. .
.
2011
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
: : 2011 Copyright : . .: 210 297 78 28 Fax: 210 279 16 63 e-mail: [email protected] ISBN: 978-960-93-3447-1 :
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
. .
2011
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
. 1. ............................................................... 10 2. ................................................................... 13 2.1. ............................................................................. 13 2.1.1. .............................................................................. 13 2.1.2. .......................................................... 18 2.1.3. ..................................................... 19 2.1.4. ................................................. 29 2.1.5. .................................................................... 38 2.1.6. ....................................................... 40 2.2. ........................................................................... 51 2.2.1. .................................................... 52 2.2.2. .............................................................................. 53 2.2.3. ............................................................ 58 2.2.4. ............................................................. 59 2.2.5. .............................. 65 2.2.6. ........................................................ 67 2.2.7. .................................................................. 80 2.2.8. ................................................................. 88 2.3. ................................................. 91 2.3.1. ................................. 91 2.3.2. ............................................ 94 2.3.3. ................................................ 96 2.3.4. ......................................... 97 2.4. ............................................................ 97 2.4.1. ..................................... 100 2.4.2. ....................................... 105 2.4.3. ............................................. 110 2.4.4. ............................. 111
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8
3. ...........................................................113 3.1. .....................................114 3.2. ............................................116 4. ......................................................118 4.1. .......................................................119 4.2. .............................................................................120 5. ...................................................................122 5.1. ............................................122 5.2. .........................................124 5.3. ............................................................................127 5.4. ................................................................130 5.5 .........................................................137 5.6. ....................................................140 6. ...........................................141 6.1 .......................................................................141 6.2 .................................................................143 6.3 .................................................144 6.4 .................................................144 6.5 ...................................................147 .......................................................................................151 ................................................................151 1. ..............................................................151 2. ..............................................156 3. ...........................................................161 4. ........................................167 5. .................................176 :..................................................................................185
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
. . . . . , , . . : , , , . , . , , . . , , . , . , . , . , . , . . . . . . . , 2011
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
1. - , . , , , . , . : ( , , , 1.1) . , , . , , , , .
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
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11
1.1. , , , , .
. ( 1.2), (.. , .). . : , , . , ( ).
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
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( ). ( ). .
1.2. , , . . .
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
2. , . . : . . . .
2.1. . . . 2.1.1. , . , , . -
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14
( 2.1). : () , .. (d 19,4 16,0 /m3 0 1,0 3,0% 4 ( ) 3 ( ). : maxD 2/3
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22
G22,4 25% G0,063 7% G mm. 800 mm 500 mm 40 /m ( ). D : D 90100 % D/4 4560 % D/16 2545 % D/64 1535 % 2.7 , , .
2.7. maxD 80 mm maxD 10 mm 02-07-01. .
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
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23
. . :
L+G 3 2E ) L = ) . G = ) . ) = . 30%. . , . 2.1.3.3. 02-07-03 02-07-03 , . , I 4%. 4 ( ) 2.2 : maxD 80 mm G0,063 < 20% LL < 30% PI 4% 0% 0%
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2.2 :
( 02-07-01).
: (1) CBR = ( 105-86 12) (2) CBR. (3) (AASHTO T-194). LL = ( 105-86 5) PI = ( 105-86 6) ISO 565 0,063 mm ( 200 AASHTO 0,074 mm.
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2:
25
) ) ) )
2.8. . ) 8 16 mm ) 16 31mm ) 31 80 mm ) : 8 16 mm =40%, 16 31mm=30%, 31 80 mm=30%
15 30 cm. (92% Proctor) . , 98% 100% (. . 2.2.7). 2.1.3.4. -150, 02-07-01 0207-03 . , .
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26 70 80 90 mm
,
28 31 mm
16 mm
10 mm , ,
2.9. .
, , : , 31 80 mm , 16 28 31 mm , 8 12 16 mm 2.8. ( 2.9). -
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2:
27
, . , . . ( 2.10) . 2.11 . . 2.12 , .
2.10. .
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
28
2.11. .
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
2:
29
2.12. .
2.1.4. . , . , . : . . , . ( ) (). 2.1.4.1. ,
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. , (arching) . . . 5.3 , . . 5.3. , . 10 20 cm . 2.1.4.2. . 0,4 3,0 mm 70 350 gr/m2. ' ' . : i. : w , . ii. : ( , ). (ASTM Standards on geosynthetics 1993, J. P. Giroud 1981, K. M. Korner 1990). : (permeability) M (permitivity) kn w
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31
:
r Rp Od rmin TG
. , kn , . , . k. kn 2.3 . 2.4.
2.3 : kn 10 k 10 k/G kn 100 k 100 k/G
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2.4 :
dmax ' ' . , . 2.5 2.6 . E r (r rmin), r.
r*= r
rmin r
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
2: 2.5: r (kN . m-1) 4,0 A Rp (N) 750
33
, dmax 60 mm X () , dmax 60 mm dmax 32 mm. .
A Od (mm) 45
6,0
1000
35
8,0
1400
30
2.6 :
d85 > 30 mm rmin 40% rmin 30% rmin 20%
d85 < 30 mm rmin >15%
, . 2.7 3 .) .3
/ -
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2.7 : (gr/m2)
M < 100 mm 100 - 200 mm 200 - 300 mm 0 - 1,00 m 1,00 - 2,00 m 2,00 - 3,00 m 3,00 - 4,00 m 110 110 130 140 110 130 140 180 130 140 180 200
> 300 mm 140 180 200 235
( 2004) 2.8 , D = 1900 N >= 12 40 70 % >=1000 N EN 965 ISO/EN 12236 ISO/EN 10319 ISO/EN 10319 ASTM D 4632
. , .
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(VI) (VII) (VIII) . 20 KN/m2 . 200 KN/m2
= 450 >= 3*10-4 m/sec >= 2.5*10-4 m/sec
EN 918 ASTM D 4533 SN 640550
(IX) . 20 KN/m2 >= 0,6 sec-1 2 . 200 KN/m >= 0,5 sec-1 (X) 12 PI < 25 Atterberg 200
PI < 25 PI < 10 PI < 30 PI < 12 PI < 25 PI 30 PI 12
-
1B
SW-SM SP-SM SW-SC SP-SC SM SC SM-SC
-
1C
PI < 10 50 G 0, 074 PI 20 + 4 PI > 12 PI < 25
< 30% < -
2A GW GP
PI < 25
-
2C GH-GC GM-GC
PI < 10 50 G 0, 074 PI 20 + 4 PI > 12 PI < 25 LL < 40 PI < 20 PI > 12
< 30%<
3
CH CL MH ML OH OL L-CL
-
45% .. 4 45% .. 4 . 45% .. 4 .
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(FM 5-410, Chap. 9). , 05-03-0201 05-03-02-02 . , . 2.1.6.2. , . 50 mm, . . 25 cm . , , . . . . . , , , . ( 2.18), , , , . . . .
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2.18. .
2.1.6.3. : (CaO) , (, Ca(OH)2) (). : ) , , . . , , . :
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( CaO, 1 2% ). CaO . ) (H2CO), , (Ca(OH)2 ). (CaCO3, MgCO3) . - CO2 . 72 , ( ). , . ( 25~ 30% ). ) . Ca(OH)2 .
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
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45
2.19. .
2.20.
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2.19 2.20 4 . , . . 7% 10%. , . . , , . (CaO), , . . 2.1.6.4. . , , . (CaO), (Si2O3), (Fe2O3) (Al2O3). . . CaO, , . . 2.21 6% (A. W. Johnson, 1960).
4
Nat. Lime Association (2004), 2.18, 2,19 2,20, . British Lime Association, ..
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2.21. Atterberg 6%. / / 68 / 16 / 18% LL = 28%, PL = 13% PI = 15%
, . . . , . , . , . , .
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. . . , . 3 7% . ( 300 400 kg/m3 14 20%). . , . A. W. Johnson, (1960) 2.10. , . 2.10 . MN/m2 7 28 2,1 4,2 2,8 7,0 1,75 3,5 1,4 2,8 2,1 6,3 1,75 4,2
(GW, GP, GC, SW, SP, SC) (ML, CL) (MH, CH)
. 2.22 (. , 2008), . 28 7,0 MN/m2, 3,5% ( 05-07-02).
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2.22. 28 , ( . , 2008). : SM (1) SM (2) ML CL GC GP-GM (1) GP-GM (2) , 41 3 0,7 10,1 51 66 50 41 81 69,7 18,4 34 28 42 18 16 29,6 71,5 15 6 8 NP NP NP 22 15 NP NP
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35 MPa 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 H
2.22. ( 1986). (1) 59,2%, 35%, 5,2% (2) 58,3%, 35%, 6,7%
2.1.6.5. , SiO2, CaO, , SO2++ . , , , . (clinker) . . , . (1986) CaO 36 46%, 4450 cm2/gr. CaO (13,6%) SiO2 (53%) , ( 2.22). 11,5 KN/m3 1450 cm2/gr.
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. (1) (15 50%), (2) .. 0,70 MN/m2. , . . , . , .
2.2. . , .. . . , .. , . . . , .
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2.2.1. , , . : . , . , 15 cm. , , . . , . , , . , . , , , . . , . , , , . 2 4% , . ( 2.2.6).
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2.2.2. , . . , . 1: W = 18,0 Mg =180 KN D = 0,30 m d = 4,50 m B = 92% Proctor pr = 22,4 KN/m3 . W . x : W=D.d.B.x.pr 180 = 0,30 4,50 22,4 0,92 x x = 6,47 m 2: . D = 0,30 m Proctor
pr = 22,0 KN/m3 B = 95%
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= 13,0 16,0 /m3
m2 . Dx : Dx . = B. D . pr Dx = 30 0,95 22,0 / 16,0 = 39,2 cm Dx = 30 0,95 22,0 / 13,0 = 48.2 cm
. . . ( ) ( 2.23) , ( 2.24).
2.23. .
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2.24. grader. .
2.25.
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2.26. 25 . .
. . , , ( , ...). ( , ...). ( ) . . . , , ( 2.25). ( 2.26). ,
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2.27. .
2.28. . .
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2.29. : .
. grader ( 2.27). , , . , , ( 2.28). . 2.29 .
2.2.3. , . , , 1 4, , ... , . , . -
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. , . . , , . , , . 2.2.4. (1 4, , ...) (150 300 lt/m3). , 2%, . 3 6 %. ( 2.30). , . , ( ...) 3 4. , , . (.. 1, 2) . . . .
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2.30. . , : (150 300 kg/m3) , : wopt Mod. Proctor .
, . . ( 10 tn ) 1,00 m. 0,75 m 0,25 0,50 m, . ( 2.31). 2.11 , ( DYNAPAC, L. Forssblat, 1981). .
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2.31. . .
2.32. .PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
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2.11: ( m) ( ) 6 10 15 7 (3) 10 (5) 15 (10) 2 7 10 13 (1)
(1) 0,60 (2) 1,00 1,50
0,75 1,50 2,00
0,45 0,70 1,00
0,25 0,35 0,50
0,40 0,60 0,80
0,30 0,40
0,75 1,50
0,40 0,50 1,00
0,30 0,40 0,70
0,15 0,20 0,35
0,30 0,40 0,60
0,25 0,30 0,40
-
0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60
0,20 0,30 0,35 0,45
0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25
0,20 0,30 0,40 0,45
0,15 0,25 0,30 0,35
(2)
. .
( 2.32). 0,30 0,50 m 4 8. 2-3 , ( 10) . 8-10 , . , . , ( 2.33).
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2.33. .
, 0,15 0,20 m. (. 2.11). . . 2.2.7.4. , , . . , . . , , - (). , (2-5 cm) (3) , . , ,
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. 2.2.5. , . : () () . 2.2.5.1. . , , ( 2.34). , . , , -
2.34. .
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2.35. .
. , , . , 0,6*D. ( 2.35) 2*D 2,0 (. ). . 2.2.5.2. . , , , . ( 2.33) ( 2.36), , , . , ,
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() 50 80 kg.
, 40 150 kg.
120 800 kg. 2.36.
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15 20 cm . , . , . 2.2.5.3. , . , .. , , ., . , . s . . , 3D. (.. ), , . 2.2.6. , ( 2.37). . : ( , , , .). , . .
2.2.6.1. . . , -
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2.37. ( ).
. 5 . , , . . , . , , . , , .5
. K. Terzaghi R. Peck [1969, . 194], M. J. Tomlinson [2001, . 450 481], . [2007, . 293].
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2.38.
2.38 L h. : i=
h L
(1)
:
= (s w) (1 n) s : n : w :
. ().u u, 2.38: u = w.h1 + w .h (2)
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(). , 2.38: = w.h1 + .L : (). ().u u (2) (3) (3)
L w .h
h w L
i
w
(4)
i (4) icr. icr =
. w(5)
w
, . . i ( 1) icr ( 5), . , , . . , ., , k0 = . , .., , k0 = 0. , .. k0 . 2.39 , . ( K. Terzaghi R. Peck, 1969, . 194)
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. 2.39a . 2.39b ( ) x. : pO =
h w t h + 2t
(6)
x, . 2.39c C k0. . () k0 = , , . ( 2.39c) (6) : pO = hw : FS :
t h + 2t
: D: () Ox : FS pO (OE) =(OE) t +(OE) :
D
(7)
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D h + 2t + FS = w w t h
(8)
h D = t FS w (9) h + 2t () k0 , : pB = h.w (10)
. () , . C 2.39c. ( , 2.39c) C. h = h D
FS pO (OE) = (OE) w t +(OE) pO = w h 1 (1 a )
D
(11)
h + t 2 h + t
(9) : w t + D h + t w h 1 (1 a ) h + 2t
FS =
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2.39c a 0 . (12) . a = 1 (10). , , 2.40. . , . . , (t = 0), . . , . , , , . ( 2.41). . , . . , (t = 0), . . , . , , , . ( 2.41). ,
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()
(b) Ox.
(c) . ko = . ko . PB = a h w
k h + 2t = k k + o h + 2t D
ko 0 : = 100,0 4,5010 = 55,0 KPa > 0 .
2.2.6.2. , . 09-04-01 ( ) . .
:
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Dmax 50 cm (d < 0,063mm) 15% , , , , 80 mm . , . ( 09-0401-00) : 10% ( ) , (.. , , ).
, . . , .. () ( ) .2.2.6.3. , . (. 4.2). , , , . , . . , -
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. . . , . , 2,00 m. . . , . . .2.2.7. . , . , 25 30% , , , . . (). . 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.2.6.2. , . 2.2.3 2.2.5. , .
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, .. , , . , . 20 30 cm 8 . , . 2.2.7.1. 2.2.7.2. , . = d / pr d pr Mod. Proctor , , . , Mod. Proctor. , . 2.2.8. . . . . CBR , , CBR v2.
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, E ks, .2.2.7.1. . , : Los Angeles microduval Proctor CBR
, .2.2.7.2. . ( 2.42), ( 2.43). , ., (Troxler, 2.44). CBR, . ( 2.45) CBR. ( 2.46).
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2.42. .
10 kg 500 mm 200 mm. , , . . . , , ... . . . 2.12 .
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2.43. .
2.44. Troxler.
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. 2.45. .
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2.46. . . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 10 kg 9. 10. 11. 12.
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INAKA 2.12: Modified Proc- : tor , , C, D ( ) Troxler
dmax20 20 -
45 60 -
90 95 98 100 103 02-07-01 Schultze (1967)
3.3.4 3.3.5 -
3.3.5
7.3.2 3.3.5 . 252
3.3.2
-
2.10.4 -
2.47. .
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90
20 18 16
14
CRB %
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
EV2 (MN/m)
2.48. CBR Ev2
2.47 . 2.13 , . 2.48 C.B.R. (%) Ev2 (MN/m2) 05-03-01 . 4.1.2. 2.13 . , . , , . Proctor. , . . -
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100% Mod. Proctor , 0,82 2,0 mm . .
2.3. 2.3.1 . 6 (, c, ). , () qu :
qu = cNc + q.Nq + .1.B.N :
(1)
c : : 1 : = 2b : t : q = 1.t Nq = e tan tan 2 45 + Nc =
2
Nq 1 tan
(2)
N = ( Nq -1) tan2(45 /2)6
. .
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2.50. ( L. Prandtl 1920).
(c.Nc) , (q.Nq) . 2.50 Rankine . . 2.51 . , D, , (1) 2.51: t t + D p1 = p
2b 2b + D
q = t1 q2 = q + D 2 ( 2 ). 2b 2b + D
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2.51. ( ).
q2 qu, p1. . . , . 2.52 ( ) . ( ). : . . .
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60 60 50 50 40 30 40 30 20 20 3
2 2.52. ( ) ) ) . 2b = 2,0 m, p = 150 KPa,
D = 2,0 m,
Eo = 8,4. E
EO E > 10
( ) D.
2.3.2. . , .
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2.50 CD ds (. A.2, A.3 A.4). ds (3), (4) (5) : Rankine ds = b tan (45 + /2 3) (4) (5)
d s = 2b sin + e 4 2
+ tan 4 2
ds = b e 2
tan
3, 4, 5 ds . . 2.53 ds/2b .
2 , 5
2,0
ds 2b
1 , 5
1,0
R a n kin e0 , 5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
()
2.53. ds/2b (A. Myslivec Z. Kysela, 1978).
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Rankine Prandtl-Terzaghi . , 20 27 ds/2b , , .2.3.3. . , , . 45 (1:1), A.2 . 2.54 1,50 m, 4,00 m. . (t = 1,25) . .
2.54. t.
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2.3.4. , . , qu. qu D = 2b . . (. 2.51), D, . , D (. 2.54).
, .. , , . , .. , , ..., .
2.4.
. , , . . . 2.55 z Oz
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2.55. .
, 2b, p. 0,5*p 2b. . . , , . 2.56 .
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2.56. .4 pbf E ) D 2b = 2.(b+Dtan)
)
s=
s1 =
p1 =
pb b + Dtan
4 p1 (b + Dtanf ) 4 pbf s1 = E z = , f = f s1 = s z = f < f s1 < s
2.56 (. ). Steinbrenner, , . . , -
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. , .2.4.1. 2.57 D. 2,00 m . D . , ( = 3.000 KPa), ( = 6.000 KPa) ( = 12.000 KPa). ( ) , , .
()
() ()
2.57. . p = 150 2b = 2.00 m E0 = 50.000 KPa ) = 3.000 KPa ) = 6.000 KPa ) = 12.000 KPa
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2.57 . D . . 2.58 2b = 2.00 m ( = 6 000 KPa). 0,70 2,00 . ( PHASE) . 0,70 m . 2,00 m. D, . D.
2.58. D . p = 150 KPa 2b = 2.00 m = 6 000 KPa E0 = 50 000 KPa ) D = 0 ) D = 0,70 m ) D = 2,00 m
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2.59 (), . Steinbrenner ( = 3.000 KPa), ( = 6.000 KPa) ( = 12.000 KPa). 20,00 m, 4,00 m .
2.59. D . p = 60 KPa 2b = 20.00 m E0 = 50 000 KPa ) = 3 000 KPa ) = 6 000 KPa ) = 12 000 KPa
D 1,00 2,00 , , (. ). 2.57, , D (D 10-3 -1 10 10-5 10-3 10-7 10-5 10-9 < 10-9
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, 5.4 k ( m/sec) [M. Carter & St. Bentley, 1991, . 53]. 5.4. k ( m/sec) , 410-1 410-3 , 410-3 410-5 710-4 710-6 710-6 710-8 , 10-7 10-9 710-8 710-10 < 10-9 +) 410-5 410-8 Portland < 10-10+)
, , k < 10-10 m/sec.
5.5 , [M. Carter & St. Bentley, 1991]. k , . , . . , , : , , . Darcy, , ..., . , ( ) .
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5.5.
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, . k, , . k 100% 20C, R. F. Craig (2002, . 39), 10C 0C 77% 56%. k e, . : k = (600 800)
o n 0,13 d 2 ( cm/sec) t 3 1 n 10
5.2)
v0, vt : 10 t 0C : 9 cm d10 n :
Allen Hazen (1892) Schleiher / Chardabela (1940), : k = A . eB ( cm/sec) (5.3) =1102 . d102 B = 2 5 ( 2, 5) e = e = n / (1 n) d10 = cm
: k = C1 . d102 C1 =w e3
( m/sec)
(5.4)
c (1 + e ) d10 = mm w =
9
. 10%.
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5.9. k , d50, . ( M. Preene et al, 1997)
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e = e = n / (1 n) = c = ()
A. Hazen C1 0,01 0,015. :k = C1 . d102 ( m/sec)
(5.5)
C1 =0,01 0,015 d10 = mm
M. Preene (Preene et al, 1997) 5.9. k , (, , ). 50% (d50). C 60 10% (C = d60/d10). , . 1: 0,30 m (8 23 mm)
: v0 / vt =1,0 d10 = 1,0 cm n = 0,30 e = 0,30 / (1 0,30) = 0,43 (5.2) : k= (600 800) 1,0 0,30 0,133
1 0,30
1,0
2
= 115 153 cm/sec
(5.3) A. Hazen : A = 1102*1.02=1102 B = 2.5
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k=1102*0,432.5= 134 cm/sec 0,30 m, 1,00 m i = 1% Q : Q = 0,30*1,00*1,34*3600/100 = 14,4 m3/h k=10-2. 2: , 0,30 m : v0 / vt =1,0 d10 = 0,04 cm n = 0,28 e = 0,28 / (1 0,28) = 0,39 (5.2) : k= (600 800) 1,0 0,30 0,133
1 0,30
=0,16 0,21 cm/sec
(5.3) A. Hazen : A = 1102*0,042=1,763 B = 2,5 k = 1,763 * 0.392.5 = 0,17 cm/sec 0,30 m, 1,00 m i = 1% Q : Q = 0,30*1,00*0,17*0,01*3600 = 0,018 m3/h = 18 Lit/h .
5.5.
( 5.10) . , (.., 40*40 50*60), , ( 5.8 5.11). , ( 5.12) 1 2% .
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5.10. .
0,33% 3,0 m/sec . . 1500 mm2 . (>57%) (). . , , ( , , ) , .
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5.11. .
5.12. .
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, . . . , . , . . (. ).
5.6.
. , , . (1%) . . () , . . 1,00 m, 1 2% . , , .
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6. 6.1.
. . 4 , , , , . . , . , , . , . .
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( , , .) . , , , , , . . (. 2.1.4.). , . . , , . 6.1. , Fs = 0,83 Fs = 1,18. , Fs = 1,02. .
H
6.1. . : = 20, c=5,0 KPa, =18 KN/m3 : =43, c=2,0 KPa, =22,0 KN/m3
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6.2.
, , . , . , , , , , , 10 , , . , . ( ) . , . , . , . , , (l. Major, 1961, . 511) , ( 6.2).
10
, .
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6.2. ( A. Major1961)
6.3.
, . . . . . . : .
6.4.
,11
11
, .
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6.3. .
. , 1,50 2,00 , . 17 0C. . 17 0C, 5 +15 0C 4 0C . 17 0C, +25 +42 0C. , (HDPE), .
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35 45 0C 7 12 0C. , , , ... 1,0 2,0 . 1,0 m. , . , 80-100 . , , . , . ( 6.3). , 3040 cm , 10 cm . 1,00 m . . . , . .
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6.4.
6.5. , , ( , .). . , , . 12 ( 6.4). -
12
, . : HD 384, HD 60364-5-54: 2007, 62305-3 6: 2006 .
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6.5. () , () .
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6.6.
6.7.
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, . , , . (510%) 3,0 m . . . , , ( HDPE). . . . , , , ( 6.5 6.6). , 30*30 cm, ( 6.7). , . (.. TERRAFILTM), . , , .
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A.
. . . , . , , . . .A.1.
.
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, . . (, , , ) . A.1 . .
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A.2. ( ) .
A.2 , . , . . , -, , H. Borowicka (1938). , Poisson . . A.3 . = , ,
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A.3. ( Borowicka, 1938).
= 0, . . . A.4 (Press, 1940) . , . -
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A.4. .
( A.4) A.1, . , , , . , , . , . . A.4 A.2. , -
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, . , . A.4 , . , . (, , ), , , , .
A.2. A.2.1. , . A.5 1:1 2:1 (), , . ( ). , b. . . , , . 30 ( 2:1) , 45 ( 1:1) , . Kgler 55 (. A.6), (F. Kgler & A.Scheidig, 1927 & 1929).
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A.5. , .
A.6. z ( Kgler & Scheidig, 1927).
2 =
p 1 + 1,43 z / b
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.A.2.2. , (M. J. Boussinesq, 1885, J. K. Mitchell, 1900) (O. K. Frhlich, 1934). . , , , , , , , , , , , . , 13 . , , A.7, z, , . A.8 z . Oz z=p , Oz. A.5. , .13
. . : . - .. (1989, . 137 155), . (1985), . , (2004, . 217), . (2007, . 203 207). : R. Scott, 1965, K. Terzaghi, 1943, G.G. Meyerhof, 1951.
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z =
p [a + sin cos( + 2 )]
A.7. z p.
A.8. z z x .
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A.2.3. . , . . . . . . A.9 ( ) 20%, 30%,... 60% .
60% 50% 40%
30%
20%
A.9. z ( ) 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% 60% , ( , p=150 Kpa, E=6 000 Kpa =0,3).PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
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D=b D=2b. D=b o 82% p, D=2b 55% . 6b, z 21% p.
A.3.
. - , . (. A.1). , , , . , . A.10 , .
A.10. .
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, . . . Frhlich (1934) p. :
. ( ). ( ). , , Coulomb ( Mohr Coulomb).
1 3 ( A.11).1 =
p 3 = ( - sin) + (t + z) p ( + sin) + (t + z)
(1)
Mohr Coulomb (. A.12) , Mohr, 1 , 3 c ( Coulomb).
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A.11. 1 3 M(x,z) p.
A.12. Mohr-Coulomb.
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A.12 :tan =c =
c tan
(2) (30(4)
()=(1-3) /2 ()=(1+3)/2 () = () sin ()=()/sin
(5)
) = () + ()
(6)
1 3 (2),(3),(4) (5) (6), :1 + 3 c 1 - 3 = 2sin tan + 2
(7)
1 3 (1) (7) :
c tan z : z=
+ (t + z) +
p
=
p
sin sin
p
c sin tan - t sin
(8)
p (8) 2 ( .10). p , . , maxz,
dz d
=0 :
dz d
=
p cos 1 = 0 sin
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cos sin
= 1 cos = sin =
2
-
(8) :maxz =
c 1 tan 2 + - tan - t p
(9)
p. (9) , maxz = 0 p .
c +t tan p = 1 + tan 2 :p =
1 - ( 2 - ) tan
c+
tan t 1 - ( 2 ) tan tan 1 - ( 2 ) tan
:K =
1 - ( 2 - ) tan
, K=
(10) (11)
p = K c + K t
K K A.1. A.1 : , ( FRHLICH). 0 0 10 0,8 4,2 20 2,1 5,6 25 3,1 6,6 30 4,6 8,0 35 6,8 9,6 40 9,9 11,8 45 14,6 14,6
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(11) p : ) = 0 , c = Cu = 0, =
(11) p = Cu = 3,14 Cu
(12)
t. q = 5,7 Cu
)
, , > 0 c > 0. > 0 > 0
(11) :p = c + t
(t = 0) p = . c
c, , . > .
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A.4. A.4.1. , . Rankine (1857) , A.13. 45 + /2 , 45 + /2 ( .13). D DE ( D DE). qu :
qu = c cos(45+/2) (tan4(45+/2) 1) + Dtan4(45+/2)
A.13. ( Rankine) .
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A.13 dsds = b tan (45 + /2)
ds /2 b = 0,5 tan (45 + /2)
(13)
A.4.2. Rankine . , .. 2b, (. A.10) , . , . L. Prandtl (1920) . , , ( A.14). . . . , ABC ( A.14) ( Rankine). BAC = 90 = ABC = 45 + /2, ( ). () . () . EBD = BED = 45 /2 90 + . () () ()
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A.14. ( L. Prandtl, 1920).
. BC BD ( ). r :r = r0*e.tan
r0 = BC r r0
, Rankine, CD, 90 . ( Mohr-Coulomb). AC BC (). () . , qu (14) :qu = cNc + q.Nq + .1.B.N
(14)
:
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c : : 1, : = 2b : t : q = 1.t Nq = e
tan tan 2 45 + 2 (15)
Nc =
Nq 1 tan
N = ( Nq -1) tan2(45 /2) (c.Nc) , (q.Nq) . , . . A.14 : r = ro etan =
b etan cos + 4 2
r y :
= - + = + 2 4 2 4 2 cos + 2 4 tan z = r cos = b e cos + 4 2 ds ,
dz = 0. d
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b sin + cos + 4 2 dz b = sin + d cos + 4 2 dz = d
tan e + cos + tan etan 2 4 2 4 + cos + tan e tan = 0 2 4 2 4
sin + = cos + tan 2 4 2 4
tan + = tan : = + 2 4 4 2 :
+ tan d s = 2b sin + e 4 2 4 2 ds + tan = sin + e 4 2 2b 4 2
(16)
A.4.3. (14) K. Terzaghi, (1941), qu. Terzaghi , . , qu . A.15 . , (. A.16). .
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Rankine, 1857
Prandtl, 1920
Terzaghi, 1941
Meyerhof, 1951
A.15.
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A.16. .
C . , 90 ( A.16). . , Terzaghi, A.16 . A.4.3.,
qu = cNc + q.Nq + .1.B.N
(14)
N ,
N =1,8 . Nc . tan2
(17)
ds , :
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ro =
b cos
ri = ro e tan z= ri cos =+-
2
z=
b cos + e tan cos 2 dz =0 d
ds = maxz
dz b tan = + cos + tan etan sin + e d cos 2 2 tan dz b = =0 sin + + cos + tan e d cos 2 2
sin + = cos + tan 2 2 tan + = tan 2
=
2
:
ds =
b tan cos + e 2 cos 2 2
ds = b e 2
tan
tan ds = 0,5 e 2 2b
(18)
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A.4.4. (15) , . , c, Nq, N, . H. Meyerhof (1951 1961) 45+/2 , (. A.15). c, Nq, N Terzaghi. J. Brinch Hansen (1961) , , , ... , Terzaghi c, Nq,. .
:
qu = cN scdcic+ q.Nq sqdqiq + .1.B.N sdi:
( 19 )
sc , sq , s dc , dq , d ic , iq, i
N = 1.5. c.tan2 A.4.5. ds/2b ds 2b A.17 , ( 16 18). . 30 45%. ( > 30) .
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A.17. ds/2b .
A.5.
. . . , .A.5.1. , A.18, 2:1, , , -
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A.18 ,
p1 = p
2b , p2 = t1 + D 2. 2b + D
, . D , . q2 (2b + D) qu (14). p1 14 .14
m cm ( DIN 4017/I . 9.3 ), m, 5 . . .
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A.5.2. Button (1953) 1=2=0 c1,c2 > 0. . ( A.17 ). = 0, :
qm = c1* N c N c A.19 / c2/c1. Button N c c2/c1 / . , c1 > c2, N c . , . .A.5.3. . Poisson .
L . ( *L, = .z.cos2 ) , L (. E. Schultze, 1968).
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A.19. (Button, 1953).
( 0/ = 1 = 3 ) (. 2.52). 0/ = 2 = 3, . 0/, ( .20). (. . 2007, . 206).A.5.4. . A. Myslivec Z. Kysela (1978, . 135) . , .
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.20.
0/ = 2 - 4,16 8,32 16,6.
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A.21. ds/2b (A. Myslivec Z. Kysela, 1978).
. A . ds , . ds/2b :
= 0 ds/2b = 0,70
10 0,80
20 0,95
30 1,10
40 1,25
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ds/2b A.17 A.21. ds/2b ( 13, 16 18) :
( < 22) ds/2b . ( > 30) . , Nq, Nc, N . 20 < < 25 ds/2b 1,00, . 20