1
【專題演講】電源IC~電源技術發展的推手 (2008 電力研討會)交通大學 copyright © 808-電力電子實驗室 Dec. 5, 2008
台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機與控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電源系統與晶片、數位電源、馬達控制驅動晶片、DSP/FPGA控制
http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
1/30
電源IC~電源技術發展的推手『電力電子於綠能產業之展望』論壇引言
2008電力研討會
Filename: \B01 投影片:【1】電力電子 (研究所)\PE-85:電源IC~電源技術發展的推手 (2008 電力研討會).ppt
2008年12月5日
鄒 應 嶼 教 授
國立交通大學 電機與控制工程研究所
LAB808NCTU
Lab808: 電力電子系統與晶片實驗室Power Electronic Systems & Chips, NCTU, TAIWAN
台灣新竹•交通大學•電機與控制工程研究所
台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機與控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電源系統與晶片、數位電源、馬達控制驅動晶片、單晶片DSP/FPGA控制
http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
2/30
Power IC
The Driving Force for Power Electronics
2
【專題演講】電源IC~電源技術發展的推手 (2008 電力研討會)交通大學 copyright © 808-電力電子實驗室 Dec. 5, 2008
台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機與控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電源系統與晶片、數位電源、馬達控制驅動晶片、DSP/FPGA控制
http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
3/30
Power Management IC –The Driving Force for Power Supply Technology
Efficiency Optimization – Energy Saving
Power Management IC for …
EMI/THD Reduction – Power Quality
System Integration – Simplify SPS Design
Power Generation – Renewable Energy
Cost Reduction – BOM Cost & Design Cost
Smart Power – Easy for Use
4/30
The First PWM IC: SG1524, Bob Mammano, 1976.
SG1524: -55°C ~ 125°CSG2524: -25°C ~ 85°CSG3524: 0°C ~ 70°C
Bob Mammano is staff technologis t and a TI Fellow in Texas Instruments' Power Management Products group. He has more than 50 years of experience in analog power control technology and is widely recognized as the “father of the PWM IC industry .” Holder of 16 patents in this field, Bob has participated in new product definition, technical marketing, and has been a significant part of Unitrode’s and TI’s Power Supply Seminar programs since 1981. He has a degree in physics from the University of Colorado.
3
【專題演講】電源IC~電源技術發展的推手 (2008 電力研討會)交通大學 copyright © 808-電力電子實驗室 Dec. 5, 2008
台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機與控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電源系統與晶片、數位電源、馬達控制驅動晶片、DSP/FPGA控制
http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
5/30
A Historic Review of PWM Controller IC
[1] Gene Heftman, PWM - From a Single Chip To a Giant Industry, Power Electronics Technology, October 2005. [2] Bob Mammano, Are We There Yet - power control integration, Plenary Session, APEC 2007.
Plenary Session, APEC 2007.
6/30
What is the Power Conversion Efficiency?
The Power Conversion efficiency is defined as how effectively the AC voltage is converted to the ultimate DC voltage required by the server components.
AC/DC
Internal drive5V
External drive12V
I/O3.3V
Memory controller12V
μ processor12V
SDRAM3.3V
Graphics controller3.3V
AC/DC multi output PS
DC/DC voltageregulator modules
DC/DC
DC/DC
1.5/2.5V
1.1V-1.85V
Multi-outputDC/DC
switcher
4
【專題演講】電源IC~電源技術發展的推手 (2008 電力研討會)交通大學 copyright © 808-電力電子實驗室 Dec. 5, 2008
台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機與控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電源系統與晶片、數位電源、馬達控制驅動晶片、DSP/FPGA控制
http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
7/30
Where are Losses in a Switching Power Converter?
Source: Intel Corp., 2006.
Load100WTotal
245W
The Overall Efficiency < 40%
Room cooling
system 40W
UPS+PDU25W
Servefans15W
PSU50W
VR15W
Power Consumption: 100W System Load for PC & Server
Just Computing!
8/30
Synchronous Buck Converter
Since 1996, we replace the diode with a MOSFETReduce the voltage drop in low output voltage regulatorReduce the conduction loss in low-voltage high-current applications
5
【專題演講】電源IC~電源技術發展的推手 (2008 電力研討會)交通大學 copyright © 808-電力電子實驗室 Dec. 5, 2008
台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機與控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電源系統與晶片、數位電源、馬達控制驅動晶片、DSP/FPGA控制
http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
9/30
FAN2108 — TinyBuck 3-24V Input, 8A, High-Efficiency, Integrated Synchronous Buck Regulator (Sept. 2008, Fairchild)
Over the past 30 years, the technology progresses in putting all active power devices into a power IC!
10/30
FAN2108: Block Diagram
6
【專題演講】電源IC~電源技術發展的推手 (2008 電力研討會)交通大學 copyright © 808-電力電子實驗室 Dec. 5, 2008
台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機與控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電源系統與晶片、數位電源、馬達控制驅動晶片、DSP/FPGA控制
http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
11/30
Multi-Mode Operation for Efficiency Optimization
CRM Buck Inductor @ Standby Operation
iL
0t
)(21
AVGLL ii =Δ
B
H
cHΔ
satBB
H
satBB
H
satB
12/30
Transient Response Under Large Load Variations@ Open Loop Control with Constant Frequency and Duty
DCM
D = 1.0
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
CCM
80% 100%60%40% 110%90%10% 20%
從工作點
到工作點
的軌跡均在連續導
通工作區內,但是從工作點
到工作點
則有部分會進入不連續導通工作區。
Vo/Vi = 1.0
0.25
0.5
0.75
0
1.0
7
【專題演講】電源IC~電源技術發展的推手 (2008 電力研討會)交通大學 copyright © 808-電力電子實驗室 Dec. 5, 2008
台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機與控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電源系統與晶片、數位電源、馬達控制驅動晶片、DSP/FPGA控制
http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
13/30
STW4141 - Single Coil Dual Output Step Down DC-DC Converter (STM 2005-12-14)
(a) Converter topology(b) Typical waveforms
The First Single-Inductor Dual Output DC-DC ConverterEDN 2005 Innovation Awards
14/30
Digital Solution for Performance/Cost Improvement
Provides more functiona than analog
Smart powerDigital Power Solution!
Programmable via PMBus protocolProgrammable (sequencing, Vo)Monitoring (fault)
Performance superior tha analog Efficiency optimization for multi-mode operation
Higher efficiency & faster responsePower OS: self-tuning/diagnosisPerformance/functions beyond analog power
Take advantage of VLSI process VLSIperformance superior than analog
13K Gates0.25um CMOS
0.22 mm2
GUI powersupply
USB PMBusPC
VINVOUT
GUI powersupply
PMBus VINVOUT
OR
Digital Filter Equivalent
+−
Vout
R3
R1
R2
C1
C2 C3
VcompReference
No external components
8
【專題演講】電源IC~電源技術發展的推手 (2008 電力研討會)交通大學 copyright © 808-電力電子實驗室 Dec. 5, 2008
台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機與控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電源系統與晶片、數位電源、馬達控制驅動晶片、DSP/FPGA控制
http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
15/30
Digital Control for Efficiency Optimization
Digital Control Squeezes 40 A from Buck Converter, Benoit Herve, Product Manager, Zilker Labs, Austin, Texas, Power Electronics Technology, pp. 32-37, August 2007
40A Synchronous Buck Converter
Vout
R3
R1 R2
C1
C2
C3
Vcomp
Reference
16/30
4-Phase Interleaved Synchronous Buck Converter
i1
i2
i3
io
i4
Vo
CdcVdc
S1c
D1c
S2c
D2c
S3c
D3c
S4c
D4c
S1D1
S2D2
S3D3
S4D4
COIntegratedMagneticCore
RESR
IΔ◊
Li
t
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
dtdi
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
dtdi
Reduction of Current Ripple Voltage Regulation Module
2
311 ⎟
⎠⎞⎜
⎝⎛ Δ+=
IIDIIRMS
9
【專題演講】電源IC~電源技術發展的推手 (2008 電力研討會)交通大學 copyright © 808-電力電子實驗室 Dec. 5, 2008
台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機與控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電源系統與晶片、數位電源、馬達控制驅動晶片、DSP/FPGA控制
http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
17/30
Digital Control of Mult-Phase Interleaved Synchronous Buck Converter (Si8250)
8-channelSelf-sequencing
12-bit ADC subsystem
comparator 2%Oscillator
Tempsensor
VREF
SMBus/I2C Port 0
4×16 bitTimer
UART Port 13-ChanPAC
8/16/32 KISP flash
128KBSRAM
POR WDTDEBUGcircuitryFlexible
Vectoredinterrupts
50MIPSNios II Processor
Diff Input10 MHz ADC DSP filter engine
Six-phaseDPWM
PeakCurrent
Limiting & OCPVREFDAC
ANALOG PERIPHERIALS DIGITAL PERIPHERIALS
HIGH BANDWIDTH CONTROLPROCESSOR
SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROCESSOR
Vin
IL IO VO
RESR
CO
L1
L2
L3
L4
18/30
Self-driven Synchronous Rectifier
Replacing the output diode with an N-channel MOSFET and adding a winding to the power transformer to generate the synchronous-gate-drive signal can convert a standard diode rectified flyback supply (a) into a self-driven synchronous-flyback supply (b).
10
【專題演講】電源IC~電源技術發展的推手 (2008 電力研討會)交通大學 copyright © 808-電力電子實驗室 Dec. 5, 2008
台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機與控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電源系統與晶片、數位電源、馬達控制驅動晶片、DSP/FPGA控制
http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
19/30
Elimination of Shoot-through Losses
Adding an isolated gate-drive signal with programmable delays to the synchronous flyback (a) can eliminate shoot-through losses (b).
20/30
Ci Co
Cdc12
3
IR1166S Synchronous Rectifier for Flyback Converter
Increases overall system efficiency by 1%Reduces the SR PCB area by 50%Uses 75% fewer componentsAllows a 20%+ reduction in SR costAllows 'no heatsink' design
Replace the Diode with a MOSFET to reduce the voltage drop for low-voltage regulator and to improve the efficiency!
Vin
Rtn
Rs
Cs
Rdc
XFMU1
4
8
7
65
Rg
VCC
OVT
MOT
EN
VGATE
GND
VS
VD
IR1166SRMOT
load
Replace with a smart switch!
11
【專題演講】電源IC~電源技術發展的推手 (2008 電力研討會)交通大學 copyright © 808-電力電子實驗室 Dec. 5, 2008
台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機與控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電源系統與晶片、數位電源、馬達控制驅動晶片、DSP/FPGA控制
http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
21/30
Physical Meaning of Power Factor & Efficiency
EMI F
ilter
Power Factor = pφ
Efficiency = η1 Efficiency = η2
20
0
)()(1 RMSTt
toRIdttitv
TP == ∫
+
oPrmsrms VIS =
What we pay for it! What we really get!oPpS =⋅⋅⋅ 21 ηηϕ S
Pp o=⋅⋅ 21 ηηϕ
This is why power factor and efficiency are both very important!
22/30
1kW, 1U,12V Two-Stage Server Power Supply
Vin
D1 D3
D2D4 va
Q1
Q2vb
Q3
Q4
LlCf
ioVo
R+
−
Lf
Lm
vABvs
iL
Interleaved Boost PFC Controller
S1
S2
Two-Phase Interleaved Bridge Boost PFC Converter with ZVT Phase-Shift PWM DC/DC Converter, Synchronous Rectifier and Current Doubler
ZVT Phase-Shift PWM Controller
R2A20112 Interleaved CRM (Renesas)UCC28060/UCC28070 Interleaved CRM (TI-Unitrode)UCC3818 CCM Average Current (TI-Unitrode)IR1150 CCM One Cycle Control (IR) IEC1PCS01 Average Current Control (Infineon)NCP1377 PWM CCM Quasi-Resonant Operation (On Semi)
UCC3895 (TI-Unitrode)LTC3722 (Linear)ISL6752 (Intersil)HA16163T (Renesas)
Q5
Q6
12
【專題演講】電源IC~電源技術發展的推手 (2008 電力研討會)交通大學 copyright © 808-電力電子實驗室 Dec. 5, 2008
台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機與控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電源系統與晶片、數位電源、馬達控制驅動晶片、DSP/FPGA控制
http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
23/30
Digital Control for Efficiency Optimization
EMI FilterActive Power Module
Vac
Integrated Magnetics
Multi-Mode Control (CCM, CRM, DCM, Stand-by Mode) Interleaved OperationGain Scheduling Adaptive Control Phase-Shift PWM and Frequency Tuning for Optimal Efficiency
24/30
交直流轉換器之功率因數與電力流向控制 (彭世興 1991)
摘要—本論文共分兩大部分,第一部分著重於交直流轉換
器之功因控制研究,主要探討昇壓式(boost)功因改善技術
,推導數學模型,再以頻率響應技術設計出合於要求的迴
路補償器,並分析市面上功因改善IC晶片的特性,選定
UC3854功因改善晶片設計一個1kW的昇壓式功因改善電路,
作為理論之驗證,實驗結果顯示昇壓式功因改善電路,可
以提高功率因數為1,效率為94.6%。同時藉由回授方式,
提供輸出直流電壓之初級穩壓,預期此種技術將廣泛應用
於UPS與SPS之輸入級設計。第二部份探討雙向脈寬調變式
交 直 流 電 源 轉 換 (bilateral PWM AC/DC power
conversion)技術,採用數位式控制方式,整個交直流電源
轉換器的控制,用一顆16位元單晶片微控器來完成,藉由
控制PWM之控制訊號與輸入訊號的相角差來控制電流的大小
與方向,並控制調變指數(modulation index)做功因控制
。實驗結果顯示雙向交直流電源轉換技術,可精確控制DC
端電流平均值之方向與大小,同時可控制功率因數達0.93
,因此是未來高效率高品質電力轉換系統的關鍵性技術。
UC3854 PFC Controller IC
13
【專題演講】電源IC~電源技術發展的推手 (2008 電力研討會)交通大學 copyright © 808-電力電子實驗室 Dec. 5, 2008
台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機與控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電源系統與晶片、數位電源、馬達控制驅動晶片、DSP/FPGA控制
http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
25/30
New Generation PFC Control benefits from Digital Controller for Voltage Regulation
Integrated high performance PFC stage Intelligent digital / mixed signal power control Integrated high voltage half bridge driver All parameters set using only resistors Highly accurate timing and frequency control over a wide temperature range
End-of-LifeDetection
PFC Digital Voltage Loop
Controller
ProtectionLogic
Restart Control
VCO
PFC CRMCurrentControl
Clock & SPI
PowerSupply
Preheating
PFCGate Drive
InverterLow-Side
Current Sense
InverterLow-SideGate Drive
InverterHigh-SideGate Drive
ICB1FL02G Smart Ballast Control IC
26/30
Digital CRM PFC Controller
Digital PFC Controller Internal Block Diagram
+
−
+
−
UVLO
Enable0.2V
20V
ReferenceVoltage
Vref
VCC
GND
DETIN
+
−Inhibit
2.2V
2.5V
10V12.5V
1.0V1.5V
+
−Detector
multout
1V
5.4V
Multiplier
VSENSE VAOUT MULTIN ISENSE
OVR
Inhibittime delay
tdsd=70ns
0.5V
5V
tdVA=2us
+
−ClampCurren
t
LEB
RestartTimer
tres=150us
+
−
+
−
1V
3.5V
Vref
uvloactive
shut down
7
GTDRV
RSFlip-Flop
GateDrive
1 2 3 4
8
6
5
+
−Voltage
Amp +
−
CurrentComp
14
【專題演講】電源IC~電源技術發展的推手 (2008 電力研討會)交通大學 copyright © 808-電力電子實驗室 Dec. 5, 2008
台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機與控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電源系統與晶片、數位電源、馬達控制驅動晶片、DSP/FPGA控制
http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
27/30
80+ Initiatives (March 2004)
The 80 PLUS performance specification requires power supplies incomputers and servers to be 80% or greater energy efficient at 20%, 50% and 100% of rated load with a true power factor of 0.9 or greater.
http://www.80plus.org/
Logos for Improved Energy Efficiency
28/30
Proposed Energy Consumption Limits for Computers
80% minimum efficiency at 20%, 50%, 100% rated power plus factor > 0.9 @ 100% load
All computer with internal power supplies
Same as external power supply specificationsAll with external suppliesActive
90workstations
52Integrated computers
50DesktopsSolution to “network” problem TBD
15Notebooks
Idle
7Integrated computers
5Desktops & workstationsEnter automatically within 15 minutes of inactivity
5Notebooks
Sleep
3Integrated computers
2Desktops & workstations
Same as external power supplies0.5NotebooksStandby
(off)
NotesWattsUnitMode Power Management
Efficiency Improvement
15
【專題演講】電源IC~電源技術發展的推手 (2008 電力研討會)交通大學 copyright © 808-電力電子實驗室 Dec. 5, 2008
台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機與控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電源系統與晶片、數位電源、馬達控制驅動晶片、DSP/FPGA控制
http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
29/30
On-Semi 80+ 250W ATX Reference Design
Continuous conduction mode
power factor correction
Active clamp technology for increased efficiency
and low cost
MSR860PFC diode
Clamp MOSFET
Synchronous rectification controller
Highly integrated current-mode
SMPS regulator
NCP1653PFC
controller
Biasoutput
NCP1014SMPS
regulator
Driver
EMIfilter
+12 Vout+5 VoutNCP4330+3.3 Vout
postregulator
outputrectification
TL431
TL431
NTD110N02NTP65N02
Synchronousrectifiers
NCP1
12Su
perv
isor
y IC
SMPSMOSFET
NCP1280SMPS
controller
30/30
Summary: Power Management IC –The Driving Force for Power Supply Technology
Efficiency Optimization – Energy Saving
Power Management IC for …
EMI/THD Reduction – Power Quality
System Integration – Simplify SPS Design
Power Generation – Renewable Energy
Cost Reduction – BOM Cost & Design Cost
Smart Power – Easy for Use