1PalGov © 2011 1PalGov © 2011
أكاديمية الحكومة اإللكترونية الفلسطينية
The Palestinian eGovernment Academy
www.egovacademy.ps
Dr. Ismail M. RomiPalestine Polytechnic University
Tutorial 6: The Legal Framework of New Technologies
Session2
Ethical & social issues
2PalGov © 2011 2PalGov © 2011
About
This tutorial is part of the PalGov project, funded by the TEMPUS IV program of the
Commission of the European Communities, grant agreement 511159-TEMPUS-1-
2010-1-PS-TEMPUS-JPHES. The project website: www.egovacademy.ps
University of Trento, Italy
University of Namur, Belgium
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
TrueTrust, UK
Birzeit University, Palestine
(Coordinator )
Palestine Polytechnic University, Palestine
Palestine Technical University, PalestineUniversité de Savoie, France
Ministry of Local Government, Palestine
Ministry of Telecom and IT, Palestine
Ministry of Interior, Palestine
Project Consortium:
Coordinator:
Dr. Mustafa Jarrar
Birzeit University, P.O.Box 14- Birzeit, Palestine
Telfax:+972 2 2982935 [email protected]
3PalGov © 2011 3PalGov © 2011
© Copyright Notes
Everyone is encouraged to use this material, or part of it, but should properly
cite the project (logo and website), and the author of that part.
No part of this tutorial may be reproduced or modified in any form or by any
means, without prior written permission from the project, who have the full
copyrights on the material.
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
CC-BY-NC-SA
This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-
commercially, as long as they credit you and license their new creations
under the identical terms.
4PalGov © 2011 4PalGov © 2011
Ethical and Social Issues
Session ILOs
After completing this session trainees will be able
to:1. Understand the legal frame for access
management
2. Enhance knowledge on ethics related to digital
systems
3. Control of the processing of personal data by
public bodies.
4. Managing the relationship between the citizens
and the public bodies in charges of e-services ?
5. Develop knowledge about international as well as
EU best practices and standards
5PalGov © 2011 5PalGov © 2011
Overview
Ethical and social issues related to digital systems.1.
Ethics in an Information Society.2.
The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems3.
6PalGov © 2011 6PalGov © 2011
Ethical and social issues related to digital systems.1.
Ethics
A Model for Thinking about Ethical, Social, and Political Issues
Moral Dimensions of the Information Age
Key Technology Trends That Raise Ethical Issues
7PalGov © 2011 7PalGov © 2011
• Refers to the principles of right and wrong that individuals, acting as free moral agents, use to make choices to guide their behavior.
قواعد الصواب والخطأ الت توجه سلوك الفرد
• Information technology can be used to achieve social progress, but it can also be used to commit crimes and threaten social values.
تكنولوجا المعلومات تساعد ف تقدم المجتمعات، ومكن أن كون لها تأثرا سلبا
• What is the ethical and socially responsible course of action?
Ethics األخالق
8PalGov © 2011 8PalGov © 2011
A Model for Thinking bout Ethical, Social, and
Political Issues
Ethical, social, and political
issues are closely related in an
information society .
New technology has a ripple
effect, creating new ethical,
social, and political issues.
Ethical issues confront
individuals who must choose a
course of action, often in a
situation where two or more
ethical principles are in conflict.
Social issues spring from
ethical issues ا االخالقةنبع من القضا.
األخالقية نموذج القضايا
: واالجتماعية والسياسية
ترتبط القضاا األخالقة
واالجتماعة والساسة بالمجتمع
المعلومات، حث أن إدخال
تكنولوجا المعلومات له تأثر
محدثا ( شبه األمواج الدائرة)
قضاا جدده ف األخالق
والجوانب االجتماعة والساسة
9PalGov © 2011 9PalGov © 2011
A Model for Thinking bout Ethical, Social, and
Political Issues…Cont
The role of societies:Develop expectations in individuals about the
correct course of action
Debating social issues about the kinds of
situations and expectations that societies should
develop so that individuals behave correctly .
Political issues spring from social conflict
and have to prescribe behavior and seek to
use the law to create situations where
individuals behave correctly.
10PalGov © 2011 10PalGov © 2011
The relationship between ethical, social, and political issues in an
information society.
A Model for Thinking bout Ethical, Social,
and Political Issues…Cont
Source: Laudon & Laudon, 2012, P. 129
بن الشكل العالقة بن القضاا
األخالقة واالجتماعة والساسة ف
المجتمع المعلومات، حث كون تأثر
. التكنولوجا مثل األمواج
عند ظهور قضة تكنولوجه تم
تقمها من خالل البعد األخالق للفرد،
من أجل بناء سلوك معن اتجاه هذه
القضة، فإذا لم وجد طرقه أخالقه
للتعامل معها، نتقل التأثر للبعد
اإلجتماع، فطرقة التعامل االجتماع
تحكم وتضبط سلوك الفرد، وإذا لم
وجد ما فد، عندها ال بد من تدخل
البعد الساس وذلك من خالل إجاد
.قوانن وضوابط تحكم السلوك الفردي
11PalGov © 2011 11PalGov © 2011
Moral Dimensions of the Information Age
Information Rights and
Obligations: What information rights do
individuals and organizations possess
with respect to information about
themselves?
What can they protect?
What obligations do individuals and
organizations have concerning this
information?
Property rights:How will traditional intellectual
property rights be protected in a digital
society?
:تتمثل األبعاد األخالقه ف
حقوق الملكة •
جودة المعلومات•
جودة النظام•
جودة الحاة•
المحاسبة والتحكم•
12PalGov © 2011 12PalGov © 2011
Moral Dimensions of the Information Age
…Cont
Accountability and control: Who can and will be held accountable and liable for
the harm done to individual and collective information
and property rights?
System quality:What standards of data and system quality should we
demand to protect individual rights and the safety of
society?
13PalGov © 2011 13PalGov © 2011
Moral Dimensions of the Information Age …Cont
Quality of life:
What values should be
preserved in an information-
and knowledge based society?
What institutions should we
protect from violation?
What cultural values and
practices are supported by the
new information technology?
14PalGov © 2011 14PalGov © 2011
Key Technology Trends that Raise Ethical Issues
1. The doubling of computing power every 18 months has made it possible for most organizations to use information systems for their core production processes.
شهر، األمر الذي دفع المؤسسات إلى 18تضاعف قدرة الحاسوب كل .زادة االعتماد على نظم المعلومات
As a result: Dependences on systems, and therefore vulnerability
to system errors and poor data quality have increased.
Social rules and laws have not yet adjusted to this dependence.
Standards for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of information systems are not universally accepted or enforced.
االتجاهات التكنولوجية الرئيسية التي أدت إلى زيادة االهتمام بالقضايا األخالقية
15PalGov © 2011 15PalGov © 2011
2. Advances in data storage techniques and rapidly
declining storage costs have been responsible for
the multiplying databases on individuals -
employees, customers, and potential customers -
maintained by private and public organizations.
التقدم الهائل ف وسائط التخزن، وانخفاض تكالف تخزن البانات، أدى إلى
.زادة اهتمام المؤسسات ببناء قواعد بانات شاملة
– These advances in data storage have made the routine
violation of individual privacy both cheap and effective.
– Already massive data storage systems are cheap enough
for regional and even local retailing firms to use in
identifying customers.
Key Technology Trends that Raise Ethical
Issues…Cont.
16PalGov © 2011 16PalGov © 2011
Key Technology Trends that Raise Ethical
Issues…Cont.
3. Advances in data analysis techniques for
large pools of data.
.التقدم الكبر ف أدوات تحلل البانات بكمات هائلة• Enable companies to find out much detailed
personal information about individuals.
• With contemporary information systems
technology, companies can assemble and
combine the myriad pieces of information stored
about you by computers much more easily than
in the past. (credit card purchases, telephone
calls, magazine subscriptions, video rentals, mail-
order purchases, banking records, and local,
state, and federal government records).
17PalGov © 2011 17PalGov © 2011
Ethics in an Information Society.2.
Responsibility, Accountability, and Liability
Candidate Ethical Principles
Professional Codes of Conduct
18PalGov © 2011 18PalGov © 2011
• Responsibility:Accepting the potential costs, duties, and obligations for the
decisions one makes. ه قبول التكالف والواجبات وااللتزامات المتربة : المسؤولة
.على القرارات الت تخذها الفرد
• Accountability:The mechanisms for assessing responsibility for decisions
made and actions taken. ه آلات تقم المسؤولة عن القرارات واألفعال : المحاسبة
.الت تخذها الفرد
• Liability:The existence of laws that permit individuals to recover the
damages done to them by other actors, systems, or
organizations توفر القوانن الت تسمح للفرد بأخذ حقه من الغر
Responsibility, Accountability, and Liability
19PalGov © 2011 19PalGov © 2011
Basics for Ethical Analysis
1. Information technologies are filtered through social institutions,
organizations, and individuals.
• Systems do not have ―impacts‖ by themselves.
• Whatever information system impacts exist are products of
institutional, organizational, and individual actions and
behaviors.
2. Responsibility for the consequences of technology falls clearly
on the institutions, organizations, and individual managers who
choose to use the technology.
3. In an ethical political society, individuals and others can
recover damages done to them through a set of laws
characterized by due process.
Due Process
A process in which laws are well-known and understood and there is an ability
to appeal to higher authorities to ensure that laws are applied correctly.
20PalGov © 2011 20PalGov © 2011
1. Golden rule:
Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.
.عامل الناس كما تحب أن عاملوك
2. Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative:
If an action is not right for everyone to take, then it is
not right for anyone.
تغلب المصلحة )اذا لم كن الفعل صححا لقوم به أي شخص، فهو عتبر غر صحح للجمع
(.العامة على الخاصة
3. Descartes’ rule of change:
If an action cannot be taken repeatedly, then it is not
right to be taken at any time.
(.منع اإلنزالق ف الخطأ)اذا لم تكرر حدوث فعل معن، فهذا الفعل عتبر غر صحح
Candidate Ethical Principles
21PalGov © 2011 21PalGov © 2011
4. Utilitarian principle:
Put values in rank order and understand
consequences of various courses of action. اتخذ الفعل أوالعمل الذي عظم المنفعة
5. Risk aversion principle:
Take the action that produces the least harm, or the
least potential cost. اتخذ الفعل األقل ضررا
6. Ethical ―no free lunch‖ rule:
Assume, all tangible and intangible objects are owned
by someone else unless there is a specific declaration
otherwise. (ببالش)ال وجد شء بدون مقابل
Candidate Ethical Principles….. Cont.
22PalGov © 2011 22PalGov © 2011
• Promises by professions to regulate themselves in the
general interest of society.
• Issued by associations.
• Examples:
The American Medical Association (AMA).
The American Bar Association (ABA).
The Association of Information Technology Professionals (AITP).
The Association of Computing Machinery (ACM).
مجموعة من المتخصصن ف مجال معن، نشئون هئات خاصة بهم، وهذه الهئات تنشء قواعد
AMA, ABA, AITP, ACMوضوابط وأنظمة تكون معلنه من هذه الهئات، مثل
Professional Codes of Conductانظمة الضبط المتخصصة
23PalGov © 2011 23PalGov © 2011
The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems3.
Information Rights: Privacy
Property Right: Intellectual Property.
Accountability, Liability, and Control.
System Quality: Data Quality and System Errors.
Quality of Life: Equity, Access, Boundaries.
Management Actions: A Corporate Code of Ethics
24PalGov © 2011 24PalGov © 2011
Information Rights: Privacy and Freedom in the Internet Age
الخصوصية والحرية: حقوق المعلومات
Privacy:
The claim of individuals to be left alone.
Free from surveillance or interference from other
individuals or organizations, including the state.
Claims to privacy are also involved at the
workplace.
Information technology and systems threaten
individual claims to privacy by making the
invasion of privacy cheap, profitable, and
effective.
ه ترك األفراد وشأنهم، وعدم إزعاجهم والتدخل ف شؤونهم : الخصوصة
.حثما وجدوا
25PalGov © 2011 25PalGov © 2011
Information Rights…. Cont.
Fair Information Practices: Set of principles governing the collection and use of
information on the basis of U.S. and European privacy laws.
Most American and European privacy law is based on FIP and FTC:Fair Information Practices (FIP): a set of principles
governing the collection and use of information about individuals. FIP principles are based on the notion of a ―mutuality of interest‖ between the record holder and the individual.
Federal Trade Commission (FTC): restated and extended the original FIP to provide guidelines for protecting online privacy.
26PalGov © 2011 26PalGov © 2011
Source: Laudon & Laudon, 2012, P. 140
Information Rights…. Cont.
27PalGov © 2011 27PalGov © 2011
The European Directive on Data Protection
Informed consent: أخذ اإلذن Consent given with knowledge of all facts needed to make a
rational decision. اإلذن المسبق للتعامل مع معلومات األفراد ضرورة أخذ
Models For informed consent: نماذج أخذ اإلذن
1. Opt-out model: Informed consent permitting the collection
of personal information.
Consumer specifically requests for the data not to be collected.
أخذ اإلذن لجمع المعلومات عن الفرد والتصرف بها حتى طلب الفرد غر ذلك
2. Opt-in model Informed consent prohibiting an organization from collecting any
personal information.
Individual has to approve information collection and use.
.منع تجمع أو استخدام أة معلومات شخصة إال بعد أخذ اإلذن من الفرد
28PalGov © 2011 28PalGov © 2011
Ethical Issues Under what conditions should the privacy of
others be invaded?
What legitimates intruding into others’ lives through unobtrusive surveillance, through market research, or by whatever means? التطفل على االخرن
Do we have to inform people that we are eavesdropping? االنصات
Do we have to inform people that we are using credit history information for employment screening purposes?
:رتبط البعد األخالق كما ل
تحت أة ظروف أو شروط جوز انتهاك خصوصة األخرن، وما الذي سمح بالتطفل على -.....حاة اآلخرن
Information Rights:
Ethical, Social, and Political Issues
29PalGov © 2011 29PalGov © 2011
Social Issues
Concerns the development of ―expectations of
privacy‖ or privacy norms, as well as public
attitudes.
In what areas of life should we as a society
encourage people to think they are in ―private
territory‖ as opposed to public view?
Should expectations of privacy be extended to
criminal conspirators?
تعلق البعد االجتماع للخصوصة بتطور التوقعات عن هذه الخصوصة، والتمز بن ما هو
.خاص وما هو عام
Information Rights:
Ethical, Social, and Political Issues
30PalGov © 2011 30PalGov © 2011
Political Issues
The political issue of privacy concerns the
development of statutes that govern the relations
between record keepers and individuals.
To what extent should e-commerce sites and
other businesses be allowed to maintain personal
data about individuals?
تعلق البعد الساس للخصوصة بتطور القوانن الت تحكم العالقات بن المحتفظن بالمعلومات
. وأصحابها
Information Rights:
Ethical, Social, and Political Issues
31PalGov © 2011 31PalGov © 2011
Intangible property created by individuals or corporations.
Information technology has made it difficult to protect intellectual property because computerized information can be so easily copied or distributed on networks.
Intellectual property is subject to a variety of protections under three different legal traditions: Trade secret
Copyright
Patent law.
Property Rights: Intellectual Property
ه الملكة : الملكة الفكرة
غر الملموسة، والت تم
انشاؤها واختراعها من
األفراد والمؤسسات وتخضع
لقوانن السر التجاري،
وحقوق الطبع، وحقوق
.براءة االختراع
32PalGov © 2011 32PalGov © 2011
• Trade secret:Any intellectual work or product used for a business purpose that can be classified as belonging to that business, provided it is not based on information in the public domain.
وال خضع ( مثل صغ االنتاج، واألجهزة، والمعادالت وغرها)عمل أو منتج فكريأي.للملكة العامة
• Copyright:
Statutory grant protecting intellectual property from getting copied for minimum of 70 years.
تخول قانون لحماة صناع الملكة الفكرة والمؤلفن من نسخ إنتاجهم من قبل اآلخرن وشمل الكتب، والمجالت، )عاما بعد وفاته 70ألي غرض طلة حاة المؤلف و
....(والدورات، والمحاضرات،
• Patents: Legal document granting the owner an exclusive monopoly on the ideas behind an invention for 20 years.
قانون لحماة االختراعات الت تم عملها، مثل اختراع آالالت، وأسالب االنتاج، عاما 20وتخول المخترع حق احتكار هذا االختراع لمدة
Property Rights: Intellectual Property…Cont.
33PalGov © 2011 33PalGov © 2011
The central ethical issue concerns the protection of intellectual property such as software, digital books, digital music, or digitized video.
Should I (you) copy for my own use a piece of software or other digital content material protected by trade secret, copyright, and/or patent law?
Is there continued value in protecting intellectual property when it can be so easily copied and distributed over the Internet?
Property Rights:
Ethical, Social, and Political Issues
34PalGov © 2011 34PalGov © 2011
Most experts agree that current intellectual property laws are breaking down in the information age.
The ease with which software and digital content can be copied contributes to making us a society of lawbreakers.
These routine thefts threaten significantly to reduce the speed with which new information technologies can and will be introduced and, therefore, threaten further advances in productivity and social well-being.
Property Rights:
Ethical, Social, and Political Issues
35PalGov © 2011 35PalGov © 2011
Concerns the creation of new property
protection measures to protect investments
made by creators of new software, digital
books, and digital entertainment.
Microsoft and 1,400 other software and
information content firms are represented by
the Software and Information Industry
Association (SIIA), which lobbies for new laws
and enforcement of existing laws to protect
intellectual property around the world.
Property Rights:
Ethical, Social, and Political Issues
36PalGov © 2011 36PalGov © 2011
Whether individuals and organizations that create, produce, and sell systems (both hardware and software) are morally responsible for the consequences of their use.
Under what conditions?
What liabilities (and responsibilities) should the user assume?
What should the provider assume? (المادي والبرامج)هل األفراد أو المؤسسات الت تبع المنتجات وخاصة الت تتكون من جزأن
بإمكانهم من الناحة األخالقة تحمل المسؤولة عن نتائجها؟ وتحت أة ظروف؟
Accountability, Liability and Control:
Ethical, Social, and Political Issues
37PalGov © 2011 37PalGov © 2011
Concerns the expectations that society should
allow to develop around service providing
information systems.
Should individuals (and organizations) be
encouraged to develop their own backup devices
to cover likely or easily anticipated system
failures, or should organizations be held strictly
liable for system services they provide? وخدمات نظم المعلومات، وهل حبر األفراد ( مادة وبرامجة)هل سمح المجتمع بإنتاج منتجات
.والمؤسسات على اتخاذ كافة إجراءات األمان
Accountability, Liability and Control:
Ethical, Social, and Political Issues
38PalGov © 2011 38PalGov © 2011
The leading liability-related political issue is the
debate between information providers and
service users—individuals, organizations, and
communities—who want organizations to be
held responsible for providing high quality
system services.
Should legislation impose liability or restrict
liability on service providers? هل وجد نصا صرحا ف القوانن بن مسؤولات مزودي خدمات نظم المعلومات اتجاه
المستخدمن لها؟
Accountability, Liability and Control:
Ethical, Social, and Political Issues
39PalGov © 2011 39PalGov © 2011
.تتعلق بجودة نظام المعلومات، وخلوه من األخطاء، وإمكانة قامه باألعمال المصمم من أجلها
What is an acceptable, technologically feasible level of system quality?
What if the product was not offered on the marketplace, would social welfare as a whole not advance and perhaps even decline?
Three principal sources of poor system performance: Software bugs and errors
Hardware or facility failures caused by natural or other causes
Poor input data quality.
System Quality:
Data Quality and System Errors
40PalGov © 2011 40PalGov © 2011
System Quality:
Ethical, Social, and Political Issues
At what point should we release software or services for consumption by others?
At what point can you conclude that your software or service achieves an economically and technologically adequate level of quality?
What are you obliged to know about the quality of your software, its procedures for testing, and its operational characteristics?
من البرمجات والخدمات المختلفة؟ عند أي مستوى من الجودة قبل الفرد بتسلم المنتج
41PalGov © 2011 41PalGov © 2011
As a society, do we want to encourage people to
believe that systems are infallible, that data
errors are impossible?
Do we instead want a society where people are
openly skeptical and questioning of the output of
machines, where people are at least informed of
the risk?
Do we inhibit the development of all systems,
which in the end contribute to social well-being?هل قبل المجتمع أة منتج بغض النظر عن مستوى جودته وتأثره على المجتمع؟
وهل توجد قتاعة ف المجتمع بأن الحواسب ال تخطء أم عكس ذلك؟
System Quality:
Ethical, Social, and Political Issues
42PalGov © 2011 42PalGov © 2011
Concerns the laws of responsibility and accountability.
Who is responsible of establishing quality standards?National Institutes and Universities (software,
hardware, and data quality) and impose those standards on industry?
Or should industry associations be encouraged to develop industry wide standards of quality?
Or wait for the marketplace to punish poor system quality, recognizing that in some instances this will not work?
.إجاد قانون المسؤولة والمسائلة مبنا على معار الجودة
System Quality:
Ethical, Social, and Political Issues
43PalGov © 2011 43PalGov © 2011
• Balancing power: center
versus periphery: – Centralized computers would
concentrate power at corporate
headquarters and in the nation’s capital.
– Decentralized computing, decentralizes
decision making to lower organizational
levels.
• Rapidity of change: Reduced
response time to competition: – Information systems have helped to
create much more efficient national and
international markets.
– The risk of developing a ―just-in-time
society‖ with ―just-in-time jobs‖ and
―just-in-time‖ workplaces, families, and
vacations.
Quality of Life: Equity, Access, and Boundaries
هناك آثارا سلبة لتكنولوجا المعلومات
على الحاة االجتماعة، تهدد الثقافة
والمجتمع بشكل عام على الرغم من
الفوائد المرافقة لها، ومن ابرز هذه
:السلبات
.السلبات المتعلقة بتوازن القوى-
سرعة التغر ف األسواق، مما تطلب -
.سرعة اإلستجابة من المؤسسات
.التأثر على العالقات األسرة-
اإلعتمادة العالة على نظم المعلومات، -
وما تهدد المؤسسات من فشل ف حالة
.فشل نظم المعلومات
.الجرائم الحاسوبة المختلفة-
إعادة تصمم العملات وما رافقها من -
.إعادة هكلة للمؤسسات
.المشاكل الصحة المختلفة-
44PalGov © 2011 44PalGov © 2011
• Maintaining boundaries:
– Family, work, and leisure: ―Do anything
anywhere‖ environment blurring boundaries
between work and family time.
• Dependence and vulnerability:
– Businesses, governments, schools, and
private associations, are incredibly dependent
on information systems and are, therefore,
highly vulnerable if these systems should fail.
Quality of Life: Equity, Access, and Boundaries
45PalGov © 2011 45PalGov © 2011
• Computer crime and abuse:
• Computer crime: Commission of illegal acts through the use of a computer or against a computer system.
• Computer abuse: Commission of acts involving a computer that may not be illegal but are considered unethical.سوء استخدام
• Employment: Trickle-down technology and reengineering job loss:
• Causes millions of middle-level managers and clerical workers to lose their jobs.
Quality of Life: Equity, Access, and Boundaries
46PalGov © 2011 46PalGov © 2011
• Equity and access: Increasing racial and social class cleavages: زيادة الطبقات في المجتمع
• Society of computer literate and skilled, versus computer illiterate and unskilled.
• Health Risks: RSI, CVS, and Technostress• Repetitive stress injury (RSI)
– Occupational disease occurs when Muscle groups are forced through repetitive actions with high-impact loads or thousands of repetitions with low impact loads.
• Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)– Type of RSI in which pressure on the median nerve
through the wrist’s bony carpal tunnel structure produces pain
Quality of Life: Equity, Access, and Boundaries
47PalGov © 2011 47PalGov © 2011
• Computer vision syndrome (CVS)– Eyestrain condition related to computer display
screen usage; symptoms include headaches,
blurred vision, and dry and irritated eyes.
• Technostress– Stress induced by computer use; symptoms
include aggravation, hostility toward humans,
impatience, and enervation
Quality of Life: Equity, Access, and Boundaries
48PalGov © 2011 48PalGov © 2011
Some corporations have developed far-reaching corporate IS codes of ethics.
There is some dispute concerning a general code of ethics versus a specific information systems code of ethics.
As managers, you should strive to develop an IS-specific set of ethical standards for each of the five moral dimensions:
. خاصة تلك المتعلقة بنظم المعلومات -على المؤسسات أن تطور اللوائح الخاصة باألخالق•:ولنجاح مثل هذه اللوائح ال بد من أخذ كافة األبعاد األخالقة بعن االعتبار، وتتمثل ف
حقوق الملكة •
جودة المعلومات•
جودة النظام•
جودة الحاة•
المحاسبة والتحكم•
Management Actions:
A Corporate Code of Ethics
49PalGov © 2011 49PalGov © 2011
1. Information rights and obligations. – A code should cover topics such as employee e-
mail and Internet privacy, workplace monitoring, treatment of corporate information, and policies on customer information.
2. Property rights and obligations. – A code should cover topics such as software
licenses, ownership of firm data and facilities, ownership of software created by employees on company hardware, and software copyrights. Specific guidelines for contractual relationships with third parties should be covered as well.
Management Actions:
A Corporate Code of Ethics …Cont.
50PalGov © 2011 50PalGov © 2011
Management Actions:
A Corporate Code of Ethics …Cont.
3. Accountability and control.
– The code should specify a single individual
responsible for all information systems, and
reporting to this individual should be others who
are responsible for individual rights, the protection
of property rights, system quality, and quality of life
Responsibilities for control of systems, audits, and
management should be clearly defined. The
potential liabilities of systems officers and the
corporation should be detailed in a separate
document.
51PalGov © 2011 51PalGov © 2011
4. System quality.
– The code should describe the general levels of
data quality and system error that can be tolerated
with detailed specifications left to specific projects.
The code should require that all systems attempt
to estimate data quality and system error
probabilities.
Management Actions:
A Corporate Code of Ethics …Cont.
52PalGov © 2011 52PalGov © 2011
Management Actions:
A Corporate Code of Ethics …Cont.
5. Quality of life.
– The code should state that the purpose of systems
is to improve the quality of life for customers and
for employees by achieving high levels of product
quality, customer service, employee satisfaction,
and human dignity through proper ergonomics, job
and work flow design, and human resource
development.
53PalGov © 2011 53PalGov © 2011
Summary
What ethical, social, and political issues are
raised by information systems?The main ethical, social, and political issues raised
by information course of action, often in a situation in
which two or more ethical principles are in conflict.
Are there specific principles for conduct
that can be used to guide decisions about
ethical dilemmas?Six ethical principles are available to judge
conduct. These principles are derived independently
from several cultural, religious, and intellectual
traditions.
54PalGov © 2011 54PalGov © 2011
Summary
How have information systems affected
everyday life? Although computer systems have been sources of
efficiency and wealth, they have some negative
impacts.
How can organizations develop corporate
polices for ethical conduct?For each of the five moral dimensions of information
systems, corporations should develop an ethics policy
statement to assist individuals and to encourage the
correct decisions.
55PalGov © 2011 55PalGov © 2011
References
• Laudon, J., Laudon, K.m (2012(, ―Management Information
Systems: Managing the Digital Firm‖, 12th ed., Pearson.
• Raymond McLeod, R., George Schell, G., (2006(, ―Management
Information Systems‖, 10th Ed, Prentice Hall.
• O’Brien, J. A., Marakas, G., )2008(, ―Management Information
Systems‖, McGraw-Hil.
56PalGov © 2011 56PalGov © 2011
Session End