MATERI I. PENGANTAR AGROFORESTRI

KONTRAK PERKULIAHAN

MK : AGROFORESTRI

Sistem penyelenggaraan pendidikan :• beban studi MAHASISWA, • beban kerja Dosen, dan • beban PENYELENGGARAAN PROGRAM

LEMBAGA dinyatakan dalam satuan kredit semester (SKS)= Beban Kegiatan per minggu

Sistem Kredit Semester (sks)

50 menit kuliah 60 menit acara

kegiatan akademik terstruktur (PR)

60 menit acara kegiatan mandiri (misalnya baca referensi)

50 menit kuliah 60 menit

perencanaan & evaluasi kegiatan akademik terstruktur

60 menit pengembangan materi kuliah

Mahasiswa

Dosen

Alokasi Waktu bagi Mahasiswa

Mata Kuliah = AGROFORESTRISks = 3 (2/1)

No Kegiatan sks Alokasi waktu, jam/minggu

1 Tatap muka Kuliah Tutorial /

Praktikum

2

1

2

2

2 Tugas Terstruktur Mandiri

3

2

TOTAL 3 9

• Mahasiswa mampu :• mengenali macam-macam agroforestri, mampu

mengklasifikasikannya berdasarkan tingkat kompleksitasnya, manfaatnya (ekonomi) bagi petani dan bagi lingkungan (plot & lansekap)

• memahami adanya interaksi pohon-tanah-tanaman dan mengetahui cara mengukur dan mengevaluasinya di lapangan

• memahami kendala-kendala yang ada di lapangan untuk mengimplementasikan agroforestri dan mengetahui kebijakan-kebijakan yang dibutuhkan untuk mendukung keberhasilan praktek agroforestri

Kompetensi

RENCANA PROGRAM & KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN

SEMESTER1. PENGANTAR AGROFORESTRI2. MACAM-MACAM SISTEM AGROFORESTRY DAN KLASIFIKASINYA3. FUNGSI DAN PERAN SISTEM AGROFORESTRY PADA LANSEKAP &

GLOBAL (3 TM)4. PERAN AGROFORESTRI PADA SKALA PLOT 5. INTERAKSI ANTARA POHON DAN TANAMAN SEMUSIM ATAU

TANAMAN LAINNYA (2 TM)6. DOMESTIKASI POHON7. KAJIAN ASPEK SOSIAL EKONOMI DAN BUDAYA AGROFORESTRI8. PERANAN PENGETAHUAN EKOLOGI LOKAL DALAM SISTEM

AGROFORESTRI9. KELEMBAGAAN DAN KEBIJAKAN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN

AGROFORESTRI10.PENGELOLAAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM AGROFORESTRI11.PROSPEK PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN AGROFORESTRI DI INDONESIA

JADWAL & EVALUASI

No Kegiatan Nilai (%)

1 Kuliah– KELAS A (Rabu GB 1.1 / 15.05-16.45)– KELAS B (Jumat GB 3.3 /15.05-16.45)

70

2 Tutorial/ Praktikum

– KELAS A (Selasa FP 3.5 /15.05-16.45)

– KELAS B (Rabu GB 2.2 / 15.05-16.45)

30

TOTAL 100

Dosen :Ir. Widianto,

M.Sc.

MK. AGROFORESTRI

GANJIL 2012-2013

TAPAK EKOLOGI

PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI

MATERI 1. PENGANTAR AGROFORESTRI

PENGERTIAN & KONSEP AGROFORESTRI

SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN AGROFORESTRI

AGROFORESTRY

a sustainable natural resource management approach

Kurniatun Hairiah

(Sumber: Joshi et al., 2007) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea

Pengertian Agroforestri Contoh-contoh agroforestri yang

ada di Indonesia Evolusi system agroforestri dan

proses-proses yang terjadi Keuntungan, kendala, potensi dan

peluangnya bagi petani maupun pemerintah (SWOT analysis).

AGROFORESTRI

Arti sederhana (Nair, 1993)

• Menanam pohon di lahan pertanian

• Meningkatkan pendapatan petani

• Konservasi tanah

WHAT IS AGROFORESTRY (WANATANI)?

integrating trees with agriculture and/or livestock…over time and/or in space

Land-use management that combines trees with crops and/or livestock for optimal biophysical interactions to yield physical, biological, ecological, economic, and/or social benefits

AgroforestryAny system which incorporates planting or

encouragement of trees on land where crops and/or animals are raised in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence.

A dynamic, ecologically based natural resources management system that, through the integration of trees in farmland and rangeland, diversifies and sustains production for increased social, economic and environmental benefits for land users at all levels.

Economic and ecological interactions between trees and other components of the system.

Food, fruits, fodder

Timber and NTFP

Carbon storageAesthetic valueAbove-ground biodiversity

Tree cover moderates temperatures

Fertile top-soilLeaf litter layerIntact soil profile

Leguminous trees fix NBelow-ground biodiversity

Tree roots as water and nutrient pumps

Water filter and storage

Good agroforestry: putting the right tree at the right placeGood agroforestry: putting the right tree at the right place

Trees for Products

fruit firewood medicine income sawn wood fodder

Trees for Services

soilfertility

soilerosion

shade carbon sequestration

watershedprotection

biodiversity

Environmental services

Kebijakan dan institusi Kenyataan di landscape

‘deforestasi’

‘fungsi lingkungan’ menurun

konservasi

proteksi

produksi

Wan

ata

ni

Lahan pertanian

Konservasi

Proteksi

Produksi

Hutan

Ladang

Sawah

Tanaman tahunan

Perkebunan

Pe

r-k

ebu

na

n

Pertanianintensif

Hutan

sederhana

Kompleks

Hutan alami

Agroforest

padi

padi

Agroforestri sederhana

Lansekap di Krui (Lampung Barat) less patchy

Integrated landscape

Models of Agroforestry Simple:

Association of a small number of components: few tree species (<5) One or more annual semi-

perennial crops

Complex:- Association of many species (tree, shrubs, liana and herbs)- Functions and structure close to natural forest ecosystem

Modern: Promoted from outside

Traditional:Farmer developed and

locally adapted

Ngantang, Kab Malang

(Foto: Kurniatun Hairiah)

SumenepFoto: Widianto

Agroforestri = alley cropping = budidaya pagar ?

Plot perc. Lampung Utara

Foto: Kurniatun Hairiah

A natural forest or complex agroforest?…

EVOLUTION OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM

PeopleImperata

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Human migration

A B C D

A. Forest margin

B. Shorter fallows ==>soil degradation

C. Imperata fire climax -

D. Imperata rehabilitation via Agroforestry

In-situ grafting and local knowledge of In-situ grafting and local knowledge of sisipansisipan

AGROFORESTRY FOR LIVELIHOODS

Education and awareness

Improved food crop

Organic farming

Indigenous vegetables and medicinal plants

Products for sale

Women’s handicrafts

Integrating livestock

VALUE OF TREE-BASED SYSTEMS

Multiple products: timbers, fruits, etc

Homeuse & Market Sale

Livelihoods & Society Needs

Environmental Services

Reforestation & Land Rehabilitation

WEAKNESS OF AGROFORESTRY

N o

f sp

eci

es

(in a

rea

of c

onst

ant s

ize)

Intensity of Human Activity

Extraction Agroforestry ExtensiveAgriculture

Intensive Agriculture

120

100

80

60

40

20

20 – 40% of forest species will not survive in the agroforest environment

PROFITABLE … BUTECONOMIC RISKS & BARRIERS

1. Terminology linked to land tenure & land use restrictions

2. Limited awareness of and access to quality planting material

3. Limited tree management skills

4. Restricted access to markets for tree products

5. Lack of reward mechanisms for environmental services provided

KeyBottlenecks

BOTTLENECK 1. TERMINOLOGY … LIMITED LAND TENURE & LAND USE

Reality

Land classification -restrict use options

Paradoxes- ‘Forest lands’ without trees- ‘Tree-ed lands’ that are not forests- Some woody perennials not trees

Landscapes level ‘integrated’ (multifunctional) agroforestry

BOTTLENECK 2. QUALITY PLANTING MATERIAL

Reality

Seed shortage: quality & quantity

Lack access to quality germplasm

Use poor quality seed – lack awareness

Poor seed and nursery management

A few Exotics Species promoted

BOTTLENECK 3. TREE MANAGEMENT

SKILLS Reality

Diverse, multispecies, agro-integrated

Traditional managment extensive, not intensive

Species selection, spacing … by chance

Management frequently limited to harvested

Farmers ‘Not sure where to focus’

Limited quality and small quantity products

Survey Results Nanggung

0.5 hectare farm 20 market cropsmost of the crops not intensely managed73% are farmers32% of income from agriculture

BOTTLENECK 4: MARKET ACCESS

Not just a problem for farmers … also a challenge for the private sector

Roles for: farmers, private sector, 3rd parties

Researcher(Facilitator)

Characteristics•Low quality and quantity of product• No access to market information• Limited commercial skills• Low quality of inputs• Insecure market for produce • Limited access •to extension

Small-scale

farmers

Market agents

Characteristics•Limited number

of buyers•Problem with quality,

quantity, timeliness, time-consuming to deal with farmers

•Very good access to market Information•Usually have good

commercial skills •Few have tried to

develop partnership with farmers

ObjectiveDevelop farmers-agents

linkages

Assist in improving current marketing

practices/production systems

BOTTLENECK 5: LACK OF REWARDS FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICESQuestions of:

Without rewards … off-farm benefits & costs - ‘externalities’

Attributing actions to ‘providers’ and ‘users’

Who pays, who benefits

‘Additionality’

Landuse change is normal … ‘business as normal’ ??

Transaction costs

Opportunity costs (value of non-tree uses)

SMALLHOLDER TREE-BASED SYSTEMS

To support smallholder tree-based systems Conducive policies

Clear land/tree tenure

Quality germplasm

Tree management skills

Market access

Incentives for environmental services

• local livelihood, commercial products, & public environmental goals

• Enhance food security

• reduced vulnerability

• complementary with natural forests & plantations

• Increasingly important as area of natural forests decrease

TUGAS TERSTRUKTUR ITUGAS INDIVIDU

1. Baca Lecture Note AF 1 dan buat ringkasan (maksimal 2 halaman A4)

Ref : Kurniatun Hairiah, Mustofa Agung Sardjono, Sambas Sabarnurdin. 2003. Pengantar Agroforestri. Bahan Ajaran 1 (LN0001-04.PDF)

Carilah definisi-definisi tentang agroforestri dari berbagai literatur, kemudian buatlah ringkasannya !

Setelah membaca dan memahami berbagai definisi tadi, susunlah dengan kalimat sendiri definisi agroforestri menurut pemahaman anda dan

2. Jelaskan perbedaan AF dengan sistem lain (Hutan dan perkebunan) !

KULIAH

TUGAS TERSTRUKTUR IDISKUSI KELOMPOK

1. Kunjungi satu lahan petani yang mengusahakan sistem agroforestri. Silahkan kenali (ambil gambar/ foto) dan diskusikan dengan petani serta teman sekelompok tentang :a) Tahapan pendirian agroforestri, komponen

penyusun agroforestri dan pengaturannya dalam lahan

b) Pola kepemilikan atas lahan dan tanaman/pepohonan

c) Keuntungan dan kendala-kendala yang ada dalam mengusahakan agroforestri baik ditinjau dari segi biofisik (teknik) maupun dari segi ekonomi.

2. Bandingkan dengan contoh-contoh agroforestri dari hasil kunjungan kelompok lainnya . Adakah persamaan dan perbedaan dari sistem agroforestri yang diamati? JELASKAN Mana yang termasuk agroforestri sederhana dan mana yang kompleks ?

TUTORIAL

TUGAS TERSTRUKTUR IDISKUSI KELOMPOK

Buatlah catatan ringkas dari hasil diskusi ini dan diserahkan sebagai bagian penilaian paling lambat pada HARI KAMIS, 13 SEPTEMBER 2012

Diskusi kelas Pembahasan Tugas dan Hasil kunjungan lapangan dilanjutkan pada Jam Tutorial

TERIMAKASIH