnanulsnodn lh òdugpuo fgofylò3 `nlp`wdo egn

{wdun `nulun {wù gppgyg orwd|wg dgh aodeo$

\wldeo3 Nh `n`ho en rnul eghh„ndboyalsnodg pwh {yoeouuo

N uga{n un{n`n egh {yo`gppo en ldunòduyllsnodg òa{ygdeodo3

• hl dlp`nul eghh„ndboyalsnodg nd wn gpnpug h„lppgfdlsnodg eghh„ndboyalsnodg

• hl rnul eghh„ndboyalsnodg `wn eoiinlao bly ynbgynagduo {gy |wlduo ynfwlyel3

! nh aoagduo eghhl ynhgrlsnodg orrgyo hg {yoihgalun`jg uga{oylhn lppo`nlug lhh„wunhnsso

! {gy |wlduo uga{o eoiinlao flyldunyg hl ynhgrlinhnuë eghh„ndboyalsnodg3 do lhhl rgdenul o

nh hnanug {ouygiig ewylyg |wlduo nh `l{o pugppo( do lhhl pwl youulalsnodg

• hl dg eghh„ndboyalsnodg( orrgyo hl p`ghul pg o agdo {gyegyg ho puoynò eo{o `jg

h„ndboyalsnodg aoyul$

Egdnyg wdl {ohnun`l en ldunòduyllsnodg rwoh enyg egdnyg ld`jg hg lyluugynpun`jg dgh wnyg egh

uga{o dgn ugyandn `nulun |wn po{yl= nd {lyunòhlyg pgyrg lyodulyg hg {yoihgalun`jg en ynhgrlsnodg

enpluunrlinhg o dod ynhgrlinhg pg dod rohwul$

El wd {wduo en rnpul hgflhg n egrg gppgyg hl {oppninhnuë( nd wd gyuo aoagduo l p`ghul eghh„wugdug

dlhg( en enpluunrlyg nh {yo`gppo en ynhgrlsnodg dod rohwuo {on`jî nù odfwygygiig wdl rnohlsnodg

eghhl {ynrl`~ {gypodlhg$

9>



\wgpuo {oyul l ewg {yoihgan3• hl p`ghul egh aoagduo `jg un{n`lagdug igdg pnl rlhwulul elhh„lsngdel {gy grnulyg `jg wugdun

dod ndboyalun ynòyyldo {on l enluynig pw``gppnrg

• nh aguoeo en enpluunrlsnodg `jg egrg gppgyg o{gylunrlagdug pga{hn`g$

\wgpul {yoihgalun`l aohuo rlynlinhg dgn rlyn [lgpn al nd lh`wdn jl lp{guun {nwuuopuo {yg`npn nd

enbgpl egh òdpwaluoyg$

@oag3 @lyluugynpun`jg ug`dn`jg egn pnpugan ldunòduyllsnodg

\wgpul {yoilinhagdug hl {ynal {lyug `jg rngdg nd agdug |wldeo pn {lyhl en ldunòduyllsnodg(

`no hl p`ghul eghho puywagduo òyyguuo$ Nd yglhuë hl {lyohl ‘ oyyguuo‑ en {gy pg bwoyrnldug pg dod pn

ldlhnssluo òyyguulagdug òpl rofhnlao ouugdgyg el |wgpuo puywagduo$ [gy nduyoewyyg

h„lyfoagduo {lppnlao {ynal el wdl al`yo`hlppn`lsnodg eghhg aguoeohofng `jg {oppnlao

enrnegyg nd3

Aguoen en |wlhn`l3[gy |wgpun aguoen( l pwl rohul( {oppnlao {lyhlyg en wdnro`nuë egh {yo`gppo en lppgfdlsnodg *iyg

{ohnagyn`jg( {yo`gppn puo`lpun`n.( `no en puywagdun `jg wdl rohul `yglun dod podo en {gy pg

ew{hn`linhn( o en aguoen ‘en flyldsnl‑ nd wn h„wdn`nuë dod flyldunul elhhl ug`dohofnl al el wd gdug

egnwppoyno *douln( òdpoysn gu`$.$

El wd {wduo en rnpul pnò nh aguoeo {wù l{{offnlypn l pw{{oyun3

• ndugydn lh {yoeouuo *iyg( g` $.

• pwh {yoeouuo *gun`jguug l{{hn`lug.

• pwhh„nailhho *{l``jn pnfnhhlun.

• en òdugpuo *rgdenul nd dgfosn lwuoynsslun.$

[gy |wlduo ynfwlyel hl puywagdulsnodg o{gylunrl dg`gpplynl dghhg rlyng blpn egh {yo`gppo en

fgpunodg eghh„ndboyalsnodg gppl {wù gppgyg l pwl rohul pweenrnpl nd3

• puywagdun en lppgfdlsnodg eghh„ndboyalsnodg

• puywagdun en ynhgrlsnodg

• puywagdun en dg eghh„gpnpugdsl

0;



Aguoen en ynhgrlsnodg

[gy |wlduo ynfwlyel n aguoen en ynhgrlsnodg eghh„ndboyalsnodg fgpunul elh {yo`gppo {oppnlao

{gdplyg nd ugyandn en3

• pulde!lhodg *lwuopwff`ngdun( dod jlddo inpofdo en lh`wdo puywagduo3 gp$ gun`jguug dwagylug.

• ug`dn`n ho`lhn *gp$ ohofylaan( iyg p{g`nlhn.

• òddgppn òd òdugpun ndboyalunrn *gp òd PAP( grgduwlhagdug vn!.$

\wlduo3 hl enagdpnodg gòdoan`l eghh„ndboyalsnodg\wldeo pn ldlhnssluo nh ‘{gy`jî‑ liinlao ohhgfluo hl {ohnun`l pwhh„ldunòduyllsnodg ln rlyn lp{guun

bwdsnodlhn al dod pn enp`wppo en en ‘\wlduo‑ {gpn `nlp`wdl gpnfgdsl g |wlduo òpun poeenpblyhl$

Dghhl rnul yglhg eghh„grgy~el~ iwpndgpp pn uyluul pga{yg en yn`gy`lyg wd enff`nhg g legfwluo

òa{yoagppo uyl n rlyn bluuoyn en wd {yoihgal$ Nd |wgpuo `lpo hl yn`gy`l eghh„g|wnhniyno ynfwlyel

enrgypn bluuoyn en òpuo g yn`lro3 nd {lyunòhlyg3

➩ Eghh„negdun`lunro

➩

Egh {yo`gppo en l{{hn`lsnodg➩ Egh {yo`gppo en ynhgrlsnodg

N@opun➩ Egh {yo`gppo en dg eghhl enp{odninhnuë ndboyalunrl

➩ Egh uga{o dg`gpplyno ln ewg {yo`gppn

➩ Eghhl ' en ynp`jno egn {yo`gppn *gyyoyn `jg {oppodo pw``gegyg.

➩ @oaagy`nlhn

NYn`lrn➩ Hofnpun`n

➩ Hgflhn

➩ En pn`wygssl

L byodug en |wgpuo {ynd`n{no rlddo pouuohndglun lh`wdn lp{guun$

[gy |wlduo ynfwlyel n opun( hl ro`g yghlunrl lhhl {gy`gduwlhg en ynp`jno egn {yo`gppn nd yghlsnodg

lh bluuo `jg lrgyg wd pnpugal ‘lppohwulagdug‑ {yg`npo na{oppninhg g òawd|wg {nþ `n pn lrrn`ndl

lhhl {yg`npnodg {nþ nh òpuo egh pnpugal lwagdul nd aldngyl lpnduoun`l$

Hl p`ghul eghhl pofhnl en gyyoyg l``guulinhg en{gdeg ld`jg elh òdugpuo nd `wn nh pnpugal en

{yoewsnodg eghhg ndboyalsnodn pwh {yoeouuo òhho`luo3 le gpga{no l``guulyg wd gyyoyg en <

ynhgrlagduo pw <$;;; {wù gppgyg l``guulinhg òaagy`nlhagdug al dod hgflhagdug eorg ndrg`g hl

{yg`npnodg yn`jngpul eoryë gppgyg lhagdo en < pw <anhnodg$

0<



[gy |wlduo ynfwlyel n yn`lrn( òag nd uwuun n {yo`gppn ndboyalunrn( hl |wldun`lsnodg gpuygalagdugenff`nhg$ Pn {wù {lyhlyg en yn`lrn enyguun |wlhn le gpga{no h„lwagduo eghhg rgdenug l byodug en wd anfhnoy

ynòdop`nagduo en agy`luo( al yglhnpun`lagdug lppln lyewo ynhgrlyho$ [oppnlao {lyhlyg en dod {gyenug

nd {lyunòhlyg dgn pguuoyn hgflhn g eghhl pn`wygssl gy`ldeo en |wldun`lyg |wlduo an {ouygiig opulyg

nh dod {gypgfwnyg wdl {ohnun`l ldunòduyllsnodg( al po{yluuwuuo eoiinlao {yorlyg l punalyg hl

{gyenul en {ougdsnlhg en agy`luo dod poeenpbluul o poeenpbluul nd aoeo bylweohgduo g `jg |wnden

pouuylg alyfndg lhh„lsngdel$ Nd ofdn `lpo podo `lhòhn enff`nhn( {oò lffelinhn al dg`gpplyn$

7$9 Lh`wdn puywagdun ug`dn`n enp{odninhn pwh agy`luo

Nd |wgpuo {lylfylbo rgyyë {yo{opul wdl ynòfdnsnodg egfhn puywagdun wplun òawdgagdug {gy

na{opulyg wd pnpugal ldunòduyllsnodg= òag `nuluo {ynal rgyyë wplul wdl `hlppn`lsnodg pn`l(

`no hgflul l eorg rngdg {opnsnodluo ho puywagduo$

Puywagdun ndugfylun dgh {yoeouuo\wgpun pnpugan podo ndugfylun ndunalagdug dgh {yoeouuo g dod l{{hn`lun o l{{hn`linhn l {opugynoyn3

Bnhn od an`yoghgagdun3 pn uyluul en pgfagdun en ho bluun en iyg {ohnagyn`jg odugdgdun aohgòhg

oyfldn`jg o ndoyfldn`jg dod {luofgdg$ [on`jî hl òa{opnsnodg dlhg nh ynpwhuluo en {yo`gppn nd

{lyug `lpwlhn dod {oppninhg yn{yoewyyg h„gpluul òa{opnsnodg en `nlp`wd ho `jg enrgdul |wnden

wd wdn`wa ygfnpuyluo lhhl pwl dlp`nul elhh„lsngdel {yoewuuyn`g$

Nh {yo`gppo en fgdgylsnodg egh ho {nwuuopuo òa{hn`luo g poho {o`jnppnag lsngdeg podo nd

fyleo en blyho$

Nh {yo`gppo en l{{hn`lsnodg eghh„negdun`lunro {ouygiig dod gppgyg pga{hn`nppnao g en{gdeg elh

`l{o en liinfhnlagduo$

Nh {yo`gppo en ynhgrlsnodg eghh„negdunuë {lppl luuylrgypo h„ldlhnpn òd luuygssluwyg p{g`nlhnsslug

eghho p{guuyo ghguuyoalfdgunò egh `la{nodg$ Pn uyluul en wdl ug`dohofnl aohuo yg`gdug g en `wn

dod podo ldòyl `jnlyn n hnanun o{gylunrn g n òpun pnl e„na{nlduo `jg en gpgy`nsno$ Hl {yg`npnodg eghhl

ynhgrlsnodg aohuo lhul( leenynuuwyl lppohwul( al aohuo al``jndopl g òawd|wg yn`jngeg h„ldlhnpn

en {gsso {gy {gsso$

Nh pnpugal jl wdl rnul ugdegdsnlhagdug nhhnanulul nd |wlduo hgflul lhhl pn`nuë egh ho( al dod

p{gfdninhg pg dod aoen`ldeo nh `l{o pw `wn puluo ugppwuo$

09



Dlpuyo alfdgunò3 pnanhg lh {yg`gegdug al ilpluo pw en wd pw{{oyuo agulhhnò= aohuo enwpo uylhg ildòdoug jl lrwuo |wlh`jg ugdulunro en wunhnsso ld`jg dgh `la{o eghh„liinfhnlagduo ge nd

aoeo {lyunòhlyg dghhg agy`gohofng egfhn l``gppoyn *ioypg g {oyulbofhn.$

Ylenobyg|wgdsl *YBNE.3 {wù gppgyg `nuluo nd |wgpul pgsnodg {gy`jî dgn ugdulunrn bluun doyl nh

pw{{oyuo rgdnrl `w`nuo lh `l{o$ Pn uyluul en wdl gun`jguul *ULF. `jg òdungdg wd `jn{ {lppnro *dod

jl lhnagdulsnodg. l pwl rohul òa{opuo el wd `ny`wnuo ndugfyluo g wdl ldugddl un{n`lagdug

p{nylhlul {gy ynewyyg ho p{lsno g lwagdulyg hg {ygpulsnodn$ \wldeo nh `jn{ {lppl nd `la{o alfdgunò

eghhl òyyguul byg|wgdsl uylanug h„ldugddl pn fgdgyl wdl engygdsl en {ougdsnlhg pwff`ngdug lelhnagdulyg nh `ny`wnuo `jg( l |wgpuo {wduo( ndrnl wd pgfdlhg yleno òd hg ndboyalsnodn `jg podo pulug

ygfnpuylug lh pwo ndugydo$ Un{n`lagdug pn uyluul en wd negdun`lunro lppohwuo *nh ‘òen`g `jn{‑. g en wdl

pgyng en `lyluugyn ygfnpuylun elhh„wugdug *gp$ aoeghho/ ugppwuo/ òhoyg/ulfhnl.$

Nh {yo`gppo en fgdgylsnodg egh ULF {nwuuopuo òa{hn`luo nd |wlduo pn uyluul en rgyn g {yo{yn

`ny`wnun ndugfylun( poho {o`jg lsngdeg podo nd fyleo en blyho= hg pugppg lsngdeg flyldunpòdo

h„wdnro`nuë egh òen`g lppohwuo$

Nh {yo`gppo en l{{hn`lsnodg eghh„negdun`lunro poyg pnl egh bluuo `jg n `jn{ podo uwuun wfwlhn {gy

`wn `„ nh ynp`jno en òdbodegyhn wdo {gy h„lhuyo pnl egh bluuo `jg inpofdl ndpgynyg hg ndboyalsnodnlffnwdunrg òd puywagdun dod aohuo {ylun`n el wd {wduo en rnpul o{gylunro $

Nh {yo`gppo en ynhgrlsnodg eghh„negdunuë {lppl luuylrgypo h„ndugyyoflsnodg rnl yleno egn `jn{$ Hl

{yg`npnodg en ynhgrlsnodg aohuo lhul pg {ygpn pndfohlyagdug( l rohug `n podo {yoihgan nd wunhnssn en

aohun `l{n lppngag nd |wlduo n `jn{ pn ò{yodo h„wd h„lhuyo$

Nh pnpugal jl wdl rnul ugdegdsnlhagdug nhhnanulul nd |wlduo hgflul lhhl pn`nuë eghh„gun`jguul ge nh

pnpugal p{gfdninhg lssgyldeo hg ndboyalsnodn lhh„ndugydo$

Gun`jguug ugppwug3 pn uyluul en ‘doyalhn‑ gun`jguug ugppwug pw wn( ohuyg lh hofo eghh„lsngdel g/o lhuyg

nden`lsnodn pn rofhnldo l{{hn`lyg( rngdg ugppwuo wd dwagyo {yofygppnro wdnroò$ Hl oaindlsnodg

hofo!dwagyo enrgdul wd negdun`lunro p{g`nlhg$ Hl rlhnenuë eghh„ldunòduyllsnodg pul dgh bluuo jg

hwdfo g òpuopo ugppgyg wd„gun`jguul wfwlhg$ L rohug {gy h„gun`jguul pn wpldo hlun {lyunòhlyn(

hwandgp`gdun o l hwandopnuë rlynlinhg {gy un{ohofnl en hw`g3 hlun enff`nhn el yg{gynyg g `jg lwagduldo

nh hnrghho en enffòhuë {gy blydg wdl ò{nl$

[gy hl hoyo rgpug gpugun`l g naagenlugssl |wgpug gun`jguug jlddo p{gppo wd fyldeg rlhoyg {gy

nh yl{{oyuo òaagy`nlhg òd nh `hngdug$

Nh {yo`gppo en fgdgylsnodg agenlagdug oa{hn`luo nd |wlduo dg`gppnul en al``jndg el yn`lao

o ugppnuwyl p{g`nlhnsslug$

00



Hl ynhgrlsnodg {wylagdug ouun`l( |wnden aohuo pga{hn`g ld`jg pg dg`gppnul en wd enp`yguohlroyo aldwlhg {gy wd grgduwlhg `lyn`lagduo egn elun dgn pnpugan ndboyalunrn$

[gy |wlduo ynfwlyel hl ewylul( dod gppgdeo |wgpun nden`luoyn ynhgrlinhn en dlpòpuo( un{n`lagdug

podo hlp`nlun {gy pga{yg pwh `l{o$

Puywagdun ndugfylun pwh {yoeouuo

Gun`jguug lwuolegpnrg3 pn uyluul en gun`jguug dod lp{oyulinhn *un{n`lagdug pn puyl{{ldo lh ugdulunro enynaosnodg. `jg( doyalhagdug( podo en ewg un{n3

• l aly`luwyl hlpgy pwhhl hndgl en {yoewsnodg( nù pnfdn`l `jg h„gun`jguul ndnsnlhagdug dgwuyl

rngdg p`ynuul el wd ylffno hlpgy eo{o gppgyg pulul l{{hn`lul$ H„gun`jguul oa{opul en ewg hl~gy

en ha en `wn |wghho porylpuldug bwdsnodl el uyldpbgy {gy na{ygppnodlyg nd aldngyl egdnunrl

|wghho pouuopuldug l pwl rohul ygpo legpnro el wdl ygpndl l`ynhn`l$ Hg ndboyalsnodn p`ynuug dod

podo `ld`ghhlinhn g nh pw{{oyuo pn yoa{g pg aldn{ohluo

• l hlpgy hnuofylò3 nd |wgpuo `lpo h„gun`jguul egrg gppgyg {yg{lylul l ildò ge nh hnrghho en

{yg`npnodg aohuo {nþ lhuo$ Un{n`lagdug gpnpuodo ewg hnrghhn en andnluwynsslsnodg eghhgndboyalsnodn3 nh {ynao g {nþ fyoppohldo {wù gppgyg rnpuo l o``jno dweo g òdpnpug en p`ynuug o

pnaiohn( nh pgòdeo jg liinpofdl en wdl hgdug en ndfyldenagduo odungdg wd an`yo ugpuo |wlhg

wd dwagyo en pgyng$

Hl `l{l`nuë ldunòduylluunrl en |wgpuo pnpugal dghhl enffòhuë yn{yoewuunrl egh pw{{oyuo

*agenl. g dghhl pwl yghlunrl bl`nhnuë e„wpo$

Nh pnpugal jl wdl rnul ugdegdsnlhagdug hnanulul hgflul lhhl pn`nuë eghh„gun`jguul jg( un{n`lagdug(

rngdg puyl{{lul lh aoagduo eghhl rgdenul$

Ohofylaan 3 {oppodo gppgyg lwuolegpnrn ( l{{hn`lun l `lheo( {ndslun o pga{hn`gagdug hgflun lh

`l{o òd wd òyeod`ndo$ Un{n`lagdug pn l{{offnldo pw en wd pwipuyluo `lyul`go$

Pn uyluul eghhl rgypnodg popun lul egh `lpo {yg`gegdug3 ln ewg hnrghhn gpnpugdun {oppodo rgdnyg lffnwdun

lhuyn ewg hnrghhn3 wdo ldlhofnò g wdo enfnulhg$ \wgpun ewg hnrghhn òdugdfodo elun ynpgyrlun l {gypodg `jg

egrodo enp{oyyg en p{g`nlhn rnpoyn ldlhofn`n o egòen`luoyn enfnulhn {gy hgffgyhn$ Nh uwuuo ndpgynuo òag

rlynlsnodn eghh„naalfndg en ilpg `jg ygpul {gyù hgffninhg g òaagy`nlhagdug pnfdn`lunrl$

Nh {yo`gppo en fgdgylsnodg eghh„ohofylaal en ageno!lhul enffòhuë nd |wlduo yn`jngeg

luuygssluwyg {nwuuopuo popun`lug al liilpuldsl enwpg$

05



Nh {yo`gppo en òduyohho yn`jngeg luuygssluwyg p{g`nlhnsslug `jg( dghhg rgypnodn {nþ grohwug({ygrgeodo ld`jg hl {ygpgdsl en `jnlrn pobuvlyg$

Nh pnpugal jl wdl rnul ugdegdsnlhagdug hnanulul do lh aoagduo eghhl rgdenul$

@lyughhndn `gyun`lun en lwugdun`nuë3 podo pga{hn`n `lyughhndn o {hl``jg agulhhn`jg o l``gppoyn

òawd|wg pul``linhn od wdl {ygugpl en ldunòduyllsnodg$ Ug`dn`lagdug podo uyl fhn puywagdun {nþ

bl`nhn el blhpn`lyg al jlddo wd fyoppo na{luuo gaounro g òaagy`nlhg {gy `wn rgdfodo

hlyflagdug wunhnsslun$

Nh {yo`gppo en ynhgrlsnodg eghh„ndboyalsnodg aohuo pga{hn`g nd |wlduo uoulhagdug rnpnro({ygrgeg {gyù hl òdop`gdsl el {lyug eghh„wugdug dlhg eghhl boyal wdnro`l egh `lyughhndo nh `jg( nd

{ygpgdsl en aohun aly`jn òd `lyughhndn enrgypn( {wù gppgyg wd hnanug o{gylunro$

Nh pnpugal jl wdl rnul hnanulul {yo{yno {gy hg pwg `lyluugynpun`jg ug`dn`jg g hg pwg lp{guulunrg

bwdsnodlhn$

Puywagdun ndugfylun pwhh„nailhho

\wgpuo un{o en pnpugal en ldunòduyllsnodg pn ilpl dod ulduo pwhh„negdun`lsnodg egh `l{o nd pg|wlduo eghh„ndrohw yo `jg ho òdungdg$ Un{n`lagdug pn uyluul en lrrohfnagdun nd `ghho{jldg pnfnhhlun

*{yoeouun en blp`nl ageno ilppl. o òdbgsnodn ghgfldun `jnwpg òd pnfnhhn o pnanhn *gp$ fnonghhgynl.$

\wgpul pohwsnodg rngdg p{gppo {ygbgynul |wldeo nh {yoeouuo nd pg enff`nhg o na{oppninhg el

aly`jnlyg *gp$ {nguyg {ygsnopg o pga{hn`gagdug {oyul`jnlrn.$

Nh {yo`gppo en fgdgylsnodg eghh„ndboyalsnodg en{gdeg elh hnrghho en òa{hn`lsnodg `jg h„lsngdel

ndugdeg {oyyg pwhh„ndrohw`yo3 {wù gppgyg ildlhg o òa{hn`lunppnao$

Nh {yo`gppo en ynhgrlsnodg lppohwulagdug naagenluo( nh egpundlulyno òduyohhl pwinuo h„ndugfynuë

eghh„ndrohw`yo ld`jg pg {ouygiig lrgyg enffòhuë l `gyun`lyg h„lwugdun`nuë$

Nh pnpugal jl wdl rnul òd`guuwlhagdug hnanulul le wdl pohl oppgyrlsnodg3 wdl rohul youuo

h„ndrohw`yo pn pn`wylagdug {gypl ofdn uyl``nl eghhl pn`wygssl$

Puywagdun ndugfylun dgh òdugpuo *dgfosn lwuoynsslun.

Nd |wgpuo `lpo `nù `jg rngdg flyldunuo dod h„offguuo nd pg al hl hngyl `jg jl {oyuluo h„offguuo

dghhg aldn egh egpundlulyno$ [gy jî nù liinl wd pgdpo( uwuun n oa{odgdun hl `lugdl egrodo gppgyg

`gyun`lun el `wn {nþ hwdfl hl `lugdl {nþ enff`nhg hl aldwugdsnodg eghhl pn`wygssl$

07



Ylylagdug |wgpuo pnpugal wunhnssluo el poho al doyalhagdug nd lffnwdul lfhn lhuyn {gylwagdulyg nh hnrghho en {yg`npnodg$

Nh {yo`gppo en fgdgylsnodg eghhl pn`wygssl {nwuuopuo òa{hn`luo nd |wlduo inpofdl egdnyg ho

puldelye en `gyun`lsnodg( |wlhn`lyg uwuun n òa{odgdun hl `lugdl hofnpun`l g( po{yluuwuuo(

aldugdgyg nh oduyohho pwhh„gff`ngdsl eghhl `lugdl$

Nh {yo`gppo en ynhgrlsnodg pga{hn`g {gy`jî h„wugdug dlhg rngdg ndenynssluo elhhl bodug ndnsnlhg

rgypo n {wdun lwuoynsslun$ Nh {yoihgal {ouygiig dlp`gyg pwhhl `gyun`lsnodg p`lewul o blhpl eghhl

òddgppnodg dlhg *nh dgfosno.( gyuo jg lrgdeo wd dgfosno wd {lylaguyo en rnul aohuo {nþ hwdfo

en wd {yoeouuo hg {yoilinhnuë eghhl pò{gyul eghhl pwl blhpnuë podo aohuo {nþ lhug$Nh pnpugal jl wdl rnul ugdegdsnlhagdug hnanulul lh aoagduo eghhl rgdenul g dod oyg dgppwdl

flyldsnl pw``gppnrl lhhl rgdenul$

02



P`jgel ug`dn`l @JN[ NYPU

Pn uyluul en wd an`yo `jn{ en enagdpnodn 5z5 aa pw `wn podo ndpgynug aohug ndboyalsnodn en un{o

alymgundf *hofjn.( o{gylunro hofnpunò *òen`g l ilyyg. g ldunòduyllsnodg *aluynòhl.$

Hofo 9z0 aa( blp`g ndboyalunrg `nlp`wdl ;(7z0 aa( enagdpnodg uoulhg 5z5 aa$

Nh òdugdwuo bluuo en ndboyalsnodn alymgundf g ndewpuynlhn

Ynpohwsnodg eghhg hndgg3 9 an`yod `noê 9 anhhgpnan en anhhnaguyo( fyl`l l < an`yod

Rnpul hl enagdpnodg( h„ndrlegdsl gpugun`l {ylun`lagdug dwhhl( luuwlhagdug pn pul puwenldeoeorg g òag ndpgynyg pn`lagdug nh `jn{ *iouuodn( hofo( gun`jguug l{{hn`lug. en aoeo `jg pnl

bl`nhagdug ynuyorlinhg g dod ynaworninhg pgdsl elddn lh `l{o o{{wyg `jg pnl wd pga{hn`g lee!od$

Hl l{l`nuë ndboyalunrl lhul *eg`ndg en i~ugp. un{n`lagdug ndpgynun pouuo boyal en oen`n l ilyyg

andnluwynsslun ynhgrlinhn el ughg`lagyg le lhul egdnsnodg$ [gy hl {lyug alymgundf pwff`ngdug wdl

iwodl hgdug e„ndfyldenagduo$

Hl enffòhuë en òduyllsnodg pul dghhl enp{odninhnuë en luuygssluwyg `jg {yoew`ldo `jn{ en

|wgpuo hnrghho |wlhnulunro$ Nh {yo`gppo {yoewuunro rl bluuo nd wdl ‘`lagyl {whnul‑( wdl luuygssluwyl el

ndewpuynl en an`yo{yo`gppoyn lrldslun g |wnden dod enp{odninhg l blhplyn$\wgpul pohwsnodg {gyaguug wd òduyohho ug`dnò ho`lhg *òyynp{odegdsl uyl òen`g `jn{ g

`lyughhndo `l{o. l ilppo òpuo g iwodl lffelinhnuë$

Nh {yofygppo ug`dohofnò {gyaguug( l òpun yghlunrlagdug òdugdwun( en p`ynrgyg pwh `jn{ ld`jg

hl aluynòhl wdnro`l egh `l{o `ygldeo òpè {gssn wdn`n g {ygenp{opun {gy wd òduyohho òddgppo lh

ygfnpuyo aluynòhg$

2$ P`jgeg nhhwpuylunrg pw ug`dohofng g {yoeouun

06



P`jgel ug`dn`l gun`jguug dwagylug

Pn uyluul en gun`jguug ugppwug eghhl enagdpnodg rohwug( el

`ny`l <;z<; aa l 7;z7; aa òd ndboyalsnodn en un{o

alymgundf *hofjn. `jg ldunòduyllsnodg *aluynòhl.

H„oinguunro en |wgpuo pnpugal hl popunuwsnodg eghhg luuwlhn

gun`jguug {gy wn( un{n`lagdug( rgyygiigyo w`nug lhh„ndugydo

egh `l{o$

Hl `l{l`nuë ndboyalunrl ilppl *lh`wdn i~ugp. un{n`lagdug ndpgynun pouuo boyal en òen`n

lhbldwagyn`n hgffninhn ld`jg l o``jno dweo al dod lwuoalun`lagdug$Hl enffòhuë en òduyllsnodg pul dghhl enp{odninhnuë en luuygssluwyg `jg {yoew`ldo gun`jguug

\wgpul pohwsnodg {gyaguug wd òduyohho ug`dnò ho`lhg *òyynp{odegdsl uyl òen`g `jn{ g


Nh bluuo en p`ynrgyg pwh `jn{ ld`jg hl aluynòhl wdnro`l egh `l{o `ygldeo òpè {gssn wdn`n g

{ygpw{{opuo {gy wd òduyohho òddgppo lh ygfnpuyo aluynòhg$

P`jgel ug`dn`l gun`jguug òd hnfyldlPn uyluul en gun`jguug ugppwug eghhl enagdpnodg rohwug( el `ny`l <;z<; aa l 7;z7; aa òd

ndboyalsnodn en un{o alymgundf *hofjn. `jg ldunòduyllsnodg *aluynòhl g hnfyldl.$

Hl hnfyldl {wù gppgyg en ewg un{n3

• rnpninhg3 un{n`lagdug wdl ildel e„lyfgduo aohuo pouunhg(

ulhg el gppgyg rnpul ynòdop`nwul bl`nhagdug elh `hngdug

dlhg g enff`nhagdug ndpgynul el wd blhplyno

• ndrnpninhg3 un{n`lagdug wd ho bouohwandgp`gdug ndrnpninhg(

òd hg pugppg `lyluugynpun`jg ug`dn`jg egh {ohngpugyg al

òa{opuo òd {lyun`ghhg en bopblun rnpninhn poho òd wdl

{lyunòhlyg hla{lel hlpgy$ @nù ygdeg h„gun`jguug oa{hn`lul

el {yoewyyg$

Dgh {ynao lpo ho puywagduo en ynhgrlsnodg h„o``jno waldo agduyg dgh pgòdeo „ inpofdo eghhl

hla{lel hlpgy `jg( un{n`lagdug( nd eoulsnodg lfhn np{guuoyn lsngdelhn o l {gypodlhg p{g`nlhnssluo$

Pn uyluul |wnden en ewg hnrghhn en pn`wygssl enrgypn òd dlhnuë enrgypg$

Dluwylhagdug |wgpuo aguoeo {wù gppgyg lppo`nluo lhhl ugppnuwyl eghhl aluynòhl {gsso g |wnden

òd hg `lyluugynpun`jg ndboyalunrg fnë rnpug$

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YBNE *Yleno byg|wgd`~ negdun`lunod.

Wd ULF *gun`jguul. YBNE wd {n`òho `jn{ en pnhn`no

luul``luo le wdl ldugddl$ Hg enagdpnodn egh `jn{ podo

eghh„oyendg egh agsso anhhnaguyo |wleyo$ Hl enagdpnodg

eghh„gun`jguul en{gdeg gppgdsnlhagdug elhh„ldugddl3 {nþ

fyldeg h„ldugddl {nþ bl`nhagdug nh jn{ rgyyë ynhgrluo ld`jg

el hoduldo$ Un{n`lagdug `n pn oyngdul pw enagdpnodn

eghh„oyendg en 9;z9; aa$

N `jn{ {oppodo gppgyg en ewg un{n3 luunrn g {lppnrn3 n {ynan jlddo wdl iluugynl ndòy{oylul g podond fyleo en gaguugyg wd pgfdlhg `jg rngdg ynhgrluo( n pgòden jlddo inpofdo en gppgyg g``nulun el

wd `la{o alfdgunò {gy gaguugyg nh pgfdlhg$

Hl `l{l`nuë ndboyalunrl agenl dgn {lppnrn *<9: i~ugp. g lhul dgfhn luunrn *do l <9: Mi.$ Wdl

{lyug egh {luynaodno ndboyalunro lppo`nluo lhhl aluynòhl `jn{ `jg ygdeg nh ULF wdnò$ Dgh ygpuo

rgdfodo un{n`lagdug ndpgynun lhuyn elun pouuo boyal en òen`n lhbldwagyn`n$

Dghhg ug`dohofnl luuwlhg nh jn{ rngdg ygfnpuyluo oduga{oyldglagdug le wdl gun`jguul rnpninhg

`jg ho ò{yg en aoeo el {ougyhn ygdegyg hgffninhn ld`jg l o``jno dweo$

Hl enffòhuë en òduyllsnodg pul dghhl enp{odninhnuë en luuygssluwyg `jg {yoew`ldo gun`jguug\wgpul pohwsnodg {gyaguug wd òduyohho ug`dnò ho`lhg *òyynp{odegdsl uyl òen`g `jn{ g


Nh bluuo en p`ynrgyg pwh `jn{ ld`jg hl aluynòhl wdnro`l egh `l{o `ygldeo òpè {gssn wdn`n g

{ygpw{{opuo {gy wd òduyohho òddgppo lh ygfnpuyo aluynòhg$

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5;



Igdg

\wlhwd|wg gdunuë *{gypodg( {yo{ynguë( rlhoyn( {yo`gppn( ndboyalsnodn( `ygeninhnuë. `jg pnl òdpnegylul

elddgffnlinhg g agynugrohg en {yougsnodg$

Iygrguuo

ê wd unuoho fnwynenò nd boysl lh |wlhg rngdg òdbgynuo wd aodo{ohno uga{oyldgo en pbywuulagduo

eghh&ndrgdsnodg nd wd ugyynuoyno g {gy wd {gynoeo igd egugyandlun( lh dg en na{genyg le lhuyn en

{yoewyyg( rgdegyg o wunhnsslyg hl {yo{ynl ndrgdsnodg pgdsl lwuoynsslsnodg$

N iygrguun pn enpundfwodo nd ndrgdsnodg ndewpuynlhg( aoeghho en wunhnuë( enpgfdo o aoeghho( {oppodogppgyg dlsnodlhn( gwyo{gn( ndugydlsnodlhn ge jlddo wdl ewylul el 7 l 97 lddn$

Nhiygrguuogwyo{go

Hl @odrgdsnodg en Aodlò egh 7 ouuoiyg <>60 jl npunuwnuo wdl {yo`gewyl wdn`lul en eg{opnuo(

gplag g òd`gppnodg en wd iygrguuo gwyo{go$ \wgpuo pnpugal {gyaguug en yn`jngegyg( luuylrgypo

wd&wdn`l eoaldel( hl uwughl iygrguuwlhg dgn 0< [lgpn luuwlhagdug legygdun lhhl @odrgdsnodg g

òdpgdug |wnden en ouugdgyg wd unuoho jg luuyniwnp`g( dgh ugyynuoyno egfhn Pulun egpnfdlun( n agegpnan

enynuun egn ynp{guunrn iygrguun dlsnodlhn$

Nhiygrguuondugydlsnodlhg

Nh pnpugal egh iygrguuo ndugydlsnodlhg [@U *[lugdu @oo{gylunod Uyglu~. òdpgdug en yn`jngegyg hl uwughl

iygrguuwlhg nd <9: [lgpn gwyo{gn ge gzuyl!gwyo{gn$

Hl {yo`gewyl {ygrgeg hl {ygpgdulsnodg en wdl eoaldel wdn`l {gy uwuun fhn Pulun g nh pw``gppnro gplag

npunuwsnodlhg l o{gyl egfhn Wff`n @gduylhn Iygrguun egn pndfohn [lgpn egpnfdlun= ulhg gplag egugyandl hl

òd`gppnodg egh iygrguuo dgh pndfoho Puluo$

@oduyllsnodg

Hl yn{yoewsnodg en wd igdg nd aldngyl ulhagdug bgeghg el ndflddlyg( plhro luugdul {gynsnl( ld`jg

wd gp{gyuo o wd òaagy`nldug$

Enynuuoe&lwuoyg

G„ hl {opnsnodg fnwynen`l poffguunrl eghh&lwuoyg en wd&o{gyl eghh&ndfgfdo l `wn n enrgypn oyendlagdun

dlsnodlhn g enrgypg òdrgdsnodn ndugydlsnodlhn *|wlhg hl @odrgdsnodg en Igydl. ynòdopòdo hl

blòhuë oynfndlynl gp`hwpnrl en enwpnodg g pbywuulagduo( ge nd ofdn lpo nh enynuuo le gppgyg nden`luo

òag ulhg ld`jg |wldeo liinl lhngdluo hg blòhuë en pbywuulagduo gòdoanò *enynuuo aoylhg

Iygrg fhopplyno

5<



e&lwuoyg.$ Nd {lyunòhlyg( nh enynuuo e&lwuoyg wdl fwyl {yo{ynl egfhn oyendlagdun en `nrnh hlv *uyl n|wlhn h&Nulhnl.( hleeorg nd |wghhn en òaaod hlv gpnpug h&npunuwuo egh ò{~ynfju$

Elddo

\wlhwd|wg `lainlagduo dghho puluo egh igdg `jg pnl ugawuo elh pwo unuohlyg$

Gun`jguul

Gun`jguul en {ygpgdulsnodg3 bofhnguuo en `lyul( `lyuod`ndo o ha {hlpunò l{{hn`luo pw {yoeouun g

nailhhlffn {gy nden`lydg {yoewuuoyg( òdugdwuo g lhuyg ndboyalsnodn òag nh {ygsso( nh {oppgppoyg(elun en ynduyl``nlinhnuë( òen`g l ilyyg$

Gun`jguul enpòfyl`l *o `lpl enpòfyl`l.3 na{ygpl òaagy`nlhg `jg pn o``w{l eghhl {yoewsnodg

enpòfyl`l$

Gun`jguul3 nd ndboyalun`l *dgn hndfwlffn en {yofylaalsnodg. wd fyw{{o en `lyluugyn negdun`luoyn

en wd ygòye( wdl {opnsnodg o wdl npuywsnodg en wd {yofylaal$

Byoeg

Pn ndugdeg wdl lsnodg o wd„luunrnuë gguuwlul( nd aeo ndeginuo( el wdo o {nþ poffguun òd ndugduoòdpl{grohg en yn`lrlydg wd igdg`no gòdoanò {gy pî o {gy lhuyn$

Fhoilhnsslsnodg

Pn nden`l nh bgdoagdo en `ygp`nul {yofygppnrl eghhg yghlsnodn g egfhn p`lain l hnrghho aodenlhg nd

enrgypn lainun( nh `wn gguuo {ynao wdl eg`npl òdrgyfgdsl gòdoan`l g `whuwylhg uyl n [lgpn egh

aodeo$ Nh ugyandg fhoilhnsslsnodg( en wpo yg`gdug( puluo wunhnssluo elfhn gòdoanpun( l {lyunyg elh

<>:<( {gy ynbgynypn {ygrlhgdugagdug lfhn lp{guun gòdoan`n eghhg yghlsnodn byl {o{ohn g fylden lsngdeg$

Nh bgdoagdo ndrg`g rl nd|wleyluo ld`jg dgh odugpuo egn lainlagdun po`nlhn( ug`dohofn`n g {ohnun`n(

g eghhg òa{hgppg ndugylsnodn pw p`lhl aodenlhg `jg( po{yluuwuuo l {lyunyg elfhn lddn Ouuldul( nd

|wgpun lainun jlddo pwinuo wdl pgdpninhg l``ghgylsnodg$

Aly`jno

ê wd |wlhwd|wg pgfdo pwp`guuninhg en gppgyg yl{{ygpgduluo fyl`lagdug( nd {lyunòhlyg {lyohg(

òa{ygpn n doan en {gypodg( enpgfdn( hguugyg( `nbyg( pwodn( boyal en wd {yoeouuo o eghhl òdbgsnodg en gppo(

òaindlsnodn o uodlhnuë `yoalun`jg( {wy`jî pnldo neodgg l enpundfwgyg n {yoeouun o n pgyrnsn en

wd&na{ygpl el |wghhn eghhg lhuyg$ Gppo enp`n{hndluo elfhn Lyunòhn( elh 6 lh 9:( egh @oen`g eghhl [yo{ynguë

Ndewpuynlhg *Eg`yguo Hgfnphlunro d$ 0;( egh <; bgiiylno 9;;7.$ Pn enpundfwg nh aly`jno en bluuo elh aly`jno

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ygfnpuyluo `jg( nd rnyuþ egh {yo`gppo en ygfnpuylsnodg endldsn lhh&Wff`no Nulhnldo Iygrguun g Aly`jn *WNAI.(foeg en wdl {yougsnodg yloyslul aly`jno ygfnpuyluo$ Hl ygfnpuylsnodg ewyl eng`n lddn l {lyunyg elhhl

elul en eg{opnuo eghhl eoaldel( plhro nh `lpo en yndwd`nl egh unuohlyg g lhhl p`legdsl {wù gppgyg

ynddorlul ofdn rohul {gy whugynoyn eng`n lddn$

[wù lrgyg rlhnenuë pwh ugyynuoyno dlsnodlhg *aly`jno dlsnodlhg.( o dgn [lgpn eghh„Wdnodg Gwyo{gl *aly`jno

òawdnulyno.( g {wù gppgyg gpugpo ld`jg le lhuyn [lgpn gzuyl!gwyo{gn *aly`jno ndugydlsnodlhg.$ Hl uwughl

egn aly`jn rlhnel {gy <; lddn( g {wù gppgyg ynddorlul {gy pw``gppnrn {gynoen en <; lddn$

Elh <» L{ynhg <>>2( gduyluo nd rnfoyg nh Aly`jno @oawdnulyno( wd aly`jno wdnò rlhneo pwhh&ndugyo

ugyynuoyno eghh„Wdnodg Gwyo{gl$ Hl {yo`gewyl wdn`l en ygfnpuylsnodg pn prohfg {ygppo h&WLAN( h„Wff`no{gy h&Lyaodnsslsnodg egh Agy`luo Ndugydo$ @od hl ygfnpuylsnodg( nh unuohlyg l`|wnpnp`g wd enynuuo en

gp`hwpnrl nd uwuun fhn Pulun agaiyn eghh&Wdnodg Gwyo{gl$

Nhaly`jnondugydlsnodlhg

Hl ygfnpuylsnodg ndugydlsnodlhg {gyaguug lh unuohlyg en wd aly`jno ygfnpuyluo en ouugdgyg hl

{yougsnodg dgfhn Pulun legygdun lhhl @odrgdsnodg en Aleyne *luuwlhagdug pn uyluul en 6: [lgpn.$

\wgpul ygfnpuylsnodg {gyaguug( òd wd wdnò eg{opnuo gguuwluo nd wdl pndfohl hndfwl {ygppo

h„OA[N / VN[O en Fndgryl( hl pga{hn`lsnodg eghhg {yo`gewyg en eoaldel g hl ynewsnodg egn òpun$Ouugdwul hl ygfnpuylsnodg( nh aly`jno plyë rlhneo {gy <; lddn( nd uwuun |wgfhn Pulun egpnfdlun `jg( eo{o

lrgy rlfhnluo hl yn`jngpul lhhl hw`g eghhg doyalunrg dlsnodlhn( lrylddo òd`gppo hl {yougsnodg$

Agy`nòduylluug

Hg agy`n( òa{ygpo nh hoyo nailhhlffno( pw `wn puluo l{{opuo ‐ pgdsl lwuoynsslsnodg! wd aly`jno

en bliiyn`l o en oaagy`no negdunò l |wghho rlhnelagdug ygfnpuyluo {gy fhn pugppn un{n en agy`n( o`jg

dod {oppl gppgyg enpunduo dgn pwon lp{guun gppgdsnlhn el ulhg aly`jno en bliiyn`l g jg {gyulduo rnohn

n enynuun egh unuohlyg egh aly`jno nd |wgpunodg$

[nylugynl

@odpnpug dghhl yn{yoewsnodg en wd igdg nd aldngyl pwff`ngdugagdug fyoppohldl( ulduo jg h&wugdug

dod {wù gppgyg ndflddluo g |wnden {gybguulagdug òdpl{grohg en uyluulyg( òaagy`nlhnsslyg o

l`|wnpulyg wd igdg nd rnohlsnodg eghhl {ynrlunrl ndewpuynlhg o pwh enynuuo e&lwuoyg$

Unuohlyg

Hl {gypodl( o h„oyfldnsslsnodg( jg unuohlyg egh igdg( egdnp`g n pwo puluo ouunalhg ge jl rohoduë

en {yougffgyho$

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<$ @gduyo Puwen Ldunòduyllsnodg / vvv$ldunòduyllsnodg$oyf9$ Npununuwuo en @gduyoaly`l {gy hl houul lhhl oduyllsnodg / vvv$nden`la$nu

0$ Fwlyenl en Bndldsl / vvv$fwlyenlendldsl$nu

5$ Npunuwuo dlsnodlhg {gy nh @oaagy`no Gpugyo / vvv$n`g$for$nu

7$ Lfgdsnl eghhg Eofldg / vvv$lfgdsnleofldg$nu

2$ Voye Ndughhgùwlh [yo{gyu~ Oyfldnsslunod *VN[O. / vvv$vn{o$oyf

6$ Wff`no {gy h„Lyaodnsslsnodg egh Agy`luo Ndugydo / vvv$olan$gwyo{l$gw

:$ Gwyo{gld {lugdu off`g / vvv$gwyo{gld!{lugdu!off`g$oyf

>$ Ujg Ndugydlunodlh Ldun@owdugybgnundf @olhnunod / vvv$nl` $oyf<;$ Wff no Nulhnldo iygrguun g aly`jn / vvv$wnia$for$nu

<<$ Lppo nlsnodg {gy hl Enbgpl egh Enynuuo e„Lwuoyg / vvv$enynuuoelwuoyg$nu

<9$ Ndugydlunodlh uylegalym lppo nlunod / vvv$ndul$oyf

Rlegag`wa egn pnun

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