=

NTNS=

SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

pqorCqroAi AkAiYpfp lc EAoqenrAhE- -oEpfpqAkq efpqlofCAi aEqAfip lc i’AnrfiA ECEkqoAi fqAiYF Brfiafkdp iìigi porrentinoNI iaìra oonchetti OI blisabetta oaglionePI aomenico iiberatore4 ABpqoACq =qhe= OMMV= i’Aquila= earthquake= has= induced= very= large= damages= in= histçrical= cçnstructiçnsK= purveys=perfçrmed= in= the= mçnths= after= the= main= shçck= have= brçught= tç= light= cçnstructiçn= detailsI= meant= tç=imprçve=seismic=perfçrmanceI= typical=çf=the=areaK=jçst=çf=them=make=use=çf=timber=elementsI=prçbably=because= the= material= was= widely= and= inexpensively= availableK= qimber= wall= anchçrs= are= used= tç= tie=hçrizçntal=timber=flççrLrççf=beams=tç=the=vertical=masçnry=panelsK=qimber=is=used=as=well=as=part=çf=ties=that= lie=within= the= wall= sectiçn=and=which=are=cçnnected= tç= façades= thrçugh=hçrizçntal= irçn= strips=and=vertical= irçn=wall=anchçrsK=qhese=cçnnectiçns= are=mçdelled=as= carpentry=àçints=çr= within=an=upJtçJdate=gçhansen=framewçrkK=lnce=the=ultimate=lçad=causing=the=cçnnectiçn=failure=is=establishedI=çutJçfJplane=verificatiçn=çf=masçnry=façades=is=perfçrmedK=oesidential=dwellings=çf=bçth=iDAquila=urban=area=Ewithin=an=histçrical=aggregate=in=the=centre=çf=maganicaF=and=iDAquila=prçvince=Ein=the=municipality=çf=iucçliF=are=cçnsideredK=qhe=numerical=analyses=shçw=that=fullyJtimbered=tied=beams=can=prçve=very=effective=in=preventing= çutJçfJplane= cçllapsesI= if= the= cçnnectiçn= Ewhich= lies= çutside= the= masçnryF= is= adequately=maintained=thrçughçut=the=whçle=building’s=lifeK=jçre=cçntrçversial=is=the=use=çf=cçmpçsite=timberJandJirçn=tiesI=because=the=timber= within=the=masçnry=vçlume=can=easily=decayI= is= cçmplicated=tç=maintainI=and=make=the=wall=itself=vulnerable=because=çf=the=large=size=çf=timber=elementsK==heywords: i’Aqìila earthqìaâe OMMVI cìlly-timbered tiesI `oméosite timber-iron tiesI

sìlnerabilities indìced by retrofitsI ptrìctìral analysis NK fkqolarCqflk =fn= ftalian= seismic= prçne= areas= histçrical= buildingsI= bçth= mçnumental= and= çrdinary= unreinfçrced=masçnry=buildings=present=special=cçnstructiçn=details=meant=tç=imprçve=the=earthquake=perfçrmance=xNJOzK=rsuallyI=the=aim=çf=such=details=is=tç=avçid=pçssible=çutJçfJplane=mechanismsI=by=enhancing=the=cçnnectiçns= between= vertical= walls= and= between= vertical= walls= and= hçrizçntal= structuresK= puch=sçlutiçns=can=be=very=ancient;=eKgI=in=the=Bççk=bcclesiasticus=EOnd=century=B`F=is=writtenW="A=tieJbeam=bçnded= intç= a= building= will= nçt= be= dislçdged= by= an= earthquake;= sç= tççI= a= heart= resçlved= after= due=reflectiçn=will=nçt=flinch=at=the=critical=mçment"=Echapter=OOI=verse=NSFK=rsually=these=details=invçlve=the=extensive=use=çf=irçn=ties=and=wall=anchçrs=xPzI=while=sçmetimes=flççr=girders=are=cçnnected=tç=the=masçnry=walls=by=means=çf=irçn=strips=and=irçn=wall=anchçrs=x4zK==rse= çf= fullyJtimbered= ties= is= much= less= frequentI= althçugh= it= has= been= repçrted= in= Abruzzç= regiçn=EcigK=NaF= in= the= recent= past= xRzK= qhe= OMMV= i’Aquila= earthquake= has= induced= very= large= damages= in=histçrical=cçnstructiçnsI=making=the=understanding=çf=these=details=mçre=clearK=qhe=fçcus=çf=this=paper=is=

================================================N Assistant=mrçfessçrI=aipartimentç=di=fngegneria=ptrutturale=e=deçtecnicaI=papienza=rniversità=di=oçmaI=

luigiKsçrrentinç]unirçmaNKit=O oesearch=assçciateI=aipartimentç=di=fngegneria=ptrutturale=e=deçtecnicaI=papienza=rniversità=di=oçmaI=

laurarçnchetti]liberçKit=P oesearch=assçciateI=aipartimentç=di=fngegneria=ptrutturale=e=deçtecnicaI=papienza=rniversità=di=oçmaI=

elisabettaKragliçne]hçtmailKit=4 cull=mrçfessçrI=aipartimentç=di=fngegneria=ptrutturale=e=deçtecnicaI=papienza=rniversità=di=oçmaI=

dçmenicçKliberatçre]unirçmaNKit=

=

NTNT=

tç=present=twç=cçnstructive=sçlutiçnsW=a=fullyJtimbered=tie=Eusually=çbtained=adding=a=wççden=wall=anchçr=tç=the=rççf=çr=flççr=beamsF=and=a=cçmpçsite=timberJirçn=tie=Eusually=embedded=within=the=wall=masçnryFK=qhey= will= be= bçth= described= and= mçdelled= frçm= a= structural= pçint= çf= viewK= `çnsequentlyI= it= will= be=pçssible=tç=assess=their=efficiency=in=imprçving=the=earthquake=perfçrmance=çf=preJmçdern=buildingsI=the=relevance=çf=a=cçnstant=maintenance=and=the=vulnerability=they=might=induce=in=the=wallsK===

==== =

= aF= bF=

cigK N=aF=içcatiçn=çf=Abruzzç=regiçn=in=ftalyK=bF=rse=çf=fullyJtimbered=ties=Ered=squaresF=and=cçmpçsite=timberJirçn=ties=Eblack=circlesF=within=Abruzzç=regiçnK=there=fullyJtimbered=ties=are=present=cçmpçsite=ties=are=present=

as=wellK=aashed=area=indicates=the=municipalities=çf=iucçliI=lvindçliI=oçcca=di=`ambiç=and=oçcca=di=jezzç=

=OK criiY-qfMBEoEa qfEp

OKNK aescriptiçn çf the cçnstructiçn technique peveral=buildings=in=i’Aquila=and=in=Abruzzç=regiçn=shçw=the=presence=çf=timber=wall=anchçrsI=and=these=have=been= lçcated= in=cigK=NbF= Esquare=symbçlF= in= recent= years=by=this= research= grçupK= qhey=are=mainly=placed= in= the=pubequana= valleyI= althçugh= few= cases=are=alsç= elsewhereK= An=example=çf=such=cçnstructiçn= element= is= presented= in= cigK=O;= it= can= be= çbserved= in= bçth= agriculturalI= dwelling= and=mçnumental= buildings= xSJTzK= oççf= çrI= much= less= frequentlyI= flççr= girders= are=prçlçnged= çutside= the=wall=crçss=sectiçn=and=a=timber=vertical=anchçr=restrains=the=wallK=qhis=sçlutiçn=can=be=çbserved=even=in=ties=embedded=within=the=masçnry=xUzK=qhe=use=çf=such=timber=details=is=specific=çf=Abruzzç=regiçnI=whçse=seismicity=is=rather=frequent=and=intense=xVzI=and=has=nçt=been=repçrted=in=çther=ftalian=seismic=prçne= areasK= eçweverI= timber= wall= anchçrs= are= used= in= adçbe= buildings= in= pardinia= xNMzI= and= in=traditiçnal=unreinfçrced=masçnry=buildings=çf=kepal=xNNzK=ft=is=pçssible=that=the=use=çf=timber=elementsI=in=place=çf= the= mçre=cçmmçn= irçn=wall= anchçrs= tç=be= systematically=çbserved= elsewhere= in= ftalyI= is=related=tç=the=lçwer=cçst=çf=the=material=in=this=mçuntain=regiçnK===

= ==

= aF= bF=

cigK O=bxamples=çf=fullyJtimbered=ties=in=the=municipality=çf=iucçliW=haylçft=in=sadç=iucçli=

=

NTNU=

=

cigK PN=rse=çf=fullyJtimbered=ties=in=the=flççr=çf=a=building=çf=maganica==qhe=timber=wall=anchçr=cigK=O=has=PM=×=PM=×=TOM=mmP=size=and=a=OKP=m=spacingI=the=beam=has=a=NRM=×=UM=mmO=crçss=sectiçnK=fn=cigK=P=an=example=çf=timber=wall=anchçr=inserted=in=a=flççr=beam=is=presentedK=fn=this=case=the=wall=anchçr=has=RR=×=SM=×=ROM=mmP=size=and=a=NKS=m=spacing;=the=beam=has=a=NRM=×=NNM=mmO=crçss=sectiçn=and=is=extended=N4R=mm=çver=the=anchçrK==Bçth= examples= have= a= truncatedJpyramid= prçfileI= in= çrder= tç= avçid= the= fall= due= tç= thermal= andLçr=mçisture =settlementsK =jçreçverI =the =beam =has =a =flat =EiKeKI =base =larger =than =heightF =crçss =sectiçnI =prçbably=tç=maximise=the=distance=between=anchçr=hçle=and=beam=edgeK==OKOK ptructural mçdelling çf the cçnnectiçn qhe=cçnnectiçn=between=timber=wall=anchçr=and=flççr=beam=çf=cigK=P=has=been=studied=in=çrder=tç=asses=the= impact= çf= this= sçlutiçn=çn= the=çutJçfJplane= respçnse=çf= the=building=façadeK=qhe=cçnnectiçn=has=been=studied=as=a=carpentry=àçintI=within=the=eankinsçn=theçry=framewçrk=xNOzK==cçur= different= failure= mechanisms= have= been= cçnsideredW= aF= bending= çf= the= anchçrI= bF= cçmpressiçn=perpendicular=tç=the=grain=çf=the=anchçrI=cF=shear=çf=the=beam=and=dF=tensiçn=çf=the=beam=crçss=sectiçn=reduced=by=the=anchçr=hçle=EcigK=4aJdFK==qhe=design=fçrce=cvI odI=parallel=tç=the=beam=axisI=inducing=the=failure=çf=the=cçnnectiçn=is=the=minimum=çf=the=fçllçwing=fçur=equatiçnsW==

( )ïïïïïï

î

ïïïïïï

í

ì

-

×

-

=

EdF

EcFPKN

EbF

EaFP4

min

mçdIMI

mçdI

mçdIVMI

mçdIO

I

m

âtétt

m

âvtt

m

âcté

m

âm

té

éé

odv

âfbba

âfac

âfab

âfac

ab

c

g

g

g

g

= ENF=

f= == timber= strengthI= subscript= mLcLvLVMLâ= == bendingLcçmpressiçnLshearLperpendicular= tç=grainLcharacteristic= valueI= âmod= == strength= cçrrectiçn= cçefficientI= γm= == timber= material= partial= safety=factçr;=geçmetric=parameters=shçwn=in=cigK=4eK=jaterial=prçperties=in=bquatiçn=ENF=are=thçse=in=the=ftalian=cçde=fçr=timber=structures=xNPzI=fçr=a=new=chestnut= timberK= `çefficients=and=factçrs= cçmply=tç= the=ftalian=building=cçde=xN4zI= fçr= an=accidental=cçmbinatiçn=and=service=class= P= Edue=tç=expçsure=tç= rainwaterFK= fn=bquatiçn= ENaF=has=been=assumed=a=unifçrm= distributiçn= çf= the= wall= reactiçn= çn= the= anchçr;= in= bquatiçn= ENcF= and= additiçnal= safety=cçefficient=NKP=has=been=intrçduced=due=tç=the=fragile=failure=cçnditiçnK==tith=the=geçmetric=and=mechanical=parameter=values=previçusly=intrçducedI=the=critical=mechanism=is=the=flexuralK=qhis=invçlves=a=design=capacity=çf=the=cçnnectiçn=cvI od=çf=abçut=NS=kkI=assuming=a=new=

=

NTNV=

timberK= `çmpressive= and= shear= mechanisms= invçlve= slightly= higher= capacitiesK= qherefçreI= they= can=becçme=critical=with=a=shçrter=anchçrK===

=

cigK Q=cullyJtimbered=tieW=aF=bending=and=bF=cçmpressiçn=failure=çf=the=timber=wall=anchçrI=cF=shear=and=dF=tensiçn=failure=çf=the=beamI=eF=relevant=geçmetric=parameters=

=OKPK fmpact çf the technique çn the earthquake perfçrmance çf the façade qhe= façade= çf= cigK=4= has= been= verified= with= respect= tç= an= çutJçfJplane= mechanism= with= cylindrical=hinge=at=the=baseI=accçrding=tç=the=relevant=ftalian=Building=`çde=prçcedure=xNRzK=qwç=cçnditiçns=have=been= cçnsideredW= withçut= wall= anchçrs;= with= wall= anchçrsK= fn=bçth= cases= the= çverturning= hinge= has=been=indented=with=respect=tç=geçmetric=edge=çf=the=façadeI=in=çrder=tç=accçunt=fçr=finite=cçmpressive=strength= çf= the= masçnryK= qhis= has= been= estimated= accçrding= tç= the= values= suggested= in= xNRzxNRzI=assuming=a=rubble=masçnryK=fn=the=case=with=wall=anchçrs=it=is=assumed=that=all=the=ties=explicated=their=capacity=at=the=same=stage=and=that=the=flççr=system=is=able=tç=equilibrate=such=fçrcesI=by=transferring=them=tç=the=transverse=wallsK=tithin=the=simplified=and=cçmparative=analysis=framewçrk=çf=this=paperI=the=cçntributiçn=çf=the=hçrizçntal=structures=tç=bçth=gravity=and=seismic=lçads=is=neglectedK=qhe=ratiç=between=the=capacities=çf=cçnditiçns=with=timber=wall=anchçrs=L=withçut=timber=wall=anchçrs=fçr= the= case= at= hand= is= equal= tç= PKNMK= qhusI= the= intuitiçn= çf= the= builders= çf= the= past= was= cçrrectK=kçnethelessI= the= pççr= state= çf= the= element= in= cigK=PcFI= expçsed= tç= phçtçlytic= ageing= and= tç=humidificatiçnL=drying=cycles=xNSzI=highlights=the=necessity=çf=a=cçnstant=maintenance=in=çrder=tç=make=the= cçntributiçn= çf= these= wall= anchçrs= reliableK= eçweverI= the= external= lçcatiçn= çf= the= cçnnectiçnI=makes=the=maintenance=feasible=withçut=expensive=and=invasive=çperatiçnsK==

=PK ClMmlpfqE qfMBEo-folk qfEp

PKNK aescriptiçn çf the cçnstructiçn technique fn=several=buildings=çf=Abruzzç=regiçn=EcigK=NbI=circular=symbçlF=and=çf=the=eçmçgeneçus=Area=nçK=V=small=irçn=wall=anchçrs=clçse=tç=the=wall=cçrner=can=be=çbserved=EcigK=RFK=qhis=lçcatiçn=highlights=that=the=tie=is=inserted=within=the=masçnry=wallI=at=the=time=çf=the=cçnstructiçn=çr=recçnstructiçnK=qherefçreI=it=is=a=clear=example=çf=earthquake=awarenessK=fn=the=past=these=wall=anchçrs=have=been=interpreted=in=the=technical=literature=as=the=terminal=çf=an=irçn=tie=xNSzxNSzK=eçweverI=partial=cçllapses=çccurred=in=OMMV=have=shçwn=that= the= tie=has=a=cçmpçsite=nature;= the= irçn= wall=anchçr= is=cçnnectedI= thrçugh=an=irçn=stripI=tç=a=timber=tieK=fn=the=few=cases=that=were=accessible=tç=surveyI=the=wall=anchçr=and=the=irçn=strip=have=a=RM=×=NM=mmO=crçss=sectiçnK=qhe=strip=is=fixed=tç=the=timber=element=with=çne=tç=three=nailsI=having=a= rectangular= R= ×= NM= mmO= crçss= sectiçn= and= a= spacing= çf= NOM= mmK= qhe= timber= element= has=a=circular=crçss=sectiçnI=with=a=NRM=mm=diameterK=As=already=mentiçnedI=this=type=çf=cçnnectiçn=has=been=suggested=in=the=technical=literature=tç=imprçve=the=bçnd=between=flççr=girders=and=vertical=walls=x4zx4zK= Bçth= rççfLflççr= girders= with= irçn= wall= anchçrs= and= timber= ties= within= the=masçnry= wall= have=been=çbserved=in=buildings=damaged=by=the=recent=bmilia=EftalyF=OMNO=earthquake=xNUzK=`çmpçsite=irçnJtimber= ties= have=been=çbserved=bçth=at= the=cçrner= çf= the=façade=and=at= intermediate=pçsitiçnsI=cçrrespçnding=tç=transverse=walls=EcigK=SFK==lbservatiçns= çn= damaged= buildingsI= bçth= in= iDAquila= xSJTz= and= in= its= prçvince= E`hurches= çf= panta=jaria=degli=Angeli=in=`ivita=di=Bagnç=and=çf=pan=kicçla= in=qiçne=degli=AbruzziFI=shçw=that=çutJçfJplane=and=inJplane=mechanisms=can=take=place=withçut=any=damage=tç=the=wall=anchçrK=qhis=is=usually=the=caseI=because=the=cçnnectiçn=between=irçn=strip=and=timber=tie=failsK==jçreçverI =because =their =crçss =sectiçn =is =rather =large =cçmpared =tç =typical =wall =thicknessesI =timber =elements =can=weaken=the=wall =and=induce=lçcal =crumbling=EcigK =TFK =qhis =is =the=reasçn=why=fçr =all =OP=histçrical=centres=these=elements=have=been=systematically=mappedI=in=çrder=tç=warn=the=respçnsible=çf=future=retrçfit=design=against=such=a=riskK==

=

NTOM=

== =

= aF= bF=

cigK R=bxamples=çf=cçmpçsite=timberJirçn=ties=in=the=municipality=çf=lvindçli==

=

cigK S=rse=çf=cçmpçsite=timberJirçn=ties=in=the=fçrmer=tçwn=hall=çf=`çllimentç=Emunicipality=çf=iucçliF==

= =

= aF= bF=

cigK T=aamage=induced=by=large=timber=elements=within=the=masçnryW=aF=`hurch=çf=pan=Biagiç=in=iDAquila;=bF=small=palace=in=`çlle=Emunicipality=çf=iucçliF=

=

NTON=

PKOK ptructural mçdelling çf the cçnnectiçn qhe=cçnnectiçn=between=irçn=strip=and=timber=tie=has=been=mçdelled=within=an=updated=gçhansen=xNUz=framewçrkI= as=presented= in= xNPzI= which= is= rather= similar= tç= that=çf=burç`çde=R= xOMzxOMzK=diven=the=uncertainties=çn=bçth=mechanical=and=geçmetrical=parametersI= the=nail=crçss=sectiçn=has=been= likened=tç=a=rçund=crçss=sectiçn;=a=cçmparisçn=tç=a=square=sectiçn=has=given=very=similar=resultsK=qhe=irçn=strip=has=a=thickness=larger=than=the=diameter=çf=the=assumed=nail;=thusI=the=nail=can=be=cçnsidered=clampedK=eenceI=the=fçllçwing=fçrmulas=have=been=cçnsidered=tç=determine=the=design=strengthI=cvI odI=causing=the=failure=çf=a=singleJnail=cçnnectiçnW===

ïïïïïï

î

ïïïïïï

í

ì

÷øöç

èæ ×+

÷÷÷

ø

ö

ççç

è

æ×

úú

û

ù

êê

ë

é-+

+úú

û

ù

êê

ë

é-+

=

-

-

FENMR;MORKMNRKMminMORKMPKO

FE

NMR;NSPKN4

OMNOPKMmin

NSPKN4

OMUOKM

FEMUOKM

min

OSPKONI

PKONI

OSON

VKNITKM

N

ON

VKNITKM

N

TKMN

mçdI

cdtdtfdtf

b

dtt

dfdt

t

dfdt

adt

âc

éenââìââìâ

éenââ

âìâ

â

âìâ

â

modv

rrr

rr

r

rr

r

g= EOF=

=with=ρâ===characteristic=bulk=density=çf=the=timberI=téen===penetratiçn=length=çf=the=nail=Eassumed=equal=tç=timber=tie=diameterI=tN===NRM=mmFI=d===nail=diameter=ET=mmFI=fìI â===nail=characteristic=ultimate=tensile=strength=EOMM=jmaFK=bxpressiçns=EaFI=EbF=and=EcF=Ebefçre=plus=signF=in=bquatiçn=EOF=refer= tç=gçhansen=mçdelling=çf=the=failure=mechanisms=çf=cigK=UaF=thrçugh=cFK=qhe=minimum=termI=in=expressiçns=EbF=and=EcFI= accçunts= fçr= withdrawal= capacity= çf= the= nail;= this= has= been= assumed= never= larger= than= NRB= çf=gçhansen=capacityI=because=the=nails=are=assumed=tç=be=smççthK=qhe=tensile=strength=çf= the= irçn= has=been=assumed=equal= tç=OMM=jmaI= based=çn=what= suggested= in=xONzK= qhe=geçmetric=parameters= in= the=previçus=equatiçn=are=further=explained=in=cigK=dFK==

=

cigK U=`çmpçsite=timberJirçn=tieW=aF=pure=embedmentI=bF=single=and=cF=dçuble=plastic=hinge=Eplus=embedmentFI=dF=relevant=geçmetric=parameters=

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

ρ k / ρ k, new

F v, R

d / F

v, R

d, n

ew

w withdrawal capacity wo withdrawal capacity

====

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

ρ k / ρ k, new

F v, R

d (w

o w

ithdr

awal

cap

acity

) /

F v, R

d (w

with

draw

al c

apac

ity)

= aF= bF=

cigK 9=kçn=dimensiçnal=design=capacityI=cvI odI=çf=a=single=nail=timber=tie=–=irçn=wall=anchçr=cçnnectiçnI=varying=the=characteristic=bulk=density=çf=the=timberI=ρâK=fnfluence=çfW=aF=ρâ=and=bF=withdrawal=capacity=çf=the=nail=çn=the=

cçnnectiçn=failure=capacity=

=

NTOO=

`haracteristic= bulk= density= çf= the= timberI= ρâI= gçverns= bçth= embedment= strength= çf= the= timber= and=withdrawal=capacity=çf=the=nailK=Because=it=can=be=reduced=up=tç=UMBI=due=tç=material=rçtting=induced=by=mçisture=in=the=masçnryI=lack=çf=ventilatiçn=and=fungus=attack=xNSzI=this=parameter=has=been=varied=between=M=and=4SR=kgLmPI=cçde=value=fçr=new=chestnut=elements=EcigK=VaFK=tith=the=assumed=parameter=values=the=relevant= failure=mechanism=is=that=çf=cigK=UcFK=aensity=plays=a=relevant=rçle=in=defining=the=singleJnail=cçnnectiçn=capacity=in=a=nçnJlinearI=quasiJparabçlicI=wayK=qhe=same=behaviçur=is=çbservedI=bçth=neglecting=çr=accçunting=fçr=the=withdrawal=capacityK=tithdrawal=capacity=accçunts= fçr= an=almçst= cçnstant= amçunt= çf= the=singleJnail= cçnnectiçn=capacity=thatI= unless= fçr= very= lçw= density= valuesI= is= abçut= NPB= çf= the= çverall= capacityI= which= is= clearly= the=effect=çf=the=NRB=cçde=limit=EcigK=VbFK==jultipleJnail=capacity=has=been=çbtained=by=simply=multiplying=the=singleJnail=capacity=fçr=the=number=çf=nailsI=because=these=Ein=the=çbserved=caseF=are=spaced=mçre=than=N4=nail=diametersK====PKPK fmpact çf the technique çn the earthquake perfçrmance çf the façade qhe= façade= çf= cigK=S= has= been= verified= with= respect= tç= an= çutJçfJplane= mechanism= with= cylindrical=hinge=at=the=baseI=fçllçwing=the=same=apprçach=presented=in=§=OKPK=tith=the=geçmetric=and=mechanical=parameters= values= previçusly= intrçducedI= assuming= a= new= timberI= the= threeJnail= cçnnectiçn= design=capacity= is= apprçximately= equal= tç= SKR= kkI= that= is= markedly= lçwer= than= that= calculated= fçr= a= fullyJtimbered= tieK= jçreçverI= the= chçice= tç= lçcate= this= tie= within= the= transverse= wall= limits= the= spacing=between=twç=reinfçrcementsK==qhe=ratiç=between=the=capacities=çf=cçnditiçns=with=timberJirçn=ties=L=withçut=timberJirçn=ties=fçr=the=case=at =hand=is =equal =tç =NKPSK =qhusI =the=impact =çf =this =retrçfit =is =much=lçwer=than=that =çf =§=OKPK =qhe=parametric= analysis= çf= cigK=VaF= highlights= the= impçrtance= çf= preserving= the= timber= frçm= decayK=eçweverI= the= internal= lçcatiçn= çf= the= cçnnectiçn= makes= the= maintenance= çf= tie= almçst= impçssibleK=jçreçverI=the=relevant=size=çf=these=timber=insertiçnsI=in=cçmparisçn=tç=the=wall=thickness=can=induce=lçcal=crumbling=çf=the=masçnryK===QK ClkCirpflkp =fn= this= paper= have= been= described= twç= histçrical= cçnnectiçn= types= meant= tç= imprçve= the= seismic=perfçrmance=çf=unreinfçrced=masçnry=buildingsK=qhey=have=been=surveyed=after=the=çccurrence=çf=the=cçllapses=induced=by=the=OMMV=iDAquila=earthquakeK=qhe=first=detail=invçlves=the=additiçn=çf=a=timber=wall=anchçr=tç=a=rççf=çr=flççr=beam=extended=çutside=the= façadeK= qhis= cçnnectiçn= has= been= mçdelled= as= a= carpentry= àçintI= accçunting= fçr= fçur= different=failure=mechanismsK=qhe=flexural=mechanism=çf=the=anchçrs=prçves=tç=be=critical=in=the=case=at=handK=qhe=strengthening=sçlutiçn=is=able=tç=markedly=imprçve=the=çutJçfJplane=capacity=çf=the=façadeI=which=is= mçre=than= three= times= that= cçmputed=withçut= the= wall=anchçrsK=eçweverI= the= çbservatiçns= in= the=field= shçw= that= the= timber= elements= can= suffer= a= marked= decay= due= tç= phçtçlytic= agingK= qherefçreI=a=cçnstant=maintenance=is=crucial;=this=can=be=guaranteed=due=tç=the=external=pçsitiçn=çf=the=àçintK==qhe= secçnd= detail= invçlves= the= embedment= çf= a= timber= tie= within= the= transverse= walls= and= its=cçnnectiçn=tç=the=façade=by=means=çf=an=irçn=strip=and=an=irçn=wall=anchçrK=qhis=cçnnectiçn=has=been=mçdelled= within=an=upJtçJdate= gçhansen= framewçrkI= accçunting= fçr= three= failure= mechanisms= çf= the=nailed=cçnnectiçn=between=irçn=strip=and=timber=tieK=A=key=rçle=is=played=by=the=timber=bulk=densityI=that= can= decay= due= tç= rçtting= çf= the= material= due= tç= material= rçtting= induced= by= mçisture= in= the=masçnryI= lack= çf= ventilatiçn= and= fungus= attackK= eçweverI= even= if= a= new= timber= is= assumedI= the=strengthening= sçlutiçn= is= able= tç= imprçve= çnly= marginally= the= çutJçfJplane= capacity= çf= the= façadeI=cçmpared=tç=the=wall=withçut= the= irçn=anchçrsK=jçreçverI= it= is=very=difficult= tç=guarantee=a=cçnstant=maintenance=tç=these=elementsK=cinally=çbservatiçns=after=the=earthquake=have=shçwn=that=the=ties=have=increased= the= vulnerability= çf= the= wallsI= causing= its= crumblingK= qherefçreI= their= presence= shall= be=recçgnised=whenever=pçssibleI=in=çrder=tç=assume=the=mçst=apprçpriate=mitigatiçn=strategiesK===AChkltiEadEMEkqp =qhis= wçrk= has= been= carried= çut= within= the= oecçnstructiçn= mlans= çf= the= eçmçgeneçus= Area= nçK= V=Ejunicipalities=çf=iucçliI=lvindçliI=oçcca=di=`ambiçI=oçcca=di=jezzçI=mrçvince=çf=i’AquilaFK=ft=has=been= partially= funded= by= the= prçgram= “aipartimentç= di= mrçteziçne= `ivile= –= `çnsçrziç= obirfp”I=

=

NTOP=

signed=çn=OMMVJMVJO4=EnçK=UOPFI=qhematic=Area=NI=oesearch=iine=NI=qask=NK=qhe=valuable=cçntributiçn=çf=architect=`laudia=mescçsçlidçI=fçr=the=survey=çf=the=building=in=cigK=SI=is=kindly=acknçwledgedK= oEcEoEkCEp xNz muglianç=AK=ENVVPF=fl=cçntributç=fçrmativç=del=terremçtç=nella=cultura=edilizia=della=città=stçricaK=ia=

nçrmativa=antisismica=premçdernaK=oassegna di Architettìra e rrbanistica=OSEUMJUNFI=NMRJNPPK=xOz jarinç= AK= EedF= EOMMMF= mresìdi antisismici nellDarchitettìra storica e monìmentaleK= oçmaI=

dangemiK=xPz pçrrentinç =iKI =Acitç =aK =EOMMSF =aamage =and =retrçfitting =çf =the =`astle =in =jelfi =EftalyF =after =the =

NSV4=earthquakeW=structural= interpretatiçn=çf=a=histçrical=accçmplishmentK=fnW=mrocK Rth fntK pemK ptrìctìral Analysis of eistorical `onstrìctions=kew=aelhiI=NUOVJNUPSK=

x4z saladier= dK= ENUOUJNUPVF= i’architettìra ératica: dettata nella scìola e cattedra dellDinsigne Accademia di pK iìca dal érofK sigK cavK diìseéée saladier: data alla lìce dagli incisori dDarchitettìra diacomo oocrìe ed bleìterio `atesiK=oçmaK=

xRz saragnçli=`K=EOMMUF=ia costrìzione tradizionale in AbrìzzoK conti materiali e tecniche costrìttive dalla fine del jedioevo all’lttocentçI=oçmaI=dangemiK=

xSz pçrrentinç=iKI=oagliçne=bKI=aecanini=iKI=iiberatçre=aK=EOMMVF=`hiesa=di=pan=Biagiç=d’AmiternumK=Arâos: pcienza e oestaìro=OMW=STJTOK==

xTz pçrrentinç= iKI= oagliçne= bKI= aecanini= iKaKI= iiberatçre= aK= EOMNMF= lratçriç=di= pan= diuseppe= dei=jinimi=a=i’AquilaW=Analisi=ainamica=dei=jeccanismi=içcali=di=`çllassçK=`onvK kazK picìrezza e `onservazione dei Beni `ìltìrali `oléiti da pisma=seneziaI=frAsI=NU4JNVPK=

xUz pçrrentinç= iKI= oçnchetti= iKI= aecanini= iKaK= EOMNOF= qecniche= Antisismiche= ptçriche= e=`çmpçrtamentç=jeccanicç=dei=qessuti=bdilizi=di=maganica=in=lccasiçne=del=qerremçtç=Aquilanç=del=OMMVK=Arâos: pcienza e oestaìro=accepted=fçr=publicatiçnK=

xVz pçrrentinç=iKI=oagliçne=bKI=iiberatçre=aKI=aecanini=iKaK=EOMNOFK=`hiesa=di=pK=Biagiç=d’Amiternum=a=i’AquilaK= `atalçgç=pismicç=içcale= e=jeccanismi= di= `çllassçK= fnW= i’rniversità e la oicerca éer l’AbrìzzoK fl éatrimonio cìltìrale doéo il terremoto del S aérile OMMVK=i’AquilaI=qextusK=

xNMz panna=AKI=Atzeni=`K= ENVVTF=janìale del recìéero dei centri storici della terra crìdaK=`agliariI=aipartimentç=di=Architettura=rniversità=di=`agliariK=

xNNz a’Ayala= aK= EOMMSF= peismic= sulnerability= and= `çnservatiçn= ptrategies= fçr= ialitpur= jinçr=eeritageK=fnW=mrocK of detty peismic Adobe mroàect `olloqK=içs=AngelesI=detty=`enterI=NOMJNP4=

xNOz eankinsçn=oKiK=ENVONF=fnvestigatiçn=çf=crushing=strength=çf=spruce=at=varying=angles=çf=grainK=Air pervice fnformation `ircìlar=PW=PJNRK

xNPz `ko= E`çnsigliç= kaziçnale= delle= oicercheF= EOMMTF= aocìmento qecnico OMSK= fstrìzioni éer il mrogettoI l’bsecìzione e il `ontrollo delle ptrìttìre di iegnoK=OU=nçvembre=OMMTK=

xN4z `piimm= E`çnsigliç=puperiçre= iavçri= mubbliciF= EOMMUF= aj= N4= dennaiç= OMMUK= kçrme= tecniche=per=le=cçstruziçniK=dazzetta rfficiale della oeéìbblica ftaliana=OVK=

xNRz `piimm=EOMMVF=`j=O=febbraiç=OMMVI=nK=SNTK= fstruziçni=per= l’applicaziçne=delle=“kuçve=nçrme=tecniche=per= le=cçstruziçni”=di=cui=al=aj=N4=gennaiç=OMMUK=dazzetta rfficiale della oeéìbblica ftaliana=4TK=

xNSz miazza= jKI= qçmasi= oKI= jçdena= oK= EOMMRF ptrìttìre in legnoK jaterialeI calcolo e érogetto secondo le nìove normative eìroéeeK jilançI=eçepliK=

xNTz oanellucci=pK=EOMM4F=janìale del recìéero della oegione AbrìzzoK=oçmaI=abfK=xNUz aecanini= iKaKI= iiberatçre= aKI= iiberatçre= iKI= pçrrentinç= iK= EOMNOF= mreliminary oeéort on the

OMNOI jay OMI bmilia barthqìaâeI=vKNI=httpWLLwwwKeqclearinghçuseKçrgLOMNOJMRJOMJitalyJitL=xNVz gçhansen= hKtK= ENV4VF= qheçry= çf= timber= cçnnectiçnsK= fnternational Association of Bridge and

ptrìctìral bngineering=VW=O4VJOSOK=xOMz `bk=EOMM4FK=bìroéean `ommittee for ptandardizationK bìrocode R: aesign of timber strìctìres

– mart N-N: deneral – `ommon rìles and rìles for bìildingsK=xONz oçndelet=gK=ENUMOJNUNTF=qraité théoriqìe et ératiqìe de lDart de bâtirK=marisI=de=dilleK=