1
Monitoring of radioactivity in surface and underground water:
From sampling to dose assessment
Rosella RusconiARPA Lombardia - Centro Regionale Radioprotezione (CRR)
Via Juvara 22 - 20129 Milano - Italy
2
Contents
1. ARPA Lombardia â Presentation
2. Natural and artificial radioactivity in the environment
3. Emergency Quick Alert
4. European and National Environmental Radioactivity Network
5. Water Monitoring
6. Surface water
7. Environmental markers: Fish and Suspended Particles
8. Activity â Dose â Limit of detection
9. Conclusions
⢠ARPA is a government Agency in charge of
preventing and monitoring environmental
pollution
⢠It is one of the 21 Italian Agencies operating
in the framework of the Network of Italian
Environmental Agencies (SNPA), coordinated
by the National Environmental Agency (ISPRA)
in Rome
ARPA Lombardia
⢠Lombardia region: 9 Million people, 15% of Italian population,
highest concentration of productive activities
Milano
ARPA Lombardia - Organization
⢠ARPA Lombardia:
⢠13 offices in the main towns
of the region
⢠Around 1,000 people
employed: chemists,
biologists, physicists,
engineers, etc.
⢠Headquarters: Milano
ARPA Lombardia â Main fields of activity
⢠Air
⢠Surface water
⢠Groundwater
⢠Biodiversity
EnvironmentalMonitoring
⢠Industrial emissions (air, water, wastes)
⢠Environmental remediation
⢠Noise
⢠Non Ionizing Radiation
Controls
â¢Hydrographic service
â¢Geological Risk
â¢Meteorology
â¢Weather Climatology
Natural Risks
⢠Radioactivity
⢠Radon
RadiationProtection
â¢IPA, As, Ni, Cd, Pb Samples
â¢Annual and daily bulletins
â¢Monitoring campaigns
Air Quality
â¢Environmental impact assessments
â¢Strategic environmentalassessments
Environmental
Assessment
⢠Equipment for alfa, beta and gamma measurement, both in field
and in lab
⢠Tools for data evaluation and risk assessment
Radiation Protection Centre
⢠10 staff members: chemists, biologists and
physicists
⢠2 measurement labs (Milano and
Bergamo), 1 radiochemistry lab accredited
under ISO 17025
Bergamo
Milano
Radiation Protection Centre
⢠Member of the National Network for Environmental
Radioactivity Monitoring
⢠Scientific advisors of National and Regional Health
Authorities for problems due to radioactive materials
⢠Member of IAEA ALMERA Network
⢠Since 2000 member of ISO Committees
Radioactivity in the environment
Map of Nuclear sites in Italy ⢠Discharges from nuclear sites (10 NPP under
decommissioning)
⢠Nuclear accidents (mainly Chernobyl)
Radioactivity in mushrooms in different areas - 2017
600 Bq/kg
Radioactivity in the environment
⢠Areas contaminated as a result of past activities:
â NORM industries (phosphogypsum
repositories)
â Waste repositories from accidents occurred
in the past (radioactive source melting in
foundries)
⢠Wastes from medical use of radioactivity
Contaminated wastes in incineration plants
Wastes from radioactive source melting in foundries
⢠Natural radioactivity
Radioactivity in the environment
â Underground waters (radon, radium, uranium, etc.)
â Radon indoor
(Regional mean value = 116 Bq/m3)
Gross alpha activity in underground waters
25% of samples > 0,1 Bq/kg
Air monitoring â Gas and particulate
Measurement frequency
⢠Particulate: Daily, Weekly, Monthly
⢠Gas: Weekly
⢠TSP monitoring: running since 1988
⢠Gas monitoring: running since 1997
Sampling point and frequency
⢠Milano city centre
⢠Particulate: Daily (continuous from 9 a.m. to 9 a.m.)
⢠Gas: WeeklyMonitoring conditions
optimized for quick
alert of ârelevantâ
air contamination
15
⢠Housing: Commercial
(Air Sampler GMWL-2000 H - General Metal Work Inc. US)
⢠Flow counter: Commercial (Schlumberger; resolution 0,01 m3)
Uncertainty in flow rate measurement: 5%
⢠Pumping system:
Flow: â 100 m3/h ( â 2400 m3/d)
⢠Filtering unit:
Glass microfiber filter (Whatman GF/A CAT No. 1820-866,
203x254 mm) + iodine trap
Air monitoring â Sampling unit
16
Air monitoring â Particulate
1,0E-08
1,0E-07
1,0E-06
1,0E-05
1,0E-04
1,0E-03
1,0E-02
1,0E-01
1,0E+001
5/0
1/1
98
8
15
/01
/19
89
15
/01
/19
90
15
/01
/19
91
15
/01
/19
92
15
/01
/19
93
15
/01
/19
94
15
/01
/19
95
15
/01
/19
96
15
/01
/19
97
15
/01
/19
98
15
/01
/19
99
15
/01
/20
00
15
/01
/20
01
15
/01
/20
02
15
/01
/20
03
15
/12
/20
03
15
/12
/20
04
15
/12
/20
05
15
/12
/20
06
17
/12
/20
07
15
/12
/20
08
15
/12
/20
09
15
/12
/20
10
15
/12
/20
11
15
/12
/20
12
15
/12
/20
13
15
/12
/20
14
15
/12
/20
15
15
/12
/20
16
15
/12
/20
17
Bq/m3
CS137 > MDA
CS137 < MDA
Algeciras '98
Fukushima
17
Ru-106 in air â September â October 2017
Air monitoring â Early detection of Ru-106
0,0E+00
5,0E-04
1,0E-03
1,5E-03
2,0E-03
2,5E-03
3,0E-03
3,5E-03
4,0E-03
21
/09
/20
17
22
/09
/20
17
23
/09
/20
17
24
/09
/20
17
25
/09
/20
17
26
/09
/20
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27
/09
/20
17
28
/09
/20
17
29
/09
/20
17
02
/10
/20
17
03
/10
/20
17
04
/10
/20
17
05
/10
/20
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06
/10
/20
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07
/10
/20
17
08
/10
/20
17
09
/10
/20
17
10
/10
/20
17
11
/10
/20
17
12
/10
/20
17
Bq
/m3
< MDA
> MDA
2 beds, each one:
19 x 24 x 2,4 cm
â 500 g RKJ (â 1 L) (Marinelli)
filling/empting holes
Beds separated by double metal grids
(2 different meshes), silicon sealed18
Air monitoring â Iodine trap
NORIT RKJ
* Granular activated carbon
* Elemental, ionic and organic I retention
* Pellet diameter: 1.3 â 1.5 mm
* BET surface area: 900 â 1000 m2/gMethylmetacrylate box
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FUKUSHIMA 2011
Radioactivity in Air (particulate)
Avg Igas/Iparticulate = 80 %
Results comparable to
those obtained by other
EU laboratories (Masson
et al, 2011)0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
26-mar
28-mar
30-mar
1-apr
3-apr
5-apr
7-apr
9-apr
11-apr
13-apr
15-apr
17-apr
19-apr
mBq/mc
GAS
PTS
I-131
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
26-mar
28-mar
30-mar
1-apr
3-apr
5-apr
7-apr
9-apr
11-apr
13-apr
15-apr
17-apr
19-apr
mBq/mc
GAS
PTS
I-131
Air monitoring â Iodine 131
ARPA is part of the National Environmental Radioactivity Network,
fulfilling requirements of European Union:
⢠European Commission Recommendation 2000/473
⢠European Council Directives (2013/51/EURATOM)
Monitoring Network
Source Related MonitoringEnvironment Monitoring
⢠Food and environmental samples, about 1000 samples per year
No. of samples analyzed
Sample Radionuclide Minimum Detectable Activity
AIR GROSS BETA 0,005 BQ/M3
Cs-137 0,03 BQ/M3
SURFACE WATER GROSS BETA 0,6 BQ/L
Cs-137 1 BQ/L
DRINKING WATER H-3
100 BQ/L
Sr-90 0,06 BQ/L
Cs-137 0,1 BQ/L
NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES NOT SPECIFIED
MILK Sr-90 0,2 BQ/L
Cs-137 0,5 BQ/L
MIX DIET Sr-90 0,1 BQ/DAY PER PERSON
Cs-137 0,2 BQ/DAY PER PERSON
as required by European Commission
Recommendation 2000/473
Drinking water
⢠According to European Council Directive 2013/51:
â monitoring of major ground or surface water supplies and
water distribution networks
Indicative Dose < 0,1 mSv/y
Gross alpha and beta as
screening parameters
IF EXCEEDED
Single nuclides
Parameter Parameter
value
Derived
concentration
Limit of
detection
required by UE
Directive
RADON 100 Bq/L 10 Bq/L
TRITIUM 100 Bq/L 10 Bq/L
INDICATIVE DOSE 0,1 mSv/y
Gross Alpha 0,1 Bq/L 0,04 Bq/L
Gross Beta 1 Bq/L 0,4 Bq/L
U-238 3 Bq/L 0,02 Bq/L
Ra-226 0,5 Bq/L 0,04 Bq/L
Cs-137 11 Bq/L 0,5 Bq/L
Drinking water: Monitoring network
⢠Extensive monitoring of Gross Alpha and Beta (Gross Beta including possible
contribution of Cs-137):
â Sampling about 0,5 L of water from tap
MEASUREMENT METHOD
100 mL of sample concentrated 1:10 by evaporation
pH adjusted to 2,5
8 mL sample + 12 mL liquid scintillation cocktail
1000 min counting with alpha/beta discrimination
20 mL Teflon
Coated
Polyethilene
Vials
Parameter Screening
value
Limit of detection
Required by Law
Limit of
detection
in our Lab
Gross Alpha 0,1 Bq/L 0,04 Bq/L 0,008 Bq/L
Gross Beta 1 Bq/L 0,4 Bq/L 0,08 Bq/L
â Measurement by Liquid Scintillation Counting with ISO
11704:2010
Drinking water: Monitoring network
⢠In selected points, continuous sampling for high sensitivity monitoring by Gamma
Spectrometry
METHOD
⢠Continuous elution, over 1 month, on a colum (1 kg) of ionic
exchange resin
⢠Measurement by Gamma Spec. for 4000 minutes
HPGe Detectors, 30% relative efficiency:
* Limit of detection required by EU: 0,5 Bq/L
Parameter Amount of
sample
Counting
Time
Limit of
detection *
Cs-137 1 L 1000 min 0,1 Bq/L
200 L 4000 min 0,0005 Bq/L
Drinking water: Monitoring network
Gross alpha activity in underground waters
25% of samples > 0,1 Bq/kg
Results at a glance:
â Gross Alpha:
â 25% of samples > 0,1 Bq/L
â Mainly due to Uranium isotopes
(natural origin)
â Gross Beta:
â < Limit of Detection (0,08 Bq/L)
â Artificial nuclides (Gamma Spec.) < L.D. (0,0005 Bq/L for Cs-137)
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Surface water
⢠According to European Recommendation 2000/473:
â monitoring of major inland waters for Residual beta and Cs-137
SAMPLING POINTS:
36 rivers, 17 lakes
SAMPLING POINTS:
7 rivers, 1 lake
Surface water
⢠For surface water samples:
Reporting Level as required by EU Commission (>= Detection limit):
â Residual beta: 0,6 Bq/L
â Cs-137: 1 Bq/L
In few cases more parameters are required (Pu isotopes, Sr-90)
Direct sampling (1 liter) and
measurement by Gamma Spec.:
1 L, Marinelli Beaker, 1000 min
counting time, HPGe 30%
L.D. = 0,1 Bq/L
Cs-137 Beta
Pu
Sr-90
Radiochemistry:
â ISO 11704 Gross beta (L.D. = 0,08 Bq/L)
â ISO 13167 Pu isotopes
â ISO 13160 Sr-90
Surface water: results at a glance
⪠Sampling point: Dervio (Como lake)
⪠Sampling depth: 5 mt
⪠2 samples per year (spring + autumn)
Gross alpha
Bq/kg
Gross beta
Bq/kg
Pu-239/40
Bq/kg
Pu-238
Bq/kg
Sr-90
Bq/kg
Cs-137
Bq/kg
Autumn 0,0212 ± 0,0087 < 0,091 < 0,000047 < 0,000042 < 0,0057 < 0,10
Spring 0,0238 ± 0,0092 < 0,085 < 0,00019 < 0,00016 < 0,0050 < 0,10
L.D.* 0,6 Bq/L 1 Bq/L
* L.D.: Limit of Detection as required by EU Commission Recommendation 2000/473
Surface water
⢠In few cases lower limits of detection (Gamma emitters, Cs-137) are
required
Direct sampling of 5 liters followed by sample concentration:
â Absorption on ion exchange resins
â Sample evaporation with SiO2
Cs-137
34
⢠Resin: Amberlite MB6113 (mixed bed) with saturation
indicator
⢠Resin capacity: ~ 35 ml resin / g dry residue
(depending on dissolved salts)
⢠Resin amount: ~ 0,1 L
⢠Sample amount: ~ 5 L
⢠Elution rate: ~ 40 mL/min
⢠Contact time: ~ 2,5 min
⢠Resin uptake: tested by atomic adsorption analysis on
eluate (stable Ca) â 100%
Absorption on ion exchange resins
35
⢠Sample evaporated on a hot plate
⢠Water samples is acidified (nitric acid, pH 2 c.a.) to
avoid salts precipitations and adhesion on beaker
walls
⢠Inert material (silica-gel â SiO2) is added (~ 25 g)
⢠Sample is evaporated to dryness, silica gel is
transferred in a beaker and measured
⢠No filtration required
⢠Up to 10 liters can be easily treated (3-7 days)
Sample evaporation with SiO2
METHOD TESTED BY SPIKED SAMPLES,
YIELD = 100%
36
ADVANTAGES
⢠Works well independent on the
amount of dissolved salts
⢠Once dried is still dusty (no crusty
scales, no residues left on beaker)
⢠The residue recovery (powder) is
easy and complete
⢠Very easy to attain correct
geometry and density
⢠Silica gel is easily available and
in high purity
⢠Relatively cheap: ~ 0,1 â¬/g of
SiO2
SiO2 30ml DISADVANTAGES
⢠Not very quick
37
Water as is Sample evaporation
(SiO2)
Resin absorption
Resin absorption
Amount of sample 1 L 5 L 200 L
Geometry Marinelli 1 L Beaker 30 cc Marinelli 1 L
Counting time 1000 min 1000 min 4000 min
MDA Cs-137 0,1 Bq/L 0,01Bq/L 0,0005 Bq/L
Limit of Detection of different methods for Cs-137
HPGe detector, 30% relative efficiency
38
1. Water analysis (as is)
2. Sample evaporation (SiO2)
3. Absorption on ion exchange resins â low volume
Methods comparison â IAEA PT 2016
0,000,100,200,300,400,500,600,70
Water sample t.q. Sampleevaporation (SiO2)
Resin absorption
Bq
/kg
Sample 3 - Spike
Cs-137 Cs-134
QC
SAMPLE
Measured value:
Cs-137: 0,495 ± 0,017 Bq/kg
Cs-134: 0,502 ± 0,078 Bq/kg
Expected value:
0,5 Bq/kg
0,5 Bq/kg
39
1. Water analysis (as is)
2. Sample evaporation (SiO2)
3. Absorption on ion exchange resins â low volume
0,000,050,100,150,200,250,300,35
Water sample t.q. Sample evaporation(SiO2)
Resin absorption
Bq
/kg
Sample 1 - River water from Japan
Cs-137 Cs-134
JAPAN
RIVER
Expected value:
Cs-137: 0,29 ± 0,02 Bq/kg
Cs-134: 0,045 ± 0,005 Bq/kg
Measured value:
Cs-137: 0,279 ± 0,019 Bq/kg
Cs-134: 0,0387 ± 0,0062 Bq/kg
Methods comparison â IAEA PT 2016
0,29 Bq/kg
0,045 Bq/kg
40
1. Water analysis (as is)
2. Sample evaporation (SiO2)
3. Absorption on ion exchange resins â low volume
0,00
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,10
Water sample t.q. Sample evaporation (SiO2) Resin absorption
Bq
/kg
Sample 2 - Danube water
DANUBE
WATER
Expected value:
Cs-137: 0,070 ± 0,005 Bq/kg
Measured value:
Cs-137: 0,0732 ± 0,0054 Bq/kg
Methods comparison â IAEA PT 2016
0,070 Bq/kg
Surface water - Fish
1986 2017
Persico (Perca Fluviatilis)
Cavedano (Squalius squalus)
Lavarello (Coregonus lavaretus)
Scardola (Scardinius erythrophthalmus)
Higher Cs-137 values
in carnivorous species
Fish - Herbivore and carnivorous species
⢠Fish monitoring provides direct data of food contamination
Limit value: 600 Bq/kg (Cs-137+Cs-134)
43
Surface water - Fish
⢠Source of information about environmental dynamics of different water
basins
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
20
06
20
08
20
10
20
12
Persico Ceresio
Persico Lario
Bq/kg
Ceresio Lake
Lario Lake
Fish â âPerca Fluviatilisâ from Ceresio and Lario lake
1986 2017
Retention time:
Ceresio = 8,2 y
Lario = 4,5 y
âCartene shellsâ time-integrating method:
⢠Point and time integrating system
⢠Sampling period: from 5 to 7 days
ADVANTAGES: easy and cheap
DISADVANTAGES: canât be referred to a
specific volume of water, just a relative marker
Successfully tested during the âIntercomparison
of freshwater and suspended particles
samplingâ held in 1999
Surface water â Suspended particles
âCartene shellsâ time-integrating method:
⢠Consist of a cartene envelope inserted in a second
one. A grid is made on these plastic bags to trap the
particulate matter in suspension. Inside these 2
envelopes at least 3 PVC strips are inserted, after
being balled up to effectively collect the suspended
particles.
Surface water â Suspended particles
⢠In these 2 envelopes, secured by tying
together the handles, are inserted
some stones as ballast
* *
Possible sampling points
7 days sampling
Cartene sampler
â 0,5 - 1 m
â 3 - 4 m
âCartene shellsâ
âSlow flow sideâ
âSlow flow sideâ
âCartene shellsâ
⢠At the end of the sampling time the systems are
pulled out and brought to the laboratory
⢠The particles collected are sieved at 1 mm and
left to settle during one night
⢠The supernatant water is removed and the
sample homogenized
⢠The solid fraction is analysed by gamma
spectrometry
⢠The activity concentration is referred to the dry
weight, determined on 40 g aliquot, 1 night at
105° C
1 mm sieve
decanted (1 day)
solid fraction: to
radiometric analysis
Raw sample
48
Suspended particles: results at a glance
Sampling points:
⢠Lambro river, south of Milano
⢠Mincio river, south of Cremona
Cs-137
I-131
49
Suspended particles
«allowed» to detect
a serious accident in
an aluminum foundry
that melted
contaminated scraps
and discharged into
a river contaminated
waste waters
wate
«Excess» Cs-137 in river flow
(suspended particles and sediments)
Which method? Which Detection Limit?
STEPS:
⢠Define the exposure scenario
⢠Define the âTarget Doseâ (T.D.)
⢠Define the relationship between dose and Cs-137 concentration (C)
⢠Calculate the Cs-137 concentration (CT.D.) corresponding to the target dose
⢠Assume as Detection Limit a fraction (e.g. 1/10) of CT.D.
⢠Select the measurement method
1. Exposure scenario: Drinking water
⢠Relationship between dose (D) and Cs-137 concentration (C):
D (Sv/a) = C (Bq/kg) x I (kg/y) x h(g) (Sv/Bq)
Where:
I (kg/y) = Water consumption rate â Adults: 730 kg/y
h(g) = Dose coefficient for ingestion â Cs-137, adults: 1,3E-08 Sv/Bq
C (Bq/kg) = D (Sv/a) / I (kg/y) x h(g) (Sv/Bq)
⢠Target Dose: 0,1 mSv/y according to EU Directive 51/2013
⢠Cs-137 concentration (CT.D.) corresponding to the target dose of 0,1 mSv/y:
CT.D. (Bq/kg) = D (Sv/a) / I (kg/y) x h(g) (Sv/Bq) =
= 1E-04 (Sv/a) / 730 (kg/y) x 1,3E-08 (Sv/Bq) = 10,5 Bq/kg
⢠Desired Detection Limit: 1/10 of CT.D. = 10,5 / 10 = 1 Bq/kg
⢠Measurement method: direct Gamma Spec. on 1 L (typical L.D. = 0,1 Bq/L)
1. Exposure scenario: Drinking water
2. Exposure scenario: Fishing
⢠Relationship between dose (D) and Cs-137 concentration (C):
D (Sv/a) = C (Bq/kg) x I (kg/y) x h(g) (Sv/Bq)
Where:
I (kg/y) = Fish consumption rate â Adults: 16 kg/y (Italian Diet)
h(g) = Dose coefficient for ingestion â Cs-137, adults: 1,3E-08 Sv/Bq
C (Bq/kg) = D (Sv/a) / I (kg/y) x h(g) (Sv/Bq)
⢠Target Dose: 1 mSv/y
⢠Cs-137 concentration in Fish (CF) corresponding to the target dose of 1 mSv/y:
CF (Bq/kg) = D (Sv/a) / I (kg/y) x h(g) (Sv/Bq) =
= 1E-03 (Sv/a) / 16 (kg/y) x 1,3E-08 (Sv/Bq) = 4800 Bq/kg
2. Exposure scenario: Fishing
Relationship between Dose and Fish contamination
⢠Cs-137 concentration in water (CW) corresponding to CF (4800 Bq/kg):
2. Exposure scenario: Fishing
Hypothetical* relationship between Cs-137 in surface water (CW) and in fish (CF):
CF (Bq/kg) = CW (Bq/m3)* Bp (Bq/kg per Bq/L) / 1000
where Bp = Bioaccumulation factor = 30 ÷ 10000 Bq/kg per Bq/L
* IAEA Safety Reports Series No.19 - Generic Models for Use in Assessing the Impact of Discharges of Radioactive Substances to the Environment.
* IAEA Technical Reports SeriEs No. 472 - Handbook of Parameter. Values for the Prediction of Radionuclide Transfer in Terrestrial and Freshwater
Environments.
CW (Bq/m3) = CF (Bq/kg) *1000 / Bp (Bq/kg per Bq/L) =
= 4800 (Bq/kg) *1000 / 10000 (Bq/kg per Bq/L) = 480 Bq/m3 = 0,48 Bq/L
Relationship between Fish and Water contamination?
2. Exposure scenario: Fishing
Desired Detection Limit: 1/10 of CW = 0,48 / 10 = 0,05 Bq/kg
NO
Water as is Sample evaporation
(SiO2)
Resin absorption
Resin absorption
Amount of sample 1 L 5 L 200 L
Geometry Marinelli 1 L Beaker 30 cc Marinelli 1 L
Counting time 1000 min 1000 min 4000 min
MDA Cs-137 0,1 Bq/L 0,01Bq/L 0,0005 Bq/L
HPGe detector, 30% relative efficiency
3. Exposure scenario: Waste waters from waste repository
⢠Surveillance around contaminated sites
⢠Phosphogypsum repositories: gross activity, Uranium, Radium,
Po-210 and Pb-210
⢠Foundry slag repositories contaminated by artificial nuclides:
Cs-137, Am-241
Foundry slag repository
contaminated by Cs-137
59
⢠Groundwater below the repository
Which monitoring plan?
⢠Well providing drinking water to animals and human
Sampling every 9 month
3. Exposure scenario: Waste waters from waste repository
⢠Pond water outside the
repository, potentially
contaminated by
groundwater
60
Which Limit of Detection?
Well providing drinking water to animals and human
⢠Drinking water (EU Directive 51/2013): 0,1 mSv/y
⢠Corresponding derived concentration for Cs-137: 10,5 Bq/L
⢠Dose constraint put to 10 microSv/y (radiological non relevance)
⢠Corresponding derived concentration for Cs-137: 1,0 Bq/L
Required sensitivity:
⢠For radioprotection purposes: 0,1 Bq/L (1/10 of 1,0 Bq/L)
⢠To assure early detection of contamination release: 0,01 Bq/L
3. Exposure scenario: Waste waters from waste repository
61
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
gen-12 gen-13 gen-14 gen-15 gen-16 gen-17 gen-18 gen-19
Bq/kg Pz 2
Cs-137
K-40
3. Exposure scenario: Waste waters from waste repository
ID FrequencyLast
samplingNext
samplingAmount Treatment
MDA (Bq/kg)
PZ 1 9 mesi feb-16 nov-16 6 L 5 liters silica gel 0,01
PZ 2 9 mesi feb-16 nov-16 6 L 5 liters silica gel 0,01
PZ 4 9 mesi feb-16 nov-16 6 L 5 liters silica gel 0,01
PZ 10 9 mesi feb-16 nov-16 6 L 5 liters silica gel 0,01
PZ 11 9 mesi feb-16 nov-16 6 L 5 liters silica gel 0,01
PZ 12 9 mesi feb-16 nov-16 6 L 5 liters silica gel 0,01
62
Further problem: production of big amounts of waste water
contaminated by Cs-137
Definition of exposure scenario:
⢠waste collected by tanks
⢠sent for waste processing to an
ordinary sewage
⢠sludge (which concentrate Cs) used in
agriculture
3. Exposure scenario: Waste waters from waste repository
Cs-137: 100 Bq/kg
63
3. Exposure scenario: Waste waters from waste repository
Contaminatedwaste water
1000 ton/year
Sewagetreatment plant
Agriculture
River
Clean
water
Sludge
2000 ton/y
«Clean» Waste water
102 Bq/kg * 106 kg/y
= 108 Bq/y
108 Bq/y
108 Bq/y / 2*106 kg/y
= 500 Bq/kg
64
3. Exposure scenario: Waste waters from waste repository
Sludge (500 Bq/kg Cs-137) in agriculture:
⢠Max amount per area: 0,75 kg/m2 of agricultural land (National Regulation)
⢠Cs-137 (Bq/m2) = 500 Bq/kg * 0,75 kg/m2 = 375 Bq/m2
⢠Sludge mixed with soil (10 cm depth -1500 kg/m3) :
375 Bq / (1m2 * 0,1m * 1500kg/m3) = 2,5 Bq/kg
10 cm of soil
contaminated by
Cs-137 â 2,5
Bq/kg
Exposure pathways: external irradiation, food ingestion, etc.
1 µSv/y,
mainly due
to external irradiation (97%)
RESRAD - Argonne National Laboratory - http://resrad.evs.anl.gov/
66
âSpecific clearance levelâ for waste water corresponding to 10 µSv/y:
1000 Bq/kg of Cs-137
Required sensitivity: 1/10 of 1000 Bq/kg = 100 Bq/kg
3. Exposure scenario: Waste waters from waste repository
To resume:
Exposure scenario: use in agriculture of slags contaminated by water
contaminated by Cs-137
Waste water: 100 Bq/kg of Cs-137 1 µSv/y to the most exposed group
68
Conclusions
Limit of Detection Drinking water Surface water Waste water
EU Legislation 0,1 - 0,5 Bq/L 1 Bq/L --
Specific exposure scenarios 1 Bq/L 0,05 Bq/L 100 Bq/L
⢠The choice of the method to be used for the measurement of Cs-137 in water
depends on the desired Limit of Detection
⢠The Limit of Detection can be fixed by law (especially for drinking water)
⢠In most cases, the Limit of Detection must be evaluated taking into account the
specific exposure scenario and dose limit
⢠In surface water monitoring the use of âcontamination markersâ provides reliable
and useful data
è¬æŒ æ¥æ¬èªèš³
Risk management and Determination, subjected to radioactive materials in the water
Dr. Rosella Rusconi (ARPA Lombardia, Settore Attivita Produttive e Controlli, Centro Regionale
Radioprotezione)
1
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Risk management and Determination, subjected to radioactive materials in the water
Dr. Rosella Rusconi (ARPA Lombardia, Settore Attivita Produttive e Controlli, Centro Regionale
Radioprotezione)
15
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