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Schlesinger, Stephen C.: The New Reformers: Forces for Change in American Politics, Boston 1975
Schnaiberg, Allan (1980): The Environment: From Surplus to Scarcity, New York 1980 Schubert, Glendon: The Public Interest: A Critique of a Political Concept, Glencoe, III. 1960 Schumpeter, Joseph A.: Kapitalismus, Sozialismus und Demokratie, 4. Auflage, München 1975 Shell, Kurt 1.: Das politische System der USA, Stuttgart etc. 1975 Sinclair, John E.: Interest Groups in America, Morristown, N.J. 1976 Smith, Kenneth L.: Beating the Big Boys: Common Cause and the California Campaign for Poli
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2. Aufsätze und "papers"
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Allen, Margaret: Joining Forces: Cooperative Environmental Action by Urban Groups ~ Cases and Lessons, Report, Urban Environment Foundation, Washington, D. C. 1979
Almond, Gabriel A.: A comparative Study of Interest Groups and the Political Process, in: APSR, Vol. LII/1958, S. 270 ff.
Anderson, Frederick/Rosencranz, Armin: The Future of Environmental Defense, in: American Bar Association Journal, Vol. 61/1975, S. 316 ff.
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Asher, Herbert B./Weisberg, Herbert F.: Voting Change in Congress: Some Dynamic Perspectives on an Evolutionary Process, in: American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 22/1978, S. 391 ff.
Auerbach, Carl A.: Pluralism and the Administrative Process, in: ANNALS (The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science), VoL 400/March 1972, S. 1ff.
Bacheller, John M.: Lobbyists and the Legislative Process: The Impact of Environmental Constraints, in: APSR, Vol. LXXI/1977, S. 252 ff.
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dies. (1962): Two Faces of Power, in: APSR, Vol. LVI/1962, S. 947ff. Barker, Lucius J./Jansiewics, Donald: Coalitions in the Civil Rights Movement, in: Sven Groen
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Barnhill, D. S.: book review: J effrey M. Berry: Lobbying for the People, in: Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 7/1978, S. 495
BartelI, Ted (1974b): Compositional Change and Attitude Change Among Sierra Club Members, paper, SSSP, 1974
ders./St. George, Arthur: A Trend Analysis of Environmentalists' Organizational Commitment, Tactic Advocacy, and Perceptions of Government, in: JV AR, Vol. 3/1974, No. 3-4, July-October 1974, S. 41 ff.
Beatty, Kathleen M./Pierce, John c.: Representation and Public Involvement in Water Resource Politics: A Comparison of Six Participant Types, in: Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 12/1976, S. 1005 ff.
Beck, Paul Allen/Jennings, M. Kent: Political Periods and Political Participation, in: APSR, Vol. 73/1979, S. 737 ff.
Berman, David R.: Consumerism and the Regulatory System: Paradigrns of Reform, paper, Symposium on Regulatory Reform, Loyola University of Chicago, 1979
Bernstein, Marver H. (1972): Independent Regulatory Agencies: A Perspective on Their Reform, in: .ANNALS, Vol. 400/March 1972, S. 14 ff.
Berry, Jeffrey M. (1980): Public Interest Vs. Party System, in: Society, Vol. 17/1979-80, No. 4, May-June 1980, S. 42 ff.
ders. (1979-80): Lessons From Chairman Nader's Secrets of Success, in: Citizen Participation, Vol. 1/1979-80, No. 2, November-December 1979, S. 3,4,20
ders. (1979b): Citizen Croups and Regulatory Reform, paper, Symposium on Strategies for Change in Regulatory Policy, 1979
ders. (1979a): Advocates and Bureaucrats: Food Stamp Groups and USDA Policy Making, paper, Hendricks Symposium on Agricultural Politics, 1979
ders. (1977-78): On the Origins of Public Interest Groups: A Test of Two Theories, in: Polity, Vol. X/1977-78, S. 379 ff.
ders./Goldman, Jerry: Congress and Public Policy: A Study of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, in: Harvard Journal on Legislation, Vol. 10/1973. S. 331 ff.
204
Bonilla, Frank: When Is Petition "Pressure"?, in: Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. XX/1956, S. 39 ff.
Borosage, Robert/Brown, Barbara/Friedman, Paul/Gewirtz, Paul/Jeffress, William/Kelley, William: The New Public Interest Lawyers, in: Yale Law Journal, Vol. 79/1969-70, S. 1069 ff.
Bowman, James S.: The Environmental Movement: An Assessment of Ecological Politics, in: Environmental Affairs, Vol. V/1976, S. 649 ff.
Brady, David W./Cooper, Joseph/Hurley, Patricia A.: The Decline of Party in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1887-1968, in: Legislative Studies Quarterly, Vol. IV/1979, S. 381 ff.
Bridgeland, William M./Sofranko, Andrew J.: Community Structure and Issue-Specific Influences: Community Mobilization over Environmental Quality, in: Urban Affairs Quarterly, Vol. 11/ 1975-76, S. 186 ff.
Bruff, Harold H./Gellhorn, Ernest: Congressional Control of Administrative Regulation: A Study of Legislative Vetoes, in: Harvard Law Review, Vol. 90/1976-77, S. l369 ff.
Business Wants Congress To Limit FTC, in: (Congressional Quarterly Guide to) Current American Government, Spring 1980, ed.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., Washington, D. C. 1980, S. 108 ff.
Cahn, Edgar S./Cahn, Jean Camper: Power to the People or to the Profession? - The Public Interest in Public Interest Law, in: Yale Law Journal, Vol. 79/1969-70, S. 1005 ff.
Calvert, Jerry W.: The Social and Ideological Bases of Support for Environmental Legislation: An Examination of Public Attitudes and Legislative Action, in: Western Political Quarterly, Vol. XXXII/1979, S. 327 ff.
Cameron, Juan: Nader's Invaders Are Inside the Gate, in: Fortune, Vol. 96/1977, October 1977, S.252ff.
Citrin, Jack: Comment: The Political Relevance of Trust in Government, in: APSR, Vol. LXVIII/ 1974, S. 973 ff.
Clark, Peter B./Wilson, James Q.: Incentive Systems: A Theory of Organizations, in: Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. VI/1961-62, S. 129ff.
Clark, Richard W.: Training Citizens for Public Participation: The Lobbying Process, in: Stuart Langton (ed.) (1979a): Citizen Participation Perspectives: Proceedings of the National Conference on Citizen Participation, Medford, Mass. 1979, S. 136ff.
Clark, Timothy B. (1981): Don't Count the Special Interests Out, in: National Journal, Vol. 13/ 1981, S. 1475
ders. (1980): After a Decade of Doing Battle, Public Interest Groups Show Their Age, in: National Journal, Vol. 12/1980, S. 1l36ff.
Cnudde, Charles F./McCrone, Donald J.: The Linkage Between Constituency Attitudes and Congressional Voting Behavior: A Causal Model, in: APSR, Vol. LX/1966, S. 66ff.
Cohen, David (1978): Common Cause: Issues, the Public Interest Movement and American Politics. paper. Common Cause. 1978
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Cohen, Etahn: The Clamshell Alliance, in: Citizen Participation, Vol. 1/1979-80, No. 3, JanuaryFebruary 1980, S. 14f.
Cohen, Richard E. (1981): Big Spenders Did Better in the House Than in the Senate, in: National 'Journal, Vol. l3/1981, S. 379,401
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ders. (19~Ob): More Deadlock Ahead, in: National Journal, Vol. 12/1980, S. 1154 ders. (1980c): Spending by PACs Reaches Double Its 1978'Pace, in: National Journal, Vol. 12/
1980, S. 1626 ders. (1978a): New Lobbying Rules May Influence Grass-Roots Political Action, in: National
Journal, Vol. 10/1978, S. 832ff. ders. (1978b): The Times Are A' Changin', in: National Journal, Vol. 10/1978, S. 30 ders. (1976;\: Lobbyists Band Together, But not in the Common Cause, in: National Journal,
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Organization, in: APSR, Vol. LXII/1968, S. 1159ff. Coombs, Don: The Club Looks at Itself, in: Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 57/1972, No. 4, July-
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August 1972, S. 35ff. Cover, Albert D.: Contaeting Congressional Constituents: Some Patterns of Perquisite Use, in:
Ameriean Journal of Political Scienee, Vol. 24/1980, S. 125 ff. Culhane, Paul J.: Federal Ageney Organizational Change in Response to Environmentalism, in:
Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, Vol. 2/1974~ 75, S. 31ff. Cupps, D. Steven: Emerging Problems of Citizen Participation, in: Publie Administration Review,
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Schnaiberg, Allan (1977); Politics, Participation and Pollution: The "Environmental Movement", in: John Walton/Donald E. Carnes (eds.): Cities in Change: Studies on the Urban Condition, 2nd edition, Boston etc. 1977, S. 464 ff.
Schrag, Peter: Common Cause: New Paths for WASP Elites, in: Social Policy, Vol. 2/1971-72, No. 4, November-December 1971, S. 29 ff.
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214
3. Interviews
(Die Bezeichnungen wie z.B. Position, vormals, beziehen sich alle auf den Zeitpunkt des Interviews)
Alexander, Herbert F., (16.11.1979), Citizen's Research Foundation, Vniversity of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
Banks, James Taylor, (28.03.1980), Senior Staff Attorney: Project on Oean Water, NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council), Washington, D.C.
Barash, Peter S., (10.01.1980), Staff Director: Commerce, Consumer and Monetary Affairs Subcommittee, Committee on Government Operations, U.S. House of Representatives
Barnes. James N .• (24.04.1980). Director: Center for Law and Social Policy, Washington, D.C. Barnhill, D. Stan, (Telefongespräch: 06.04.1980), Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Sociology, Vniversity
of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. Berry, Jeffrey M., (31.10.1979), Dept. of Political Science, Tufts Vniversity, Medford, Mass. Billings, Leon G., (19.03.1980), Administrative Assistant: Senator Edmund S. Muskie (D-Maine),
V.S. Senate Blackwelder, Brent F., (17.03.1980), Washington Representative: Environmental Policy Center,
Washington, D.C. Blodgett, John E., (12.12.1979), Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division, Congressio
nal Research Service (CRS), Washington, D.C. Bowie, Nolan A., (04.03.1980), Executive Director: Citizens Communications Center, Washington,
D.C. Bradford, Peter A., (13,03.1980), Commissioner: V.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washing
ton, D.C.; vormals: Chairman: Maine Public Vtility Commis si on Broder, David S., (11.06.1980), Washington Post, Washington, D.C. Browder, Joseph E., (11.12.1979), Staff Assistant: Division of Land and Water Resources, V.S.
Dept. of the Interior; vormals: Political Director: FOE (Friends of the Earth), Executive Vi ce President: Environmental Policy Center
Brown, Anita R., (09.01.1980), Committee Staff Assistant: House Agriculture Committee, V.S. House of Representatives
Brown, Bruce M., (12.02.1980), Special Assistant: Office of Public Affairs, FDA (V.S. Food and Drug Administration), HEW (V.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare)
Bryant, Bunyan, (07.11.1979), School of Natural Resources, Vniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Chapman, William c., (08.04.1980), Director: Technical Liaison Group, Assistant Director: Washington Office, General Motors Corporation, Washington, D.C.
Chlopak, Robert, (29.01.1980), Executive Director: National PIRG (Public Interest Research Group) (Nader-Gruppe), Washington, D.C.
Oapper, Louis S., (15.02.1980), Vice President: National Affairs, National Wildlife Federation (NWF), Washington, D.C.
Cohen, David, (26.02.1980), President: Common Cause, Washington, D.C. Cohen, James H., (18.03.1980), Director: Sierra Oub Legal Defense Fund, Washington, D.C. Cohen, Richard E., (09.01.1980), National Journal, Washington, D.C. Co oper, Richard, (18.01.1980), vormals: General Counsel: FDA Cordes, Joseph, (10.12.1979), Dept. of Economics, George Washington Vniversity, Washington,
D.C. Cottine, Bertram R., (07.01.1980), Commissioner: OSHRC (Occupational Safety and Health
Review Commission); vormals: Public Citizen: Health Research Group (Nader-Gruppe) Cotton, Richard, (09.01.1980), vormals: Executive Secretary to the Dept., HEW; davor: NRDC Crapa, Joseph R., (09.01.1980), Staff Director: Subcommittee on Domestic Marketing, Consumer
Relations and Nutrition, House Agriculture Committee, U.S. House of Representatives Cutler, M. Rupert, (16.10.1979), Assistant Secretary: Natural Resources and Environment, V.S.
Dept. of Agrictilture; vormals: Wilderness Society und National Wildlife Federation Davies, J. Oarence, (17.10.1979), Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C. Dawson, Paul A .• (02.11.1979), Dept. ofGovernment, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio Dernkovich, Linda E., (19.12.1979), National Journal, Washington, D.C. Diamant, Alfred, (14.10.1980 u.a.), Dept. of Government, Indiana Vniversity, Bloomington,
Ind.; z.Z. Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.
215
Donovan, William V., (17.03.1980), General Counsel/Staff Director: Subcommittee on Resource Protection, Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate
Dowd, Edward H., (21.02.1980), Director: Legal Research and Planning, National Legal Center for the Public Interest ("pro business"), Washington, D.C.
Dunlap, Riley E., (11., 12.11.1979), Dept. of Sociology, Dept. of Rural Sociology, Washington State University, Pullman, Wash.
Eisei, Leo M., (27.12.1979), Director: Water Resources Council, Washington, D.C.; vormals: EDF (Environmental Defense Fund)
Evans, M. Brock, (05.03.1980), Director: Washington Office, Sierra Club, Washington, D.C. Fainstein, Norman 1., (30.10.1979), Graduate School of Management and Urban Professions,
New School for Social Research, New York Feinstein, Andrew A., (14.03.1980), Counsel/Staff Director: Subcommittee on Civil Service,
Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, U.S. House of Representatives; vormals: Loobyist: Public Citizen: Congress Watch (Nader-Gruppe)
Fergusen, Allen R., (22.01.1980), President: Public Interest Economics Center, Washington, D.C. Fernstrom, Meredith M., (26.02.1980), Direetor: Consumer Affairs Division, Office of the Secre
tary, U.S. Dept. of Commerce Flacks, Richard, (29.08.1979), Dept. of Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Calif. Frey, Albert E., (13.02.1980), Washington Director: Air Quality Project, Environmental Task
Force, Business Roundtable, Washington, D.C. Fritschler, A. Lee, (18.10.1979), Chairman: U.S. Postal Rate Commission; vormals: School of
Government and Public Administration, American University Futrell, J. William, (13,02.1980), University of Georgia Law School, Athens, Ga.; z.Z. Woodrow
Wilson International Center for Scholars, Smithonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; vormals: President: Sierra Oub (1977 ~ 78)
Gale, Richard P., (14.11.1979), Dept. of Sociology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Ore. Gamson, William A., (06.11.1979), Dept. of Sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Gardner, John W., (13.03.1980), Gründer und vormaliger (erster) Chairman: Common Cause,
Washington, D.C. Gerson, David B., (26.02.1980), Administrative Assistant: Representative David Stockman (R
Mich.), U.S. House of Representatives Ginsberg, Benjamin, (telefon. Interview; 10.07.1980), Dept. of Political Science, Cornell Univer-
sity, Ithaca, N.Y. Glaser, William A., (30.10.1979), Center for the Social Sciences, Columbia University, New York Goel, M. Lal, (27-.11.1979), Dept. of Political Science, University ofWest Florida, Pensaeola, Fla. Gormley, William T., (10.12.1979), Dept. of Politieal Seienee, SUNY (State University of New
York) ~ Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y.; z.Z. Graduate Program in Seienee, Teehnology, and Public Poliey, George Washington University. Washington. D.C.
Green, John, (telefon. Interview: 11.07.1980), Ph. D. Candidate, Dept. of Political Science, Furman University, Greenville, S.c.
Greenberg, Eldon V.c., (31.01.1980), General Counsel: NOAA (National Oceanie and Atmospheric Administration), U.S. Dept. of Commeree, Washington, D.C.; vormals: Center for Law and Social Poliey
Greenwald, Carol S., (29.10.1979), Member of the Board: Common Cause Griffith, Mark N., (11.02.1980), Environmental Affairs Analyst: Resourees and Teehnology
Dept., NAM (National Association of Manufaeturers), Washington, D.C. Haberfieid, Linda, (28.02.1980), International Lobbyist: FOE, Washington, D.C. Halpern, Charles, R., (08.02.1980), Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C.; ferner:
Institute for Public Representation (at Georgetown University Law Center), Gründer: Center for Law and Social Poliey, Exeeutive Direetor: Council for Public Interest Law
Handler, Joel F., (02.10.1980), University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison, Wisc.; z.Z. Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C.
Hart jens, Peter. G., (30.06.1980), Director of Research: Institute for Neighborhood Initiatives, American Institutes for Research, Washington, D.C.
Hauser, Tirnothy J., (14.02.1980), International Economist: Office of International Policy Coordination, U.S. Dept. of Commerce
Hawkins, David G., (12.01.1980), Assistant Administrator: Air, Noise and Radiation, EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
Hayes, Lynton R., (27.11.1979), Dept of Political Science, Univ. ofWest Florida, Pensacola, Fla
216
Heuvelen, Robert I. van, (10.03.1980), Assistant Counsel: Committee on Environment and Public Works, V.S. Senate
Hickey, Roger, (29.01.1980), Associate Director: National Center for Economic Alternatives, Washington, D.C.
Hinkel, Maureen K., (27.02.1980), Staff Member: EDF (Environmental Defense Fund), Washington, D.C.
Hitchcock, Cornish F., (08.02.1980), Associate Director: Aviation Consumer Action Project (Nader-Gruppe), Washington, D.C.
Hoff, Paul S., (22.02.1980), Counsel: Committee on Governmental Affairs, V.S. Senate Horrocks, John N., (12.03.1980), Staff Assistant to Ralph Nader: Public Citizen, Washington, D.C. Howe, Sydney, (21.04.1980), Executive Director: Vrban Environment Conference Foundation,
Washington, D.C. Hughes, H. Steve, (09.10.1980), Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division, Congressio
nal Research Service (CRS), Washington, D.C. Hutt, Peter B., (03.03.1980), vormals: General Counsel: FDA Indorf, Hans H., (19.02.1980), Director of Legislative Affairs: Senator Robert Morgan (D-N.C.),
V.S. Senate Irwin, William A., (23.06.1980), Chairman: Interior Board of Surface Mining and Reclamation Ap
peals, Office of Hearings and Appeals, V.S. Dept. of the Interior Jolly, Carol A., (10.01.1980), Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Environment, V.S.
Dept. ofEnergy;vormals: League ofWomen Voters Joseph, Jeffrey H., (07.03.1980), Director: Government and Regulatory Affairs, Chamber of Com
merce of the Vnited States of America, Washington, D.C. Kahn, Alfred E., (29.01.1980), Advisor to the President on Inflation (seit 1978); vormals: Chair
man: Civil Aeronautics Board) (CAB) (1977-78); davor New York Public Service Commission Karpinski, Gene B., (24.03.1980), Field Director: Public Citizen: Congress Watch (Nader-Gruppe),
Washington, D.C. Kasper, Anne S., (07.04.1980), Public Affairs Coordinator: National Family Planning and Repro
ductive Health Association, Washington, D.C. Keeffe, Mary Ann, (12.12.1979), Economics Division, Congressional Research Service (CRS),
Washington, D.C. Kinnard, Joyce K., (13.03.1980), Staff Attorney: Center for Auto Safety, Washington, D.C. Kirschten, J. Dicken, (19.12.1979), National Journal, Washington, D.C. Killassen, Paul J., (25.01.1980), Director of Communications: Citizen's Choice (V.S. Chamber
of Commerce's grass roots organization), Washington, D.C. Kotler, Milton, (19.10.1979), National Coordinator: National Association of Neighborhoods,
Washington, D.C. Leshy, John D., (8., 10.01.1980), Associate Solicitor: Division of Energy and Resources, V.S.
Dept. of the Interior; vormals: NRDC Levin-Epstein, Jodie, (25.01.1980), Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary (for Food and
Consumer Service), V.S. Dept. of Agriculture; vormals: Children's Foundation Liroff, Richard A., (20.12.1979), Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C. Lloyd, Frank W., (10.03.1980), Administrative Assistant to the Chairman: FCC (Federal Commu
nications Commission), vormals: Director: Citizens Communications Center Mangun, William R., (08.04.1980), Important Resource Problem Coordinator: Division of Pro
gram Plans, V.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, V.S. Dept. of the Interior Martin, Elizabeth, (27.12.1979), Staff Member: League of Conservation Voters, Washington, D.C. Martin, John W., (17.03.1980), General Counsel/Staff Director: Committee on Ways and Means,
V.S. House of Representatives Massad, Timothy G., (01.05.1980), Aide to Ralph Nader: Center for the Study of Responsive Law,
Washington, D.C. Mazmanian, Daniel A., (19.11.1979), Dept. of Government, Pomona College of the Claremönt Col-
leges, Claremont, Calif. McCarthy, John D., (28.09.1979), Dept. of Sociology, Catholic Vniversity, Washington, D.C. McFarland, Andrew S., (31.08.1979), Resources for the Future. Washington, D.C. McIntyre, Robert S., (19.02.1980), Director: Public Citizen: Tax Reform Research Group (Nader
Gruppe), Washington, D.C. McLaughlin, Frank E., (04.01.1980), Advisor for Business Affairs to the Special Assistant (for Con
sumer Affairs) to the President, White House
217
McLean, Kenneth A., (07.03.1980), Staff Director: Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee, U. S. Senate
Miller, Stephen, 01.12.1979), American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, D.C.
Mills, Wilbur D., (22.02.1980), vormals: Chairman: Committee on Ways and Means, und Member: U.S. House of Representatives (D-Ark.)
Mintz, Morton A., 02.06.1980), Washington Post, Washington, D.C. MitchelI, Robert Cameron, 03.12.1979 u.a.), Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C. Moe, Terry M., (05.11.1979), Dept. of Political Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
Mich. Momboisse, Raymond M., (21.02.1980), Deputy Director: Legal Affairs, und Managing Attorney:
Washington Office, Pacific Legal Foundation ("pro business"), Washington, D.C. Moorman, James W., (28.12.1979), Assistant Attorney General: Land and Natural Resources Di
vision, U.S. Dept. of Justice; vormals: Director: Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund, Gründer: Center for Law and Social Policy
Morrison, Alan B., (08.12.1980), Director: Public Citizen Litigation Group (Nader-Gruppe), Washington, D.C.
Morrison, Denton E., (05.11.1979), Dept. of Sociology / Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.
Moss, Laurence 1., (11.01.1980), vormals: President: Sierra Club 0973-74) Mullen, Michael J., (31.03.1980), Counsel: Consumer Subcommittee, Committee on Commerce,
Science, and Transportation, U.S. Senate Nadel, Mark V., 00.10.1979), Program Analysis Division, U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO),
Washington, D.C. Nash, Carl E., (27.12.1979), Special Assistant to the Administrator, NHTSA (National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration), U.S. Dept. of Transportation; vormals: Nader's Personal Staff: PIRG
Nicholson, Joan M., (06.02.1980), Director: Office of Public Awareness, EPA; vormals: Bolden Institute
Norrell, Judy, 03.02.1980), Assistant Executive Director: Consumer Affairs, Business Round-table, Washington, D.C.
Olsen, Marvin E., (13.11.1979), Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers, Seattle, Washington OJson, Jr., Mancur, (03.10.1979), Dept. of Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, Md. Onek, Joseph N., (21.12.1979), Associate Director: Domestic Policy Staff, White House; vormals:
Director: Center for Law and Social Policy Ornstein, Norman 1., 05.11.1979), Dept. of Politics, Catholic University, Washington, D.C.; z.Z.
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, Calif. Pequet, Barbara K., (29.02.1980), Legislative Director: National Consumers League, Washington,
D.C. Pierce, John c., (12.11.1979), Dept. of Political Science, Washington State University, Pullman,
Wash. Pinkston, Garland, (28.09.1979), Staff Lawyer: Center for National Policy Review, Catholic Uni
versity, Washington, D.C. Pinsky, Mark A, 00.03.1980), Assistant Editor: Public Citizen: Critical Mass Energy Project (Na
der-Gruppe), Washington, D.C. Polsby, Nelson W., (Gespräch: 02.09.1979), Dept. of Political Science, University of California,
Berkeley, Calif. Pomerance, Rafe, (28.02.1980), Legislative Director: FOE, Washington, D.C. Ragland, Robert A., ,(05.02.1980), Regulatory Analyst: Government Regulation and Competi
tion, NAM, Washington, D.C. Rofsky, Mitchell A., (28.03.1980), Secretary of the Board: National Consumer Co-Op Bank,
Washington, D.C.; vormals: Lobbyist: Public Citizen: Congress Watch (Nader-Gruppe) Rosenbaum, Nelson M., 01.12.1979), President: Center for Responsive Governance, Washing
ton, D.C. Rosenbaum, Walter A., (26.11.1979), Dept. of Political Science, University of Florida, Gainesville,
Fla. Rosencranz, Armin, (07.01.1980), Project Director: Acid Rain, Environmental Law Institute,
Washington, D.C. Rosenthai, Paul c., (22.02.1980), Counsel: Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate
218
Rothschild, Edwin, (21.12.1979), Director: Energy Action, Washington, D.C. Rovner, Edmond, (28.01.1980), Counsel/Staff Director: Subcommittee on Consumer Protec
tion and Finance, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives
Rustetter, Clem L. (geb. Zinger), (08.01.1980), Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C. St. George, Arthur W., (21.11.1979), Dept. of Sociology, University of New Mexico, Albuquer
que, N.Mex. Samuels, Sheldon W., (12.01.1981), Director: Health, Safety and Environment, Industrial Union
Dept., AFL-CIO, Washington, D.C. Sax, Joseph L., (06.11.1979), University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, Mich. Schnaiberg, Allan, (08.11.1979), Dept. ofSociology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill. Schoellhammer, Paul, (22.01.1980), Professional Staff Member: Subcommittee on Oversight and
Review, Committee on Public Works and Transportation. U.S. House of Reoresentatives Sharfman, Stephen L., (18.10.1979), Office of the Commissioner: U.S. Postal Rate Commission Sharpless, Andrew F., (01.05.1980), Consumer Utility Board Organizer: Center for the Study of
Responsive Law (Nader-Gruppe), Washington, D.C. Sheehan, John J., (11.12,1980), Assistant to the President: United Steelworkers of America (AFL
CIO), Washington, D.C. Silbergeld, Mark, (03.03.1980), Director: Washington Office, Consumers Union of United States,
Washington, D.C. Singer, James W., (05.02.1980), National Journal, Washingtön, D.C. Smith, Bruce L.R., (20.12.1979 u.a.), Director: OES Policy Assessment Staff(Ocean,Environment,
and Scientific Affairs), U.S. Dept. of State; vormals: Dept. of Political Science, Columbia University; ab 1981: Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.
Sohn, Michael N., (04.01.1980), General Counsel: FTC (Federal Trade Comission); vormals: Arnold and Porter (law firm), Center for Auto Safety
Stallings, Robert A., (19.11.1979), School of Public Administration, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
Steenland, Sally A., (21.03.1980), Projects Director: National Citizens Committee for Broadcasting (Nader-Gruppe), Washington, D.C.
Swisher, RandalI S., (11.03.1980), vormals: Director: D.C. PIRG, Aide to Representative Robert Carr (D-Mich.), U.S. House of Representatives
Tennilie, Jr., Norton E., (17.03.1980), pro bono publico work: environment: Arnold and Porter (law fIrm), Washington, D.C.
Thurber, James A., (17.01.1980), School of Government and Public Administration, American University, Washington, D.C
Tierney, John T., (19.02.1980 u.a.), Dept. of Government, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. (seit September 1982 am Boston College, Chestnut Hili, Mass.)
Tiliy, Charles, (07.11.1979), Dept. of Sociology, U niversi ty of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Trubek, David M., (09.11.1979), University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison, Wisc.; ferner:
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Weisbrod, Burton A., (09.11.1979), Dept. of Economics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc. Wellford, Harrison, (08.01.1980), Executive Associate Director: Reorganization and Management,
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Wenner, Lettie McSpadden, (08.11.1979), Dept. of Political Science, University of Illinois - Chicago Circle, Chicago
Westen, Tracy A., (15.02.1980), Deputy Director: Bureau of Consumer Protection, FTC; vormals: Stern Community Law Firm
Williams, David H., (29.01.1980), Program Advisor: Division of Special Projects, Bureau of Consumer Proteetion, FTC
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219
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220
Anhang Seite
Tabelle I: Erfolgreichster Ansatzpunkt bzw. erfolgreichstes Mittel der Einflußnahme ................................. .... 222
Tabelle 2: "Rollback" / Zurückdrängen des Einflusses der "Public Interest Groups"? ........................................ 223
Tabelle 3: Welche Kammer ist "empfänglicher" für die "Public Interest Groups" bzw. ist "liberaler"? ........................... 223
Tabelle 4: Positive Rolle der Massenmedien für die Erfolge der "Public Interest Groups" ................................... 224
Tabelle 5: Positive Rolle der Öffentlichkeit für die Erfolge der "Public Interest Groups" ................................... 224
Versuch einer Erfassung von "potentiellem Einfluß" .................... 225
221
N
Tab
elle
1:
Erf
olgr
eich
ster
Ans
atzp
unkt
bzw
. er
folg
reic
hste
s M
itte
l der
Ein
fluß
nahm
e N
N
insg
es.
Prä
side
nt
sons
tige
G
eric
hte
Kon
greß
pe
rs.
Ein
-H
eari
ng
Wah
lkam
pf-
Dru
ck a
us
Adm
in.
(ink
l. al
lger
n.
fluß
nahm
el
spen
den
dem
Wah
l-"p
ol.
appo
in-
Info
rmat
ion
krei
s B
efra
gte:
te
es")
Leh
r-un
d 9
0 0
0 5
For
schu
ngs-
inst
itut
ione
n
Kon
greß
-l3
0
0 0
0 0
2 10
m
itar
beit
er
"Pub
lic
Inte
r-17
0
2 0
0 0
0 3
12
est
Gro
ups"
Unt
erne
hmen
, 8
0 0
0 2
0 0
0 6
Unt
erne
hmen
s-ve
rbän
de
"pol
itic
al
9 0
3 0
0 0
4 ap
poin
tees
"
Gew
erk-
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 sc
haft
en
Jour
nali
sten
3
0 1
0 1
0 0
0
"civ
ii s
ervi
ce"
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
insg
es.
60
0
5 2
8 0
51
39
1) W
enng
leic
h es
nur
zu
flin
f N
ennu
ngen
flir
Wah
lkam
pfsp
ende
n al
s de
m e
infl
ußre
ichs
ten
Mit
tel
kam
, so
wur
den
sie
doch
von
den
Bef
ragt
en a
llge-
mei
n al
s w
icht
ig a
nges
ehen
..
Tabelle 2: "Rollback" / Zurückdrängen des Einflusses der "Public Interest Groups"?
Befragte:
Lehr- und For-schungsinstitu-tionen
Kongreßmitar-beiter
"Public Interest Groups"
Unternehmen, Unternehmens-verbände
"political ~'ppointees"
Gewerkschaften
Journalisten
"civil service"
insgesamt.
ja ja nein insgesamt für Verbraucher- insgesamt
schutzgruppen, weniger bzw. nein für Umweltschutzgr.
7 3
2 4
3 5 0
3 2
4 4
0 0 0
1 1 0
0 0 0
18 20 5
(unter Berücksichtigung des allgemein wiedergegebenen Eindrucks "business is much more sophisticated and influential today", vor allem im Vergleich mit den Verbraucherschutzgruppen)
Tabelle 3: Welche Kammer ist "empfänglicher" ftir die "Public Interest Groups" bzw. ist "liberaler"?
Befragte:
Lehr- und Forschungsinstitutionen
Kongreßmitarbeiter
"Public Interest Groups"
Unternehmen, Unternehmensverbände
Gewerkschaften
Journalisten
"civil service"
insgesamt
Repräsentantenhaus
o
2
o
o o o
3
Senat
2
o
o o o
4
Senat heute weniger "liberal" als früher, aber immer noch "liberaler" als das Repräsentantenhaus
o
3
2
o
o o o
5
223
Tabelle 4: Positive Rolle der Massenmedien für die Erfolge der "Public Interest Groups"
Massenmedien positiv bzw. nicht wichtig bzw. starteten "issues" wichtig eher neutral
Befragte: und waren wichtig
Lehr- und For-schungsinstitu- 0 14 0 tionen
Kongreßmit- 0 11 0 arbeiter
"Public Interest 0 14 0 Groups"
Unternehmen, Unternehmens- O 4 0 verbände
"political 0 10 0 appointees"
Gewerkschaften 0 0 0
Journalisten 0 4 0
"civii service" 0 4 0
insgesamt 0 61 0
Tabelle 5: Positive Rolle der Öffentlichkeit rur die Erfolge der "Public Interest Groups"
Befragte:
Lehr- und Forschungsinstitutionen
Kongreßmitarbeiter
"Public Interest Groups"
Unternehmen, Un ternehmensverbände
"political appointees"
Gewerkschaften
Journalisten
"civii service"
insgesamt
224
ja
4
4
2
2
o o o
13
nein
o
o
o
o
o
o o o
o
Versuch einer Erfassung von "potentiellem Einfluß" (zu Anmerkung 50, S. 34)
Faktoren, die zum potentiellen Einfluß einer Gruppe beitragen
1. Faktoren der Mitgliedschaft 1.1 Anzahl der Mitglieder 1.2 deren Verteilung über das
relevante Gebiet 1.3 sozialer Status der Mit-
glieder (= direkter Einfluß auf den Wahlkreisdruck auf Politiker)
2. Faktoren der Gruppen 2.1 Anzahl der Gruppen 2.2 Führungspersonal und de-
ren Expertise 2.3 Eingehen von Koalitionen 2.4 finanzielle Ressourcen 2.5 Zutritt zu Politikern und
Behörden ("Access") 2.6 Legitimität der Ziele
3. Unterstützung durch 3.1 Massenmedien 3.2 öffentliche Meinung 3.3 Gerichte
4. sonstige Vorteile
./. Faktoren, die den potenti· ellen Einfluß einer Gruppe mindern
Gegen diese Gruppe gerichtete Lobby tätigkeiten anderer Gruppen, unter Berücksichtigung der Faktoren, die zu deren potentiellem Einfluß beitragen.
4.1 Dringlichkeit der Probleme 4.2 Gebrauch eigener Veto-
Macht
potentieller Einfluß
als Belege dafür können z.B. herangezogen werden:
1. Fallstudien über direkte Konflikte von ökonomischen Partikularinteressen und "Public Interest Groups"
2. Einfluß von "Public Interest Groups" wie gesehen von: a) ihnen selbst b) ökonomischen Partiku-
larinteressen c) Behörden d) Kongreß e) Massenmedien o Wissenschaftlern
225
Register
Vorbemerkung: selektives Verzeichnis von Einzelpersonen, Autoren, Organisationen und Institutionen
- deutsche Bezeichnungen, mit Ausnahme von Organisationen, Institutionen und feststehenden Begriffen
- sofern nicht aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis ersichtlich und kein geschlossener Abschnitt
- keine Oberpunkte "Umweltschützer" und" Verbraucherschutzbewegung", nur wenige Unterpunkte zu "Common Cause"
- die Bezeichnung "die Gruppen" steht flir "Public Interest Groups"
ad hoch-Gruppen 138, 150 AFL-CIO (s.u. Gewerkschaften) Alaska: Umweltschutz (s.a. Umweltschutz-Ge-
setzgebung) 81, 108, 113, 114, 143, 148, 150 Alexander, Herbert E., 157, 204, 215 Almond, Gabriel A., 51, 75, 77, 199,204 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) (s.a.
Bürgerrechtsbewegung) 44, 46, 60, 142, 189 Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) 102,
185 Angler-Verbände 112, 113, 151, 153 Anti-Saloon League (s.u. Prohibitionistenbewe
gung) Arbeitsplatz, Sicherheit am ("occupational safe
ty and health") 38, 152 Arme (Verbände) 43, 151, 152 Army Corps of Engineers (s.a. "pork barrel po
litics") 113, 125, 126, 127 Atomenergie (s.u. Kernkraftgegner) Automobil-Emissionen (s.u. Automobil-Indu
strie; "Clean Air Act"; Umweltschutz-Gesetz-gebung; Umweltverschmutzung)
Automobil-Industrie (s.a. General Motors; Ver-kehrssicherheit) 45, 81, 96, 109
Bachrach, Peter, 33, 34, 78, 204 Baratz, Morton, 33, 34, 78, 204 Bauern (s.u. Farmer-Verbände) Bentley, Arthur, 34, 199 Bernstein, Marver H., 160, 199, 204 Berry, Jeffrey M., 32, 34,40,47,48,75,76,77,
78, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163, 164, 188, 199,204,215
Beyme, Klaus von, 77, 155, 156, 199 Blockadetechniken - allgemein 97,118
der Gruppen 113, 120, 129, 136,137,141, 153,154, 167, 168,169,170,172,181,182, 183,184,185,186,187,194,195
- der Unternehmen 70, 71, 82, 117, 123, 168, 170,171,195
Bowman, Jarnes S., 75, 163,205 Briefkampagnen (s.u. "grass-roots") Budgetkürzungen der Bundesexekutive: Aus-
wirkungen flir die Gruppen/auf die Politik
226
184,185 Bürgerbeteiligung (s.a. Öffentlichkeit politischer
Prozesse) 38, 39 - Judikative 131, 135, 136, 139 - Verwaltung 125, 126, 127, 135, 136, 139 Bürgerrechtsbewegung (s.a. Arme; ACLU) 39,
43,44,45,46,53,56, 88, 109,121,137,15~ 186, 189
Bums, James MacGregor, 77, 199 Business Roundtable 96, 117 Caldwell, Lynton K., 155, 158, 160, 161, 162,
163, 164, 176, 199 Carter, James Earl (Jimmy), 55, 69, 77, 82, 98,
120, 121, 124, 127,128, 129, 130, 135, 167, 181,182,186, 187
Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America 96, 117
Citizen 's Choice 117 Qean Air Act 133, 135, 136, 169 Cohen, David, 47, 48, 205, 215 Cohen, Etahn, 155, 156,205 Common Cause - ErfOlge/Gesetze 82, 111, 112, 114, 140,171 - Bedeutung der Gesetze flir die weitere Ar-
beit (s.a. Blockadetechniken - der Gruppen) 168, 185 Wahlkampffinanzierungsdebatte (s.a. WahlkampO 39, 60,81,82,94,98-101,112,132, 133,140, 151,163,201
Congress Watch (gehört zu "Public Citizen") 115, 185, 202
constituency services (s.a. "pork barrel politics") 107, 108
Consumer Federation of America (CF A) 41, 45, 85, 151
Consumer Product Safety Commission 122 Consumer Protection Agency (CPA) 81, 82,
115 Consumers Union (CU) 41, 43, 45, 57, 58,85,
200 Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) 133,
184,202
Dahl, Robert A., 34, 199 Davies, IIl, J. Clarenoe, 47, 76, 156, 160, 161,
162,163,164,176,188,199,210,215 Demonstrationen (s.u. Protestaktionen) DevalI, William B. (Bill), 47, 48, 160, 200, 206 Dexter, Lewis Anthony, 156, 157,200,206 Dienstleistungen für Bewohner des Wahlkreises
(s.u. "constituency services"; s.a. "pork barrel politics")
disturbance theory (s.a. Pluralismustheorie; Salisbury: Truman), 22,72,73,193
Downs, Anthony, 25, 33,34,75,77,160, 164, 188,200,206
Dunlap, Riley E., 48, 75, 156, 164, 206, 209, 210,216
Eckstein, Harry, 33, 77,156,200,206 Einfluß 21 - Meßprobleme, 27, 28, 29, 30,155,157 - der Gruppen (s.a. die betreffenden Gruppen
- Gesetzgebungen) 21, 26 - Auflistung der Kriterien für Einfluß 30,
31,226 - Perzeption ihres Einflusses durch Politi
ker 30, 102, 111, 118 Ein-Punkt-Bewegungen (s.u. "single issue
groups") Environmental Action 102 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) (s.a.
NEPA) 126, 133, 134,135, 136 Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. (EPA)
82, 125, 126, 134, 136, 183, 184, 186 Erikson, Robert S., 157, 158,207 Etzioni, Amitai, 76, 200 Evans, M. Brock, 159, 161, 176,207,216 exchange theory of interest groups (s.a. Salis-
bury) 72, 73
Farmer (Verbände) 139, 153, 154 Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
132 Federal Election Campaign Act (FE CA) (s.a.
Wahlkampf) 99, 133 Federal Trade Commission (FTC) 81, 84, 122,
124,125,126, 128, 129, 145, 167, 18'5 Fenno, Ir., Richard F., 158, 160, 200 Finanzen der Unternehmen (s.u. Unternehmen
- Ressourcen) Finanzen der Unternehmen (s.u. Unternehmen
Ressourcen) Fiorina, Morris P., 158, 200, 207 Food and Drug Administration, U.S. (FDA)
81, 128, 145 Ford, Gerald R., 81, 93, 113, 120, 125, 126,
127,167,181 Ford Foundation (s.a. Stiftungen) 46, 84, 180 Fraenkel, Ernst, 23, 24, 33, 70, 77, 156, 160,
161,163,189,196,197,198,200 Frauenverbände (s.a. "League of Women Vo
ters") 112, 151, 152, 164, 187, 189 Freedom oflnformation Act 125, 133 Frohlich,Norman, 73, 78,200, 207
Fundamentalisten, religiöse (s. u. "Neue Rechte")
Gamson, William A" 33, 77, 198,200,207, '216 Gardner, John W., 46, 47, 73, 142, 160, 179,
200,216 Garson, G. David, 77,198,200 Gemeinwohl ("public interest"j"öffentliches
Interesse") 21, 22 - Definition 33, 37 - als Ziel der Gruppen 37,38,39, 197 - als Ziel staatlicher Politik 37, 38, 39, 196 Gemeinnützigskeits-Status der Gruppen: steuer
liche Einstufung 42, 46, 84, 85, 89, 90, 136, 168, 191
Gerichte, Bedeutung der - allgemein 29, 130, 137
für die Gruppen generell 39, 46, 56,74,125, 13~ 131, 13~ 137, 13~ 167
- Common Cause 132, 133 - Public Interest Law Firms (PILF) 82, 131,
133, 137 - Umweltschützer 131, 132, 133, 134, 135,
136, 13~ 138, 140, 183 - Verbraucherschutzbewegung 131, 132 - Bedeutung der öffentlichen Meinung für die
Judikative 13 8 General Motors Co. (s.a. Automobil-Industrie)
45, 96,.143, 173 Gewaltenteilung, Probleme y im US-System
(s.u. Vetomöglichkeiten) Gewerkschaften - Verhältnis zu den Gruppen, Koalitionen 112,
139,151,152,153 - Lobby-Tätigkeiten 99, 100,101,110,117,
151,153 Ginsberg, Benjamin, 157, 158, 207, 216 Glazer, Nathan, 163, 207 Gleichgewichts-Theorem (s.u. Pluralismustheo-
rie) Gormley, Jr., William T., 160, 163,208,216 "grass-roots" - allgemeine Bedeutung für Politikbeeinflus
sung 7, 8,29,51,102-106, 107, 110,148, 168,222
- Aktivitäten der Gruppen 64, 85, 93, 107-116, 139, 140, 168, 170, 182, 184, 186, 197,222
- Aktivitäten der Unternehmer(verbände) (s. a. Unternehmen - Politikbeeinflussung) 110, 115, 116-118, 170
Green, John, 157, 158, 207, 216 Green, Mark J., 156, 157, 159,200,208 Greenwald, Carol S" 34, 76, 156, 157, 160,
162,200,208,216 Gruppentheorie (s.u. Pluralismustheorie)
Halpern, Charles R., 47, 48, 78, 155, 162,208, 216
Heclo,Hugh,77, 160, 161,200,208
227
Hofstadter, Richard, 48, 208
Informationsfreiheit (s.u. "Freedom of Information Act"; Öffentlichkeit des Kongreßgeschehens; Öffentlichkeit des Verwaltungshandeins)
Inkrementalismus (s.a. Lindbiom) 29, 34, 170, 171,174
Interessen (s.a. Verweise bei "Theorien über Gruppen")
~ -aggregation 22, 23, 24., 26, 68, 69, 70, 71 ~ -artikulation 23, 69, 196 ~ diffuse Interessen: Definition 27, 33 ~ latente Interessen: Definition 21, 27, 28, 33 ~ manifeste Interessen: Definition 33 ~ öffentliche Interessen (s.u. Gemeinwohl) ~ ökonomische Interessen (s.a. Unternehmen):
Definition 37, 38 ~ -organisation 6, 8, 21, 23, 24, 33, 49, 52,
67, 71, 74, 125, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195,196, 197
~ partikulare Interessen (s.a. Unternehmen): Definition 23
~ -repräsentation (durch die Gruppen) 38, 39, 40,69, 71, 78, 81, 175
Jäger (Verbände) 112,113,151, 153 Johnson, Lyndon B., 23, 45,46, 53, 74, 121,
145
Kalifornien: Umweltschutz 182, 183 Kelso, William Alton, 23, 24, 33, 70, 189, 196,
197,198,201 Kennedy, Edward M., 98, 125 Kennedy, John F., 45, 46,93 Kernkraftgegner (Anti-Nuklear-Gruppen) 28,
76,88,89 Kevenhörster, Paul 78, 209 Key, Jr., V.O., 34, 156, 157,201 Kielmansegg, Peter Graf, 12,33,77,176,209 Kingdon, John W., 157, 158,201 Konflikte mit anderen Interessen(gruppen),
außer Unternehmen 151, 152, 153 Konflikte zwischen "Public Interest Groups"
150,151 Kongreß ~ Bedeutung im politischen Prozeß 7, 91, 92,
93, 167, 168 ~ gegenseitige Rücksichtnahme, "Iogrolling",
Kompromisse 68, 69, 97, 105, 119, 172, 174,175
~ Struktur 92, 170, 171 ~ strukturelle Reformen (s.a. Seniorität)
~ Darstellung 68,81,82 ~ Auswirkungen 7, 68, 69, 82, 92, 98,
100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 129, 175 Konkurrenz und Kooperation zwischen den
Gruppen 86,87, 150, 183 Kremendahl, Hans, 33, 198,201 Krisen/Skandale: ihre Bedeutung für die Grup
pen
228
~ generell 70, 144, 147, 148, 173, 174, 189, 192, 194, 197
~ Common Cause 147, 148, 172 ~ Umweltschützer 144, 146, 147, 148, 171,
173,174,192 ~ Verbraucherschutzbewegung 144, 147, 173,
174
Ladd, Jr., Everett Carll, 77, 201 LaPalombara, Joseph, 33, 209 Latham, Earl, 33, 209 League of Conservation Voters 42,98 League ofWomen Voters 152 Legitirnitä t der Gruppen
innerorganisatorische (s. u. Mitglieder ~ Teilhabe an Entscheidungsprozessen)
~ politische (s.a. Öffentlichkeit -agenda building; Meinungsumfragen) 39, 40,45,81,111, 125, 130, 131, 144, 1.47, 150
Lindbiom, Charles R. (s.a. Inkrementalismus), 176,209
Lobbyisten (s.u. Mitarbeiter der Gruppen) Lobby-Tätigkeiten
als Nebenprodukt? 58, 59, 85 ~ gesetzliche Regelungen 84, 85, 89, 90, 136,
140,172 ~ Schwerpunktverlagerungen 95, 100, 102-
106, 108, 109, 110, 116, 136, 138, 146, 149,167,168,170
Lowi, Theodore J., 33, 77, 201, 209 Luftverschmutzung (s.u. Umweltverschmutzung;
s.a. Automobil-Industrie; "Clean Air Act") Lundqvist, Lennart J., 34, 161,209
Malbin, Michael J., 157, 210 Mann, Thomas E., 158,201, 210 Massenmedien ~ Bedeutung fiir die Gruppen 7, 30, 45, 46,
52, 53, 62, 81, 108, 109, 111, 123, 125, 139,142-146,167,170,171,173,174,190, 224
~ Fernsehen, Radio: Verbraucherschutz 125, 126, 132, 189
Matthews, Donald R., 156, 157, 158,164,201 Mayhew, David R., 158, 163,201,210 Mazmanian, Daniel A., 156, 160, 161,188,201,
210,212,217 McCarthy, John D., 75, 76, 77, 158,163,164,
201,210,214,217 McFarland, Andrew S., 34, 47, 48,75,76,77,
78, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 188,198,201,210,217
Meinungsumfragen (s.a. Öffentlichkeit, Bedeutung der)
~ Bedeutung allgemein (zur Politikbeeinflussung) 54, 55, 148
~ "good government issues" / Common Cause 54,55
~ Umweltschutz 53, 54, 55, 184 ~ Unternehmen 52, 53, 55
- Verbraucherschutz 53, 54, 55 Michels, Robert, 77, 201 Milbrath, Lester W., 28, 34, 155, 156, 157, 201 Miller, Arthur H., 75, 210 Miller, Warren E., 75, 157, 158, 199, 201,
209,210,213 Mitarbeiter der Gruppen, hauptberufliche - allgemein 41,42,43, 85, 186, 187 - Einkommen 66, 77 - politische Einstellungen 43, 66 - als Führungskreis der Gruppen 40, 41, 85,
86,87 - als Gruppenressourcen 30, 66, 67, 85, 110,
143,179 - Karrieremuster 66, 67
Motivationen 46, 66 - sozialer Hintergrund/Status 66 Mitchell, Robert Cameron, 11,47,75,76,77,
155, 156, 159, 163, 164, 198, 210, 214, 218 Mitglieder der Gruppen - allgemeine. Bemerkungen (Mitgliederzahl,
Organisationen) 40, 195 - Common Cause, 42, 185 - Public lnterest Law Firms (PILF) 42, 46 - Umweltschützer 42, 141, 169, 183, 188 - Verbraucherschutzbewegung 41,185
- Bedeutung für die Politikbeeinflussung - generell 30, 65, 88, 89, 103, 108, 109,
110, 118, 186,226 - Common Cause 96, 110, 111, 112, 118 - Umweltschützer 82, 96, 110, 112-114,
118, 140, 141 - Verbraucherschutzbewegung 114, 115,
116
- politische Einstellungen - generell 43, 56, 65, 74, 186 - Common Cause 43, 60 - Umweltschützer 43,61,63 - Verbraucherschutzbewegung 43
- Motivationen, Anreize, Wertorientierungen - generell 21, 26, 37, 51,52,56,57,58,
59, 63, 64, 65, 73, 74, 170, 179, 181, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196
- Common Cause 57, 58,.59, 60, 63, 87 - Public lnterest Law Firms (PILF) 59 - Umweltschützer 45, 57, 61,62,63,115,
169, 191 - Verbraucherschutzbewegung 57, 59, 63,
115, 193
- Sozialstruktur (s.a. Status) - generell 43, 59, 64, 108, 109 - Common Cause 43 - Public lnterest Law Firms (PILF) 43 - Umweltschützer, 96, 113 - Verbraucherschutzbewegung 43 - Bedeutung für die Politikbeeinflussung:
s. dort
- Teilhabe an Entscheidungsprozessen (= innerorganisatorische Willensbildung) - generell 40, 41, 85, 86 - Common Cause 42, 48,87, 140 - Public lnterest Law Firms (PILF) 42 - Umweltschützer 42, 87 - Verbraucherschutzbewegung 41,86
Teilnahme am Gruppenleben - generell 58, 63, 64 - Umweltschützer, 58, 61
Mitgliederwerbung 40, 46, 48, 52, 60, 61, 62, 62,84,86,179,190
Moe, Terry M., 33,76, 198,202,218 Moral Majority (s.u. "Neue Rechte") Morrison, Denton E., 47, 76, 155, 156, 159,
163,164,198,202,210,213,218 Muskie, Edmund S., 97
Nadel, Mark V., 34, 47, 48, 77, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 176, 202, 211, 214, 218
Nader, Ralph / Nader-Gruppen, 05, 38,39,41, 42,44,45,46,47,53,54,55,59,60,66,73, 81, 83, 85, 86, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 102, 109, 110, 114, 115, 118, 122, 125, 126, 128, 131, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 150, 155, 156, 17~ 171, 17~ 173, 179, 192, 193
Narr, Wolf-Dieter, 33, 34, 202 Naschold, Frieder, 33, 34, 202 National Association of Manufacturers (NAM)
117 National Audubon Society (s.a. Naturschützer)
43, 85, 112, 150 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
114, 126, 133, 134, 135, 136, 162, 168 National Highway Traffk Safety Administrati
on (NHTSA) 81,97 National Legal Center for the Public lnterest 47 Naturschutzgruppen (s.a. National Audubon
Society) 38, 43, 45, 57,112, 150 Nebenprodukt-Theorie (s.u. Olson; Lobby-Tä
tigkeiten -als Nebenprodukt?) Neue Rechte 69,100,117,190 New Deal (s.a. F.D. Roosevelt) 38,44,53, 91,
93, 120, 195 Nie, Norman H., 75, 202, 203, 211 Nixon, Richard M., 54, 55, 81, 85, 93, 97,113,
126,127,133,135, 167, 181, 185, 186
Odegard, Peter H., 34, 158,202 Öffentlichkeit, Bedeutung der - für die Grup
pen (= öffentliche Meinung) (s.a. Meinungsumfragen)
- allgemein 7, 30, 54, 56, 73, 87, 97, 103, 109,110,117,123,125,142,143,147-149, 167, 170, 171, 173, 181, 186, 190, 195, 225, 226
- "agenda building"/"national agenda" (s.a. Legitimität -politische) 31, 53, 54, 81, lü8,
229
118, 145, 148 - CommonCause 111, 147, 185, 192 - Umweltschützer 7, 114, 141, 147, 182,
183, 184, 192 - V~rbraucherschutzbewegung 39, 40, 53, 54,
114,115,125,139,147,185,192 Öffentlichkeit politischer Prozesse (s.a. Bürger-
beteiligung) 39,40,71,82,83 - der Gerichte 46,82,131, 135, 136, 140 - des Kongreßgeschehens 82, 105, 112, 119 - des Verwaltungshandelns 39, 82, 125, 126,
127,131,132,135,136,140,181 Ölindustrie 117, 151 - steuerliche Behandlung, Gewinne, "oi! de
pletion allowance" 148, 149 Offe, Claus, 33, 211 Olson, Jr., Mancur, und seine Verbändetheorie
5, 6, 8, 11, 21, 24, 25, 26, 33, 34, 49, 57, 58,59,60,63,64,65,66,67,72,73,74,77: 78, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198,20~ 218 .
Oppenheimer, Bruce lan, 78, 156, 157, 159, 164, 176, 198,202,211
Oppenheimer, Joe E., 73, 78, 200, 207 Organisationsstrukturen der Gruppen 40, 41,
66, 88, 147 Common Cause 42, 46, 140, 141
- Public Interest Law Firms (PILF) 42, 43, 46,48,190
- Umweltschützer42,46,47, 140, 141 - Verbraucherschutzbewegung 41, 42,47,85,
114, 115, 139 Ornstein, Norman J., 34, 155, 156, 157, 158,
159, 164, 176, 202, 211, 218 Orren, Karen, 162,211
Pacific Legal Foundation 47 Parker, Glenn R., 158,211 Parteien - Parteiensystem der USA: Defizite 6, 7,
8, 23, 26, 52, 68, 69, 70, 74, 91, 92, 97, 98,100,107,142,171,187,196,197,198
- Demokratische Partei (D.P.) - Verhältnis zu den Gruppen 70, 82, 92,
93,95,97, 109, 110, 111,113,119,120, 121, 12~ 139, 181, 184, 195
- Republikanische Partei (GOP) - Verhältnis zu den Gruppen 92, 113, 181,
183, 184 - Verhältnis zu den Unternehmen 77, 91,
9~93,99, 117, 12~ 121, 12~ 187 Pluralismustheorie (incl. Gruppentheorie) (s.a.
Franke!, Ke ls 0, Trum"an) 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 21,22,26,~3,49,70,72, 189,193,194,195, 196,197,198
- Kritik an der Pl. (s.a. Olson) 5, 6, 8, 22, 23
Political Action Committees (PACs) (s.a. Wahlkampf Finanzierung) 99, 100, 101, 117
230
Polsby, Nelson W., 33,157,164,202,212,218 Populists 38, 179 pork barrel politics (s.a. "Army Corps of Engi
neers"; "constituency services") 107, 108,113 Postgebühren, ermäßigte: Bedeutung für die
Gruppen 64,74, 179, 190, 198 Price, David E., 156, 158, 160, 163, 164, 202 Progressive Movement 38,44,81 Prohibitionistenbewegung (" Anti-Saloon
League") 69, 75, 109 Protestaktionen als Einflußmittel (s.a. Kern
kraftgegner) 45, 52, 60, 88, 89 Public Citizen 42, 102, 115, 159, 202 Public Interest Law Firms (PILF) 39, 40, 42,
43,44,46,47,48,59,66,82,84,86,89,114, 131,133,136, 137, 180, 182, 190,192,195
Public Interest Research Groups (PIRG) 41, 59, 115
Publizität als Einflußmittel (s.u. Öffentlichkeit, Bedeutung der)
Reagan, Ronald, 11, 77, 114, 118, 122, 129, 135,144,147,164,168,170,179,181,182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 198
Referenden 44, 139, 140, 148 Reform bewegungen - Tradition der - in den USA 38,44,45,46,
57,75 - Vergleich mit den Gruppen 30, 42, 44, 66,
81,83, 84, 85, 123, 142, 186, 193 Ressourcen der Gruppen (s.a. Unternehmen
- Ressourcen) - Beschreibung 40, 41,42,43,64,84,85,86,
87,97,117,129,149,150,170,179,180, 185, 189, 195, 196
- Bedeutung für Einfluß/Erfolge 30, 64, 71, 8~ 84, 8~89,98, 125, 127, 135, 140, 142, 143,167,172
Roosevelt, FrankIin D. (s.a. "New Deal") 23, 44,91,109,128
Rosenbaum, Walter A., 48, 78, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 16~ 164, 17~ 20~ 21~ 218
Rosener, Judy B., 161,202
Sabatier, Paul A., 160, 163, 212 Salisbury, Robert H. (s.a. "exchange theory of
interest groups") 33, 73, 74, 77, 78,188,212 Sax, Joseph L., 162, 163,202,212,219 Schattschneider, E.E., 33, 47, 77, 157, 163,
176,198,202 Scheueh, Erwin K., 75, 212 Schumpeter, Joseph A., 72, 78, 203 Senioren-Verbände 110, 139, 187 Seniorität,"seniority system", im Kongreß (s.a.
Kongreß -strukturelle Reformen) 39, 82, 111 Siena-Club - Erfolge/Gesetze 83 - Mitgliedermotivationen 45, 58, 60, 61, 62,
76
- Mitglieder(struktur) 42, 43, 45,96,114,188 - Organisationsstruktur 42 Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund 42 "single issue groups" 28, 53, 54, 69, 75,86,87,
105, 106, 110 Skandale (s.u. Krisen/ ... ) Smith, David Horton, 75, 213 Status, sozialer, uhd Definition 48 - Mitgliedschaften in Organisationen (s.a. Mit
glieder -Sozialstruktur) 43, 51, 52, 59, 63, 64,109
- Beeinflussung politischer Institutionen 51, 54,59,60,74,88,108,109,184
- Reformbewußtsein 52, 54, 56, 59, 60, 64, 65, 74
- Vertrauen in die eigene politische Effizienz 51,53,59,64,65, 8~ 191
Steffani, Winfried, 33, 78, 198, 203, 213 Steuerstatus der Gruppen (s.u. Gemeinnützig
keit) Stiftungen (s.a. Ford Foundation) 40, 46, 56,
59,74,84,85,180,190,191,192,195 Stokes, Donald E., 75, 157, 158, 199, 210, 213 Stone, Alan, 155, 160, 203 Struktur des politischen Systems: Defizite etc.
(s.u. Parteien -Parteiensystem der USA; VetomögJichkeiten des amerikanischen Systems)
subsystems / subsystem politics 22, 70, 71, 81, 84, 85, 96, 101, 116, 119, 120,121,122,123, 125, 126, 127, 128,129, 130, 132, 133,134, 137, 138, 142, 145, 147, 148, 149, 160, 170
Sundquist, James L., 75,77,213 symbolic politics 70, 113, 114, 115, 125, 149,
171 Systemimmanenz der Gruppen (s.a. Legitimität
-politische) 47, 60,81,83,88,89,175
Technologie / Bedeutung technischer Entwicklungen flir die Gruppen 8, 46, 52, 64, 74, 190, 191, 196
Theorien über Gruppen (s.u. Fraenkel; Olson; exchange thetlry of interest groups; disturbance theory: Kelso; Truman; Pluralismustheorie/= Gruppentheorie; Frohlich; Young; Oppenheimer, J.E.; Schumpeter; Salisbury)
Truman, David B., 5, 6, 8, 22, 23, 24, 33, 34, 72, 73, 74, 78, 156, 190, 193, 197, 198, 203
Turner, Julius, 156, 203
Umweltbeeinflussungs-Gutachten (s.u. ..Envi-ronmental Impact Statement")
Umweltverschmutzung 45,82, 113, 152, 183 Umweltschutz-Gesetzgebung - Erfolge/Gesetze 82, 113, 114, 127, 135,
136, 140, 141, 154 - Bedeutung für die weitere Arbeit der Grup
pen (s.a. Blockadetechniken -der Gruppen) 168, 169, 182, 183, 184
Unternehmen/Unternehmensverbände
- Politikbeeinflussung (s.a. "grass-roots") 70, 74, 94, 95, 96, 98-101, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116-118, 119, 121, 122, 123,124,127, 129, 130, 132, 148, 157, 168, 169, 170, 171,174,187,189,195,197
- Ressourcen 47,70,81,85,94,96,116,117, 148, 170, 172, 195, 196
Urban Environment Conference (Foundation) 152, 153
Verba, Sidney, 51, 75,199,202,203 Verbandsklage ("dass action suit") 131 Verbändetheorie (s.u. Olson) Verbraucherschutz-Gesetzgebung - Erfolge/Gesetze 81, 82, 114, 129,132, 139,
141,151,171 - Bedeutung flir die weitere Arbeit der Grup
pen (s.a. Blockadetechniken -der Gruppen) 168, 185
Verkehrssicherheit (Verbraucherschutz) 45, 115, 173
Versorgungsbetriebe, öffentliche ("public utilities") 139, 140
Vetomöglichkeiten des amerikanischen Systems (s.a. Blockadetechniken; Parteien -Parteiensystem der USA) 6, 7, 8, 26, 51, 68, 69, 70,71,74,84,119,168,171,172,174,195, 196,197, 198
Vietnam-Krieg, Bewegung gegen den 43, 44, 53, 54,60,88
Vogel, David, 47, 75,78,155,156,159,160, 162,164,203,214
Wahlen, Auswirkungen der - 1976: 109, 117, 121 - 1978: 109, 117,119,147 - 1980: 11,77,93,109,117,119,120,147,
167, 181,195 - 1982: 181,183, 184, 187, 195 Wahlkampf - Einflüsse von Unternehmen (s.u. "Political
Action Committees"; Unternehmen -Politikbeeinflussung)
- Finanzierung - Kongreß (s.a. "PoJitical Action Commit-
tees"; "Federal Election Campaign Act") 98~101
- Vorschläge flir die öffentliche Finanzierung der Kongreßwahlen (s.a. "Common Cause") 39, 98, 112
- Präsidentschaftswahlen 100 Wahlkreisbetreuung (s.u. "constituency servi
ces"; s.a. "pork barrel politics") Wahlkreisdruck (s.u. "grass-roots") Wahlkreisverhalten des -Politikers (s.a. "consti
tuency services"; "pork barrell politics" 7, 51, 69, 71, 88, 89,93, 102-106, 107, 108, 109,110,111,117,118,175
Wasserverschmutzung (s.u. Umweltverschmutzunj!;)
231
Watt, James G., 182,183 Wattenberg, Ben J., 75, 203 Weisbrod, Burton A., 77, 162, 203, 209, 213,
214,219 Werbung der Unternehmen - allgemeine Regelungen 132 - Zigarettenwerbung: Verbot 124 Willensbildung in dl!n Gruppen (s.u. Mitglieder
- Teilhabe an Entscheidungsprozessen) Wilson, James Q., 47,57,75,76,77,78,155,
156,163,198,203,205,214 Wolfinger, Raymond E., 158 Wootton, Graharn, 34, 203, 220
Young, Dran R., 73, 78, 200
232
Zald, Mayer N., 75, 76, 77, 158,163, 164,201, 210,214,220
Zeigler, L. Harmon, 77, 156,203,214 Zigarettenwerbung (s.u. Werbung) Zutritt ("access") zu politischen Entscheidungs
trägern - Bedeutung allgemein 29, 96 - der Gruppen
- allgemein 81 - Administration, Behörden 127,129,131,
140 - Kongreß (s.u. "grass-roots")
- der Unternehmer (s.a. dort) 99, 100, 118