Sistem penyelenggaraan pendidikan :• beban studi MAHASISWA, • beban kerja Dosen, dan • beban PENYELENGGARAAN PROGRAM
LEMBAGA dinyatakan dalam satuan kredit semester (SKS)= Beban Kegiatan per minggu
Sistem Kredit Semester (sks)
50 menit kuliah 60 menit acara
kegiatan akademik terstruktur (PR)
60 menit acara kegiatan mandiri (misalnya baca referensi)
50 menit kuliah 60 menit
perencanaan & evaluasi kegiatan akademik terstruktur
60 menit pengembangan materi kuliah
Mahasiswa
Dosen
Alokasi Waktu bagi Mahasiswa
Mata Kuliah = AGROFORESTRISks = 3 (2/1)
No Kegiatan sks Alokasi waktu, jam/minggu
1 Tatap muka Kuliah Tutorial /
Praktikum
2
1
2
2
2 Tugas Terstruktur Mandiri
3
2
TOTAL 3 9
• Mahasiswa mampu :• mengenali macam-macam agroforestri, mampu
mengklasifikasikannya berdasarkan tingkat kompleksitasnya, manfaatnya (ekonomi) bagi petani dan bagi lingkungan (plot & lansekap)
• memahami adanya interaksi pohon-tanah-tanaman dan mengetahui cara mengukur dan mengevaluasinya di lapangan
• memahami kendala-kendala yang ada di lapangan untuk mengimplementasikan agroforestri dan mengetahui kebijakan-kebijakan yang dibutuhkan untuk mendukung keberhasilan praktek agroforestri
Kompetensi
RENCANA PROGRAM & KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN
SEMESTER1. PENGANTAR AGROFORESTRI2. MACAM-MACAM SISTEM AGROFORESTRY DAN KLASIFIKASINYA3. FUNGSI DAN PERAN SISTEM AGROFORESTRY PADA LANSEKAP &
GLOBAL (3 TM)4. PERAN AGROFORESTRI PADA SKALA PLOT 5. INTERAKSI ANTARA POHON DAN TANAMAN SEMUSIM ATAU
TANAMAN LAINNYA (2 TM)6. DOMESTIKASI POHON7. KAJIAN ASPEK SOSIAL EKONOMI DAN BUDAYA AGROFORESTRI8. PERANAN PENGETAHUAN EKOLOGI LOKAL DALAM SISTEM
AGROFORESTRI9. KELEMBAGAAN DAN KEBIJAKAN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN
AGROFORESTRI10.PENGELOLAAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM AGROFORESTRI11.PROSPEK PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN AGROFORESTRI DI INDONESIA
JADWAL & EVALUASI
No Kegiatan Nilai (%)
1 Kuliah– KELAS A (Rabu GB 1.1 / 15.05-16.45)– KELAS B (Jumat GB 3.3 /15.05-16.45)
70
2 Tutorial/ Praktikum
– KELAS A (Selasa FP 3.5 /15.05-16.45)
– KELAS B (Rabu GB 2.2 / 15.05-16.45)
30
TOTAL 100
TAPAK EKOLOGI
PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI
MATERI 1. PENGANTAR AGROFORESTRI
PENGERTIAN & KONSEP AGROFORESTRI
SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN AGROFORESTRI
AGROFORESTRY
a sustainable natural resource management approach
Kurniatun Hairiah
(Sumber: Joshi et al., 2007) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea
Pengertian Agroforestri Contoh-contoh agroforestri yang
ada di Indonesia Evolusi system agroforestri dan
proses-proses yang terjadi Keuntungan, kendala, potensi dan
peluangnya bagi petani maupun pemerintah (SWOT analysis).
AGROFORESTRI
Arti sederhana (Nair, 1993)
• Menanam pohon di lahan pertanian
• Meningkatkan pendapatan petani
• Konservasi tanah
WHAT IS AGROFORESTRY (WANATANI)?
integrating trees with agriculture and/or livestock…over time and/or in space
Land-use management that combines trees with crops and/or livestock for optimal biophysical interactions to yield physical, biological, ecological, economic, and/or social benefits
AgroforestryAny system which incorporates planting or
encouragement of trees on land where crops and/or animals are raised in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence.
A dynamic, ecologically based natural resources management system that, through the integration of trees in farmland and rangeland, diversifies and sustains production for increased social, economic and environmental benefits for land users at all levels.
Economic and ecological interactions between trees and other components of the system.
Food, fruits, fodder
Timber and NTFP
Carbon storageAesthetic valueAbove-ground biodiversity
Tree cover moderates temperatures
Fertile top-soilLeaf litter layerIntact soil profile
Leguminous trees fix NBelow-ground biodiversity
Tree roots as water and nutrient pumps
Water filter and storage
Good agroforestry: putting the right tree at the right placeGood agroforestry: putting the right tree at the right place
Trees for Products
fruit firewood medicine income sawn wood fodder
Trees for Services
soilfertility
soilerosion
shade carbon sequestration
watershedprotection
biodiversity
Environmental services
Kebijakan dan institusi Kenyataan di landscape
‘deforestasi’
‘fungsi lingkungan’ menurun
konservasi
proteksi
produksi
Wan
ata
ni
Lahan pertanian
Konservasi
Proteksi
Produksi
Hutan
Ladang
Sawah
Tanaman tahunan
Perkebunan
Pe
r-k
ebu
na
n
Pertanianintensif
Hutan
sederhana
Kompleks
Hutan alami
Agroforest
padi
padi
Agroforestri sederhana
Lansekap di Krui (Lampung Barat) less patchy
Integrated landscape
Models of Agroforestry Simple:
Association of a small number of components: few tree species (<5) One or more annual semi-
perennial crops
Complex:- Association of many species (tree, shrubs, liana and herbs)- Functions and structure close to natural forest ecosystem
Modern: Promoted from outside
Traditional:Farmer developed and
locally adapted
PeopleImperata
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Human migration
A B C D
A. Forest margin
B. Shorter fallows ==>soil degradation
C. Imperata fire climax -
D. Imperata rehabilitation via Agroforestry
AGROFORESTRY FOR LIVELIHOODS
Education and awareness
Improved food crop
Organic farming
Indigenous vegetables and medicinal plants
Products for sale
Women’s handicrafts
Integrating livestock
VALUE OF TREE-BASED SYSTEMS
Multiple products: timbers, fruits, etc
Homeuse & Market Sale
Livelihoods & Society Needs
Environmental Services
Reforestation & Land Rehabilitation
N o
f sp
eci
es
(in a
rea
of c
onst
ant s
ize)
Intensity of Human Activity
Extraction Agroforestry ExtensiveAgriculture
Intensive Agriculture
120
100
80
60
40
20
20 – 40% of forest species will not survive in the agroforest environment
PROFITABLE … BUTECONOMIC RISKS & BARRIERS
1. Terminology linked to land tenure & land use restrictions
2. Limited awareness of and access to quality planting material
3. Limited tree management skills
4. Restricted access to markets for tree products
5. Lack of reward mechanisms for environmental services provided
KeyBottlenecks
BOTTLENECK 1. TERMINOLOGY … LIMITED LAND TENURE & LAND USE
Reality
Land classification -restrict use options
Paradoxes- ‘Forest lands’ without trees- ‘Tree-ed lands’ that are not forests- Some woody perennials not trees
Landscapes level ‘integrated’ (multifunctional) agroforestry
BOTTLENECK 2. QUALITY PLANTING MATERIAL
Reality
Seed shortage: quality & quantity
Lack access to quality germplasm
Use poor quality seed – lack awareness
Poor seed and nursery management
A few Exotics Species promoted
BOTTLENECK 3. TREE MANAGEMENT
SKILLS Reality
Diverse, multispecies, agro-integrated
Traditional managment extensive, not intensive
Species selection, spacing … by chance
Management frequently limited to harvested
Farmers ‘Not sure where to focus’
Limited quality and small quantity products
Survey Results Nanggung
0.5 hectare farm 20 market cropsmost of the crops not intensely managed73% are farmers32% of income from agriculture
BOTTLENECK 4: MARKET ACCESS
Not just a problem for farmers … also a challenge for the private sector
Roles for: farmers, private sector, 3rd parties
Researcher(Facilitator)
Characteristics•Low quality and quantity of product• No access to market information• Limited commercial skills• Low quality of inputs• Insecure market for produce • Limited access •to extension
Small-scale
farmers
Market agents
Characteristics•Limited number
of buyers•Problem with quality,
quantity, timeliness, time-consuming to deal with farmers
•Very good access to market Information•Usually have good
commercial skills •Few have tried to
develop partnership with farmers
ObjectiveDevelop farmers-agents
linkages
Assist in improving current marketing
practices/production systems
BOTTLENECK 5: LACK OF REWARDS FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICESQuestions of:
Without rewards … off-farm benefits & costs - ‘externalities’
Attributing actions to ‘providers’ and ‘users’
Who pays, who benefits
‘Additionality’
Landuse change is normal … ‘business as normal’ ??
Transaction costs
Opportunity costs (value of non-tree uses)
SMALLHOLDER TREE-BASED SYSTEMS
To support smallholder tree-based systems Conducive policies
Clear land/tree tenure
Quality germplasm
Tree management skills
Market access
Incentives for environmental services
• local livelihood, commercial products, & public environmental goals
• Enhance food security
• reduced vulnerability
• complementary with natural forests & plantations
• Increasingly important as area of natural forests decrease
TUGAS TERSTRUKTUR ITUGAS INDIVIDU
1. Baca Lecture Note AF 1 dan buat ringkasan (maksimal 2 halaman A4)
Ref : Kurniatun Hairiah, Mustofa Agung Sardjono, Sambas Sabarnurdin. 2003. Pengantar Agroforestri. Bahan Ajaran 1 (LN0001-04.PDF)
Carilah definisi-definisi tentang agroforestri dari berbagai literatur, kemudian buatlah ringkasannya !
Setelah membaca dan memahami berbagai definisi tadi, susunlah dengan kalimat sendiri definisi agroforestri menurut pemahaman anda dan
2. Jelaskan perbedaan AF dengan sistem lain (Hutan dan perkebunan) !
KULIAH
TUGAS TERSTRUKTUR IDISKUSI KELOMPOK
1. Kunjungi satu lahan petani yang mengusahakan sistem agroforestri. Silahkan kenali (ambil gambar/ foto) dan diskusikan dengan petani serta teman sekelompok tentang :a) Tahapan pendirian agroforestri, komponen
penyusun agroforestri dan pengaturannya dalam lahan
b) Pola kepemilikan atas lahan dan tanaman/pepohonan
c) Keuntungan dan kendala-kendala yang ada dalam mengusahakan agroforestri baik ditinjau dari segi biofisik (teknik) maupun dari segi ekonomi.
2. Bandingkan dengan contoh-contoh agroforestri dari hasil kunjungan kelompok lainnya . Adakah persamaan dan perbedaan dari sistem agroforestri yang diamati? JELASKAN Mana yang termasuk agroforestri sederhana dan mana yang kompleks ?
TUTORIAL
TUGAS TERSTRUKTUR IDISKUSI KELOMPOK
Buatlah catatan ringkas dari hasil diskusi ini dan diserahkan sebagai bagian penilaian paling lambat pada HARI KAMIS, 13 SEPTEMBER 2012
Diskusi kelas Pembahasan Tugas dan Hasil kunjungan lapangan dilanjutkan pada Jam Tutorial